PCB Exp 3
PCB Exp 3
You will now switch back briefly to working in Capture. Open the schematic if it is not already
open. You have defined a set of footprints to be used in your design, but now you must assign
those footprints to each of the parts in your design.
Each part in your schematics has a property called PCB Footprint and this must match one of the
footprints in your footprint library. Double‐clicking any part in schematics will open Property
Editor.
This will show you all the properties for that part. Double click U1 in the schematic. This is the
part whose footprint you just drew.
Filter the properties by choosing Orcad‐Layout in the drop‐down list and make sure that you are
on the Parts tab. You should be able to see the PCB Footprint property now and assign it a value
of TO‐220 REGULATOR IC, the exact name of the footprint you just drew.
It is possible to assign footprints to parts in a quicker way. Close the property editor and press
CTRL+A while on the schematic page. This will highlight every part on the page.
Press CTRL‐E to bring up the Property Editor. Again make sure you are on the Parts tab and
properties are filtered by Orcad‐Layout.
Now you can see the properties for every part you have highlighted. Right click the Value
column header and select Sort Ascending. Assign footprints to all the parts as shown below.
Creating the Netlist
To export your design to Layout, you must first create a netlist. A netlist is a file that has all the
parts, footprints and nets for your design in a format that can be read by the layout program.
To start netlist generation, highlight your dsn file and select Tools →Create Netlist… to bring up
the Create Netlist dialog box.
Click on the Layout tab in the dialog box. Make the dialog box looks like the figure below and
click OK to generate the netlist.
When finished you should have a file called PSU.MNL in your schematic directory. Your design is
finally ready for import into layout.
Creating a Board Template File
You are almost ready to export your schematic design to Layout. Before doing this, we must
create a board template file because you will be asked for it when you will be exporting your
design to Layout. This file defines some default properties for the board that will be used
throughout layout.
To create a template, start Layout and select File →New.
When you see the dialog, press Cancel. You should now see a blank workspace. You can use the
same shortcut keys that you used in Capture to zoom and center the design (‘I’, ‘O’, and ‘C’).
Change the system settings (CTRL+G) like the figure below
The first thing we need to do is draw a board outline to define the perimeter of the board. For
this PCB, we will make the board 2½ x 2½ inches i.e.2500x2500 mils.
The board outline is an obstacle like the ones you placed in the footprint editor.
To create the board outline, select the Obstacle Tool, right‐click and choose New… and then
right‐click again and select Properties… Name the obstacle BOARD_OUTLINE, its type should
be, its Width should be 50 (mils) and it should be placed on the Global Layer. Place the first
corner of the board at 0, 0 and then draw from there. When finished, your board outline should
look like this.
Next, you will edit the layer stackup. Layout has spreadsheets just like the Library Manager does.
Click the View Spreadsheet icon and select Layers.
This spreadsheet defines all the layers that your board uses and their respective functions in the
design. You are making a 2‐layer board, so we will turn off some of the pre‐defined layers
because we will not use them. While pressing the CTRL key, select these layers:
GND, POWER, INNER1 – INNER12, SPTOP, SPBOT, SSBOT, ASYTOP, ASYBOT, FABDWG, NOTES
Press CTRL+E to bring up the Edit Layer dialog. Select the Unused Routing radio button and click
OK. Here we turned off the SPTOP, SPBOT layers because we are not using SMT components in
our design. Also we will not mount parts on the bottom side of the PCB, so we turned off the
SSBOT layer. If your design requires these layers, you should not declare them unused.
Next, you will define a default via size. Vias are used to connect tracks between layers and to
make connections to solid ground or power planes. Click the View Spreadsheet icon and select
Padstacks. This will open the padstacks spreadsheet and shows every padstack that is used in
your design. Since there are no parts in the design right now, there are not that many padstacks,
but this will change after we import from Capture.
You will edit the VIA1 padstack that is first on the list. This will become the default via for your
design. Editing padstacks here is identical to how you edited padstacks when creating a
footprint.
Let’s start with a clean padstack. Click the name VIA1 to highlight the entire padstack. Right‐click
and select Properties to show the Edit Padstack dialog.
Select the radio button labeled Undefined and also check the box labeled Flood Planes/Pours.
Click OK when done.
This will reset the definitions for all layers of VIA1. Now you will set the finished drill size.
Highlight the DRILL and DRLDWG layers and open the Edit Padstack dialog. Select a pad shape
of Round and give it a width and height of 50 (mils).
We are defining somewhat large vias because this PCB is of a power supply and it will contain
high current carrying copper tracks. Similarly select TOP and BOTTOM layers and press CTRL+E.
Select Round with a width and height of 75mils. Finally, highlight the SMTOP and SMBOT layers
and make these round with a diameter of 80. After you are done defining this via, your
spreadsheet should look like this.
The final thing we need to do to our template is to set a few global spacing constraints. These
spacing values will be used when you have Layout automatically check for design errors.
Each board shop will have its own requirements on the minimum value of these constraints.
