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Module 1 - Art - Caring

The document summarizes several theories related to caring in nursing practice. It discusses Jean Watson's Theory of Caring which focuses on caring as central to nursing. It also outlines Kristen Swanson's Theory of Caring and Healing which aims to ensure caring behaviors improve patient satisfaction. Finally, it briefly describes Virginia Henderson's Basic Nursing Care Model and several other theories including those by Roach, Orem, Hall and Gilligan.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
118 views65 pages

Module 1 - Art - Caring

The document summarizes several theories related to caring in nursing practice. It discusses Jean Watson's Theory of Caring which focuses on caring as central to nursing. It also outlines Kristen Swanson's Theory of Caring and Healing which aims to ensure caring behaviors improve patient satisfaction. Finally, it briefly describes Virginia Henderson's Basic Nursing Care Model and several other theories including those by Roach, Orem, Hall and Gilligan.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NCM 1204 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

Nursing as an ART
NURSING AS AN ART

The art of nursing refers to the highly valued qualities of


care, communication and compassion. (three core
principles guiding nursing practice)

These principles encompass all aspects of patient care,


including bio-psychosocial needs, cultural preferences
and spiritual needs.
CARING PRACTICE
MODELS
I. JEAN WATSON THEORY OF
CARING
-concerned on how nurses express care to their
patients

-stresses humanistic aspects of nursing as they


intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing
practice
• According to Watson, caring is central to nursing
practice, and promotes health better than a simple
medical cure.

• She believes that a holistic approach to health care is


central to the practice of caring in nursing.
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF
NURSES IN RELATION TO CARING

• The nurse must care for the self to care for others.
• Nurses must remain committed to human care ideals.
• Cultivation of a higher/deeper self and higher consciousness to caring.
• Human care can only be demonstrated through interpersonal
relationship.
• Education and practice systems must be based on human values and
concern for the welfare of others.
II. Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring
and Healing
• The theory aims at helping nursing personnel to
deliver care that promotes dignity, respect, and
empowerment.

• This model was framed to ensure consistent caring


behaviors which would, in turn, improve patient
satisfaction.
• Caring: a nurturing way of relating to a valued other
towards whom one feels a personal sense of commitment
and responsibility.

• Caring is growth and health-producing (nurturing) occurs in


relationships (relating) to the one cared-for (a valued
other); individualized and intimate (personal), with a sense
of commitment (passion), accountability and duty
(responsibility).
CARING PROCESSES
Knowing:
• one perceives events according to the meaning they have in the
life of the other.
• It involves a thorough assessment of all the aspects of a patient’s
condition and reality, engaging the self or person-hood of the
nurse as well as the patient, in a caring style of approach.
• When the process knowing occurs there develops a bond of
empathy and understanding between the care provider and the
care recipient.
Being-with:
• as well as being emotionally present conveys to patients the
message that they and their experiences are significant to the
nurse.
• emotional presence is a technique by which the nurse shares the
meanings, feelings and lived experience of the one-cared for.
• the message is, “you are not alone, what happens to you matters
to us and we are here for you”.
Doing for:
• the real meaning of doing for is found in the definition of
nursing:
“The unique function of a nurse is to assist the individual,
sick of well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death)
that s/he would perform unaided if s/he had the necessary
strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to
help her/him gain independence as rapidly as possible.”
• doing for refers to the activities in which a nurse engages
with patients for what they would do for themselves if at all
it were possible to them.

• They include comforting patients, anticipating their needs,


performing procedures skillfully, protecting them from
harm and ultimately preserving their human dignity.
Enabling:
• facilitating the other’s passage through life transitions and
unfamiliar events.
• enabling fosters an environment of self-healing.
• enabling process enhances the patient’s capacity to heal,
actualize oneself and in particular practice self-care.
• The cornerstone of enabling is appropriate communication
with patients and their families.
Maintaining Belief:

• an orientation to caring begins with a fundamental belief in


persons and their capacity to get through events and
transitions and face their future with meaning.
• is the base or foundation for the practice of nursing care.
• whatever health conditions the patient is facing, a nurse
believes in her/his capacity and power to accept or
welcome upcoming days with meaning.
III. Virginia Henderson Basic Nursing
Care Model
The theory emphasizes the importance of increasing the
patient’s independence so that progress after hospitalization
would not be delayed.

