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Discourse, Translated by George A. Kennedy, He Said:: The Rhetorical Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, Logos

The document discusses the three rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos refers to the credibility of the speaker or writer. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience. Logos uses logical arguments and evidence to persuade. The document provides examples of how Malala Yousafzai utilizes all three appeals in her speeches to gain support for women's education. It also outlines the principles of creating an effective speech outline, including parallelism, coordination, subordination, and division.

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Nathaniel Dave Blas Gatchalian
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526 views

Discourse, Translated by George A. Kennedy, He Said:: The Rhetorical Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, Logos

The document discusses the three rhetorical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos refers to the credibility of the speaker or writer. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience. Logos uses logical arguments and evidence to persuade. The document provides examples of how Malala Yousafzai utilizes all three appeals in her speeches to gain support for women's education. It also outlines the principles of creating an effective speech outline, including parallelism, coordination, subordination, and division.

Uploaded by

Nathaniel Dave Blas Gatchalian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE RHETORICAL APPEALS: ETHOS, PATHOS, LOGOS

“Rhetoric” is the art of persuasion, either in writing or in speaking. In order to be an effective writer or speaker, one must
understand the three main forms of rhetoric: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos. In Aristotle’s On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civil
Discourse, translated by George A. Kennedy, he said:

“Of the (modes of persuasion) provided through speech there are three specifies: for some are in the character of
the speaker, and some are in disposing the listener in some way, and some in the argument itself, by showing or seeming
to show something.”

THESE THREE ELEMENTS ARE ALSO CALLED THE RHETORICAL APPEALS.

A. ETHOS (ethical appeal) is where the “rhetor” is perceived by the audience as credible or not. Such credibility
may come from the speaker’s or writer’s character, education, expertise, and experience. For example, if you are
very successful and prominent basketball player like Michael Jordan, then you have very strong “ethos” as you
talk to an audience about basketball. This is true because your experiences and expertise in that sport give you
authority and credibility to speak about the subject.
B. PATHOS (pathetic appeal), on the other hand, is appeal to emotions. It is a way of convincing or persuading the
audience by evoking sympathy and other feelings such as sadness, pity, envy, indignation, etc. For centuries,
pathos is believed to be the most powerful mode of persuasion. Malala Yousafzai, for example, has gained the
empathy of her audience by sharing actual incidents of oppression in her native land. Moreover, sharing her
experience as she was shot by a Talib on her forehead because of fighting for her right to education persuades
people to join with her in the fight against injustice.
C. LOGOS (logical appeal) is the use of logical arguments. Here, the speaker or writer persuades the audience by
offering evidence or making a reasonable claim. Facts and statistics are often used in this mode of persuasion.
Learning to use this rhetorical appeal is very important because there are times that no how matter talented a
writer or speaker is, if he cannot provide factual evidence to support his arguments, the people would not be easily
persuaded.

Exercise 2

A. Make an outline of Malala Yousafzai’s speech.

Cite the important statements that she expressed. If outlines can help to understand a text better, use your outline to
understand why Malala is bravely fighting for women’s rights and education.

B. Analyze the parts of her speech.

1. Which part of her speech can be considered as the Ethos or the ethical appeal to her audience.
2. Which part of her speech projects a Pathos or a pathetic appeal to the emotions?
3. Which part of her speech may be described as the Logos of the logical arguments?

HOW TO STRUCTURE THE OUTLINE

In the previous lesson, you have learned what are topic outline and sentence outline. You have also learned the importance
of developing an outline and the basic steps you need to do to create an effective outline for your speech or paper.

These are the principles that will guide you further as you develop your outline.

1. PARALLELISM is the similarity of structure in a series of related phrases words, and clauses.

The following examples do not observe parallelism. Can you tell why?
A. Ask question.
B. Formulating a hypothesis.
C. Test hypothesis.
D. Analyzing the result.

The following examples observe parallelism. Can you tell the reason why?

A. Ask a question
B. Formulate a hypothesis.
C. Test the hypothesis.
D. Analyze the results.

2. COORDINATION enables the writer or speaker to maintain a consistent and coherent document. To follow
this principle, you must arranfe ideas according to their importance or significance. Those items with equal
value should have a comparable letter of number designations/coordinates.

Poor Coordination

a. Winter Sports
b. Skiing
c. Summer Sports
d. Surfing.

Good Coordination

a. Winter Sports
1. Skiing
2. Skating
b. Summer Sports
1. Swimming
2. Surfing

3. SUBORDINATION is a principle in which ideas are arrange according to their level of significance. To
indicate such order, the outline uses major and minor headings.
A. Summer Sports
1. Swimming
a. Procedure
b. Benefits
c. Risks
2. Surfing
a. Procedure
b. Benefits
c. Risks

DIVISION is separating or partitioning ideas into groups. To observe this principle, you must be consistent in using just
one basis on how you will divide your ideas. For example, the first basis of division is on the type

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