See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/283903375

The Gravitational Force Quantum and its Value

Article · April 2015

DOI: 10.17265/2159-5348/2015.04.007

CITATIONS READS

3 1,127

1 author:

Tomas Kala
University of Hradec Králové
27 PUBLICATIONS   173 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

The Unitary Theory of the World View project

Material Science Projects View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Tomas Kala on 02 February 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Journal of Physical Science and Application 5 (4) (2015) 288-290
doi: 10.17265/2159-5348/2015.04.007
D DAVID PUBLISHING

The Gravitational Force Quantum and its Value

Tomas Kala
Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03, Czech Republic

Abstract: Gravitation is one of the basic phenomena of the world. Tremendous number of theoretical works on origin, nature,
essentials, consequences, etc. of the gravitation and related phenomena were published so far. The most prominent ones are based on
the Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The author of this communication based his approach to the gravitation on Isaac
Newton’s law of the universal gravitation and related quantities, i.e. gravitational forces of matter objects, distance and motion.
Namely on the fact, that the gravitation force is – as well as the inertia, mass, space “occupied” and other properties are – principal
features/attributes/properties of matter objects. Gravitation is an additive property of matter objects. Taking into account other
positivistic quantities like mass of the Earth, standard acceleration of gravity, and the value of the atomic unit of mass, the author
defined a gravitational force of atomic unit (or “the Gravitational Force Quantum”) as a gravitational force which exerts one atomic
unit of Earth’s mass on 1 kilogram of a mass on Earth´s surface, and he calculated its value: GFO = 1.4958 × 10-54 N. This quantity
can be useful for further development of the “quantum mechanical” approach to the description and general notion about the world.

Key words: Gravitation, gravitational force of atomic unit, gravitational force quantum.

Nomenclature The theory describes gravity, not as a force, but as a

consequence of the curvature of the space-time caused
m: Mass.
F: Gravitational force – 9.80665 N [1]. by the uneven distribution of mass/energy. For most
Kgf: Kilogram-force – 9.80665 N [1]. applications, gravity is well approximated by
M: Mass of the Earth – 5.97219 × 1024 kg [1]. Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which
AUM: Atomic unit of mass – 9.1093829 × 10-31 kg [2].
postulates that the gravitational force of two bodies of
NAUM: Number of atomic units of mass of Earth.
GFO: A gravitational force quantum. mass is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
1. Introduction distance between them.
Gravitation is one of the basic phenomena of the Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental
world [3, 4]. In Wikipedia [5], gravity or gravitation is interactions of nature. The gravitational attraction is
defined as a natural phenomenon by which all things approximately 10-38 times the strength of the strong
attract one another including stars, planets, galaxies force (i.e. gravity is 38 orders of magnitude weaker),
and even light and sub-atomic particles. 10-36 times the strength of the electromagnetic force,
Gravity is a cause of time dilation (time lapses more and 10-29 times the strength of the weak force.
slowly in strong gravitation). Very interesting are also theories on the Quantum
On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects Gravity and related approaches to the phenomenon of
and causes the tides. Gravity has an infinite range, and Gravitation [9].
it cannot be absorbed, transformed, or shielded against. The author of this communication based his
Gravity is described by the general theory of approach to the gravitation on Isaac Newton’s law of
relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915 [6-8]. the universal gravitation and related quantities, i.e.
gravitational forces of mass, distance and motion [3-5,
Corresponding author: Tomas Kala, DrSc, assistent 10]. Namely on the fact, that the gravitation force is -
professor, research fields: material sciences and social sciences. as well as the inertia, mass, space “occupied” and
E-mail: [email protected].
 The Gravitational Force Quantum and its Value 289

others are - a principal/immanent kilogram of a mass on Earth’s surface, has a value

