General Studies and Engineering Aptitude

For

ESE-2021
Current Affairs (Static part)

By- Rahul Verma

(IES officer)

 Cover complete syllabus and all topics of IES-2021, and GATE-2021.

 Cover all concepts and questions from the top 3 coaching institute class notes.
 Extra topics will cover in each subject if anything will be required in the future
according to IES -2021and GATE-2021syllabus.
 Doubts and quarry solution through dedicated WHATSAPP group.
 Carrier guidance and motivational support.
 Concise, concept oriented and topic wise presentation with detailed video lectures
on Target IES YouTube channel.

Ph.: +91 9984079965

Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.targeties.com/
 CONTENTS
S. No. Topic
1. National and International importance related to
social, economical and industrial development.
2. Taxes
3. United Nations
4. Statutory Bodies
5. Banking Economy
6. International organizations

Note: Monthly current affairs video and notes will be available on

Target IES YouTube channel.
 1. National and International Importance related to Social,
Economical and Industrial development.

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries):

 It is permanent inter government organization of 14 oil exporting countries that coordinates
and unifier the petroleum policies of its member countries.
 Est. 1960. Through “Baghdad conference by 5 countries.
 HQ – Viena (Austria).
 Members – 14, India is not a member.
 OPEC has around 81 % of proven oil reserves and it accounts around 44 % of global crude
oil production.
 Indonesia – Suspended Member.
 Qatar left OPEC in 2018.

Members –

South Africa Africa Asia

1. Venezuela * 1. Nigeria 1. S. Arabia *
Maximum oil reserves 2. Algeria 2. Kuwait *
3. Angola 3. Iran *
2. Ecuador 4. Libya 4. Iraq*
Min Quota 5. Gabon 5. UAE (United Arab
6. Republic of Congo (2018) Emirates)
Latest member
7. Equatorial Guinea

*Founding Members

Note: 2014 – 126 $ | Barrel

2016 – 26 $ | Barrel
1 Barrel = 159 liters.

Fiscal deficit- If govt. expenditures exceeds than the income generated. It is indicator of how
much borrowings need.

India’s Maximum Import

1. Petroleum and its products.

2. Gold
3. Electronic goods.

We can decrease our oil imports by use of electric vehicles, bio-fuels, and Renewable energy.
Venezuela-
 Mainly oil dependent economy.
 Currently taking severe economical crisis. Due to in global oil prices.
 Due to low foreign currency reserves, Venezuela facing difficulty in goods, import like
food, medicine etc.
 That is why people started protest against the govt.

Note: crude oil production (world)

(World) (India)
1. Russia 1. Gujarat
2. S. Arabia 2. Maharashtra
3. USA
 World’s largest oil refinery – Jamnagar (Gujarat)

TAPI gas pipeline- Also known as Trans Afghanistan Pipe Line.

 It is a natural gas pipe line
 length⇒1840 km
 Turkmenistan – Afghanistan – Pakistan – India
 founded by ADB (Asian Development Bank)
 HQ – Manila (Philippines)
 Operational in 2019.

Natural Gas production-

WORLD INDIA
1. USA 1. Maharashtra
2. Russia 2. Gujarat.

 Natural gas Composition – CH4 (maximum), propane, Ethane.

 LPG- ISO butane (Maximum) , Propane, ethane. Ethyl Mercaptan (C2H5SH)→Sulphare

compound used in LPG to detect leakage.

 Bio gas CH4 (Maximum), H2, CO2, H2S

 CNG (compressed natural gas) – CH4 (maximum)

It produces less noise than petrol and diesel engineer.
India’s 1st Natural gas Pipeline-

𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑟𝑎 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑎𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑟 𝐽𝑎𝑔𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑟

HBJ ( ⇓ → ⇓ → ⇓ )
𝐺𝑢𝑗𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑀. 𝑃. 𝑈. 𝑃.
 Operational in 1996
 Developed by GAIL

GOVERNMENT SCHEMES

Urja Ganga Project- Launched by PM Modi In October 2016 from Varanasi to provide PNG
(Piped Natural Gas ) for cooking and CNG for vehicles to our eastern states.
 Under this GAIL developing Jagdishpur – Halida Pipeline.

Maharatna companies Eligibility-

 A Company must have Navratna status.
 A last Rs. 25,000 crore annual turn over during last 3 years.
 At least Rs. 5000 crore net profit after tax in last 3 years.
 Company must be having operations outside country also.
o Ex- ONGC, IOCL, BPCL. (Latest), GAIL, CIL, NTPC, BHEL SAIL

Ujjawala Yojana-
 Launched by PM Modi on 1st may 2016 (labor day) from Ballia (UP) to Provide Rs. 5
crore LPG gas connections to BPL families with in 3 years.
 Now target revised to 8 crores connection.
 Implemented by ministry of petroleum and Natural gas (1st social wel fare scheme).
 Govt. contribution→Rs, 1600 per connection.

UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LED for all)

 World’s largest non- subsidized LED programme.
 Earlier known or National LED programme.
 Launched under DELP (Domestic efficient lightening Programme)
 Replaced ‘Barat Lamp Yojana’
 Implemented by EESL (Energy Efficient by service limited)
 Under this , 5 LED bulbs of 9 w each will be distributed through DISCOMS.
 Ceiling fans and street lightening also covered.
 Recently IEA (International Energy Agency) tie up with UJALA (India recently
become Associate member)
 Britain and Malaysia also launched.
UDAY (Ujjawal Discuses Assurance Yojana)-
 Launched by central govt. in association with state govt. for financial turnaround and
revival package for electricity distribution companies of India (DISCOMS).
 Mission statement – “ Financial turnaround of power Distribution companies”
 Separated by Ministry of Power.

SAUBHAGYA (Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojna)

 Launched by PM modi on 25th sep 2017 from New Delhi to provide electricity connect on
to urban and rural households, which do not have electricity connections.
 Around Rs. 25000 crore project.
 Note- Leisang village of Manipur (Senapati district) recently declared as last Indian village
connected with electricity supply.

Deen Dayal Upadhayay Gram Jyoti Yojna-

1- Launched in 2015 to provide electricity connections and continuous power supply to
our rural areas.
2- It also focuses on feeder separation for our agriculture sector.

