FORPILOTSAND AVIATION MAINTENANCE TECHNICIANS

Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.

Published in the United States of America

Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.
55 lnverness Drive East, Englewood, CO 801 12
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Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.

55 lnverness Dr. East
Englewood, CO 80112-5498
Web Site: www.jeppesen.com
Email: Captain Q jeppesen.com
O Jeppesen Sanderson Inc.
All&RightsResewed. Published 2003, 2006
Printed in the United States of America
 -
A absolute humidity

abeam fix - A fix positioned approximately 90 degrees

from a navaid along a route of flight.
A-stage - In composites, the initial stage of mixing the abnormal procedures training (APT) - The use of
two parts of a thermosetting resin system together. The flight training devices to teach pilots how to handle
material is soluble in some liquids and fusible. procedures such as engine failures, inflight fires, and
other abnormal situations. This training is completed
A chamber - One of the chambers of a pressure-type on the ground and is the safest means of allowing a
carburetor regulator unit. A chamber regulates air-inlet pilot to experience abnormal procedures.
pressure from the air intake.
abort - To terminate a preplanned aircraft maneuver;
A check - Primarily associated with large commercial e.g., an aborted takeoff.
aircraft, the lowest level of inspection in a Continuous
Airworthiness Maintenance Program. The entire aborted start - In gas turbine engines, termination of
program consists of A, C, and D checks. the engine starting cycle when combustion (light-off)
does not occur within a prescribed time limit.
A&B system - An emergency brake design used in
some larger multiple-disc brake systems. These brakes abradable seal - A general description of knife-edge
have a number of cylinders, with alternate cylinders seals which can wear away slightly and still function.
connected either to the aircraft's "A" system or to the Such seals in a gas turbine engine abrade slightly to
aircraft's "B" system. Normal brake actuation takes produce a close fit.
over if one system fails. abradable shroud - Generally a honeycomb-type
ACP technician -An aircraft technician certified by the turbine shroud ring set into the outer turbine case. Can
Federal Aviation Administration as having met the abrade without engine degradation if the turbine blades
experience and knowledge requirements for creep and contact the shroud.
certification. An A&P technician is qualified to return abrade - To scrape or wear away a surface or a part by
licensed United States airplanes to service after mechanical or chemical action.
performing certain inspections and maintenance
procedures. Increasingly referred to as AMTs (Aviation abrasion - 1. An area of roughened scratches or marks
Maintenance Technicians). usually caused by foreign matter between moving parts
or surfaces. 2. The wearing or rubbing away of a
A, B, C, D, E chambers - The five chambers that make surface by a substance used for grinding, grating,
up a diaphragm-controlled unit of a pressure type polishing, etc.
carburetor. Chamber A is regulated air-inlet pressure.
Chamber B is boost venturi pressure. Chamber C abrasive - A substance used to wear away surfaces by
contains metered fuel pressure. Chamber D contains the use of friction. In grinding wheels, the abrasives
unmetered fuel pressure. Chamber E is fuel pump most commonly used are silicon carbide or aluminum
pressure. oxide.
A-battery - A dry cell battery with a voltage of 1.5 to abrasive blasting - The removal of carbon and other
6.0 volts and capable of supplying a reasonable amount deposits from machine parts using a high velocity blast
of current. of air that contains fine particles of abrasive sand, glass
bead, or walnut shell.
abbreviated briefing - In meteorology, a shortened
briefing to supplement mass disseminated data. abscissa - The horizontal reference line of a graph or
curve by which a point is located with reference to a
abbreviated IPR flight plans - An authorization by system of coordinates.
ATC requiring pilots to submit only that information
needed for the purpose of ATC. It includes only a small absolute altimeter - A radar altimeter used to indicate
portion of the usual IFR flight plan information. In the exact height of an aircraft over the terrain. See also
certain instances, this may be only aircraft radio altimeter.
identification, location, and pilot request. Other absolute altitude - The actual height above the
information may be requested if needed by ATC for
surface of the earth, either land or water.
separationlcontrol purposes. It is frequently used by
aircraft which are airborne and desire an instrument absolute ceiling - The maximum height above sea level
approach or by aircraft which are on the ground and at which an aircraft can maintain level flight under
desire a climb to VFR-on-top. standard atmospheric conditions.
abeam - An aircraft is "abeam" a fix, point or object absolute humidity - The actual water vapor present in a
when that fix, point, or object is approximately 90 given volume of air.
degrees to the right or left of the aircraft track. Abeam
indicates a general position rather than a precise point.
Aircraft Technical Book Company
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absolute instability acceleration due to gravity

absolute instability - In meteorology, the state of an accelerate stop distance available (ASDA) - The
atmospheric layer when the actual temperature lapse length of the take-off run available plus the length of
rate exceeds the dry adiabatic lapse rate. An air parcel the stopway, if provided.
receiving an initial upward displacement in an absolute
accelerated life test - An operational test used to
unstable layer will accelerate away from its original
predict the service life a system or component will
position.
have under normal operating conditions.
absolute pressure - Pressure above zero pressure as
accelerate-go distance - In multi engine aircraft, the
read on a barometer type instrument, i.e. Standard Day,
distance required to accelerate to liftoff speed or VI
14.7 psia.
(depending on the pilot's operating handbook (POH)),
absolute pressure controller (APC) - An instrument experience an engine failure, and complete the takeoff
that regulates the maximum turbocharger compressor and climb to clear a 50-foot obstacle.
discharge pressure in a reciprocating engine
accelerate-stop distance - In multi engine aircraft, the
turbocharger system. (34 + or -.5 in. Hg to critical
sum of the distances necessary to (1) accelerate the
altitude, approximately 16,000 ft)
airplane from a standing start to VEFwith all engines
absolute temperature - Temperature referenced from operating; (2) accelerate the airplane from VEFto V1,
absolute zero. (-273.18"C or -459.6"F) There are two assuming the critical engine fails at VEF; and (3) come
absolute scales in use, the Rankine scale using to a full stop from the point at which V1 is reached. The
Fahrenheit degrees and the Kelvin scale using Celsius light twin pilot's operating handbook (POH) may base
degrees. the distance on an engine failure occurring at a
specified takeoff decision speed (VI)or liftoff speed.
absolute value - The value of a number without
considering its sign (whether it is plus or minus). accelerate-stop distance available - The runway plus
stopway length declared available and suitable for the
absolute zero - The temperature (-273.1g°C) at which
acceleration and deceleration of an airplane aborting a
molecular motion ceases.
takeoff.
abstraction - General rather than specific. For example,
accelerating agent - A substance used to hasten a
aircraft is an abstraction; airplane is less abstract; jet is
chemical action or change.
more specific; and jet airliner is even more specific.
accelerating pump - A small pump in a carburetor used
AC 43.13-1B - An Advisory Circular in book form
to supply a momentarily rich mixture to the engine
issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (and
when the throttle is suddenly opened. This prevents
reprinted by others) that covers acceptable methods,
hesitation during the time of transition between
techniques, and practices for aircraft inspection and
operating on the idle system and the main metering
repair. The procedures described in this advisory
system.
circular are considered by the Federal Aviation
Administration to be acceptable data for aircraft accelerating system - An accelerating system used in
inspection, maintenance, and alteration. float carburetors that supplies extra fuel during
increases in engine power. This is usually
AC fittings - Air Corps fittings.
accomplished by a small he1 pump called an
Replaced by the AN
accelerating pump.
(ArmyNavy) standard and MS
(Military Standard) fittings. accelerating well - A secondary tank built into the main
AN fittings have a slight oil tank. The well, or hopper, retains only that portion
shoulder between the cone and of fluid being circulated through the engine. Thus, oil
the first thread. AC fittings do warm-up is hastened during engine warm-up. The well
not have this shoulder. Other also makes oil dilution practical. Also referred to as
differences include sleeve temperature accelerating well.
design and the pitch of the
acceleration - The increase in velocity of an object.
threads.
Acceleration is usually expressed in terms such as feet
AC plate resistance - The internal resistance of a per second per second.
vacuum tube to the flow of alternating current. AC
acceleration check - A maintenance check calculating
plate resistance is measured in ohms.
the time an engine takes to spool-up from idle to rated
AClDC -Electrical components that can operate equally power without hesitation or evidence of backfire.
well on alternating current or on direct current
acceleration due to gravity - The acceleration of a
electricity.
freely falling body due to the attraction of gravity,
accelerate -To increase the speed of an object. expressed as the rate of increase of velocity per unit of

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 acceleration error accurate

time. In a vacuum the rate is 32.2 feet per second near access door - A door that provides entry into or exit
sea level. from an aircraft. It also provides access to servicing
points and manually operated drains.
acceleration error - An error inherent in magnetic
compasses, caused by the force of acceleration acting access panel - A panel on an aircraft that can be
on the dip compensating weight when the aircraft removed easily to facilitate inspection and
accelerates or decelerates on an easterly or westerly maintenance.
heading. In compasses compensated for flight in the
accessories - Components that are used with an engine,
Northern Hemisphere, when the aircraft accelerates on
but are not a part of the engine itself. Units such as
an easterly or westerly heading, the compass gives the
magnetos, carburetors, generators, and fie1 pumps are
indication that the aircraft is turning to the north. When
commonly installed engine accessories.
the aircraft decelerates on either of these headings, the
compass gives the indication that the aircraft is turning accessory drive gearbox -Provides mounting space for
to the south. engine accessories. Also referred to as main gearbox.
acceleration of gravity - The rate of increase in speed accessory gear trains - Drive system containing both
of a freely falling body due to the attraction of gravity. spur and bevel-type gears. Used in different types of
Expressed as the rate of increase of velocity per unit of engines for driving engine components and accessories
time (32.17 feet per second per second at sea level and
45" latitude). The acceleration decreases with an
accessory section - The part of an engine that provides
increase in altitude until it becomes zero upon leaving the necessary mounting pads for accessory units such
the earth's gravitational field. as magnetos, fuel pumps, oil pumps, and generators.

acceleration thermostat - A bimetallic probe accident -An unintended event or circumstance.