Her emphasis on basic human needs as the central focus of


nursing practice has led to further theory development
regarding the needs of the patient and how nursing can assist
in meeting those needs.
Henderson identifies three major assumptions in her
model of nursing.

• states that “nurses care for a patient until a patient can


care for him or herself,” though it is not stated explicitly.
• states that nurses are willing to serve and that “nurses will
devote themselves to the patient day and night.”
• states that nurses should be educated at the college level in
both sciences and arts.
IV. Caring, the Human Mode of Being
by Roach
• Focuses on caring as a philosophical concept and proposes
that caring is the human mode of being.
• All individuals are caring, and develop their caring abilities
by being true to self, being real and being who they truly
are.
• Roach defines the 6 C’s of caring.
SIX C’S OF CARING

Compassion:
• Is the suffering we experience through another’s
suffering and our desire to help. It allows nurses to
“treat people as individuals and not as a disease”.
• Compassion lies in the way in which nurses provide
care that respects human rights of all background,
age and race.
• Awareness of one’s relationship to others, sharing
their joys, sorrows, pain, and accomplishments.
Competence:

• A competent nurse meets standard that promote quality


care based on contemporary, relevant and well founded
knowledge.
• A competent nurse will then use this evidence
based knowledge coupled with interpersonal skills
such as compassion and confidence to work
ethically, legally and within their own scope of
practice.
• Having the knowledge, judgment, skills, energy,
experience and motivation, required to respond
adequately to the demands of one’s professional
responsibilities.
Confidence:

-Is our trust and understanding of our own competence.

-Confidence is built through experience, practice and


development of knowledge.
• -A confident nurse has a strong belief in self,
conscience and in how their work has a positive
contribution to the patient and the community.
• Comfort with self, client and others that allows one
to build trusting relationships.
Commitment:

-is
the ability to treat every task, every moment and
every interaction with the highest level of care.
• -As a nurse we have moral and ethical commitment
to provide holistic care that is person-centered and
aligns with a person’s care and concerns and we
have an overall commitment and responsibility to
ensure the delivery of safe and quality care.
• -The deliberate choice to act in accordance with
one’s desires as well as obligations, resulting in
investment of self in a task or cause.
Conscience:

-Our sense of right or wrong within our scope of


practice.
• It obliges a nurse to do their duty for the sake of
the patient. As the nurse’s primary professional
responsibility is to people requiring nursing care.
• Morals, ethics, and an informed sense of right and
wrong.

• Awareness of personal responsibility.


Comportment:

-Is our professional presentation. It’s our appearance,


attitude and how we behave.

-Nurses must monitor and promote personal health


through self care in order to care for others.
• Appropriate bearing, demeanor, dress and language
that are in harmony with a caring presence.

• Presenting oneself as someone who respects others


and demands respect.
V. Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit
Theory
• focuses on each “individual’s ability to perform s elf-
care, defined as ‘the practice of activities that
individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in
maintaining life, health, and well-being .'”
• Self-care agency is the human’s ability or
power to engage in self-care and is
affected by basic conditioning factors.

• Self-care: is the performance or practice


of activities that individuals initiate and
perform on their own behalf to maintain
life, health, and well-being.
• Therapeutic Self-care Demand is the totality of
“self-care actions to be performed for some
duration in order to meet known self-care
requisites by using valid methods and related sets
of actions and operations.”
• Nursing Agency is a complex property or attribute
of people educated and trained as nurses that
enables them to act, to know, and to help others
meet their therapeutic self-care demands by
exercising or developing their own self-care
agency.
• Basic conditioning factors are age,
gender, developmental state, health
state, socio-cultural orientation, health
care system factors, family system
factors, patterns of living, environmental
factors, and resource adequacy and
availability.
VI. Care, Core and Cure Nursing
Theory of Lydia Hall
• The major purpose of care is to achieve an
interpersonal relationship with the individual that will
facilitate the development of the core.
VII. Gilligan’s Theory Of Feminine
Morality
• Gilligan argued that women’s moral judgments necessarily
include feelings of compassion and empathy for others, as well as
concern for commitments that arise out of relationships.