Planning commission-
 Established in march 1950
 Extra constitutional non – statutory body.
 Fun – To prepare 5 year plan and set one growth target.
 Ex officio chairman→PM
 Based on top. To bottom line.
 Less participation of states.
 Authorized for fund allocation to states.
 12th 5 year Plan→faster, more inclusive and sustainable growth.
 (2012-2017)

NDC (National Development council)-

1- Established in 1952.
Function-To review, assess and monitor 5 year plan from time to time
2- Ex – office chairman →PM
Members – CM’s of states and Lieutenant governors of UY’s
3- Higher decision making body.
4- Renamed as “Governing council”
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)
 Established 1st Jan 2015
 Ex officio chairman →PM
 Present vice chairman → Rajiv Kumar
 Present CEO →Amitabh Kant.
 Based on bottom to top line
 More participation of states.
 No power for fund allocation
 Act as think tank of govt in policy making
 5 year plan concept replaced by 15 year vision document of NITI Aayog.
Note

* 1st 5 year plan (1951-56)

 focus →Agriculture.
 Based on Harrod →Domar Model
 Nehru govae slogan – Dams are modern temple of India

*2nd 5 year plan (1956-61)

 Focus →Heavy Industries.
 Steel plants were set up with foreign assistance.
 Bokaro, Durgapur (W. Bengal), Raurkela (Odessa)

*5th 5 Year Plan-

 Focus→Poverty Alleuiation.
 Indra Gandhi gave slogan→Garibi Hatao.
 Deendayal Upadhyay Antyodaya Yojana launched by PM modi in 2014. For poverty
alleviation.
 NITI Aayog more supports federal structure these planning commission.

SATH (Sustainable Action plan for transforming human capital)

 Launched by NITI Aayog in collaboration with state governments to transform
education and health sector in the country.
 In 20187 NITI aayog published water management Index,
 According to this report, India experienced worst ever water crisis in 2018.
1. Gujarat
2. Andhra Pradesh.
 In 2018. NITI Aayog organized global mobility summit “Move hack” in New Delhi in
collaboration with Singapore.
 It was world’s largest hack thon organized with on objective to find future mobility
solutions.
  Global innovation index 2018 published by WIPO (World Intellectual property rights
organization)
 HQ – Geneva.
 India’s Rank→57 (Out of 130)
 1st Rank →Switzerland.
 Influenced by GII, NITI Aayog and CII (Confederations of India Industry) developed
“India innovation Index” to publish states Rank on the basis of innovation.
 In 2016 NITI Aayog launched Atal Innovation mission (AIM) and SETU (self
employment and talent utilization)
 Aim- Rs. 15 crore program launched with objective to promote Innovations in the
country having some commercial use.
 In 2018, NITI Aayog launched “New India Challenge” champion to invite innovation.

SETU- (Self Employment and Talent utilization)

 Rs, 1000 crore programme to support startup business and to develop entrepreneurship
skill in country.
 Scheme launched by PM modi to give Rs, 10 lakh loan at low interest rate to any
citizen (above 18 years) to set up new businesses, new innovations etc.
 Initial 3 year profit will be tax free.

MUDRA BANK- (Micro Units development Reference Agency Bank)

 Established on 8th April 2015.
 It is a new public sector financial institution set up with an objective law rate loan to
MSMES (Micro small Medium enterprises)
 Mudra Bank Launched 3 Products
1- Shishu→upto Rs, 50,000 loan
2- Kishore→up to Rs, 5 lakh loan
3- Tarun →up to Rs, 10 lakh loan.

𝑀𝑎𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦

⇓
Hyper loop – Based on 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
⇓
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ↓ & ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
 This Concept was given by Elon musk.
 NITI Aayog given approval to introduce hyper loop technology in India.
 Hyper loop is 5th mode of transportation (ether 4 →Rail, Road, Air water)

Note-
1- As per state reorganization Act 1956, Andra and Telangana divided in 2014 and
Hyderabad declared as Joint capital for 10 years but Andra Pradesh developing Amravati
as its new capital.
2- India’s state partition basis is on linguistic Basis.
3- Anthra Pradesh announced to develop Vijay wada, Amravati Hyper loop rate.
Maharashtra also announced to develop Mumbai –Pune route
4- Andra Pradesh recently set up India’s 25th High court.
5- Ease of doing Business index.
I- Andre Pradesh (1st )
II- Telangana (2nd )
6- First inter linking b/w 2 rivers Krishna and Godavari 2016 Andhra Pradesh.

3 Sectors of the economy-

1- Primary Sector- Agriculture, mining
2- Secondary sector- Industries, Factories, manufacturing etc.
3- Tertiary Sector- Services (Maximum contribution in our GDP)
Current GDP of India → $2.6 trillion
6th largest economy in the world.

Make in India
 Launched by PM modi on 25th September 2014 to attract businesses from around the
world to invest and manufacture in India.
Major focus-
1- Easy of doing business
2- Employment generation & skill development
3- To make India a manufacturing hub.

Country source of Income-

1- Direct & Indirect taxes
2- Higher experts and lower imparts
3- Higher FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and FII (Foreign Institutional Investors)

 Under FDI- Foreign companies setting up business, Industries etc. More reliable for long
term.
 Under FII- Foreign companies shall invest their money in stack markets, govt Banks etc.
 Less reliable
 Currently, India receiving maximum FDI from Mauritius.
 Note-
1- Maximum import of India from china
2- Samsung (south Korea) announced to set up world’s largest manufacturing unit at
Nodia.
3- Apple (USA)
- World’s most valuable company
- Crossed I trillion $ mark.
4- Viena (capital of Austria) – most livable city in the world.
5- Hyderabad – Most livable city in India
6- Cleanses district in India – Indore
7- According to swacch grameen survekshan 2018, Satora (Maharashtra) → Cleanest
district . Haryana →Clianest state.

2. Taxes

TAXES

Direct Indirect

Centre State Centre State

Income tax House tax Service tax VAT

Corporate tax Excise duty Entertainment

Custom duty Luxury

Purchase

Tax on lotteries
and gambling

Excise duty- Shall be charged on the products manufactured or sell with in the country.
Custom duty- Shall be charged on the products manufactured outside country.