positioned in the exhaust stream of an auxiliary power accommodation - The time required to focus on a
unit. When overheated, it expands to dump a Pb fuel distant object after looking at the instrument panel.
control signal and reduce he1 flow.
accretion - The production of a precipitation particle
acceleration well - An enlarged space around the when a supercooled water droplet freezes as it collides
discharge nozzle of some float-type carburetors. When with a snowflake or a smaller ice particle. Such
the throttle is opened suddenly, this fuel is rapidly particles may become the nucleus of a hailstone.
discharged from the main discharge nozzle.
accumulated error - The sum of all of the errors that
accelerator - A substance added to a catalyzed resin to occur in the operation of a system or in the
shorten its curing time. manufacturing of a part.
accelerator system - A system in an aircraft carburetor accumulator - A hydraulic component consisting of
that supplies additional fuel to the engine when the two chambers separated by a piston, diaphragm, or
throttle is opened suddenly. bladder. Compressed air in one chamber holds pressure
accelerator winding - A series winding used in on hydraulic fluid in the
vibrating-type voltage regulators, which, when the other chamber, allowing
points open, decreases the magnetic field immediately, the fluid to be stored
allowing the points to close more rapidly. under pressure. An
accumulator is used to
accelerometer - A sensitive instrument calibrated in G- assist in bringing the
units that measures the amount of force exerted by propeller out of the
acceleration on a body. One G-unit force is equal to the feathered position by
weight of the object. providing a burst of oil
pressure to the hub when
acceptance test - A test performed on an airplane or
the control lever is moved
piece of equipment to ensure it is in the condition
out of the feather position.
specified in the purchase contract. Large and expensive
aircraft are given extensive acceptance tests before a accumulator precharge - Compressed air stored in the
customer accepts them. air chamber of a hydraulic accumulator prior to
introducing hydraulic pressure into the system.
acceptor atom - An impurity atom in a semiconductor
material that will receive or accept electrons. accuracy - The state of being exact and free from
Germanium with an acceptor impurity is called P-type mistakes. Conformance to a standard without error.
germanium because it has a positive nature.
accurate -Free from error.
access cover - See access panel.

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ace actuator

ace - A term that originated in World War I to acrylic lacquer - An aircraft finish that consists of an
acknowledge pilots who shot down five or more enemy acrylic resin base and certain volatile solvents.
aircraft.
acrylic nitrocellulose lacquer - A common topcoat for
acetone - Liquid ketone (C3HbO). A flammable, fast- aircraft, available either as a matte or glossy finish.
evaporating solvent used in many types of aircraft
acrylic resin - A clear thermoplastic produced by
finishes. Also used as a cleaning fluid.
polymerizing acrylic acid. Used for cast and molded
acetylene cylinder -A seamless steel shell with welded aircraft windshields, windows, and parts, or as a
ends, approximately 12 inches in diameter and 36 coating and adhesive.
inches long. A fully charged acetylene cylinder of this
acrylic vitro lacquer finish - An aircraft finish applied
size contains approximately 225 cu. ft. of gas at
in a specified sequence. It includes a wash primer coat,
pressures up to 250 PSI.
modified zinc chromate primer coat, and an acrylic
acetylene gas - A flammable, colorless non-toxic gas nitrocellulose lacquer topcoat.
that has a distinctive, disagreeable odor. Calcium
activated charcoal - Used as a filter for liquids and as a
carbide is made to react with water to produce
medium to absorb gases.
acetylene. Mixed with oxygen in the proper
proportions and ignited, acetylene gas will produce active current - Current in an AC circuit that is in
temperatures that range from 5,700°F to 6,300°F for phase with the voltage. Active current produces true
welding purposes. power.
acid - A chemical substance that contains hydrogen, has active detection systems - A detection system that
a characteristically sour taste, and is prone to react with transmits a signal such as radar as opposed to a passive
a base or an alkali to form a salt and to accept electrons detection system that only receives a signal.
from the alkali.
active electrical component - An electrical part that
acid diluent - A constituent of a wash primer used to controls current or voltage for switching or
mildly etch the surface of the metal being primed. amplification.
Provides a good bond between the finishing system and
active runway - See runway in use, active runway,
the metal.
andlor duty runway.
acid-resistant paint - A paint that resists the etching
actual calculated landing time (ACLT) - A flight's
effects of acid. Used on battery boxes and surrounding
frozen calculated landing time. An actual time
areas.
determined at freeze calculated landing time (FCLT) or
acknowledge - During communications, this indicates: meter list display interval (MLDI) for the adapted
Let me know that you have received my message. vertex for each arrival aircraft based upon runway
configuration, airport acceptance rate, airport arrival
acknowledge [ICAO] - During communications, this
delay period, and other metered arrival aircraft. This
indicates: Let me know that you have received and
time is either the vertex time of arrival (VTA) of the
understood this message.
aircraft or the tentative calculated landing time
acorn nut - A dome-shaped nut with a threaded hole (TCLT)/ACLT of the previous aircraft plus the arrival
that does not go completely through, producing a aircraft interval (AAI), whichever is later. This time
finished and smooth appearance. Acorn nuts and cap will not be updated in response to the aircraft's
nuts are terms used interchangeably. progress.
acrobatic category airplane - An aircraft certificated actual navigation performance (ANP) - A measure of
for flight without restrictions, except those found the current estimated navigational performance. Also
necessary as a result of flight tests. referred to as Estimated Position Error (EPE). See also
required navigational performance.
acrobatic flight - An intentional maneuver involving an
abrupt change in an aircraft's attitude, an abnormal actuating cylinder -A cylinder and piston arrangement
attitude, or abnormal acceleration not necessary for used to convert hydraulic or pneumatic pressure into
normal flight. work by the fluid under pressure moving the piston.
The force applied is equal to the piston area times the
acrobatics - Flight maneuvers such as loops and rolls
pressure on the fluid. Actuating cylinders can be
that are not considered to be necessary for normal
double-action or single-action actuating types.
utility category flight.
actuating horns - The levers to which control cables
acrylic - A glossy, transparent thermoplastic material
are attached to move the control surfaces.
used for cast or molded parts such as aircraft
windshields and side windows. actuator - A mechanical device for moving or
controlling something. The action may be linear,
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 .
actuator œ is ton admittance

rotary, or oscillating. Many actuators are actuated by adhesive film - In composites, premixed adhesives cast
either hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. onto a thin plastic film. Requires refrigerated storage.
actuator piston - The movable part of a hydraulic or adiabatic - Air compression occurring without loss or
pneumatic linear actuator. gain of heat.
acute angle -An angle of less than 90". Also referred to adiabatic change - A physical change in state or
as a closed angle. condition that occurs within a material with no loss or
gain of heat.
adapter -A device that fits one component to another.
adiabatic cooling -A process of cooling the air through
Adcock radio antenna - A directional radio
expansion. For example, as air moves up a slope it
transmitting antenna made up of two vertical
expands with the reduction of atmospheric pressure and
conductors from which electromagnetic energy
cools as it expands.
radiates. The conductors are connected so that they
radiate signals in opposite phases. adiabatic heating -A process of heating dry air through
compression. For example, as air moves down a slope
additional services - Advisory information provided by
it is compressed, as it is compressed it warms.
ATC which includes but is not limited to the following:
-
a. Traffic advisories. adiabatic lapse rate - The decrease in temperature that
b. Vectors, when requested by the pilot, to assist occurs with changes in altitude when no heat is added
aircraft receiving traffic advisories to avoid to or taken from the air. It is nominally 5.4"F per 1,000
observed traffic. ft.
c. Altitude deviation information of 300 feet or more
adiabatic process - In meteorology, a closed system
from an assigned altitude as observed on a verified
where temperature, pressure, and density vary without
(reading correctly) automatic altitude readout
any gain or loss of heat.
(Mode CI.
d. Advisories that traffic is no longer a factor. adjacent - In mathematics, the two sides of a triangle
e. Weather and chaff information. that have a common angle.
f. Weather assistance.
g. Bird activity information. adjust - To change something in order to make it more
h. Holding pattern surveillance. satisfactory or to make it operate better.

Additional services are provided to the extent possible adjustable stabilizer - A stabilizer that can be adjusted
contingent only upon the controller's capability to fit in flight to trim the airplane, thereby allowing the
them into the performance of higher priority duties and airplane to fly hands-off at any given airspeed.
on the basis of limitations o f the radar,. volume of adjustable-pitch propeller - A propeller with blades
traffic, frequency congestion, and controller workload. whose pitch can be adjusted on the ground with the
The controller has complete discretion for determining engine not running, but which cannot be adjusted in
if helshe is able to provide or continue to provide a flight.
- Also referred to as a ground
- adjustable propeller.
service in a particular case. The controller's reason not
to provide or continue to provide a in a adjustable-split die - A tool used for cutting external
particular case is not subject to question by the pilot threads on round stock. The die is split on one side and
and need not be made known to h i d e r . an adjusting screw is used to spread the die to adjust
the fit of the threads.
additives - Materials that are mixed into a two-part
resin system to improve the properties of the system. adjusting idle mixture - Adjusting carburetor idle
mixture tailored for the best performance of the
address (computer) - A location within a computer's particular engine and installation.
memory where data is located.
ADM - Aeronautical decision making. A systematic
adequate vis ref (adequate visual reference) - mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently
Runway markings or runway lighting that provides the determine the best course of action in response to a
pilot with adequate visual reference to continuously given set of circumstances.
identify the take-off surface and maintain directional
control throughout the take-off run. Administrator - The Federal Aviation Administrator or
any person to whom helshe has delegated hisher
adhesion - The forming of a tight bond, usually in authority in the matter concerned.
reference to surface coatings and adhesives.
admittance - A measure of the ease with which
adhesive - A substance applied to two mating surfaces alternating current can flow in an electrical circuit.
to bond them together by surface attachment. Admittance is the current divided by the voltage, and is
the reciprocal of impedance. Measured in siemens.