Select Options →Global Spacing… to bring up the Route Spacing spreadsheet. Click on Layer
Name to highlight every cell, and then right‐click and select Properties to bring up the Edit
Spacing dialog. Put a value of 15 in every field. Click OK and close the Route Spacing
spreadsheet.
Then open the Nets spreadsheet and double click the net name DEFAULT. Put a value of 15, 40
and 60 in the Min Width, Conn Width and Max Width boxes respectively. Since the PCB
manufacturing facility in our department has a requirement of 15 mils on all these spacing and
also on the minimum track width, that’s why we used a value of 15 mils.
Save your template in your libraries folder. Name it PSU_BOARD_TEMPLATE and select the type
as Template(*.tpl;*.tch). Open the Library Manager and once again make sure that
PSU_FOOTPRINTS is on the top of libraries list.
Starting Layout
Creating a New Board:
Now we have everything that we need to import our design into Layout so we can start moving
on to the third phase of our project.
Start Orcad Layout or Layout Plus but not Layout Engineer’s Edition and select File →New. You
will first be prompted for the template file you created. It should be located in your libraries
directory.
Second, you will be asked for your netlist. This should be located in your schematic directory.
Third, you will be asked to give your board file a name. Name this file psu and place it in the
board directory. If all the footprint names in your design match those in your library, then you
should get no errors and you will see a screen in layout like the one below.
If you got one or more errors, then it probably means that you have a misspelled footprint name
in the PCB Footprint property in your schematic
Getting Around & Placing Parts
All of your parts from schematics should be line up on the left side of the board. Learn a few
things about the Layout environment before you start placing these parts. First turn off DRC
(Design Rule Check) by clicking the button to vanish the dotted rectangle.
You will also notice that the workspace often gets too messy while working in Layout, so you will
need to refresh the screen very often. Use the Refresh All button or press Home key.
You will also notice that there are a bunch of lines connecting your parts. These are connections
that are still unrouted, and this is usually referred to as the Ratsnest. When placing parts, it is
sometimes useful to turn this off. So click the View Spreadsheet icon and select Nets. Remember
when you used this spreadsheet before? It had just one net called DEFAULT.
Now,every net in your design should appear in this spreadsheet. This spreadsheet can be a
useful way to see if you have misnamed nets in your schematics.
Highlight every net by clicking the cell labeled Net Name. Right‐click and choose Properties.
Uncheck the Routing Enabled box and click OK. The ratsnest should have disappeared.
You are now ready to place parts on your design. To get into parts placement mode, make sure
that the Component Tool is selected. In addition to placing the components that are in your
schematics, you can also place non‐electrical components right in Layout.
You will do that now to place some mounting holes on your board. While using the Component
Tool, right‐click and select New to bring up the Add Component dialog box
Give this component a reference designator of MH1. Then click the Footprint button and select
the BOARD MOUNTING HOLE footprint from PSU_FOOTPRINTS library. Check the Non‐Electric
checkbox so that it becomes checked with a dark tick and uncheck the Route Enabled checkbox
since this is a non‐electrical part. Click OK when finished.
The part will now be attached to your cursor and you can place it on the board. Place it at the
edge of the board in the lower left corner.
We want to place a mounting hole in each corner of the board. Highlight the MH1 you just
placed and press CTRL+C. Place the new mounting hole at the lower right corner.
Copy the hole again and complete the four corners. If we don’t want to get these mounting
holes accidentally moved, then it is possible.
Open the Components spreadsheet and highlight MH1 – MH4. Press CTRL+E and re‐check the
boxes labeled Fixed and Locked. All the four mounting holes are now fixed and locked at their
places. Press SHIFT+Home and your board should be in a condition like this
Now you can begin to place the rest of your components. You will probably want to open up
your schematic in Capture so that you can see where the components are supposed to go in
relation to each other.
For a greater ease, you can print your schematic page out. When you pick up a component, the
ratsnest for that component will appear to show you the connections to other parts. If you
want, you can also turn the ratsnest back on to see all of the nets or some specific nets. To
select all the nets, click the Net Name header and to select some of the nets, hold down the
CTRL key while selecting the nets.
Press CTRL+E and in the dialog that appears, re‐check the box labeled Routing Enabled. Right
now, don’t display any of the nets.
Always place those components first, which have the interface at the front or the rare panel. In
this design VR1, VR2 have the interface on the front panel.Place them at the lower left corner of
the board. Then place the J1 and J2 power connectors on the upper middle and lower right of
the board respectively,the bridge below J1 and the two large capacitors beside the bridge. Try to
keep components that belong together near each other. Place the remaining parts on the board.
When you are done, your board should look something like this.
The screen gets too messy when you work while the ratsnest in visible. Use the Refresh All
button to refresh the display and the M key to redraw the ratsnest and to minimize the
connecting wires of the ratsnest. When you are done, you should have your board something
like the following figure
Save your design. You may get the following warning. Ignore it. It is due to the mounting holes
that we added.
Autorouting and Manual Routing
Autorouting
To let the Layout automatically route the board for you, select Auto →Autoroute→Board. In a
second or two, Layout will route the whole board. Click OK at the message. Then press
SHIFT+Home and your oard should look like this.