GST (Goods & Services tax).

 Based on the principle of one nation, one market, one tax.
  122nd constitutional Amendment bill
 101st constitutional Amendment Act.
 Considered as major tax reform since indie- pendency.
 GST come into effect from 1st July 2017.
 It shall be charged on manufacture, sale or consumption of goods and services.
 Under this amendment, 3 New articles added + some changes done in 7th schedule
(Distribution of powers b/w state and centre)

 3 new Article 246 A

 Articles Article 269 A
 Article 279 A
 GST council was established to deal with GST related issues.
There are 3 catenaries
1- CGST (Central GST)
2- SGST (State GST)
3- IGST (Integrated GST)
 GST tax slab →0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%, and 3% for gold
 Some products not covered under GST
 Ex- high speed diesel, motor spirit (Petrol), crude oil, Natural gas, Aviation turbine full,
etc.
 Businesses having annual turnover up to 40 laksh are exempted under GST.
 Assam was the 1st state which ratified GST and J & K was the last.
 GSTN→ GST networks was established to deal with 17 operation of GST.
 51% Private
 49% Govt.
 Till date more than 150 countries impale minted GST (Including Pakistan)
 France→1st country which implemented GST in 1954.
“Major Benefit of GST is to convert in organized sector in to organized sector”

GDP (Gross domestic product)- GDP is a monetary measure of the market value of all the
final goods and services produced in a specific time period, after annually,
 GDP is the most commonly used measure of economic activity.
 In India’s GDP contribution-
1st Services
2nd Industries.
GNP = GDP + Expert – Impart
st
(1 + 1 out) (Iin+F) (Iout) (F)
Expert – Import = Net Factor Income abroad (NFIA)
GNP = GDP + NFIA
GNP- The Gross market value of final commodities and services produced by the nationals in
an accounting year, counting without duplication.
GDP – Depreciation = NDP
GNP – Depreciation = NNP
𝑁𝑁𝑃
Per capita income = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
In economy there are 3 sectors-
1. Primary – Mining, Agriculture
2. Secondary – Industries, Factories, Power Plant etc.
3. Services.

WPI (Whole sale price Index) – Base year (2011-12)

CPI (Consumer price Index) – Base year -2012
WPI and CPI, both are widely used indexes for the calculation of inflation in the country.

WPI- WPI calculates the prices paid by the manufactures and whole sealers in the market.
 Released by office of economic advisor (works under ministry of commerce)
 697 items covered under this calculation.
 Data published every month.

CPI- It calculates the average price paid by the consumer to the shop keeper. Released by CSO
(Central statistical organization)
 CSO works under ministry of statistics & program me implementation.
 Data publishes every month.
 NSSO provides data to CSO.
 NSSO (National sample survey office) worker under ministry of statistics.

Poverty Estimation- Planning commission earlier constituted some committees for poverty
estimation
1- Lakdawala committee- Based on calories intake
2- Tendulkar committee- Constituted in 2004 and submitted its report in 2009.
According to this committee
𝑅𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 − 𝑅𝑠, 816
Poverty line⇒ 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑏 − 𝑅𝑠, 1000
2004 2011
Poverty 37.2% 21.9%
3- Rangrajan Committee- Appointed in 2012 & submit its report in2014
𝑅𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 − 𝑅𝑠, 4860
Poverty line 5 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝑈𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛 − 𝑅𝑠, 7035
2011 Poverty →37%
Project Sunrise- Launched by health ministry in 2015 in 8 north eastern state against
HIV/AIDS
- Free of cost
UNDP – (United nations Development Program)
 Estd. – 1965
 HQ – New York
 Report – Human development Report (HDR) – Annul
 HDR prepared on the basis of human development index (HDI)

Human development Index – (HDI)

 This concept was developed by Dr. Amartya Sen of India and Mahbub – ul – haq of pak.
In 1990
 It is a measure to check whet her the country is developed. Developing or poor.
 HDI is calculated on the basis of 3 perameter.
1- Per – capital Income
2- Literacy
3- Life expectancy.

HDR – 2017 Latest Report.

India’s Rank – 130 (out o 189)
1st Rank – Norway
Last (189) Rank – (African)
* Srilanka – 76 (Top rank in south Asia)
* America – 13
* China – 80
India’s HDI→0.64(For developed country >0.8)

UNESCO (United nations Educational, Scientific & cultural organization)

 Estd – 1945
 H.Q. – Paris
 Director General – Audreg Azoulay (France)
 Members – 195
 India ()
 195th Country – Palestine,
Function- It deals with
 Protection of Biosphere reserves under MAB (Man & Biosphere) Programme.
 Protection of world heritage sites.
 Protection of wet lands.
Heritage
Cultural Natural Mixed
(29) (7) (1)
 37 (2018) – Victorian & Art Deco (Mumbai)
th

 36th (2017) – Ahmadabad walled city.

Jigyasa – (Student scientist connect programme)-
- Launched by CSIR in association with kendriya vidyalaya.

IAEA (International Atomic energy agency)

 Estd – 1957 as ‘Atoms for Peace Commission”
 H.Q – Viena (Austria)
 Members – 170
 170th – Grenada (2018)
 169th – St. Vincent & the Grenadines.
 India
 Director General – Yukia Amano (Japan)
 Idea – Dwight D Eisenhower (U.S press) called as “Nuclear watch dog”

NPT (Nuclear Non Proliferation tracery)

 Promotes only peace full use of nuclear technology.
 Aim- To restrict spread of nuclear weapons and related technology.
 It is an internationally legally binding agreement signed in 1968 for 25 years (w.e.f.
1970) but later it become indefinite.
 Under this any nuclear power country cannot transfer anything related to nuclear
weapons to any country.
 Any country do not carry nuclear weapons expect
 P – 5 (U.S.A, Russia, Japan, France, Britain)
 Till date 190 + more countries signed NPT
 Non NPT – India, North Korea, Pakistan, Israel.

CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear test Ban treaty)

 It is an multilateral treaty which bans all type of nuclear explosions on land, air, water
either on civilians or military.
 Till date more than 180 countries signed.
 India, Pakistan→Non CTBT
 China, USA → Signed CTBT but not ratified
 Note – 1974- Pokhran, India’s 1st Nuclear test (Simling Buddha)
 11th & 13th may 1998 – Pokhran
 2nd nuclear test : Shakti 112 PM A.B Vajpayee.
 28th may 1998 – Pakistan nuclear test →Chegai 1 & 2

NSG (Nuclear supplier group).

