TRANSFORMATION OF ROTARY MOTION INTO OSCILLATING MOTION

Chapter 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A cam is a rotating machine element which gives

reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known
as follower. The cam and the follower have a line contact
and constitute a higher pair. The cams are usually rotated at
uniform speed by a shaft, but the follower motion is predetermined
and will be according to the shape of the cam.
The cam and follower is one of the simplest as well as one
of the most important mechanisms found in modern
machinery today. The cams are widely used for operating
the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines,
automatic attachment of machineries, paper cutting machines,
spinning and weaving textile machineries, feed mechanism
of automatic lathes etc.

A cam may be defined as a machine element having a curved outline or a curved

groove, which, by its oscillation or rotation motion, gives a predetermined specified
motion to another element called the follower

Cams are commonly used in opening and closing of valves in internal combustion
engines. Both the inlet and outlet valves are regulated using cam and follower. The
study of cam and follower mechanism becomes important for desired and required
performance of the engines. In this project complete kinematic and dynamic analysis
of cam and follower mechanism is carried out using analytical method. The equations
for governing motion of the follower have been taken from the literature. The
kinematic analysis of mechanism helps in answering many questions related to
motion of the follower. In this present work displacement ,velocity and acceleration
values are calculated at each 100 rotation of cam using analytical relations. Fig.1
shows cam follower assembly

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1.2 History

An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century
BC. The use of cams was later employed by Al-Jazari who employed them in his own

automata. The cam and camshaft appeared in European mechanisms from the 14th
century

Figure 2.2: Cam Follower Assembly

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Chapter 2

2.1 Abstract
The cam has a very important function in the operation of many classes of machines,
especially those of the automatic type, such as printing presses, shoe machinery,
textile machinery, gear-cutting machines, and screw machines. In any class of
machinery in which automatic control and accurate timing are paramount, the cam is
an indispensable part of mechanism. The possible applications of cams are unlimited,
and their shapes occur in great variety. Some of the most common forms will be
considered in this project .This is a analyzing of combination of cam shaft and square
pipe. And the oscillatory motion is transfer to this horizontal square pipe.

In various industries and in construction units the transmission is done with the help
of the main source as cam mechanism.

2.2 Objectives

For this project, the objectives that are tried to achieve by us are-:

1. Design cam mechanism practically and theoretically.

2. Main Purpose is that, the transformation of rotary motion into oscillating motion
with less effort by using cam mechanism.

3. sifting the sand by producing oscillatory motion.

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Chapter 3

3.1 STUDY OF CAM MECHANISM

The cam can be seen as a device that rotates from circular to reciprocating (or
sometimes oscillating) motion.
A common example is the camshaft of an automobile, which takes the rotary motion
of the engine and translates it into the reciprocating motion necessary to operate the
intake and exhaust valves of the cylinders.

A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion

to another element known as follower. The cam and follower have a point or line
contact constituting a higher pair.

 The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is

generally provided by a spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower
itself when it is sufficient.

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 The cam converts rotary motion of one element into reciprocating (linear)
motion or into oscillatory motion. The cam is the driver member and the
follower is the driven member.

 Classification of cam shapes a) Plate or disc cam b) Cylindrical cam c) End

cam

 a) Plate or Disc cam The follower moves in a plane perpendicular to the axis
of rotation of the cam. Most used type of cam.

 b) Cylindrical cams In cylindrical cams, the follower reciprocates or oscillates

in a direction parallel to the cams axis.

 c) End cams It is similar to cylindrical cams, but the follower makes contact at
periphery of the cam

 Cam profile is the actual working surface contour of the cam. It is the surface
in contact with the knife-edge, roller surface, or flat-faced follower.

 Base circle is the smallest circle drawn to the cam profile from the radial cam
center. Obviously, the cam size is dependent on the established size of the base
circle.

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 Trace point is the point on the follower located at the knife-edge, roller center,
or spherical-faced center.

 Pitch curve, or pitch profile, is the path of the trace point. In cam layout, this
curve is often determined first and the cam profile is then established by
tangents to the roller or flat-faced follower surfaces. For the elementary knife-
edge follower, the pitch curve and cam profile are the same.

 Prime circle is the smallest circle drawn to the pitch curve from the cam
center. It is similar to the base circle.

 Pressure angle is the angle (at any point) between the normal to the pitch
curve and the direction of the follower motion. This angle is important in cam
design because it represents the steepness of the cam profile, which if too large
can affect the smoothness of the action.

 Pitch point is that point on the pitch curve having the largest pressure angle.