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
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 .
advance aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ)

advance -To move forward. advisory service - Advice and information provided by
a facility to assist pilots in the safe conduct of flight
advanced composites -A fibrous material embedded in
and aircraft movement. .
a resin matrix. The term "advanced" applies to those
materials, which have superior strengthAand stiffness aerated - 1. Mixed with air. When lubricating oil is
and the process in which they are manufactured. used in an engine, it mixes with air, and it is said to be
Advanced composites are generally the ones used aerated. 2. Supplied with air or exposed to the
structurally on an aircraft. circulation of air.
advanced firing -See advanced timing. aeration -The process of mixing air into a liquid.
advanced ground instructor - A person certificated by aerial -Of or relating to an aircraft in flight. It is used in
the FAA who is authorized to provide: ground training terms such as aerial photography.
in the aeronautical knowledge areas that are required
aerial photograph - Any photograph made from an
for issuance of any certificate or rating; ground training
aircraft in flight.
required for any flight review; and a recommendation
for a knowledge test required for the issuance of any aerial refueling - A procedure used by the military to
certiiicate. transfer fuel from one aircraft to another during flight.
advanced timing - Ignition when takes place before the aerodrome -A defined area on land or water (including
piston reaches top dead center. any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to
be used either wholly or in part for the arrival,
advancing blade - The blade moving in the same
departure, and movement of aircraft.
direction as the helicopter or gyroplane. In rotorcraft
that have counterclockwise main rotor blade rotation as aerodrome beacon [ICAO] - Aeronautical beacon used
viewed from above, the advancing blade is in the right to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air.
half of the rotor disc area during forward movement.
aerodrome control service lICAOl- Air traffic control
advection - The horizontal transport of air or service for aerodrome traffic.
atmospheric properties. In meteorology, advection is
sometimes referred to as the horizontal component of aerodrome control tower [ICAO] - A unit established
to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome
convection.
traffic.
advection current - An air current that move
aerodrome elevation [ICAO] - The elevation of the
horizontally over a surface.
highest point of the landing area.
advection fog - Fog that forms when moist air is moved
horizontally across a surface that is cold enough to cool aerodrome flight information service (AFIS) - A
the air to a temperature that is below its dew point. directed traffic information and operational information
service provided within an aerodrome flight -
adverse yaw -A condition of flight in which the nose of information zone, to all radio equipped aircraft, to
an aimlane starts to move in the direction ouuosite of -
assist in the safe and efficient conduct of flieht.
the intended turn. It is caused by the downward
deflected aileron producing induced drag. Often called aerodrome traffic circuit [ICAO] - The specified path
aileron drag. to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an
aerodrome.
advise intentions - During communications, this
indicates: Tell me what you plan to do. aerodrome traffic frequency (ATF) - A frequency
designated at an uncontrolled airport. An ATF is used
advisory - Advice and information provided to assist to ensure all radio equipped airEraft operating within
pilots in the safe conduct of flight and aircraft the area, normally within a 5 NM radius of the airport,
movement. are listening on a common frequency. The ATF is
normally the ground station frequency. Where a ground
advisory frequency - The appropriate frequency to be
station does not exist, a common frequency is
used for Airport Advisory Service
designated. Radio call sign is that of the ground station,
advisory route (ADR) - A designated route along or where no ground station exists, a broadcast is made
which air traffic advisory service is available. NOTE: with the call sign "Traftic Advisory." Jeppesen charts
Air traffic control service provides a much more list the frequency and the area of use when other than
complete service than air traffic advisory service; the standard 5 NM.
advisory areas and routes are therefore not established
aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) - An airspace of
within controlled airspace, but air traffic advisory
detailed dimensions established around an aerodrome
service may be provided below and above control
for the protection of aerodrome traffic.
areas.

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 aerodynamic balance . aeronautical chart

aerodynamic balance - The portion of a control surface aerodynamic twisting force (ATF) - One of the five
on an airplane that extends ahead of the hinge line. forces acting on a rotating propeller. The aerodynamic
This utilizes the airflow about the aircraft to aid in twisting force tends to twist the blade angle toward the
moving the surface. feather position.
aerodynamic blockage thrust reverser - A aerodynamic twisting moment - A rotational force
configuration of thrust reverser used in turbojet engines applied to an object due to aerodynamic loads on the
in which thin airfoils or obstructions are placed in the object. Usually a concern in the design of propellers,
engine's exhaust stream to duct the high-velocity but also to a lesser extent for wing design. It occurs
exhaust gases forward. This decreases the airplane's when the center of lift is ahead of the center of rotation.
landing roll.
aerodynamics - The science of the action of air on an
aerodynamic braking - The generation of aerodynamic object, and with the motion of air on other gases.
drag used to reduce the roll after landing or to allow the Aerodynamics deals with the production of lift by the
aircraft to descend at a steep angle without building up aircraft, the relative wind, and the atmosphere.
excessive airspeed. Examples would include speed
Aerofiche - Registered trade name for a form of
brakes and spoilers to steepen glide paths and reduce
microfiche used in the aircraft industry. Two hundred
landing roll. The reverse pitch on propellers and
eighty-eight Games of information may be placed on a
reverse thrust on turbine engines are also used in
reducing landing roll. single 4" x 8" card of film.
aeronaut - A person who operates or travels in airships
aerodynamic center - The point within the airfoil
or balloons.
section located at a point approximately one-fourth of
the way back from the leading edge. It is the point at aeronautical beacon - A visual NAVAID displaying
which the (pitching) moment coefficient is relatively flashes of white andlor colored light to indicate the
constant for all angles of attack. location of an airport, a heliport, a landmark, a certain
point of a Federal airway in mountainous terrain, or an
aerodynamic center of horizontal tail - The point at
which the flow of air over the horizontal stabilizer obstruction.
creates a force which pushes the tail up or down. aeronautical chart - A map used in air navigation
containing all or part of the following: topographic
aerodynamic coefficients - Non-dimensional
features, hazards and obstructions, navigation aids,
coefficients for aerodynamic forces and moments.
navigation routes, designated airspace, and airports.
aerodynamic contrail - As an aircraft moves through Common aeronautical charts include:
moist air the forces created by dynamic flow over the a. Sectional Aeronautical Charts (1:500,000) -
lifting surfaces cause the surrounding atmosphere to Designed for visual navigation of slow or medium
reach saturation, to form a cloud like trail. Usually this speed aircraft. Topographic information on these charts
is generated by high-performance aircraft. features the portrayal of relief, and a judicious selection
of visual check points for VFR flight. Aeronautical
aerodynamic design point - In turbine engines, the
information includes visual and radio aids to
most efficient compression ratio that occurs at altitude.
navigation, airports, controlled airspace, restricted
aerodynamic drag - Drag caused by turbulent airflow areas, obstructions and related data.
on an airfoil such as a wing, propeller, or compressor b. VFR Terminal Area Charts (1:250,000) - Depict
blade. Class B airspace which provides for the control or
segregation of all the aircraft within the Class B
aerodynamic factors - 1. Those factors that affect the airspace. The chart depicts topographic information
amount of lift or drag produced by an airfoil. 2. The and aeronautical information which includes visual and
forces acting on a propeller while rotating through the radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace,
air as it transforms the rotary power of the engine into restricted areas, obstructions, and related data.
thrust. c. Jeppesen Class B Airspace Charts - Provide
aerodynamic heating - The temperature rise caused by aeronautical informatiori for orientation purposes by
high-speed air flowing over an aerodynamic surface. depicting airways and navaids used to assist in
determining the aircraft's position relative to the
aerodynamic lift - The upward force caused by high- vertical and lateral limits of the Class B airspace. Also
speed air flowing over an airfoil. include flight procedures and VFR approach control
aerodynamic shape - The shape of an object with frequencies for each Class B airspace. Charts are
reference to the airflow over it. Certain shapes cause identified by the principal city and state using an index
air pressure differentials which produce lift; others are number of 10-1A.
designed for minimum airflow resistance. d. World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) (1 :1,000,000)
- Provide a standard series of aeronautical charts

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aeronautical chart [ICAO] .aerospace vehicle

covering land areas of the world at a size and scale j. Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Charts -
convenient for navigation by moderate speed aircraft. Designed to expedite air traffic control arrival
Topographic information includes cities and towns, procedures and to facilitate transition between enroute
principal roads, railroads, distinctive landmarks, and instrument approach operations. Each STAR
drainage, and relief. Aeronautical information includes procedure is presented as a separate chart and may
visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, airways, serve a single airport or more than one airport in a
restricted areas, obstructions and other pertinent data. given geographical location.
e. Enroute Low Altitude Charts - Provide k. Airport 'Taxi Charts - Designed to expedite the
aeronautical information for enroute instrument efficient and safe flow of ground traffic at an airport.
navigation (IFR) in the low altitude stratum. These charts are identified by the official airport name:
Information includes the portrayal of airways, limits of i.e. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.
controlled airspace, position identification and
aeronautical chart [ICAO] - A representation of a
frequencies of radio aids, selected airports, minimum
portion of the earth, its culture and relief, specifically
enroute and minimum obstruction clearance altitudes,
designated to meet the requirements of air navigation.
airway distances, reporting points, restricted areas, and
related data. Area charts, which are a part of this series, aeronautical decision making (ADM) - A systematic
furnish terminal data at a larger scale in congested approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots
areas. to consistently determine the best course of action in
f. Enroute High Altitude Charts - Provide response to a given set of circumstances.
aeronautical information for enroute instrument
navigation (IFR) in the high altitude stratum. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) - A primary
Information includes the portrayal of jet routes, FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen
about operating in the National Airspace System of the
identification and frequencies of radio aids, selected
airports, distances, time zones, special use airspace, U.S. It provides basic flight information, ATC
and related information. Procedures and general instructional information
g. Jeppesen Area Navigation Enroute Charts - concerning health, medical facts, factors affecting
flight safety, accident and hazard reporting, and types
Provide aeronautical information for flight planning
of aeronautical charts and their use. Previously referred
and flying, IFR or VFR, random area navigation routes
to as the Airman's Information Manual.
in the U.S. Depict VORTACs (and VORDMEs) with
four cardinal iadials marked with 10-mile tidks to aeronautical information publication (AIP) [ICAO] -
establish rho/ theta (distance and bearing) values for A publication issued by or with the authority of a State
describing and plotting area navigation waypoints. and containing aeronautical information of a lasting
Charts also include VORs, station declination character essential to air navigation.
VORTAC antenna elevation, FSS and ARTCC
communications, controlled airspace, minimum off- Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) - A
route altitudes, airports, special use airspace, ARTCC provider of transportation communications and systems
boundaries, times zones and state boundaries. Airport engineering solutions for aviation, airports, defense,
and Facility Listings include primary airport government, and transportation. In aviation, ARINC
coordinates, elevation, identifier and bearingldistance provides standards for communications compatibility.
from nearby VORTACNORDME facilities including aeronautics - The science of making and flying
facility frequency, identifier, and antenna elevation. airplanes. A term that applies to anything that is in any
h. Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) Charts - way associated with the design, construction, or
Portray the aeronautical data which is required to operation of an aircraft. Aerodynamics and aerostatics
execute an instrument approach Lo an airport. These are both branches of aeronautics.
charts depict the procedures, including all related data,
and the airport diagram. Each procedure is designated aerosol - A liquid that is broken up into tiny drops
for use with a specific type of electronic navigation divided into extremely fine particles and dispersed or
system including NDB, TACAN, VOR, ILSI MLS, and sprayed into the air by the use of a propellant such as
RNAV. These charts are identified by the type of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or Freon.
navigational aid(s) which provide final approach aerospace - Space from the Earth's surface extending
guidance. outward beyond the earth into space.
i. Instrument Departure Procedure (DP) Charts -
Designed to expedite clearance delivery and to aerospace industry - That portion of our economy
facilitate transition between takeoff and enroute associated with such devices as aircraft, space ships,
operations. Each DP is presented as a separate chart missiles, and their associated parts.
and serve a single Or than One aerospace vehicle - Any controllable device capable of
in a given geographical location. flight in the aerospace.