Estd:- In 1976 in response of India’s nuclear test
Member – 48 China, India
Aim To control export of nuclear material & related technology.
 To become member, any country must need approval of all the existing members.
 Important criteria - To sign NPT. (But not mandatory)
 France become member earlier without singing NPT
 In 2008, NSG given waiver to India but for limited supply.

Australia Group-
 Estd- In 1985, in response of Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1984 Iraqi was.
 Member –43
 43rd – India
 Aim – To control export of chemical & biological weapons

Wassenaar Arrangement- (Nether land)

 Estd- In 1995 to control export of conventional or ms & related technologies
 Member – 42
 42nd – India

MCTCR (Missile technology control Regime)

 Estd – 1987 by group of 7 countries.
 Member – 35
 35th – India (2016)
 China ( *), Pakistan (*)
 To become member, any country must need the approval of all the existing members.
 Aim To restrict proliferation of missile, UAVS, Rocket system, which are capable to
carry at least 500 kg pay load & can go beyond 300 km distance.
 As become MTCR member, now India can Purchase high end missile technology.

Note-
BRAHMOS- Supersonic cruise missile
 Named after Brahma Putra (India) & Markova river (Russia)
 Indo – Russia joint venture (50.50:49.50)
 Called as ‘Universal missile”
 Range – 290km, Speed – 20.7 mach
 Now India & Russia developing 600km range Brahmos)

ICAN – (International camping to Abolish nuclear weepers)

 Geneva base NGO which works for global nuclear disarmament.
 2017 Nobel peace prize.
 2017, IAEA opened it 1st low enriched uranium bank at Kazakhstan.

CERN –World’s largest Nuclear physics lab.

 Location – Geneva.
 22 members +4 Associate members (Including India, Pakistan)

Aim - To search fundamental particle in the evaluation of universe.

 Under this large hadrons collider (LHC) installed in underground tunnel under which
bombardment of atoms takes place resulting in generation of subatomic particles like –
Higg’s Boson (God’s Particle) neutrino, Baryons etc.

NOBEL Physics – 2017 - Baery Barish, Rainer weiss, kip thorne for the detection of
gravitational waves.
It helps scientist to understand more about universe like formation of black bodies (holes)

Elisa project - Nasa’s Project for detection of gravitational waves.

 NASA and European space agency developed LISA path finder to detect gravitational
waves.
 LISA – Laser Interferometer space Antenna.

India’s 1st LIGO – Hingoli (Maharashtra) (Laser interferometer, Gravitational wave

observation)

Kambala – Buffalo race event of Karnataka, Recently banned by Karnataka high court under
Recently banned by Karnataka high court under preventing of cruelty to animals act 1960, Bat
Karnataka assembly passed resolution against it.

Linking Aadhar to Pan Card is mandatory – But mobile number, Bank account need not be
linked,
In 2017, Supreme Court declared “Right to Privacy as part of Article – 21 (Right to life &
Personal liberty) and also intrinsic part of entire part –III of constitution.

G – 8 or G – 7 – Group of developed countries

 Aim – To discuss global, economic & monetary issues
 Estd – 1975 as G -6
1976 – Canada Joined
 1998 – Russia joined but responded in 2014 due to annexation of Crimea.
 Sumit – Every year
2017 – Sicily (Italy)
2018 – Quebec (Canada)

G – 20 – Group of developed + Developing countries

 Estd – In 1999 for 20 major economics countries governments & central bank
Governors
 Aim – To promote & maintain global financial stability
  India (√) China (√ )
2
 It contributes 85% in worlds GDP, 3 𝑟𝑑 of world population.
 Summit – 2017 – Hamburg (Germany)
 2018 – Buenos Aires (Argentina)

G – 15 – Developing countries – India (√)

China (√)
Pakistan (×)
𝑈𝑆𝐴 𝑈𝑆𝑆𝑅
st
1 world countries { 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑎}2nd world countries
𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛
1946 – 91:- Cold war →Ended after disintegration of USSR (Union soviet socialist republic )
into Russia + 14 countries.

Non Aligned movement (NAM)

 Neutral countries during cold war like India
 3rd world countries.
 Presently there are 120 members.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty organization

 Military group
 Estd :- 1949 through north Atlantic treaty or Washing ton treaty.
 H.Q- Brussels (Belgium)
 Members – 29
 29th member – Montenegro
 India (×)
 In 2018, Colombia become global partner of NATO
 (Pakistan also)

SCO (Shanghai cooperation organization)

 In is an European – Asian (Eurasian) social, Economical, political, military cooperation
group.
 H.Q- Beijing (China)
 Estd – 1996 as shanghai 5 but in 2001 Uzbekistan Joined & it renamed as SCO.
 In 2017. India & Pak Become member in Astana (Kazakhstan) Summit.
Member – 8 China Kazakhstan Pakistan Uzbekistan
India Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan
South Korea – (or republic of Korea)-
 Capital – Seoul
 President – moon jae in
 Developed country
 Known as ‘land of Hermits”
 Recently, South Korea president arrested on the changes of corruption.

Thaad - US – Anti air missile defense system deployed at south Korean border.

S - 400 Triumf – Russian anti air missile defense system

 Up to Range of 400 km
 India is bugging 5 S-400 Triumfs from Russia
 S – 400 target 72 at single time.
 Responds in 5 minutes

North Korea or (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)

 Capital – Pyongyang
 President – Kim jong un
 4th largest military.

Dassault Rafale – (France Company)

 Twin engine, twinge sector fighter air craft,
 India is purchasing 36 from France (out of 126)
 2018 :- Peace talks – By Donald Trump & Kim Jong un hosted by Singapore.

Syria – Capital →Domas cus

 President – Basher – al – asad
 Boundries – Lraq, Jardon, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey.
Syrian chemical weepers attack (2015) – Douma city sarin & chlorine gas used.
Kurts – Syrin Community
Yezidi – Iraq community.

