Algebra is an extension of Arithmetic , in which letters replace the numbers or unknown quantities .

A letter can symbolize any number or

value we choose to assign it.The Arab mathematician Al- Khawarizmi (AD 780-850) was one of the first to study Algebraic
expressions .He wrote the book entitled (in Arabic)Hisab al- jabr a’ al muqabla (calculation by Restoration & Reduction) which
described a method of solving Algebraic equations. Those who didn’t speak Arabic abbreviated& simplified the title of his book to Algebra.

CONSTANT: (fixed quantity) VARIABLE: (change able) COEFFICIENT: Multiple of Variable

The quantity whose value is fixed or it remains The quantity whose value is not fixed or it is When a constant is multiplied with a variable it
unchanged .Your date of birth ,your date of a changeable quantity.For example speed of a is called coefficient. For example 2x,5y,-3z here
admission in school, the number of days in a week car, your weight & height are the examples of are the constants but they are multiplying with
are the real examples of fixed quantities or we can variable. In Maths the variables are denoted the variables so now we can say 2 is the
say constants. In mathematics 1,2,3…. & all by coefficient
numbers are constants. a ,b ,c,…,x ,y ,z.Variable represents the of x,-3 is the coefficient of z.

EXPONENT/POWER/INDEX: ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION: Is there any difference between

(3y)2&3y2?
The Mathematical expression In (3y)2 ,2 is the exponent of 3y
coefficient) is called exponent . In -3x2 ,2 of is the exponent of x & x isincalled
whichbase & -3 is the
constants coefficient
& constants, of x2. )3&,3 is the exponent of or
variables & weis base.
can say here base is 3y but
constants are linked together with the basic in 3y2, base is y. so (3y)2&3y2 are
operations (+,-,×,÷).Here are the examples of not equal.
Algebraic expressions
-3x , - 4y+ 2 , -, 5.67 , 1, 3x2+6z÷3, 0

How to identify the number of terms of Algebraic expressions

The parts of algebraic expressions separated by operations (+,-) are called terms. We can tell the number of terms of an algebraic expression by looking at
the addition & subtraction symbol. In ( -4y+2), we have two terms.5.67 there is only one term & in 3x2+6z÷3 ,there are only two terms .

Like & Un like terms Simplification of Algebraic Expression

The terms which have same base & same exponent are If we have to simplify an algebraic
called terms.3x , –2x are the like terms but -2x ,–2x 2,–2 are
expression ,we simplify the like terms
not the like terms because these terms do not
have same exponent.