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 aerostat air carrier

aerostat -A device such as a balloon or dirigible that is AGL altitude - The vertical elevation above ground.
supported in the air by displacing more than its weight. Expressed in feet.
aerostatics - The branch of science that deals with the agonic line - An irregular imaginary line across the
generation of lift by the displacement of air by a body surface of the earth along which the magnetic and
lighter than the air it displaces. Balloons and dirigibles geographic poles are in line, and where there is no
that are filled with hot air or gas fall under the science variation error.
of aerostatics.
agricultural aircraft - Aircraft that are specifically
affective domain - A grouping of learning levels designed and built for use in the application of
associated with a person's attitudes, personal beliefs, chemicals to crops for insect and weed control.
and values, which range from receiving through
aileron - A primary control surface located near the
responding, valuing, and organization to
characterization. wing tip that makes up part of the total wing area.
Ailerons are operated by the lateral motion of the
affirmative - In communications, this indicates: Yes. controls and cause rotation of the aircraft about the
longitudinal axis.
aft -To the rear, back, dorsal, or tail of the aircraft.
aileron angle - The angle of displacement of an aileron
aft flap - The rear section of a triple-slotted, segmented
from its neutral, or trailing, position.
wing flap.
- -

aileron spar - A spar that extends only part of the span

after bottom center (ABC) - In a reciprocating engine,
of the wing and provides a hinge attachment point for
the amount of crankshaft rotation after the piston has
the aileron. Also referred to as "false spar."
passed the bottom of its stroke. Expressed in degrees.
-
aileron station - Distances measured outboard from the
after top center (ATC) - In a reciprocating engine, the
root end of an aileron, parallel to the aileron spar.
amount of crankshaft rotation after the is ton has
passed the top of its stroke. Expressed in degrees. air - A mixture of gases that comprises the earth's
atmosphere. Pure dry air contains approximately 78%
afterburner - A portion of a jet engine in which
nitrogen and 2 I % oxygen. The remaining 1 % consists
additional fuel is sprayed into the hot, oxygen-rich
of argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and traces of neon
exhaust, where it bums and produces additional thrust.
and helium. Dry air weighs 0.07651 pounds per cubic
Afterburners provide a great amount of additional
foot at sea level with a temperature of 59°F and has a
thrust with a minimum of additional weight.
barometric pressure of 14.69 PSI at 40" latitude.
after-firing -A condition often resulting from either too
air adapters - A component in a centrifugal compressor
rich fuellair mixture or unburned fuel being pumped
gas turbine engine. Its purpose is to deliver air from the
into the exhaust system of a reciprocating engine and
diffuser to the individual can-type combustion
ignited when it comes in contact with some hot
chambers at the proper angle.
component. Sometimes referred to as afterburning or
torching. air, ambient - The atmospheric air surrounding all sides
of the aircraft or engine. Expressed in units of Ibs./sq.
afterglow - The glow that remains on the
inch or in. Hg.
phosphorescent screen of a cathode ray tube after the
electron beam passes. air bleed - 1. A small hole in the fuel passage between
the float bowl and the discharge nozzle of a float
aft-fan engine - A turbofan engine that has a fan
carburetor. The hole introduces air into the liquid fuel
constructed as an extension of the turbine blades.
and serves as an aid to atomization. 2. Used in gas
age hardening - The process of increasing the hardness turbine engines for a variety of purposes and is taken
of a metal after the heat-treat process. Age hardening from the engine's compressor section.
occurs at room temperature and continues-for a period
air brake - A plate or series of plates that can be
of several days until the metal reaches its fully
projected into the airplane's slipstream to provide
hardened state. turbulence and drag to slow the airplane during
aggression - Because of safety concerns or social descent, glide, or when maneuvering. Air brakes differ
structures, students may display the defense from flaps in that they produce no useful lift. Also
mechanism of aggression.
-- They may ask irrelevant referred to as speed brakes.
questions, refuse to participate in class activities, or
air capacitor - A capacitor that uses air as the
disrupt the group.
dielectric.
aging - See age hardening.
air carrier -A person who undertakes directly by lease,
agitate - To stir or shake something in order to mix its or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
ingredients.
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Air Carrier District Office (ACDO) air metering force

Air Carrier District Office (ACDO) - An FAA field c. Distant Early Warning Identification Zone (DEWIZ) -
office serving an assigned geographical area, staffed An ADIZ over the coastal waters of the State of
with Flight Standards personnel serving the aviation Alaska.
industry and the general public on matters related to the ADIZ locations and operating and flight plan
certification and operation of scheduled air carriers and requirements for civil aircraft operations are specified
other large aircraft operations. in FAR 99.
air commerce - Transportation by aircraft of persons or air density - The density of the air in terms of mass per
property for hire or compensation. unit volume. Dense air has more molecules per unit
volume than less dense air. The density of air decreases
air commerce - Interstate, overseas, or foreign air
with altitude above the surface of the earth and with
commerce or the transportation of mail by aircraft or
increasing temperature.
any operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits
of any Federal airway or any operation or navigation of air filter - A filtering device that prevents dust and dirt
aircraft which directly affects, or which may endanger from entering the intake or induction system.
safety in, interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce.
air frlter system - An air filter system normally consists
air conditioning - The process of treating air to control of a filter and a door that can either allow the air to be
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, filtered through it or bypass the filter. When the filter
and distribution to meet the requirements of a system is operating, air is drawn through a louvered
conditioned space. In combination with pressurization, access panel that does not face directly into the
complete environmental control is possible. airstream. With this entrance location, considerable
dust is removed as the air is forced to turn and enter the
air conditioning system - A system consisting of cabin
duct.
air conditioning and pressurization that supplies
conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and air gap - The space between the reluctor and the speed
cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to sensor on some shaft rotational speed detection
maintain a safe, comfortable cabin environment. systems. The reluctor is a toothed gear or cam that
causes variations in the magnetic field surrounding the
air cycle cooling system - One of several cooling
pickup device. This varying field can be transmitted
systems consisting of an expansion turbine, an air-to-
into RPM readings. The spacing (air gap) between
air heat exchanger, and various valves that control
these parts is critical, as the magnetic fields involved
airflow through the system. Used to provide a
are very small.
comfortable atmos~herewithin the aircraft cabin.
air impingement - A fault that resembles haze in an
air cycle machine - An air conditioning system That
enamel or lacquer paint finish. It is caused by
uses compressor bleed air to condition air and
microscopic-size bubbles that form when paint is
pressurize the cabin. Primarily used in jet turbine
applied with too high an atomizing air pressure.
powered aircraft.
air impingement starter - A starter used on small gas
air data computer - A device that computes altitude,
turbine engines in which a stream of high-pressure
vertical speed, airspeed, and Mach number from inputs
compressed air is directed onto the blades of the
of pitot and static pressure and temperature.
compressor or the turbine in order to rotate the engine
air defense emergency - A military emergency for starting
condition declared by a designated authority. This
air inlet - A portion of a turbine engine designed to
condition exists when an attack upon the continental
conduct incoming air to the compressor section with a
U.S., Alaska, Canada, or U.S. installations in
minimum energy loss resulting from drag or ram
Greenland by hostile aircraft or missiles is considered
pressure loss.
probable, is imminent, or is taking- -place.
air lock -A pocket of trapped air that blocks the flow of
air defense identification zone (ADIZ) - The area of
fluid.
-
airs~aceover land or water. extending upward from the
A

surface, within which the ready identification, the air mass - A widespread mass of air having similar
location, and the control of aircraft are required in the characteristics (e.g,-temperature) which usually helps
interest of national security. to identify the source region of the air. Fronts are
a. Domestic Air Defense Identification Zone - An ADIZ distinct boundaries between air masses.
within the United States along an international
air metering force - The force used in Bendix pressure
boundary of the United States.
carburetors and fuel injection systems in which venturi
b. Coastal Air Defense Identification Zone - An ADIZ
and ram air pressures control the amount of fuel
over the coastal waters of the United States.
metered.