Some militant groups –

 Boko Haram – Nigeria
 Taliban – Swat valley (Pak)
 Hamas – Palestine
 Hay this (Shia rebels) – Yemen
 Farc – Colombia
 Darfur – Sudan
 The Chaney – Russian federation.

Brics - Mainly group of develop in countries.

 It contributes around 30% in world GDP. 17% in world trad, 43% in wold’s population.
 Established in 2009 as “BRIC” but in 2010 south Africa joined & it renamed as BRICS
 B R I C S
Brazil Russia India China South Africa.
 The word ‘BRIC’ was 1 time give by Jim . O. Neil in 2011
st

 Jim. O. Neil – Chairman of Goldman sachs.

Summit – Every year.
1st 2009 – Yekaterinburg (Russia)
2016 – Brasilia (Brazil)
6th 2014 – Fortalezza (Brazil)

NDB (New development bank) was announced.

 H.Q – Shanghai
 President – K.V Kamath.

Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) was established.

 Reserve – 100 billin $ reserve fund to provide protection against global liquidity
pressures.
 2017 – Xiamen (China) theme – Stronger partnership for brighter future.
 2018 – Johannesburg (S. Africa)
 Note – India hosted 2 time earlier
2012 – New Delhi
2016 – Goa

ASEAN (Association of south east Asian Nations)

 Aim - To promote social economic, cultural cooperation among member countries.
 Estd- 1967 through “Bangkok Declaration” by 5 south east Asian nations.
 H.Q – Jakarta (Indonesia)
 Member – 10
 India – X
 Summit – Every year.
 2017 – Manila (Philippines)
 Theme - Partnership for change, Engaging the world.
 2018 – Singapore.
 Members – Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Laos, Cambodia
Vietnam, Brunei, Myanmar.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
↓ ↓ ↓
𝐀𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐍 + 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 + 𝑈𝑆𝐴 = 𝑬𝑨𝑺 (𝑬𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒂 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒕)
𝑆. 𝐾𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎 𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝐽𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑧𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑
RECP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership)
 Proposed free trade agreement b/w ASEAN + 6 countries.
TPP (Trans Pacific Partner ship)
 11 countries group formed in 2016 to Promote trade
 Recently USA with drew.

AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)

 H.Q – Beijing
 India (√),China (√)
 Note –
 Odishi Cyclone – 2018 – Title (Pak)
 Affected – Gopal (Odessa)
 Kalinga Patnam (Andhra Pradesh)
 Florence Hurricane 2018 – USA (Florida)
 Gwadar →China’s Port in Pkistan
 Chabahar →India’s Port in Iran
 Ham ban tota →Chin’s Port in Bangladesh.
 China developing series of ports in Indian Ocean Surrounding India known as “ String
of Pearls”

ISRO-
 Estd – 1969, Chairman – K. Sivan
 DRDO-
 Estd – 1968, Chairman – G. Stheesh Reddy.

SAARC (South Asian Association for Reginald cooperation)

 Estd- 1985 (Dhaka 1st Summit)
 Idea – Zia – ur – Rahman (President of Bangladesh)
 H.Q- Kathmandu (Nepal)
 Summit – Every 2 year
 2014 Summit – Katmandu
 India announced to develop for SAARC countries & in 2017 ISRO launched (GSAT –
9) (Communication & meteorological satellite for south Asian countries except Pak)
Member – 8 India Bhutan
Pakistan Sri-lanka
Bangladesh Maldives
Nepal Afghanistan (Joined in 2007 in New Delhi)
Myanmar (X)

SAARC CENTRES
South Asian University - New Delhi
SAARC Energy Centre - Islamabad
SARC Cultural Centre - Dhaka
SARC Agricultural Centre - Dhaka
SAARC Disaster management - New Delhi
SAARC Coastal management - Maldives
China – Observer status.

Bangladesh - In 2018 Bangladesh launched its 1st Communication satellite – Bang bandhu.

Nepal - Under T x 2 program, no of tigers population double

 President – Bidhya Devi Bhandari (1st women)
 P.M – K.P Sharma oli
 Ayodhay – Jankpuri bus service – Started in 2018 under Ramayana circuit (Part of
Swedish danshan scheme to boost tourism in the country)
 In 2015 Nepal adopted its own constitution & moddhesi community started protest.
 During 2015, Earth quick, Indian air force launched largest every disaster relief
operation named Maitri.

Srilanka - Recently emergency imposed due to conflict b/w two counties.

 Earlier in 1987. India launched, “Operation Pawan” against Ltte (Liberation Tiger
Tamil ealan) in srilanka.

Maldives - In 2018 emergency imposed by president Abdullah yameen against supreme court
decision to free former president Mohammad Nashad & his supporters
 New president – Ibrahim sohil
 Afghanistan - Recently largest Non nuclear bomb MOAM dropped against ISIS in
Afghanistan.
 India Afghanistan friendship dam or salma dam become operational with the support of
India.

Myanmar - Buddhist majority country.

 1st Democratic president – Htin kyaw
 Famous personality – Aung san suu kyi (Nobel peace prize Award)
 Rohingya - Minority community of Myanmar demands citizenship rights but violence
going on.
 Mass migration into neigh boring area.
 India launched Operation Insaniyat in support of Rohigy.
 India not signed Bali declaration against Myanmar.

IMF (International Monetary fund) –

 Estd in 1944 to faster global financial stability.
 It provides macroeconomic support to its member countries like loans currency exchange
facility etc.
 Member – 189
 189th – Nauru
 MD Christine Laggard (France)
 Any country shall be a member.
 Report – World economic outlook, Global financial stability report, Fiscal monitor.

IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction & Development)

 Estd in 1964 t provide economic support for Post war reconstruction & poverty reduction
 It provides economic support only to developing countries
 Support – 1 Infrastructure development 2. Poverty Reduction.
 Only IMF member shall be the member.
 Members – 189
 189th – Nauru
 Chairman – Jim Yong kim
 Report – World development report, Global economic prospects.

World Bank Group-

IBRD – Major
IDA – International development Association
-They provides loan to public sector.
 IFC – (International Finance corporation) – Provide loan to private sector.
 MIGA – (Multi lateral Investment Guarantee agency)- An International financial
institution which offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement guarantees.
 ICSID – (International centre for settlement of Investment Disputer)
World Bank court
H.Q. – Washington.
 1944 – Breton woods conference – Attended by C.D Deshmukh

IMF IBRD

Britton woods twins.