 Pitch circle is defined as the circle drawn through the pitch point with its
center at the cam center

 Classification of CAM Mechanism Based on modes of Input / Output motion

1.2.1 Rotating cam – Translating follower 1.2.2 Rotating cam – Oscillating
follower 1.2.3 Translating cam – Translating follower

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 Rotational Motion
 Most engineers are faced with the task of designing a machine or device that
accomplishes a specific function. The easiest and simplest means of creating
motion in a machine is to use a motor. Motors inherently provide only
rotational motion. This forces the engineer to either live with this rotational
motion or use specific designs in order to convert this rotational motion into
linear or oscillating motion based on their application. For linear motion the
general approach is to use a rack and pinion design, but for oscillating
applications there are two specific designs that engineers use; the crank rocker
or the crank slider.

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Oscillating Applications
Various applications use the links shown above. The most common obvious one for
the crank rocker in the automobile is the windshield wiper. The motor provides the
crank and the wiper oscillates back and forth wiping water and debris from the wind
shield. Similarly this same design is also used in infant's cribs for rocking the cradle.
Any application that requires a constant oscillation can have this design applied to it.
The location of the links plays an important role on the angle that the rocker operates.
Also the length of the links is another key factor. Adjusting these can result in a
power stroke in one direction that uses more of the power from the motor while the
returning stroke uses less power. Automation systems for various manufacturing
facilities use this linkage to move goods and even assemble parts together with
consistent repeatability. This is an important linkage design and a great tool to keep
handy when developing an oscillating mechanism.

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The crank slider is a similar design that allows the block to slide back and forth. This
can be used for various applications. This design is used in the opposite manor inside
automobile engines and even on steam engines. The slider is the cylinder where the
explosion/high pressure occurs and the linear motion is converted to circular. This is a
critical design that is used extensively in automation systems where products are
pushed and moved on a production line. This device is perfect for feeding materials
into a machine at a specific speed and consistent rate. Crank sliders are also used
extensively on heavy construction machines, oil rigs/pumps, and even simple soda
can crushing machines.

When designing a machine or mechanism and the task requires converting rotational
motion to an oscillating motion, these designs should be the first to come to mind.
Every application is specific and each design must be custom tailored to suite it's
needs, but the underlying basic design and function of these 4 bar linkages is the
same.

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The cam and follower mechanism is widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust
valves of internal combustion engines. They are used in wall clocks and the feed
mechanism of automatic lathe machines. They are also used in paper cutting machines
and weaving textile machinery.

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BASIC CAM MOTION CURVES

In this section some well known motion curves will be explained for the rise portion
of the motion curve only.

1. Linear Motion :

 Equation describing a linear motion with respect to time is: s= a1 t +a0

Assuming constant angular velocity for the input cam ( ), since t =/ s=
a1 / +a0 Let H= Total follower rise (Stroke) = angular rotation of the
cam corresponding to the total rise of the follower.

 The motion curve and velocity and acceleration curves are as shown. Note that
the acceleration is zero for the entire motion (a=0) but is infinite at the ends.
Due to infinite accelerations, high inertia forces will be created at the start and
at the end even at moderate speeds. The cam profile will be discontinuous.

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2. Simple Harmonic Motion:

Normalization of the motion curves

•In order to compare the motion curves that were discussed we take,

•=1 rad/s H= 1 unit = 1 radian

•This procedure is known as “normalization”. Using this procedure one can then
easily compare all these curves with respect to each other. This comparison is shown
in the Figure. Cv, Ca and Cj, are the maximum velocity, acceleration and jerk values
for the normalized curves. One can determine the maximum velocity, acceleration and
jerk for any H,  and  as:

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Cam Size Determination

•Cam size determination is related to the determination of the base circle. In almost all
applications it is required to minimize the size of the cam. Large cams are not desired
due to the following reasons: 1. More space is required. 2. Unbalanced mass increases
3. Follower has a longer path for each cycle. Therefore, angular velocity of the
follower and the surface velocity increases. However as we decrease the cam size, the
following factors arise: 1. The force transmission characteristics deteriorate. The cam
profile becomes more steep. 2. The curvature of the cam profile decreases (sharp
curves) 3. Strength requirements due to the forces and moments acting on the cam.
•In practice the cam size is determined by considering two factors:

a) The pressure angle

b) The minimum radius of curvature

Pressure Angle
•The pressure angle, which is the reciprocal of the transmission angle  (i.e.
=/2-  ) is defined as:

\
• In cams there is point contact and the force is transmitted along the common normal
of the two contacting curves. Cams with roller followers have pressure angles
whereas with flat faced followers don’t have.