POLYNOMIALS
Polynomial: An algebraic expression having one or more terms in which exponents of the variable involved are non-negative
2 2 3
integers or whole numbers. (0, 1, 2, 3, ...) e.g.: 0 ,  4y  3x+ ,  99 , xyz , √3 x + y2 , xy 3 +
3 3 4
1
x 2 y 3 √ 49 , x2 y3 + z etc.
√2
Types of Polynomials w.r.t.
Number of Terms Degree Variables Coefficients
Zero Polynomial: In which Of one variable: It has only Polynomial w.r.t. Natural
Monomial: It has only one all coefficients are zero. one variable. e.g., x, 5x3 y
3
numbers: e.g., 3x + 4 y 2. Here 3,
term. It has no degree. e.g., 0 4 are Natural numbers.
(only)
+7,  9 x 2 etc. It can be
e.g., 3xy ,  9 x 3. 100 denoted by P(x).
Constant Polynomial: It Of two variables: It Polynomial w.r.t. Integers: e.g.,
has degree zero. involves two variables. e.g., x + y  7. Here 1, 1 and  7 are
Binomial: It has two terms. e.g., 7 , 1. xy , 5y+7x, integers.
e.g., 3xy  9 , x + 12 . (All constants)  9 yx etc. It can be
denoted by Q(x,y).
Trinomial: It has three terms. Linear Polynomial: It has Of three variables: It Polynomial w.r.t. Rational
3 degree one. involves three variables. e.g., 3 3
e.g., 3xy  9 x 3+ x, e.g., x ,  9 y. x+ 5 z y 3
+7,  9 x 2
yz etc. It
numbers: e.g., x  4 y 2. Here
4 5 5
can be denoted by R(x,y,z). and  4 are Rational numbers.
Quadratic Polynomial: It Of four variables: It Polynomial w.r.t. Real numbers:
 1 has degree two. involves four variables. e.g., 3 3
12 y  abc + 11 . 2 3 e.g., x  4 y 2+ √ 8yx. Here ,
4 e.g., y + 5x + 3 px+ 5 z y +7, 4 4
Cubic Polynomial: It has  9p x2 xyz etc. It can be 4 and √ 8are Real numbers.
degree three. denoted by P(p,x,y,z).
3
e.g., 3xy  9 x x 3+
4
Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial f(x) of degree n≥ 1, n is a non-negative integer is divided by x-a till no x term exist in the remainder ,
then f (a) is the remainder.For example; if f(x) = x3 + 2 x2-3x +5 is divided by x-1 then reminder is F(1) = (1)3 + 2 (1)2-3 (1) +5= 1+2-3+5= 5
Factor theorem:The polynomial x-a is a factor of the polynomial x-a is a factor of the polynomial f(x) if and only if f(a) =0.
The important products are:
(i) (a+b) 2 = a2+2ab+ b2 (x+a) (x+b)= x2+(a+b) x+ab
2 2 2
(ii) (a-b) = a -2ab+ b (iii) (a+b) (a-b) = a2-b2 (iv) (a+b) 2+(a-b)2=2a2+2b2 or 2 (a2+ b2) (v) (a+b) 2-(a-b)2= 4ab
Exercise
1. If F(x) = 4x3-2x+1 then f(2) :
(a) 29 (b) 9 (c) 33 (d) 5
2. If P(y) = 2y3+2y2-1 then p(-2) is:
(a) 19 (b) 7 (c) -9 (d) -23
x2 − y 2
3.What is the value of at x= 117 & y=118?
x−y
(a) 1 (b) 117 (c) 175 (d) 235
4. Simplified form of (2x+3) (x+6) –(2x-5) (x-10) is:
(a) 32 (b) 16 (c) 68 (d) 40x-32
1 1 1
5. if + = then the average of a & b is:
a b c
a+b a+b ab
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
2c 2 2c
1 2 1
6. If (x+ ) = 100 then 2 +x2 :
x x
(a) 64 (b) 98 (c) 100 (d) 102
1 1
7. Simplified form of ( + x )2 - ( −x )2 is :
x x
1 2 2
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) -x (d) -2x2
x2 x2
8. If x2- y2 = 28 & x-y= 8 then the average of x& y is
(a) 1.75 (b) 3.5 (c) 7 (d) 10
2 2 2
9. if x +y = 4 , ( x− y ) =2 then xy:
(a) 1 (b) √2 2 (c)2 (d) 3
10.What is the averge of 30 - 4x2, 3x2-2x-3 & x2+2x-3.
8 x2 +24 24+ 4 x
(a) (b) (c) -12 (d) 8
3 3
11. (x-6)(x-4) :
(a) x2+10x+24 (b) x2-10x-24 (c) x2+10x-24 (d) x2-10x+24
12. ( a+ b )2+( a−b )2 is:
(a) 4ab (b) a2 +b2 (c) 2a2 +2b2 (d) 2ab
2 2
13. If x+y=8 & xy= 15 then x +y is:
(a) 94 (b) 34 (c) 49 (d) 38
2 2
14. (7-√ 2 ¿¿ (7+√ 2 ¿¿ is:
(a) 48 (b) 36 (c) 25 (d) 47
1 1
15. If x - =3 then x2+ 2 is:
x x
(a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 11 (d) 3
16. if a+b= 15 & a-b= 3 then 4ab:
(a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 234 (d) 216
3 2
17. Find the remainder when x - x -14x+24 divided by x+2 .
 (a) 40 (b) 64 (c) 48 (d) -8
3 2 2 3
18. If f(x) = x -ax - a x- a is divided by x+a then the remainder is
(a) 0 (b) a3 (c) 2 a3 (d) -2 a3
3 2
19. If x +4x -2x+5 is divided by x-1 then remainder is:
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 10
4 3
20. If 3x +4x +x-5 is divided by x+1 then remainder theorem is :
(a) 0 (b) 7 (c) -7 (d)5