 In 2016, IMF declared Greece as world’s 1st defaulter company.

𝑰𝑴𝑭
Developed
(𝟕 − 𝟕. 𝟓%)
𝑰𝑩𝑹𝑫
(20-25 years) Developed
(𝟔 − 𝟔. 𝟓%)
𝑰𝑫𝑨
(30-35 years) Poor
(𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛)

IDA is known as soft loan / credits window of the world.

IMF Contributions –
1. USA > 17.5%
2. Japan > 6.5%
3. India > 2.6%

SDR (Special drawing Rights)-

 Currency of IMF, started in 1969
 Only one accounting currency not exist in physical circulation
 Called as “Paper Gold”
- SDR value calculated on basis of 5 currencies
1-US - 2- Japan – Yen
3 – GBP 4- Renmibi (or Year) – Recently asked
5 – Euro Chinese
ISDR = 0.888671 gm of Gold

WTO (world trade organization)-

 To Promote Global trade.
 Estd – 1994 through “ Marrakesh Agreement”
 W.e.f – 1 Jan 1995
 H-Q. – Geneva
Dir. General – Roberto Azevedo (Brazil)
Members – 164, 164th – Afghanistan
163rd – Liberia
India (√)
WTO ministerial conference – Every 2 years 2017 – Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Eligibility - To become member country must sign bilateral agreement with all the existing
members.
Decision - By consensus.
Note-
1947 * GATT (General Agreement on trade & tariff)
Related to commodities.
* GATS (General Agreement on trade in services)
* TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of IPRS)
1- 1986 – Uruguay – Idea ⟹ To establish WTO was established 1986 – 1984 Uruguay Round.
1994 – 1994 – Uruguay Round.
2001 – Doha (Qatar)

Doha Development Agenda (DDA)

 Set of issues identified by WTO related to promotion of global trade know as DDA.
 Since 2001 to till date WTO working on DDA and this time period known as Dope
Round (Longer than Uruguay round)
NAMA (Non Agricultural Market Access)-
 Under this developed countries demands entry into
 Non- Agricultural market sector of developing countries.
 SSM (Special Safeguard Mechanism)
 Under this, one country can impose restriction on 2nd country’s export if it exceeds
certain %
 If any company selling their goods in any other country lower than the manufacturing
cost, it is known as dumping.
Subsidy boxes –
 Blue Box – Strictly restricted (Direct subsidy not allowed)
 Abmer Box – Restricted (But allowed in indirect form in some cases)
 Green Box – Allowed (For cases like environment, poverty)

MFN (Most Favored Nation) –

 These shall be no most favored nation.
 India given MFN status to PAK in 1997.

United Nations (UN)

 th
Estd on 24 oct 1945
 Member – 193
193th – South Sudan (civil war going on against president Salva kirr)
10th Dec – UN declared as human Rights Day.
UNHRC (UN Human Rights council)
 Estd - 2006.
 47 members body
 H.Q – Geneva.
 Chairperson- Varislav sac
 In 2018, India become member of UNHRC for 3 years
 Recently US left UNHRC
Note –
 Present 46th CJI Ranjan Gogoi (Succeeded by Deepak mishra)
 President shall administer oath to (JI & vice – versa.)
 If president and vice president both seats become vacant the (JI can act president.
 Ex – M. Hitayatullah.
 Senior most Judge of S.C shall be the C.J.I
S.C Judge Retirement – 65 years
H.C Judge Retirement – 62 years
 Total no. of High court in the country – 24
NHRC (National Human Rights commission).
 Statutory body established under protection of human Right Act – 1993.
 Chairman (Retired (JI) – H.L Duttu.

Other statutory bodies

1- National commission for women (NCW)-
Chairman – Rekha Sharma.
2- National commission for minorities.
Chairman – Syed Goyaroul Hasan Rizvi
Minorities in India – Muslims
Christians – 2nd largest
Sikhs
Buddhists
Paresis
Janis – latest
SC/ST Commission – Constitutional body

NABARD (National Bank for Agricultural & Rural development)

H.Q. – Mumbai
- It provides law rate loans.
4- SEDI (securities exchange Board of India)
Stock market regulation body
H.Q. – Mumbai
Chairman – Ajay Tyagi
5- TRAI – Estd – 1997
Tele com sector regulatory body.
6- SIDBI – Small industries development bank of India
7- IRDA – Insurance regulatory development Authority
8- PFRDA – Pension found regulatory development Authority
9- NSDL – National securities depository limits
 H.Q. – Mumbai
 Record keeping Agency
 It deals with physical & electronic form delivery of securities like shares, bonds, PAN
card.
10- FSSAL – Fssai estd in 2010 under food safety at 2006.
11- CVC (Central vigilance Commission)-
 Dealer with corruption issue in government deportment.
 Present CV commissioner – K.V. Chuthary.

Amnesty International – International NGO which works for human Rights.

  H.Q – London
 Founder – Peter benison.

Article 76 – Attorney General of India.

 Present – K.K vennu Gopal
 1st IAS officer of the country
 Represents central govt. cases in courts

Mudra Bank (Micro units Development Refinance Agency Bank)

 Esatd on 8 April 2015
 It is a new public sector financial institution set up in India
 It provide law rate loan to MSME sectors.
 MSME (Micro, Small & medium enter – Prices)
 Mudra Bank launched 3 Products –
 Shishu – Up to 50,000
 Kishore – Up to 5 lakhs
 Tarun – Up to 10 lakhs.

Principal Organs of UN
1- Un General Assembly – 193 members, called as “Town meeting”
Or Parliament of the world”
2- UN security council 15- members (5 Permanent + 10 non prenatal)
3- ECOSOC (Economic & social council) 54 members. India Recently re-elected.
4- Trusteeship Council – Existing but not functioning
5- The secretariat – Considered as H.Q. of U.N – Headed by secretary General.
Headed Rank UN official
Tenure – Syr. (Renewable)
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙)
Present –
𝐻𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑛 − 𝐾𝑖 − 𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑛 (𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐾𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎)
 Former UN secretary General
𝐾𝑜𝑓𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑛 (𝐺ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑎) ← 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑
 ⇓
𝑁𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑙 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 2001 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑈. 𝑁.
6- ICJ (International court of Justice)- 15 Judge President – Abdul qawi Mohd. Yusuf.
H.Q.- HAGUE (Known as peace place)
- Recently dalveer bhandari elected in ICE

Former ICJ judges from India.