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 air navigation facility air traffic control assigned airspace (ATCAA)

air navigation facility - Any facility used in, available knots. The pilot is solely responsible for selecting a
for use in, or designed for use in, aid of air navigation, safe airspeedaltitude for the operation being
including landing areas, lights, any apparatus or conducted.
equipment for disseminating weather information, for
air temperature control -An air control door or valve,
signaling, for radio-directional finding, or for radio or
near the entrance of the carburetor, which admits
other electrical communication, and any other structure
alternate heated air to the carburetor to prevent
or mechanism having a similar purpose for guiding or
carburetor ice.
controlling flight in the air or the landing and take-off
of aircraft. air temperature gauge - A gauge that indicates the
temperature of the air before it enters the carburetor.
air refueling - A method of refueling aircraft while in
The temperature reading is sensed by a bulb located in
flight in order to extend the airplane's range. The
the air intake passage to the engine.
military uses flying tankers to allow aircraft to fly
extended missions. air traffic - Aircraft operating in the air or on an airport
surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas.
air route surveillance radar (ARSR) -Air route traffic
control center (ARTCC) radar used primarily to detect air traffic [ICAO] -All aircraft in flight or operating on
and display an aircraft's position while enroute the maneuvering
- area of an aerodrome.
between-terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers
to provide radar air traffic control service when aircraft air traffic clearance - An authorization by air traffic
are within the ARSR coverage. In some instances, control, for the purpose of preventing collision between
ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal known aircraft, for an aircraft to proceed under
radar services similar to but usually more limited than specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace.
those provided by a radar approach control. The pilot-in-command of an aircraft may not deviate
from the vrovisions of a visual flight rules (VFR). , or

air route traffic control center (ARTCC) - A facility instrumen; flight rules (IFR) air trafiic clearance except
established to provide air traffic control service to in an emergency or unless an amended clearance has
aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled been obtained. Additionally, the pilot may request a
airspace and principally during the enroute phase of different clearance from that which has been issued by
flight. When equipment capabilities and controller air traffic control (ATC) if information available to the
workload permit, certain advisoryiassistance services pilot makes another course of action more practicable
may be provided to VFR aircraft. or if aircraft equipment limitations or company
procedures forbid compliance with the clearance
Air Route Traflic Control Center (ARTCC) -
issued. Pilots may also request clarification or
Provides enroute air traffic control guidance primarily
amendment, as appropriate, any time a clearance is not
for aircraft operating on IFR flight plans.
fully understood, or considered unacceptable because
air scoop - 1. A hooded opening to an engine carburetor of safety of flight. Controllers should, in such instances
or other device used to receive the ram air during and to the extent of operational practicality and safety,
flight, which in turn, increases the amount of air taken honor the pilot's request. FAR Part 91.3(a) states: "The
into the structure. 2. A specially designed scoop or duct pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible
that guides air to the carburetor and intake manifold of for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that
a reciprocating engine induction system. aircraft." The pilot is responsible to request an
amended clearance if ATC-issues a clearance that
air seal - A seal used to keep air from passing out of a
would cause a pilot to deviate from a rule or regulation,
housing unit. Usually air seals are thin rotating or
or in the pilot's opinion, would place the aircraft in
stationary rims designed to act as air dams to reduce
jeopardy.
airflow leakage between the gas path and the internal
engine
- or over blade tips. air traffic control - A service operated by an
authoritative body to promote the safe, orderly; and
air start - The process of starting an aircraft engine in
expeditious flow of air traffic.
-
flight. In an air start. aerodvnamic forces cause the
air traffic control (ATC) - A service provided by the
propeller or the compressor to turn the engine. A starter
is not generally used during an air start. FAA to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow
of air traffic.
air starter -See air-turbine starter.
air traffic control assigned airspace (ATCAA) -
air strip - See airfield.
Airspace of defined verticalllateral limits, assigned by
air taxi - Used to describe a helicopterNTOL aircraft ATC, for the purpose of providing air traffic
movement conducted above the surface but normally segregation between the specified activities being
not above 100 feet ACL. The aircraft may proceed conducted within the assigned airspace and other IFR
either via hover taxi or flight at speeds more than 20 air traffic.
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 -
air traffic control clearance Aircraft Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)

air traffic control clearance - An authorization by air airborne delay -Amount of delay to be encountered in
trafic control, for the purpose of preventing collision airborne holding.
between known aircraft, for an aircraft to proceed
airborne intercept radar - Radar contained in fighter-
under specified traffic conditions within controlled
airspace. type aircraft to locate and track airborne targets.
airborne moving target indicator - A feature of
air traffic control clearance [ICAO] - Authorization
airbome radar that electronically filters out targets that
for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by
are either stationary or moving at less than a preset
an air traffic control unit.
speed.
Note I: For convenience, the term air traffic control
clearance is frequently abbreviated to clearance when airborne navigation equipment - A phrase embracing
used in appropriate contexts. many systems and instruments. These systems include
Note 2: The abbreviated term clearance may be prefixed VHF omnirange (VOR), instrument landing systems,
by the words taxi, takeoff, departure, enroute, approach distance-measuring equipment, automatic direction
or landing to indicate the particular portion of flight to finders, Doppler systems, inertial navigation systems,
which the air traffic control clearance relates. Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and others.
air traffic control service - See air traffic control. airborne weather radar - An electronic device used to
air traffic control service [ICAO] -A service provided see objects in darkness, fog, or storms, as well as in
for the purpose of: a. Preventing collisions: 1)Between clear weather. The range and relative position are
aircraft, and 2) On the maneuvering area between indicated on the radar scope.
aircraft and obstructions; and b. Expediting and air-breathing engine - An engine that requires an
maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. intake of air to supply the oxygen needed to operate.
air traffic control specialist - A person authorized to Reciprocating and turbine engines are both air-
provide air traffic control service. breathing engines.
air traffic control system command center - An Air air-c001 - excess heat an
Traffic Tactical Operations facility consisting of four transferring it directly into the airstream.
operational units. air-cooled blades and vanes -Hollow airfoils in the hot
a. Central Flow Control Function (CFCF). Responsible section that receive air from the cold section so they
for coordination and approval of all major inter-center can operate in a much higher temperature environment.
flow control restrictions on a system basis in order to Holes, sometimes referred to as gill holes, film holes,
obtain maximum utilization of the airspace. or tip holes, direct air back to the gas path.
b. Central Altitude Reservation Function (CARF).
Responsible for coordinating, planning, and approving air-c0o1ed - A heat exchanger in the
special user requirements under the Altitude lubrication system of an aircraft engine that removes
Reservation (ALTRV) concept. heat from the oil and transfers it into the air that flows
c. Airport Reservation Office (ARO). Responsible for through the cooler.
approving IFR flights at designated high density traffic air-cooled turbine blades - Hollow turbine wheel
airports (John F. Kennedy, LaGuardia, O'Hare, and blades of certain high-powered gas turbine engines that
Washington National) during specified hours. are cooled by passing compressor bleed air through
d. ATC Contingency Command Post. A facility which them.
enables the FAA to manage the ATC system when
significant portions of the systems's capabilities have air-core electrical transformer - A transformer made
been lost or are threatened. up of two or more coils wound on a core of non-
magnetic material. Air-core transformers are normally
air traffic service - A generic term meaning: used for radio-frequency alternating current.
a. Flight Information Service
b. Alerting Service aircraft - Any weight-carrying device designed to be
c. Air Traffic Advisory Service supported by the air or intended to be used for flight in
d. Air Traffic Control Service the air.
I ) Area Control Service, aircraft accident - Any damage or injury that occurs
2) Approach Control Service, or when an aircraft is moving with the intention of flight.
3) Airport Control Service.
Aircraft Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)
air transportation - Interstate, overseas, or foreign air - A digital data network using aircraft VHF andlor
transportation or the transportation of mail by aircraft. HF radio to transmit and receive data to and from
airborne - The condition of an airplane, glider, or airline operations. The system is used by the airlines to
balloon when it is off the ground. maintain contact with their aircraft around the world
and by pilots to obtain data such as weather.
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 aircraft alteration aircraft ulumbine

aircraft alteration - The modification of an aircraft, its Limited Deployment), of two aircraft, or between
structure, or its components that changes the physical aircraft and airspace. A Red alert is used for conflicts
or flight characteristics of the aircraft. Alterations are when the predicted minimum separation is 5 nautical
classified as major or minor, in accordance with miles or less. A Yellow alert is used when the predicted
Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 43. minimum separation is between 5 and approximately
12 nautical miles. A Blue alert is used for conflicts
aircraft approach category - A grouping of aircraft
between an aircraft and predefined airspace.
based on a speed of 1.3 times the stall speed in the
landing configuration at maximum gross landing aircraft damage liability coverage - A policy that
weight. An aircraft shall fit in only one category. If it is covers any damage to the aircraft, and works much like
necessary to maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper collision insurance on a car.
limit of a speed range for a category, the minimums for
aircraft dope - A colloidal solution of cellulose acetate
the next higher category should be used. For example,
or nitrate, combined with sufficient plasticizers to
an aircraft which falls in Category A? but is circling to
produce a smooth, flexible, homogeneous film. The
land at a speed in excess of 91 knots, should use the
approach Category B minimums when circling to land. dope increases a fabric's tensile strength, air tightness,
weatherproofing, and tautness.
The categories are as follows:
a. Category A - Speed less than 91 knots. aircraft engine - An engine that is used or intended to
b. Category B - Speed 91 knots or more but less be used for propelling aircraft. It includes
than 121 knots. turbosuperchargers, appurtenances, and accessories
c. Category C - Speed 121 knots or more but less necessary for its functioning, but does not include
than 141 knots. uro~ellers.
d. Category D - Speed 141 knots or more but less
than 166 knots. aircraft inspection - A systematic check of an aircrafi
e. Category E - Speed 166 knots or more. Category and its components. The purpose of an aircraft
E includes only certain Military Aircraft and is not inspection is to detect any defects or malfunctions
included on Jeppesen Approach Charts. before they become serious. Annual inspections, 100-
hour inspections, progressive inspections, and preflight
aircraft basic operating weight - The established basic inspections are common types of aircraft inspections.
weight of an aircraft available for flight without its fuel
and payload. aircraft lighting system - A system that provides
illumination for both exterior and interior use. The
aircraft battery - A source of electrical energy for an system includes lighting of instruments, cockpits,
aircraft that can be used for starting. The battery also cabins and other sections occupied by crewmembers
serves as an auxiliary source of power when the engine and passengers as well as exterior lights for landing
generator is inoperable. and ground taxiing.
aircraft cable - Strands of wire formed into a helical or aircraft list (ACL) - A view available with URET
spiral shape. Cable designations are based on the CCLD (User Request Evaluation Tool Core Capability
number of strands and the number of wires in each Limited ~ e ~ l o v i e n tthat
L .
' , lists aircraft currentlv in or
strand. The most common aircraft cables are 7x7 and predicted to be in a particular sector's airspace. The
7x 19. view contains textual flight data information in line
format and may be sorted-into various orders based on
aircraft checkouts - An instructional program designed
the specific needs of the sector team.
to familiarize and qualify
- . a pilot
- to act as pilot in
command of a particular aircraft type. aircraft listings - Information sheets published by the
FAA that contain essential information on particular
aircraft classes - For the purposes of Wake Turbulence
models of aircraft.
Separation Minima, ATC classifies aircraft as Heavy,
Large, and Small as follows: aircraft log - A record containing the operational or
a. Heavy - Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of maintenance history of the aircraft.
more than 255,000 pounds whether or not they are
operating at this weight during any particular phase of aircraft operating weight - The basic weight of an
aircraft plus the weight of the crewmembers,
flight.
b. Large - Aircraft of more than 41,000 pounds, equipment, fuel, oil, and passengers.
maximum certificated takeoff weight, up to 255,000 aircraft pitch - the movement about an aircraft's lateral
pounds. or pitch axis. Movement of the cyclic forward or aft
c. Small - Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less causes the nose of the helicopter or gyroplane to pitch
maximum certificated takeoff weight. up or down.
aircraft conflict - Predicted conflict, within URET aircraft plumbing - The hoses, tubing, fittings, and
CCLD (User Request Evaluation Tool Core Capability connections used to transfer fluids through an aircraft.
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 .
aircraft quality airman's meteorological information