feature/attribute/property of a matter objects 1 . 1.4958 × 10-54 N.
Gravitation is an additive property/attribute/trait of Verity of the value of the GFO might be limited by
any of matter objects. The more mass a matter object correctness of the following values: the atomic unit of
has, the more gravitation it exhibits. mass 9.10938291 × 10-31 kg, the kgf = 9.80665 N and
Taking into account other positivistic quantities like the Earth’s mass 5.97219 × 1024 kg, which were used
mass of the Earth, standard acceleration of gravity, in the calculation of the gravitational force quantum. It
and a value of the atomic unit of mass, the author can be foreseen that the value of GFO will be revised
defined a gravitational force of atomic unit (or “the in future development of notion.
Gravitational Force Quantum”) and calculated its
4. Conclusions
value.
Gravitation/gravity should be considered as a
2. Methodology
immanent property of the matter, like:
According to the Newton’s law, a mass of m = 1 kg y Mass or weight.
exerts on Earth’s surface a gravitational force F = y Inertia.
9.80665 N (or 1.0 kilogram-force, 1 kgf = 9.80665 N y Space/volume.
by definition). y Structure.
The mass of the Earth (5.97219 × 1024 kg [1]) can y Components/parts/particles.
be expressed as: y Transformability.
M = AUM × NAUM (1) y Electrical, dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric,
where, AUM is an atomic unit of mass, 9.10938291 × pyroelectric, superconductive, etc.
10-31 kg [2]), NAUM is a number of atomic units of properties/parameters.
mass contained in the Earth, i.e.: y Magnetic, diamagnetic, ferromagnetic,
NAUM = M/AUM =5.97219×1024/9.10938291 × antiferromagnetic, and others - magnetic
10-31 = 0.6556 × 1055 (2) properties/parameters.
The value of gravitational force attributed to one y Electromagnetic properties/parameters.
atomic unit of (Earth’s) mass, i.e. a “GFQ y Optical, electro-optical, magneto-optical,
(Gravitational force quantum)” can be calculated as: acousto-optical, and others - optical
GFQ = F/NAUM = 9.80665/0.6556 × 1055 N properties/parameters.
= 1.4958 × 10-54 N (3) y Mechanical, electro-mechanical,
acousto-mechanical, piezo-mechanical, and others
3. Results and Discussion
-mechanical properties/parameters.
The GFQ, defined by the author as a gravitational y Thermal, thermomechanical, thermoplastic and
force which exerts one atomic unit of Earth´s mass on 1 related properties/parameters.
y Chemical, crystallo-chemical, biochemical, and
1
Difference between matter and mass in author’s approach is others related properties/parameters.
as follows: Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
and other properties, like inertia, gravitation, ability to y Biological, microbiological, macro-biological,
change/modify fields, space-time structures and dimensions, environmental and others life related
particle structure, electric charges, electric, magnetic and
electromagnetic properties and phenomena, attractive and properties/parameters.
repulsive forces, mechanical properties of matter, storing and y Many other properties and parameters.
conversions of energy, and phenomena which are intrinsic to
all the physical, inorganic, organic, living, thinking etc. objects
and/or phenomena in Nature and World [12].
 290 The Gravitational Force Quantum and its Value

Respecting the obvious fact, that gravitation/gravity http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=E

arth&Display=Facts.
is an additive property of matter objects and taking
[2] NIST. “Fundamental Physical Constants - Complete
into account other positivistic quantities like mass of Listing.” Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.
the Earth, standard acceleration of gravity, and a value http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt.
[3] Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. 1981. “Fundamentals of
of the atomic unit of mass, the author defined a
Physics.” 2nd Edition, John Wiley&¨Sons, Inc. N.Y.,
gravitational force of atomic unit (or “the Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto. ISBN 0-471-03363-4.
Gravitational Force Quantum”) as a gravitational force [4] Cook, A. H. “Gravity Physics.” Encyklopaedia Britannica,
which exerts one atomic unit of Earth’s mass on 1 kg Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.
http://www.britannica.com/science/gravity-physics.
of a mass on Earth’s surface, and he calculated its
[5] Wikipedia. “Gravity.” Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.
value: GFO = 1.4958 × 10-54 N. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity.
This quantity can be useful for further development [6] Einstein, A. 1915. “Die Feldgleichungen der
Gravitation.” In Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen
of the “quantum mechanical” approach to the
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
description and general notion about the world. [7] Einstein, A. 1916. “Die Grundlage der Allgemeinen
It is an opinion of the author, that physics might be Relativitätstheorie.” Annalen der Physik 49: 769-822.
clarified if gravitation would be excluded from a [8] Einstein, A. 1917. “Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur
Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.” In Sitzungsberichte der
group of the fundamental forces of Nature, i.e. weak,
Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
electromagnetical, and strong forces. The gravitation [9] Weinstein, S. “Quantum Gravity.” Stanford Encyklopedia
force should be considered on the same “rank” of of Philosophy. Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-gravity/.
forces like attractive/repulsive electrical, magnetic or
[10] Newton, I. 1687. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
other forces. Mathematica. (“Mathematical Principles of Natural
Gravitation might perhaps be connected/caused/ Philosophy”), London.
explained by distortion of the space around/because of [11] Smith, G. 2007. “Isaac Newton.” Stanford Encyklopedia
of Philosophy, Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.
material objects. For further details see [12].
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton/.
[12] Kala, T. “Comments on Matter/Mass/Field Categories”,
References
Unitary Theory of the World, Accessed Sep. 3, 2015.
[1] NASA. “Earth: by the Numbers.” Accessed Sep. 3, 2015. http://www.tomas-kala.net/.

View publication stats