1- B.N Rau
2- Nagendra Singh (President)
3- R.S Pathak.
 1𝑟𝑑
 All important decisions of U.N shall be taken by 3 majority of UNGA on the
recommendations of UNSC & simple decision by UNGA only.
 UN Security council – 15 members
05 Permanent – USA, Russia, Britain France, China, (P – 5)
10 Non permanent – Shall be elected by UNGA & UNSC Both
Permanent – Tenure – 2yr
Retiring member shall not be reelected immediately

Decision in UNSC
Simple or Procedural Important or Substantive
9 9
𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑝 −
15 15
5 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑡𝑒 ⇒
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

NASA - National Aeronautics & space Administration.

 Estd – 1958
 H.Q. – Washing ton
 Missions / Space craft.
 Messenger – Mercury
 Maven- Mars atmosphere & volatile evolution. Space craft curiosity Rover.
 Jono - Jupiter (world’s 1st fully solar powered space
 New Horizons – Pluto (Dwarf Plant)
 Solar Parkeo Probe – Sun
 Cassini –Huygens - Saturn
 Kepler – NASA’s space observatory to discover earth like objects.
 NISAR – NASA – ISRO syn the tic Aperture Radar.

ISRO
Gagan yaan - India’s 1 manned space mission by the year 2022
st

 GSLV mark III will be used.

 Heaviest rocket successfully tested.
Chan Rayaan –Post Pond recently.
Mom (Mars orbiter mission) – ISRO mars mission space craft – mangalyan.
GAGAN – (GPS aided Geo Augmented Navigation system)
 Developed by AAO & ISRO
 Mainly used by railways & Air ways.
  Silica Aerogel – Lightest material developed by ISRO
 RLV – TD – Reusable launch vehicle. Technology demons tattoo.
 Astro sat - India’s 1st multi wavelength space observatory.

Note –
 VVPAT (Voters verifiable proper audit trail )
 Vote printing machine
 Developed by ECIL & BEL
 Satyameve Jayate – Taken from mundaka Upanishad
 National flag – Was designed by pingali, venkayya.
 National Anthem & National song was adopted on 24th Jan 1950.
 Both have equal status.
 Anthem was written by R.N Tagore in 1911. English translation done by Tagore itself.
 Song was written by Barkim Chandra Chatter Jee & taken from his novel “Anand
math”
 Article – 370 – Constitution of Kashmir.
 Tiangong -1 – China’s space lab recently destroyed

CPEC (China – Pak Economic corridor)

 3000 km long road project which connects chinas Xinjiang & Pak.
 India raised objections against it.

OBOR- (One belt, one Road) or silk project

 Xi Jinping ambitious project to boost connectivity with central Asia, Africa, Europe.
 Latvia recently Joined OBOR
 It has 2 components – 1. Silk Road Project 2. 21st century maritime Silk Road project.

Euro zone – Group of countries which adopted ‘Euro’ as their common currency.
 19 members
 19th – Lithuania.

Note –
Tejas – Indigenously developed world’s smallest & lightest fighter air craft.
- By HAL

INS Arihant - Indigenously developed nuclear powered submarine.

Project 75 – Under this India (Megaton dockyard limited, Mumbai) developing six scorpion
with the help of France.
- Under this INSA Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS karanj construction started.
Air craft carrier –
𝐼𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑖𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 (1997
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑦 { } 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝐼𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡 (2017)
INS Vikramaditya ←PUrchased from Russia
(Only operational present) (Earlier Known as Baku or Admiral Grossing)

Mission Indra-dhanush –
 Launched by health ministry → To provide Vaccination to children below 2 years of age
& pregnant women by the year 2020. Under this.
𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑠
 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 − { 𝑇𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑠 }
𝑇𝐵 + 𝐽𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑟
 𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑠 − { 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑜 }
𝐻𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑠 𝐵
 Rotovac – Indigenously developed vaccine against Rot virus (Cause diarrhea in
children)

Pratyush - India’s fastest super computer.

 1st Transgender marriage – kerola.
 Sunway Taihulight 2nd fastest super computer
 Summit - World’s fastest super computer. (USA, IBM)

Ayushman Bharat - (Or National health protecting mission)

 It is world’s largest government fund health care programme. Launched by P.M modi in
2018 from Ranchi (Jharkhand)
 Its objective is to cover 10 crore families belonging to Poor and vulnerable population
based on socio economic & caste census 201) Under this, Government will provide
medical cover of Rs. 5 lakh/ family/ Year
 No limit on family size & Age
 Under this, government objective is to set up 1.5 lakh health and wellness centre by the
year 2022.
 1st Centre recently inaugurated at Bizapur (Chhattisgarh)

Ganga River:
  2019- kumbmela – Allahbad.
 Kumb mela Occurs at –
𝑈𝑗𝑗𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑆𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟)
 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟
𝑁𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑘 (𝐺𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑟𝑖)
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑑

Yamunotri Gangotri Kedarnath Badrinath Vishnu Devi

Alkananda river

Mandakini
Yamuna Vishnu Dhauli
Bhagirathi Pryag Ganga
Tehri dam
Nand Nadakini
Prayag

Karan Pinder
Pryag

Rudra Prayag

Ganga
Dev Prayag

Ganga - Longest river

 Length – 2510 km
 Flow through 5 states – U.K, U.P, Bihar Jharkhand west Bengal.
 In 1985, PM Rajiv Gandhi launched Ganga action plan to clean river Ganga but it was not
successful and later Ganga action plan phase -2 was launched and 4 more rivers covered
like Yamuna, Damodar, Gomti Mahanadi but failed.
 In 2009, them PM Manmohan Singh establishol national Ganga river basin authority
(NGRBA) to deal with Ganga related issues under environment protection act 1986.
 NGRBA is a statutory body.
 More than 20 members body chairman – PM
 In 2009, NGRBA declared Ganga as “Our national river” & Ganga river dolpin as “
National Aquatic Animd”
 In 2016, NGRBA renamed as “ National Ganga council”
 National Ganga council walks under “ Ministry of water resources, River development
& Ganga Rejuvenation
 Vikramshila Dolphin sanctuary- Bhagalpur (Bihar)
 Asias 1st Dolphin research centre – (2018) Patna University.
 Dolphin & Bats produce ultrasonic waves to regulate their movement.
 1st Ganga river Dolphin census (2015) by WWF & U.P govt. jointly (My Ganga, My
Dolphin)

Clean Ganga mission-

 Launched by PM modi in 2014.
 20,000 crore rupees, project for 5 yers.
 Under this NGRBA started Namami Ganga Programme.
 Under Namami Ganga Programme.
 Nirmal Dhara – To clean the river
 Aviral Dhara – To make river flow continuous.