aircraft quality - Indicates that aircraft equipment or air-dry - The process of removing moisture from a
materials are to be produced under closely controlled, material by exposing it to the air.
special, and restricted methods of manufacture and
airfield - Any area in which aircraft may land, take off,
inspection.
and park. An airfield may also be called an airstrip.
aircraft records - Documentation of the maintenance The term airfield includes the buildings, equipment,
performed and the flight time on an aircraft, its and maintenance facilities used to store or service
engines, or its components. aircraft.
aircraft repair - Restoration of an aircrafl andlor its airflow over wing section - Air flowing over the top
components to a condition of airworthiness after a surface of the wing must reach the trailing edge of the
failure, damage, or wear has occurred. wing in the same amount of time as the air flowing
aircraft rigging -The final adjustment and alignment of
under the wing. The greater velocity of air traveling a
larger distance over the top surface produces lift.
-
the various comDonents of an aircraft to give it the
proper aerodynamic characteristics. airfoil - Any surface designed to obtain a desirable
reaction from the air through which it moves. The
aircraft roll - The movement of the aircraft about its
airfoil converts movement of air over its surfaces into a
longitudinal axis. Movement of the cyclic right or left
force useful for flight. Wings, control surfaces,
causes the helicopter or gyroplane to tilt in that
propeller blades, and helicopter rotors are examples of
direction.
airfoils.
aircraft steel structure - A truss-type fuselage frame
usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in
such a manner that all members of the truss can carry
airfoil profile - The
outline of an airfoil
section such as a wing.
<
\-
both tension and compression loads.
airfoil section - The cross-sectional shape of an airfoil,
aircraft surge launch and recovery (ASLAR) -
viewed as if it were sliced vertically in a fore-and-aft
Procedures used at USAF bases to provide increased plane.
launch and recovery rates in instrument flight rules
conditions. ASLAR is based on: airframe - The fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings,
a. Reduced separation between aircraft which is fairings, airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding
based on time or distance. Standard arrival separation propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing
applies between participants including multiple flights gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.
until the DRAG point. he DRAG point is a-published airframe - Any by the FAA
location on an ASLAR approach where an aircraft
to perform maintenance or inspections on the airframe
landing second in a formation slows to a predetermined
of certificated aircraft.
airspeed. The DRAG point is the reference point at
which MARSA applies as expanding elements effect airline - A company or organization that operates
separation within a flight or between subsequent aircraft for the transportation of persons or cargo.
participating flights.
airliner - A large, transport-type aircraft used in air
b. ASLAR proccdures shall be covered in a Letter of
commerce for the transportation of passengers or
Agreement between the responsible USAF military
ATC facility and the concerned FAA facility. Initial cargo.
Approach Fix spacing requirements are normally Airloc fastener - A patented form of cowling fastener
addressed as a minimum. in which the actual locking is done by turning a steel
aircraft tires - A rubber cushion filled with compressed cross-pin in a spring steel receptacle.
air that fits around a wheel. Tires help absorb the shock airman - A person involved in flying, maintaining, or
and roughness of landings and takeoffs; they also operating aircraft.
support the weight of the aircraft while on the ground
and provide the necessary traction for braking and airman certificate - A certificate issued by the FAA
stopping aircraft upon landing. authorizing a person to perfom certain aviation-related
duties. Certificates are issued to pilots, technicians, and
aircraft welding - The process of joining metal by parachute riggers.
fusing the materials together while they are in a plastic
or molten state. There are three general types of Airman's Information Manual - Provides flight
welding: gas, electric arc, and electric resistance. information and air traffic control procedures for the
National Airspace System. Now referred to as the
aircraft wooden structures - An aircraft structure in Aeronautical Information Manual.
which wood is used as the structural material.
airman's meteorological information - See AIRMET.

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 .
airmass airport lighting

airmass - An extensive body of air having fairly airport elevation - The highest point of an airport's
uniform properties of temperature and moisture within usable runways measured in feet from mean sea level.
a horizontal plane.
airport information aid - See airport information desk.
airmass thunderstorm - A "nonsevere" or "ordinary"
thunderstorm produced by local airmass instability. airport information desk - An airport unmanned
facility designed for pilot self-service briefing, flight
May produce small hail, wind gusts less than 50 knots.
planning, and filing of flight plans.
See also severe thunderstorm.
airport lighting - Various lighting aids that can be
airmass wind shear -Wind shear that develops near the
installed at an airport. Types of airport lighting include:
ground at night under fair weather conditions in the
a. Approach Light System (ALS) - An airport
absence of strong fronts and/or strong surface pressure
lighting facility which provides visual guidance to
gradients.
landing aircraft by radiating light beams in a
AIRMET - An advisory pertinent to aircraft with directional pattern by which the pilot aligns the aircraft
limited capabilities, containing information on: with the extended centerline of the runway on his final
1. moderate icing, approach for landing. Condenser Discharge Sequential
2. moderate turbulence, Flashing LightsjSequenced Flashing Lights may be
3. sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more, installed in conjunction with the ALS at some airports.
4. ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less Types of Approach Light Systems are:
than 3 miles affecting 50 percent of the area at one 1) ALSF- I. -Approach Light System with Sequenced
time, and Flashing Lights in ILS Cat-I configuration.
5. extensive mountain obscuration. 2) ALSF-2. -Approach Light System with Sequenced
Issued only to amend the area forecast concerning Flashing Lights in ILS Cat-I1 configuration. The
weather phenomena which are of operational interest to ALSF-2 may operate as an SSALR when weather
all aircraft and potentially hazardous to aircraft having conditions permit.
limited capability because of lack of equipment, 3) SSALF - Simplified Short Approach Light System
instrumentation, or pilot qualifications. AIRMETs with Sequenced Flashing Lights.
concern weather of less severity than that covered by 4) SSALR - Simplified Short Approach Light System
SIGMETs or Convective SIGMETs. with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights.
5) ALSF - Medium Intensity Approach Light System
air-oil separator - A device in the vent portion of the
with Sequenced Flashing Lights.
lubrication system of a gas turbine engine that
6) MALSR - Medium Intensity Approach Light
separates any oil from the air before the air is vented
System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights.
overboard.
7) LDIN - Lead-in-light system: Consists of one or
airplane - An engine-driven, heavier-than-air, fixed- more series of flashing lights installed at or near
wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic ground level that provides positive visual guidance
reaction of the air against its wings. along an approach path, either curving or straight,
where special problems exist with hazardous terrain,
airplane checkouts - An instructional program obstructions, or noise abatement procedures.
designed to familiarize and qualify a pilot to fly an 8) RAIL - Runway Alignment lndicator Lights
aircraft not previously familiar.
(Sequenced Flashing Lights which are installed only in
airport - An area of land or water, including any combination with other light systems).
associated buildings and facilities, used or intended to 9) ODALS - Ornni-directional Approach Lighting
be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. System consists of seven omni-directional flashing
lights located in the approach area of a nonprecision
airport advisory area - The area within 10 statute runway. Five lights are located on the runway
miles of an airport where a flight service station is centerline extended with the first light located 300 feet
located, but where there is no control tower in from the threshold and extending at equal intervals up
operation. to 1,500 feet from the threshold. The other two lights
airport arrival rate (AAR) - A dynamic input are located, one on each side of the runway threshold,
parameter specifying the number of arriving aircraft at a lateral distance of 40 feet from the runway edge, or
which an airport or airspace can accept from the 75 feet from the runway edge when installed on a
ARTCC per hour. The AAR is used to calculate the runway equipped with a VASI.
desired interval between successive arrival aircraft. b. Runway LightsRunway Edge Lights - Lights
having a prescribed angle of emission used to define
airport departure rate (ADR) - A dynamic parameter the lateral limits of a runway. Runway lights are
specifying the number of aircraft which can depart an uniformly spaced at intervals of approximately 200
airport and the airspace can accept per hour. feet, and the intensity may be controlled or preset.