• Women engage in “care reasoning,” not “justice reasoning,” and


thus consider their own and other’s responsibilities to be
grounded in social context and interpersonal commitments.
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Level 1: Self-Oriented (caring for oneself)


• Focus is on the needs of oneself.
• The survival of oneself is of sole concern.
• The transition to level 2 begins with the recognition of the
conflict between one’s own needs and the needs of others (i.e.,
what one owes to oneself vs. what one owes to others).
Level 2: Other Oriented (caring for others)

• Focus is on the needs of others.


• The self-adopts the traditional conception of feminine goodness,
the maternal morality of self-sacrifice, whereby the good is
equated with caring for others.
• The transition to level 3 begins with the recognition that the self
cannot be left out, but must also be an object of one’s caring.
Level 3: Universal Oriented (caring for self and others)
• Focus is on the universal obligation of caring.
• Care is a self-chosen principle that condemns exploitation,
violence, and neglect and demands active response to suffering.
• Caring for oneself and others is seen as intertwined because the
self and others are recognized as interdependent.Thus, all acts of
caring are seen as beneficial to both self and others.
VIII. Culture Care Diversity and
Universality (Leininger)
• Care according to Leininger, “is a distinct, dominant,
unifying, and central focus of nursing.”

• Her theory of culture care diversity and universality is


based on the assumption that nurses must understand
different cultures in order to function effectively.
• Caring is assistive, supportive, and enabling
experiences or ideas towards others with evident or
anticipated needs, to improve a human condition or
lifeway.
CARING PATTERNS

1. KNOWING THE CLIENT


• Personal knowledge of the client is a key in the
caring relationship between nurse and client.

• The nurse aims to know who the client is, in his or


her uniqueness.
• Knowing the client and family ultimately involves
the nurse and client in a caring transaction.

• The nurse’s knowing the client ultimately increases


the possibilities for therapeutic interventions to be
perceived as relevant.
• 2. NURSING PRESENCE

• Establishment of caring relationship depends on a moral


commitment by the nurse and the nurse’s ability to assess
and realize another person’s state of being.
• Authentic presence involves empathy and openness
to positive or negative feelings, non-possessive
warmth, a relaxed posture and facial expression
that are congruent with other communications.
3. EMPOWERING THE CLIENT

• The empowering relationship includes mutual


respect, trust and confidence in the abilities and
motives.

• They empower the clients and families through


activities that enhance well-being, understanding
and self-care.
4. COMPASSION

• Compassion involves participating in the client’s


experience, with sensitivity to the person’s pain or
discomfort, and a willingness to share in their
experience.
• Compassion is given as part of the caring relationship,
as the nurse shares the client’s joys, sorrows, pain and
accomplishments.

• Attention to spiritual needs is a part of compassionate


care particularly in the face of death and bereavement.
• Comfort is often associated with compassionate care
and many nursing interventions are carried out to
provide comfort.

• Nurses are challenged to be creative and innovative,


basing interventions on knowledge of the client’s
preferences in order to provide comfort care.
5. COMPETENCE

• The competent nurse employs the necessary


knowledge, judgment, skills and motivation to respond
adequately to the client’s needs

• The competent nurse understands the client’s


condition, treatment and associated care.
MAINTAINING CARING PRACTICE

• CARING FOR SELF

• Caring for self means taking time to nurture


oneself which involves initiating and maintaining
behaviors that promotes healthy living and well-
being
EXAMPLES:

• Healthy lifestyle (nutrition, activity and exercise and


recreation)

• Mind-body therapies (guided imagery, meditation


and yoga)
Thank you

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