Note –
 In 2017 uttarakhand high court declared Ganga and Yamuna river as living entity but
supreme court rejected.
 In 2017, NGT(National green tribunal) given one decision.
100 𝑚 − 𝑁𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛, 𝑁𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑈𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑜 { }
500 𝑚 − 𝑁𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑
 Penalty – Rs- 50,000/-

INDUS water treaty-

 Signed in 1960 b/w India and Pakistan in the presence of world bank for water sharing of
Indus and its tributaries.
 Signed b/w Jawahar Lal Nehru & Pak President Ayub khan
 Under this
 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑗
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑣𝑖
 {𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑏} {− } 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 (𝑬𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏 𝑹𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓
(𝑊𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑠
𝐽ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑢𝑚
+20% 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠
 In 2018, 330 MW kishanganga Hydropower become operational over Kishanganga River
in J & K
 Disputed b/w India & Pakistan
 In 2018, PM laid foundation stone of Pakul dual hydro project (1000MW)over
Marusadar river in J&K
 Largest hydro project of J&K
 Pncheshwar Dam – Disputed b/w India & Nepal Located over mahakali or sharda River.
 Arun III Hydro project – Located over Arun river in Nepal. Under construction with
help of India.

 Sardar Sarver Dam – 2nd largest concrete gravity dam after Grand caulee of USA
 World latest dam – 3 Gorges Dam – (Yangtze river in China)
 India’s 1st Under water tunnel – With in Hooghly river (Distributor of Ganga)
- 11 connect Kolkata & Hawrah.
 Dohla – Sadia Bridge – India’s largest road bridge (Assam)
- 9.15 km long
- Constructed over Lohit river (Tributary of Brahmaputra)
 Bagibeel Bridge – India’s largest all weather tunnel
- 9.2 in long.
 Zoji –la Tunnel – (J&S) – 14.3km long bi-directional all weather tunnel.
- It connects Srinagar – Leh – Kargil
- Under construction.
 Pir Pajal Tunnel (J&K) – Longest Railway tunnel .
- World’s largest Railway bridge constructed over Chenab river.
 Guwahati Railway station- World’s 1st fully solar powered Railway station.
- Diu – 100% solar powered city.
- Surat (Gujarat) – 100% Health centre solar powered.
- World’s 1st fully solar powered airport. Kochi International (Kerala)
- World’s 1st solar Toilet – Kerala.
- World’s 1st flouting nuclear power plant – Russia (Academic lomonoshov)
- Bangladesh’s 1st nuclear powered plant – Roopur. (with the support of India’s , Russia)
- World’s smallest rocket – Launched by JAXA (Japan Aerospace expiration Agency)
- World’s smallest satellite laujnched by NASA named
‘Kalamsat’ – Developed by Rifath shamrock (Tamil nadu)
- National sports university – Manipur.
- India’s 1st railway university – Vadodara (Gujarat)
- Railway development Authority – H.Q. – New Delhi
- National war memorial – New Delhi
 Sophia- 1st human robot recently visited India.
Developed by – Hong Kong company.
Recently Got – Saudi – Arabia citizenship
OPEN Defecation free states / UTS – (9 stateds/2VTS)
- Sikkim (1st ) - Gujarat
- Himachal Pradesh - Arunachal Pradesh
- Kerala - Chandigarh
- Haryana - Daman & Div
- U.K
- Chhattisgarh
- Meghalaya
 About Sikkim –
- Kanchen Janga Biosphere reserve – Recently added in UNESCO list
- 1st open Defecation free state.
- 1st Organic forming state.
- Least populous state.
- Second smallest after Goa in Area.
- Joned India in 1975.
- C.M – Pawan Chamling (Longest soroing C.M)
- Recently land slides forecasting system installed after Kerala.
- Shares its Boundary with west Bengal only.
- In 2018, Pakyong air port becomes operational.
 Himanchal Pradesh –
- Recently launched “Zero budget natural organic forming project”
 Kerala-
- India’s first digital state
- 2018 floods – operation sahyog & Operation medal launched by defense foresees for
reuse.
 Uttarakhand-
- In 2018, India’s 1st Biofuel flight – Dehradun to Delhi
 Rajasthan-
- 1st Indian state implemented national biotfuel policy in 2018.
- 1st oil refinery recently inaugurated at Barmen (Raj)
- Joint venture b/w HPCL& Raj govt.
 Meghalaya- Living root bridges. Krem puri – world’s longest sand stone caves discovered
in Meghalaya.
 AFSPA(Armed forces special power Act , 1958) revolud in 2018 form meghalaya and
some parts of Arunachal Pradesh.
 Under AFSPA, Extreme power given to defense forces.
- From past so – many years , AFSPA imposed in J&K +north eastern states.
- In 2015, Tripura become AFSPA free.
 Gujarat –
- In 2018, 23 Asiatia lions died due to CDV (Carnie distemper virus)
- Few years back proposal come to shift some of the line to poplar kuno wild life sancarary
CM.P but state rejected.
- Till 1972, it was national animal of India but in 1973, tiger declares as national animal of
India but in 1973, tiger declares as national anima.
- 70% of Tigers in world are in India.
 Statue of Liberate – Iron statue of vallabhai patel
 Arunachal Pradesh
- In 2018 1st commercial fligh landed at pasight at airport under UDAN scheme.
- 50th Tiger reserve – Kamlang Tiger Resurve (Last)