EQUATONS &
Equation: A sentence involving the equality sign “-” between two algebraic expressions is called an
equation. E.g. x+3= 2x +5 , x2+3x-5 =0 x2+xy= y2
Inequality: A sentence involving the symbol < or > between two algebraic expressions is called an in
equation or an in equality.
Properties of Inequalities:
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
(i) a < b ❑ a+ c < b+c (ii) a < b❑ a- c < b-c (iii) if c > 0 then a<b ac < bc (iv) if c < 0 then a<b ac>bc
Exercise
1. Find the solution set of 3x+4≤13 (x∈ N)
(a) {0,1,2,3} (b) {1,2,3} (c) {1,2} (d) {0,1,2}
2. If x∈W ,the solution set of x< 4 is:
(a) {0,1,2,3} (b) {1,2,3,4} (c) {1,2,3,4} (d) {3,1,2}
3. If x∈W ,the solution set of 4x-3< 9 is:
(a) {0,1,2} (b) {1,2} (c) {1,2,3,0} (d) {1,3,2}
4. The solution set of 2x+1< 5 (x∈W) is:
(a) {0} (b) {1} (c) {1 ,0} (d) {1,0,2}
5. If x∈N ,the solution set of 5- 4x= -7 is:
(a) {12} (b) {3} (c) {1 ,2,3} (d) {1, 2}
6. The solution set of |2 x| < 8 is:
(a) {4} (b) {-4} (c) {-4<x<4} (d) {4,-4}
7. The solution set of |x|+5 =2 is:
(a) {} (b) {3,-3} (c) {-3, 7} (d) {7,-7 }
8. The solution set of |x +2|=3 is :
(a) {-1,5} (b) {1,5} (c) {-1, -5} (d) {1,-5 }
9. The solution set of √ x - 5 = -2 is:
(a) {3} (b) {-9} (c) {9} (d) {-7 }
10. The solution set of 2x+y=1 & x+y=1 is:
(a) {(0,1)} (b) {(-2,5)} (c) {(2,-5)} (d) {(-2,-5) }
11. The solution set of √ x - 8 = 2 is:
(a) {100} (b) {10} (c) {16} (d) {6 }
12. The solution set of 3√ 2 x = 2 is:
(a) {2/9} (b) {9/2} (c) {8/9} (d) {9/8}
13. The solution set of |23x | = 4 is:
(a) {12} (b) {-6,6} (c) {6} (d) {-6 }
14. The solution set of x2-7x+10 = 0 is:
(a) {2,5} (b) {-2,5} (c) {-2,-5} (d) {2,-5}
15. The solution set of x2-3x-10 = 0 is:
(a) {2,5} (b) {-2,5} (c) {-2,-5} (d) {2,-5}
16. Find the solution set of ( x−2)2 = 9 is:
(a) {1,5} (b) {-1,5} (c) {-1,-5} (d) {1,-5}
17. The solution set of ( z +3)2 = 4
(a) {1,5} (b) {-1,5} (c) {-1,-5} (d) {1,-5}
18. The solution set of |5 x| = 10 is:
(a) {2} (b) {-2} (c) {-2,2} (d) none of these
19. The solution set of 3x(x-1) =0 is :
(a) {3} (b) {0,1} (c) {0, 1, 3} (d) {1}
20. For what real number n , 3 (n-20)= n
(a) 0 (b)10 (c) 20 (d) 30
2 1
21. Three sisters divided a prize as follows. The oldest receivedof it the middle sister received of it &
5 3
youngest received the remaining 120.What was the value of prize?
(a) 450 (b)600 (c) 1000 (d) 850
22. If a= 3b-c what is the value of b in terms of a & c?
a+c a+c
(a) a+c (b) (c) (d)
3 2
2(a+c)
23. If x - 4 =11 then x-8 will be:
(a) 15 (b)8 (c) 7 (d) -7
24. If 2x-5= 98 then 2x+5will be:
(a) 98 (b)88 (c) 108 (d) 103
1 1 1
25. if = + then a I terms of b & c is:
a b c
b+c bc
(a) b+c (b) (c) (d)
bc b+c

2bc
b+c
26. If x is a positive number and x2+ 64= 100, value of x:
(a) 6 (b) - 6 (c) 12 (d) 36
27. If 2 x+3= 32 , what is the value of 3 x+2 ?
(a) 9 (b)27 (c) 81 (d) 125
28. If 3a+5b=10 and 5a +3b= 30 , then average of a & b is:
(a) 2.5 (b)4 (c) 5 (d) 20
29. If 7x+10=44 then value of 7x-10 is:
6 5
(a) 24 (b)34 (c) 4 (d) -5
7 7
30. If x- 4 = 9 then value of x2- 4 is :
(a) 77 (b)81 (c) 165 (d) 169
1 1 1
31. If x+ x+ x= 33 then value of x is:
3 6 9
(a) 18 (b)27 (c) 54 (d) 72
1
32. If = 5 then a=
a−b
1 1
(a) b-5 (b)b+ (c) b- (d) b+5
5 5