You will certainly never get the exact pattern of copper tracks as shown above. This is because
Layout routes the board in a random manner. Every time you autoroute the board, you will get a
different conductor pattern. To confirm this fact, select Auto →Unroute →Board to unroute
your board and then again autoroute. Repeat this procedure until you are satisfied with the
pattern.
Manual Routing
Unroute the board by selecting Auto →Unroute →Board. Now that the board is completely unrouted,
you can start manual routing. Press M so that the ratsnest shows you the minimum possible
connections.This will help you greatly in the routing process.
First we will route on both sides. So activate the TOP and SMTOP layers in the same way you turned
them off. Declare the TOP as Routing Layer and SMTOP as Documentation layer in the Edit Layer dialog
box.
Also activate Online DRC. The box with the dashed line will appear. While DRC is on, you will only be
able to place tracks inside this box, but Layout will also block your cursor to route a track in a location
where any spacing errors occur.
You can resize the DRC box by pressing ‘B’and drawing a new rectangle. Enclose the whole board in the
DRC box now. Online DRC ensures that routing is done in accordance with the DRC.
DRC also include the settings that you specified in the Route Spacing dialog box (select Options →Global
Spacing) in your template.
Let’s route a connection. Turn on the Edit Segment Mode or Add/Edit Route Mode . The two
have some subtle differences.
You will see a thin green line attached to your cursor which shows the path of the copper track that will
be routed. We want to place this track on the bottom layer so press 2 to switch to the bottom layer.
The green line will turn red; the colour of the bottom layer. Left‐click to place a segment of a track.
When you get near to pin 2 of the bridge, you can press F to have Layout finish the track for you.
When routing you will want to redraw the ratsnests occasionally (press M). Now route the following
connection. It has 4 segments and 3 bends. Start by clicking at the ratsnest near one of the pins, click
once for each bend and press F to finish the track. You can also click at the pin to finish the track instead
of pressing F.
Here is a list of hotkeys that you will find very useful during routing.
• F auto‐complete a connection
• G unroute a segment
• D unroute a connection
• Alt+D unroute a whole net
• V add via
• 1,2 switch to top and bottom layer respectively
• U undo (only one step undo is possible)
If you are routing a connection and have routed a wrong segment, press G and the previous segment
will be unrouted. If you are not between routing a connection, just move your cursor over a segment
and press G. The segment will be unrouted.
Click the View Spreadsheets icon and choose Statistics. The statistics spreadsheet gives you information
on time in layout, percent of components placed, percent of tracks routed, and some other information.
It also tells you how many vias you have used in your board. If there remains no ratsnest on the board
and the Statistics spreadsheet also shows the % Routed as 100%, it means that you have done all the
routing.
Cleaning up the Design
Now it is time to clean up your design. You should think of your board as a work of art. Other people
may look at it, so you want it to look nice.Furthermore, a clean design will ensure fabrication success
A. Route Spacing – You have set a minimum of 15 mils for track‐to‐track spacing in your design.
However, do not pack tracks closely together unless you have to. Routing tracks closely is
generally a bad idea because this can result in undesired capacitive and inductive effects
between tracks.
B. Right Angles in Tracks – Don’t use right angles in routing your tracks. Chamfer the corners.
BAD GOOD
C. Pad Exits – Track exits from pads should be clean and not come out of the pad at unusual
angles.
BAD GOOD
D. Remove Extra Vias – Vias add cost to a board, so it is a good practice to remove any
Unnecessary vias from your design
E. An Orderly Silkscreen – Make the SSTOP layer visible and use the Text Tool to adjust the
silkscreen. Rotate the inverted text, move the text to a suitable location. All text should be
oriented in the same direction for readability. Silkscreen cannot overlap pads or vias
(overlapping tracks is OK). Change the Detail Grid to a finer setting if necessary. Reference
designators should be placed as close to the part as possible. Polarity signs and pin number
should be placed in the correct position.
Documenting the Design
Good documentation of your design will help both in manufacturing and debug. First, we can add some
useful text to the silkscreen. For example, the J1power connector is connected to the secondary of 240V
?24‐0‐24V transformer. Maybe you want to put some text on the board to indicate that. You can use the
Text Tool to create new text. Right‐click anywhere in the design and select New… to get the Text Edit
dialog.
Most text you create will be Free. For good readability, I suggest a Line Width of 8 and a Text Height of
50 to 75. A 6 mil Line Width is about as small as you can go to keep the text readable. One very useful
thing is to add some information about the board, as well as the initials of the person who designed it.
Place this information on SSTOP as well as BOT layer.
It will look nice to have the title and your name on the board in copper trace. Remember to mirror
(Ctrl+M) any text that you put on bottom layer. If you are unable to find enough room on the bottom
layer to place the text, then put it on silkscreen only. Placing the text at bottom layer on tracks can short
Your board design is now finally complete. Here is the completed board.
Your board design is now finally complete. Here is the completed board.