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airport marking aids airspace hierarchy

c. Touchdown Zone Lighting - Two rows of dual-peaked (two quick) white flashes between the
transverse light bars located symmetrically about the green flashes.
runway centerline normally at 100 foot intervals. The
basic system extends 3,000 feet along the runway. airport surface detection equipment - Radar
equipment specifically designed to detect all principal
d. Runway Centerline Lighting - Flush centerline
features on the surface of an airport, including aircraft
llghts spaced at 50-foot intervals beginning 75 feet
and vehicular tratlic, and to present the entire image on
from the landing threshold and extending to within 75
a radar indicator console in the control tower. Used to
feet of the opposite end of the runway.
augment visual observation by tower personnel of
e. Threshold Lights - Fixed green lights arranged
aircraft a n d or vehicular movements on runways and
symmetrically left and right of the runway centerline,
taxiways.
identifying the runway threshold.
f. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) - Two airport surveillance radar (ASR) - Approach control
synchronized flashing lights, one on each side of the radar used to detect and display an aircraft's position in
runway threshold, which provide rapid and positive the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth
identification of the approach end of a particular information but does not provide elevation data.
runway. Coverage
- of the ASR can extend up to 60 miles.
g. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) - An
airport lighting facility providing vertical visual airport taxi charts - Designed to expedite the efficient
approach slope guidance to aircraft during approach to and safe flow of ground traffic at an airport. These
landing by radiating a directional pattern of high charts are identified by the official airport name: e.g.,
intensity red and white focused light Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.
- beams which
indicate to the pilot that he is "on path" if he sees airport traffic area - No longer a designator of
red/white, "above path" if whitelwhite, and "below airspace. Generally superseded by Class B, C, and D
path" if redred. Some airports sewing large aircraft designations according to the type of airport. See Class
have three-bar VASIs which provide two visual glide B, Class C, and Class D.
paths to the same runway.
h. Boundary Lights - Lights defining the perimeter airport traffic control service - A service provided by
of an aimort or landingu area. a control. .tower for aircraft operating on the movement
area and in the vicinity of an airport.
airport marking aids - Markings used on runway and
taxiway surfaces to identify a specific runway, a airport traffic control tower - A terminal facility that
runway threshold, a centerline, a hold line, etc. A uses airlground communications, visual signaling, and
runway should be marked in accordance with its other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft
present usage such as: operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the
a. Visual. movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at
b. Nonprecision instrument. the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the
c. Precision instrument. Class D airspace area regardless of flight plan or
weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also
airport movement area safety system (AMASS) - A provide approach control services (radar or nonradar).
software enhancement to ASDE radar which provides
logic predicting the path of aircraft landing andfor airportlfacility directory - A publication designed
departing, and aircraft andlor vehicular movements on primarily as a pilot's operational manual containing all
runways. Visual and aural alarms are activated when airports, seaplane bases, and heliports open to the
logic projects a potential collision. public including communications data, navigational
facilities, and certain special notices and procedures.
airport reference point (ARP) - A point on the airport This publication is issued in seven volumes according
designated as the official airport location. Usually the to geographical area.
approximate geometric center of all usable runway
surfaces. airscrew -A British term for aircraft propeller.

airport reservation office - Office responsible for airship - An engine-driven, lighter-than-air aircraft that
monitoring the operation of the high density rule. can be steered.
Receives and processes requests for IFR operations at airspace -The space lying above a certain geographical
high density traffic airports. area.
airport rotating beacon - A visual NAVAID operated airspace conflict - Predicted conflict of an aircraft and
at many airports. At civil airports, alternating white and active Special Activity Airspace (SAA).
green flashes indicate the location of the airport. At
military airports, the beacons flash alternately white airspace hierarchy -Within the airspace classes, there
and green, but are differentiated from civil beacons by is a hierarchy and, in the event of an overlap of
airspace: Class A preempts Class B, Class B preempts
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 .
airsveed alertine service

Class C, Class C preempts Class D, Class D preempts aircraft from continuing to meet its conditions for
Class E, and Class E preemvts Class G. airworthiness. Airworthiness Directives (AD notes)
must be complied with within the required time limit,
airspeed - The speed of an aircraft relative to its
and the fact of compliance, the date of compliance, and
surrounding air mass. The unqualified term "airspeed"
the method of compliance must be recorded in the
means one of the following: 1. Indicated Airspeed -
aircraft's maintenance records.
The speed shown on the aircraft airspeed indicator.
This is the speed used in pilot/controller airworthy - To be airworthy, an aircraft or one of its
communications under the general term "airspeed." 2. component parts must meet two criteria: a. Conform to
True Airspeed - The airspeed of an aircraft relative to its TC (Type Certificate). Conformity to type design is
undisturbed air. Used primarily in flight planning and considered attained when the aircraft configuration and
enroute portion of flight. When used in pilot/controller the components installed are consistent with the
communications, it is referred to as "true airspeed" and drawings, specifications, and other data that are part of
not shortened to "airspeed." the TC, and would include any STC's (Supplemental
Type Certificates) and field approved alterations
airspeed indicator - A differential air pressure gauge
(337's). b. Must be in a condition for safe operation.
that measures the difference between ram, or impact air
This refers to the condition of the aircraft relative to
pressure, and the static pressure of the air to indicate
wear and deterioration, (been maintained, annuaVlOO
the speed of the aircraft through the air.
hour inspections, etc.).
airstart - The starting of an aircraft engine while the
albedo - The reflectivity of the Earth and its
aircraft is airborne, preceded by engine shutdown
atmosphere.
during training flights
- - or by actual engine failure.
Alclad - A clad structural aluminum alloy. Alclad is a
airstream direction detection - A unit of an angle-of-
corrosion protection coating of pure aluminum that is
attack indicating system. The airstream direction
rolled onto the alloy sheet in the rolling mill. It makes
detector contains the sensing element that measures
up approximately 5% of the thickness on each side.
local airflow direction relative to the angle of attack by
determining the angular difference between local alcohol - A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid
airflow and the fuselage reference plane. produced by the fermentation of certain types of grain,
fruit, or wood pulp. Alcohol is used as a cleaning fluid,
air-to-air missile - A missile launched from an aircraft
as a solvent in many aircraft finishes, and as a fuel for
toward an airborne target.
certain types of specialized engines. Isopropyl alcohol
air-to-surface missile - A missile launched from an is used in some anti-icing systems for propellers,
aircraft toward a target on the ground. windshields, and carburetors.
air-turbine starter - A large volume of compressed air alcohol deicing - The act of preventing or controlling
from an auxiliary power unit or bleed air from an ice formation by spraying alcohol onto a surface, in the
operating engine that is directed into the air-turbine case of windshields, or into the inlet airstream of a
starter. This air spins the turbine inside the starter, and carburetor.
the starter, which is geared to the main engine
ALERFA (alert phase) [ICAO] - A situation wherein
compressor, spins the engine fast enough for it to start.
apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft and
airway -- A Class E airspace area established in the form its occupants.
of a corridor, the centerline of which is defined by
alert - A notification to a position that there is an
radio navigational aids.
aircraft-to-aircraft or aircraft-to airspace conflict, as
airway [ICAO] - A control area or portion thereof detected by Automated Problem Detection (APD).
established in the form of corridor equipped with radio
alert area - Special use airspace which may contain a
navigational aids.
high volume of pilot training activities or an unusual
airway beacon - A light signal used to mark airway type of aerial activity.
segments in remote mountain areas. The light flashes
alert notice - A request originated by a flight service
Morse Code to identify the beacon site.
station (FSS) or an air route traffic control center
Airworthiness Certificate - A certificate issued by the (ARTCC) for an extensive communication search for
FAA to all aircraft that have been proven to meet the overdue, unreported, or missing aircraft.
minimum standards set down by the Federal Aviation
alerting service - A service provided to notify
Regulations.
appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of
Airworthiness Directive - A regulatory notice sent out search and rescue aid and assist such organizations as
by the FAA to the registered owner of an aircraft required.
informing the owner of a condition that prevents the
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 .
algebra alpha range

algebra - A branch of mathematics that uses letters or composites, a blend of polymers or copolymers with
symbols to represent numbers in formulas and other polymers or elastomers. Also referred to as a
equations. polymer blend.
algebraic expression - A quantity made up of letters, alloy steel - Steel into which certain chemical elements
numbers, and symbols. The parts of the expression that have been mixed. Alloy steel has different
are separated by a plus or a minus sign are called the characteristics from those of simple carbon steel.
terms of the expression. An algebraic expression that
alloying agent - A chemical element used to change the
has only one term is called a monomial; an algebraic
characteristics of a base metal to form an alloy.
expression that has two or more terms is called a
polynomial. all-weather spark plug - A shielded spark plug for use
in an aircraft reciprocating engine. The ceramic
algorithm - A system or procedure used in solving a
insulator is recessed into the shell so that a resilient
problem.
collar (sometimes referred to as a cigarette) on the
u

alignment - The arrangement or position of parts in the ignition harness lead can provide a watertight seal. All-
correct relationship to each other. weather spark plugs are identified by their 3/4", 20-
thread-per-inch shielding.
alignment pin - Installed in a helicopter rotor blade to
serve as an index when aligning the blades of a semi- alnico - An alloy of iron, aluminum, nickel, and cobalt.
rigid rotor system. Alnico has an extremely high permeability and
excellent retentivity for use in magnets.
alignment tool - A nonmetallic adjustment tool used to
align (adjust) electronic circuits that would be Alodine - A registered trademark for a conversion
adversely affected by a metallic device. coating chemical that forms a hard, unbroken
aluminum oxide film, chemically deposited on a piece
alkali - A chemical substance, usually the hydroxide of
of aluminum alloy. Alodining serves the same function
a metal. An alkali has a characteristically bitter taste
as anodizing, but does not require an electrolytic bath.
and is prone to react with an acid to form salt,
It conforms to specification MIL-C-5541 B.
supplying electrons to the acid.
along track distance (LTD) - The distance measured
alkaline - Having the property of reacting with an acid
from a point-in-space by systems using area navigation
to form a salt and of giving up electrons to the acidic reference capabilities that are not subject to slant range
material.
errors.
alkaline cell - An electrochemical cell that uses
alpha - The first letter of the Greek alphabet. Often used
powdered zinc as the anode, powdered graphite and
to denote something that is first.
manganese dioxide as the cathode, and uotassium
hydroxide as the electrolyte. An alkaline cell has an alpha cutoff frequency - Rated cutoff frequency of a
open-circuit voltage of 1.5 volts, and it has from 50% transistor at which gain (alpha) decreases to .707 of the
to 100?6 more capacity than a carbon-zinc cell of gain measured at low-frequency.
comparable size.
alpha hinge - The hinge at the root of a helicopter rotor
alkyd resin - A synthetic resin used as the base for blade that allows the tip of the blade to move back and
certain enamels and primers. forth in its plane of rotation. The axis of the alpha
hinge is to the plane of rotor rotation.
Allen head bolt - A bolt or screw with a hexagonal
Also referred to as a lead-lag hinge.
receptacle in its head to accommodate an Allen wrench
for turning. Also referred to as an internal hex fastener. alpha mode - Propeller range when operating in a
forward thrust condition. See also beta mode.
Allen wrench -A hexagonal-shaped tool used to turn an
Allen screw. Shaft is-usually "L" shaped to provide alpha mode of operation - The operation of a
leverage. turboprop engine that includes all of the flight
operations, from takeoff to landing. Alpha operation is
alligator clip - A spring-loaded clip with long, narrow
typically 95% to 100% of the engine operating speed.
jaws and meshing teeth. It is used on the end of an
See also alpha range.
electrical wire to make temporary connections in an
A .

