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AE 9
STATISTICS
The science of statistics
STATISTICAL deals with the
ANALYSIS collection, analysis,
interpretation, and
presentation of data.
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PROBABILITY
CHAPTER 1 It is a mathematical tool
SAMPLING used to study randomness. It
deals with the chance (the
AND DATA likelihood) of an event
occurring
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SAMPLING STATISTIC
The idea of sampling is to A statistic is a number that
select a portion of the represents a property of
larger population and the sample
study that portion to gain
information about the
population
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PARAMETER VARIABLE
A parameter is a numerical A variable, or random
characteristic of the whole variable, usually notated by
population that capital letters such as X and
Y, is a characteristic or
can be estimated by a measurement that can be
statistic. determined for each
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VARIABLE DATA
◎Numerical Variables Data are the actual values of
◎Categorical Variables the variable

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EXAMPLE DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING

POPULATION
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following
study. We want to know the average (mean) amount of SAMPLE
money first year college students spend at ABC College on PARAMETER
school supplies that do not include books. We randomly
surveyed 100 first year students at the college. Three of STATISTIC
those students spent P150, P200, and P225, respectively VARIABLE
DATA
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DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING

POPULATION all first year students attending ABC College STATISTIC the average (mean) amount of money spent
this term (excluding books) by first year college
students in the sample
SAMPLE It could be all students enrolled in one section of a VARIABLE Let X = the amount of money spent (excluding books)
beginning statistics course at ABC College by one first year student attending ABC College.

PARAMETER the average (mean) amount of money spent DATA P150, P200, and P225.
(excluding books) by first year college students at
ABC College this term

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CATEGORIES OF DATA GRAPHS USED IN

◎Qualitative Data
○are the result of categorizing or describing
QUALITATIVE DATA
attributes of a population ◎Pie Chart
◎Quantitative Data ◎Bar Graph
○are the result of counting or measuring ◎Pareto Chart
attributes of a population
◉Discrete
◉Continuous
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POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN
SAMPLING
The idea of sampling is to
ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA
select a portion of the
◎ Percentages That Add to More (or larger population and
Less) Than 100% study that portion to gain
◎ Omitting Categories/Missing Data
information about the
population
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SAMPLING METHODS SIMPLE

Most statisticians use various methods of
random sampling RANDOM SAMPLE
◎ Random Sampling (With replacement / Without replacement) ◎ Any group of n individuals is
○ Simple Random Sample equally likely to be chosen as
○ Stratified Sample any other group of n
○ Cluster Sample individuals
○ Systematic Sample
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STRATIFIED SAMPLE CLUSTER SAMPLE

◎ It divides the population into ◎ divide the population into
groups called strata and then clusters (groups) and then
take a proportionate number randomly select some of the
from each stratum clusters

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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE
◎ randomly select a starting SAMPLING METHODS
point and take every nth ◎ Non-Random Sampling
piece of data from a listing ○ Convenience Sampling
of the population. ◉ involves using results that are
readily available

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CRITICAL EVALUATION
ERRORS ANALYZING DATA
◎ Problems with samples
◎ Sampling Errors
◎ Self-selected Samples
◎ Non Sampling Errors
◎ Sample Size Issues
◎ Undue Influence

X ◎ Non-response or refusal of subject X

to participate
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CRITICAL EVALUATION VARIATION

◎ Casuality
◎Variation in Data
◎ Self-funded or self-interest studies
◎Variation in Samples
◎ Misleading use of date
◎ Confounding

X
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LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
The way a set of data is measured NOMINAL SCALE LEVEL
◎Nominal Scale Level ◎ It measures qualitative date
◎Ordinal Scale Level and are not ordered.
◎Interval Scale Level
◎Ratio Scale Level
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ORDINAL SCALE LEVEL INTERVAL SCALE LEVEL

◎ It measures qualitative date ◎ It measures data that has a
and can be ordered. definite order and does not
have a starting point

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FREQUENCY
RATIO SCALE LEVEL
◎ It is the number of times a
◎ It is like interval scale, but it value of the data occurs
has a 0 point and ratios can ○ Relative Frequency
be calculated. ○ Cumulative Relative Frequency

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EXAMPLE

Experimental
Design and
Ethics
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
◎ When one variable causes change in LURKING VARIABLE
another
◎ These are additional variables
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
that can cloud a study
◎ It is the affected variable:
stimulus, response

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EXPLANATORY VARIABLE CONTROL GROUP

◎ also known as the independent or ◎ It helps researchers balance
predictor variable, it explains the effects of being in an
variations in the response variable experiment with the effects
of the active treatments

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EXAMPLE
BLINDING The Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation
conducted a study to investigate whether smell can affect
learning. Subjects completed mazes multiple times while
◎ It preserves the power of wearing masks. They completed the pencil and paper mazes
suggestion three times wearing floral-scented masks, and three times with
unscented masks. Participants were assigned at random to
wear the floral mask during the first three trials or during the
last three trials. For each trial, researchers recorded the time it
took to complete the maze and the subject’s impression of the
mask’s scent: positive, negative, or neutral.
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EXAMPLE
a. Describe the explanatory and response variables in
this study.
b. What are the treatments? Thanks!
c. Identify any lurking variables that could interfere with
this study.
Any questions?
d. Is it possible to use blinding in this study?

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