Cam Curvature
•In practice for roller followers it is common to determine the cam size using the
maximum pressure angle criteria and then check that the cam curvature is satisfactory.
In case of flat faced followers, the cam curvature is the determining criteria for the

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cam size. Graphically when laying out the cam profile, first the successive positions
of the follower according to the cam motion curve is drawn while keeping the cam
fixed.

Cam Curvature (cont’d)

•For roller followers the following recommendations may be made to avoid
undercutting:

•Use smaller roller diameter (this is limited by the contact stress at the surface)

•Utilize a larger cam size (this is usually not desired. It must be applied if necessary)

•Employ an internal cam (the curvature is less critical but they are more expensive to
manufacture)

A similar case is shown in case of flat faced followers. The cam profile is not tangent
to all the successive positions of the follower.

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3.1.1 Type of cams

1. Plate Cam or disk cams are the simplest and most donjon type of cam. The radial
distance from the center of the disk is varied throughout the circumference of the cam.
Allowing a radial motion.

2. Cylindrical Cam or drum cam is formed on a cylinder. A groove is cut into the
cylinder, with a varying location along the axis of rotation. Attaching a follower that
rides in the groove gives the follower. Motion along the axis of rotation.

3. Linear Cam this type of cam is formed on a translated block. A grove is cut into the
block with a distance that varies from the plane of translation. Attaching a follower
that rides in the groove gives the follower motions perpendicular to the planes of
translation.

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Chapter 4

4.1 MATERIAL USED AND COST ANALYSIS

PART MAME NO. OF MATERIAL TOTAL
PARTS
COST

1. FRAME 1 M.S 83

2. SQUARE PIPE 1 M.S 20

3. SHAFT 1 M.S 60

4. WASHERS 4 M.S 12

5. CIRCLIPS 2 M.S 10

6. STRIPS 5 M.S 40

7. SQUARE 1 M.S 5
PIPE

8. BUSH 1 S.S 10

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9. SIEVE 1 S.S 90

4.2 OPERATION & COST

OPERATION COST

CUTTING 100

DRILLING 50

WELDING 110

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Chapter 5

PROCEDURE
5.1. First of all square pipe is cut as per designed dimensions.

5.2. Then supportive frame is made as per designed dimensions by welding them.

5.3. Bush is taken and we drill it slanting direction Also one square pipe is drilled
slanting direction at middle.

5.4. Shaft is passed through this bush and horizontal square pipe and welded at both
side to the frame.

5.5. The circlips and washers are fitted at middle to provide smooth motion.

5.6. Handle is fitted to shaft.

5.7. Strips on both side of frame are welded before they are drilled.

5.8. Sieve is also drilled on opposite side and joined to above made frame by nut and
bolt.

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Chapter 6

Future Scope of project

The scopes of this project are:

6.1 We will extend this idea and apply to the mega project.

6.2.By performing tests on it we can find what input is required for given output and
vice versa.

6.3. Also by providing motor to shaft we can operate it automatically.

6.4. Also by providing wheels to the base we can move this device everywhere.

6.5. And also by providing hydraulic mechanism for removing unsifted stock.

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Chapter 7

7.1 ADVANTAGES

1. Efforts required for oscillating the stock can be reduced.

2. Any grain size material can be sifted because we can change sieve as per grain size.

3. It requires less time than conventional process.

4. Manufacturing cost is very less.

5. It is reliable.

6. Size is compact.

7. Easy mechanism , so no skilled worker is required.

7.2 LIMITATIONS

1. Unsifted material is difficult to remove.

2. Cost required for automation is more.

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Chapter 8

8.1 APPLICATIONS

1. It is used in foundries for sifting sand which is required for moulding.

2. In construction for sifting soil.

3. It also used in domestic use like sifting of cereals etc.

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Chapter 9

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

9.1 RESULTS

We invent our idea into this project. This project is made for
understanding the concept of cam mechanism. It helps the fresher students of 
mechanical Engineering to learn the concept in practical manner .It also an
attempt to use the bookish knowledge into practical work.

9.2 CONCLUSION

There is our practice towards converting rotary motion into oscillating motion. Our
cam design is mainly made to understand the use of cam in different way. we
implemented our cam design for sieving the material.

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Chapter 10

REFRENCES

10.1 “Theory Of Machine” by R S KHURMI And J K GUPTA

10.2 http://en wilpedia.org/wiki/cam and follower

10.3 Link https://en.wikipedia.org/.

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