electrical circuit. alpha particle - A positively charged nuclear particle

that has the same mass as the nucleus of a helium atom.
allowable -Permissible.
Alpha particles consist of two protons and two
allowance - The permissible dimensional difference neutrons.
between the mating parts of a machine.
alpha range - The pitch of a turbopropeller system that
alloy - 1. In metallurgy, a substance of two more maintains a constant RPM of the engine in flight idle
combined elements, one or more which is metal. 2. In conditions.
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 alpha transistor operation aluminum electrolytic capacitor

alpha transistor operation - A measure of emitter-to- displayed in 100-foot increments on a radar scope
collector current gain in a transistor that is connected in having readout capability.
a common-base amplifier circuit. The alpha of a
altitude reservation - Airspace utilization under
junction transistor is never greater than one; its output
prescribed conditions normally employed for the mass
is always less than its input.
movement of aircraft or other special user requirements
alpha wave detector - A device used to measure and which cannot otherwise be accomplished. ALTRVS are
display alpha brain waves. approved by the appropriate FAA facility.
alpha waves - Waves produced by the human brain altitude restriction - An altitude or altitudes, stated in
when it is relaxed. the order flown, which are to be maintained until
reaching a specific point or time. Altitude restrictions
alphanumeric - Consisting of numbers and letters.
may be issued by ATC due to traffic, terrain or other
alphanumeric display - Letters and numerals used to airspace considerations.
show identification, altitude, beacon code, and other
altitude restrictions are cancelled - Adherence to
information concerning a target on a radar display.
previously imposed altitude restrictions is no longer
alternate aerodrome [ICAO] - An aerodrome to which required during a climb or descent.
an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either
altocumulus (Ac) - Mid-level principle cloud type
impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at the
occurring in layers or patches, the elements of which
aerodrome of intended landing.
appear as small fleecy, rounded clouds. Altocumulus
Note: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may
can contain supercooled water droplets or ice crystals.
also be an enroute or a destination alternate aerodrome
for the flight. altocumulus castellanus - Altocumulous clouds that
show vertical development resembling the turrets of a
alternate airport - An airport at which an aircraft may
castle. Clouds with vertical development indicate
land if a landing at the intended airport becomes
instability at the altitude of the clouds.
inadvisable.
alumina - An oxide of aluminum (A1203). Alumina
altimeter - An instrument that indicates flight altitude
occurs in nature in the form of corundum, emery,
by sensing pressure changes and displaying altitude in
sapphires, or bauxite, a type of clay.
feet or meters.
aluminium - A British term for aluminum.
altimeter setting - The barometric pressure reading
used to adjust a pressure altimeter for variations in aluminizing - 1. A form of corrosion protection for steel
existing atmospheric pressure or to the standard parts. 2. A metal coating process that bonds either a
altimeter setting (29.92 inches of mercury, 10 13.2 corrosion-resistant or a wear-resistant surface to a base
hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars). metal. Older aircraft used aluminum coating for hot
section parts.
altimeter setting indicator - A precision aneroid
barometer used to determine the local current altimeter aluminum - A metallic chemical element with a symbol
setting. of A1 and an atomic number of 13. Aluminum is a
bluish, silvery-white metal that is lightweight,
altitude - The height of a level, point, or object
malleable, and ductile. It is the chief metal used in
measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL) or from
aircraft construction. It is produced from the clay
Mean Sea Level (MSL).
bauxite, which is a form of aluminum oxide. In its
a. MSL Altitude - Altitude expressed in feet
natural form, aluminum is soft and weak, but it can be
measured from mean sea level.
alloyed with copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc
b. AGL Altitude - Altitude expressed in feet
to give it strength. Aluminum is a good conductor of
measured above ground level.
both electricity and heat and is a good reflector of heat
c. Indicated Altitude - The altitude as shown by an
and light. Pure aluminum is highly resistant to
altimeter. On a pressure or barometric altimeter it is
corrosion.
altitude as shown uncorrected for instrument error and
uncompensated for variation from standard alunlinum alloy -Pure aluminum to which one or more
atmos~hericconditions. alloying-
. elements has been added to increase its
hardness, toughness, durability, and resistance to
altitude engine - A reciprocating aircraft engine having
fatigue.
a rated takeoff power that is producible from sea level
to an established higher altitude. aluminum electrolytic capacitor - An electrolytic
(liquid dielectric) capacitor that has aluminum plates.
altitude readout - An aircraft's altitude, transmitted via
The "plates" can be windings of aluminum sheet
the Mode C transponder feature, that is visually
crimped together at the ends of the spirals in order to
lessen the inductance of the capacitor. Electrolytic
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aluminum oxide. amvere-hour cauacitv

capacitors must be used on direct current only. If American Standards - Dimensional standards for
subjected to alternating current they will heat and fasteners that are issued by the American Standard
possibly explode. Association.
aluminum oxide - A compound of aluminum and American Wire Gauge (AWG) -The standard used for
oxygen (A120,). It is extremely hard and is used as an measuring the diameter of round wires and the
abrasive. thickness of non-ferrous metal sheets. Also referred to
as the Brown and Sharpe gauge.
aluminum paste - Extremely small flakes of aluminum
metal suspended in a substance to make a paste. AMM (aircraft maintenance manual) A manual
Aluminum paste is mixed with clear dope to make developed by the aircraft manufacturer that includes
aluminum-pigmented dope. Aluminum dope is applied information prepared for the AMT or technician who
over clear dope on aircraft fabric to prevent ultraviolet performs work on units, components, and systems
rays of the sun from damaging the clear dope and while they are installed on the airplane. It is normally
fabric underneath. supplied by the manufacturer and approved by the
FAA as part of the original process of certification. It
aluminum welding - The welding of aluminum and
will contain the required instructions for continued
aluminum alloys used in aircraft construction using
airworthiness that must accompany each aircraft when
equipment and techniques acceptable to the Federal
it leaves the factory. An Aircraft Maintenance Manual
Aviation Administration.
can also be a manual developed by a Part 125 operator
aluminum wool - Shavings of aluminum metal that are as part of their specific operating manual. As such the
formed into a pad. Aluminum wool can be used to FAA does not specifically approve the manual. Also
remove corrosion products from aluminum alloy parts referred to as an MMM or Manufacturers Maintenance
and also to smooth out minor scratches from the Manual.
surface of aluminum sheets or tubing.
ammeter - An electrical measuring instrument used to
aluminum-pigmented dope - Clear aircraft dope in measure electron flow in amperes. Ammeters that
which extremely tiny flakes of aluminum metal are measure very small rates of flow are called
suspended. When sprayed on aircraft fabric, the flakes milliammeters (thousandths of an ampere) or
leaf out to form an opaque covering, protecting the microammeters (millionths of an ampere).
fabric and clear dope from the harmful effects of the
ammeter shunt - A low-resistance resistor installed in
sun's ultraviolet rays. uarallel with an ammeter to allow the meter to read a
amalgam - A mixture of different elements. Often used flow of current that exceeds the current limit of the
to indicate a mixture of mercury with some other instrument. The ammeter, acting as a millivoltmeter,
metal. -
measures the voltage drop across the shunt, and
indicates, on a scale, the amount of current flowing
amalgamate -To combine, join, or mix ingredients. through the circuit.
amber - A hard, yellowish, translucent, fossilized tree ammonia - An invisible gas made up of one atom of
resin. Often used in jewelry. nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen (NH3). Ammonia
- -
ambient -The condition of the atmosphere as it exists at becomes a liquid at -28OF, and it freezes at -107OF.
the time of observation. Ammonia is used to case-harden steel by a process
called nitriding.
ambient air - See ambient.
amorphous -Without shape.
ambient pressure - The pressure of the air that
surrounds an object. ampere (A) - A measure of electron flow. One ampere
is equal to a flow of one coulomb (6.28 billion billion
ambient temperature - The temperature of the air that electrons) past a point in one second. One ampere is the
surrounds an object.
-
amount of current that can be forced through one ohm
ambiguity - Something that does not have a clear of resistance by a pressure of one volt.
meaning. ampere turn - A measure of magnetomotive force
American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) - A (mmf) of an electromagnet. It is the force produced
not-for-profit organization that provides a global forum when one ampere of current flows through one turn of
for the development and publication of voluntary wire in a coil. One ampere turn is equal to 1.26
consensus standards for materials, products, systems, gilberts.
and services. Many standards in tdp aircraft industry ampere-hour - A measure or rating of a
are ASTM standards. battery that indicates the capacity of electrical energy
the battery can supply. One ampere-hour is the
of the current flow in amperes, multiplied by the length
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 .
ampere-hour meter aneroid barometer

of time, in hours, that the battery can supply this When on track, the signal received sounds as a steady
current. tone.
ampere-hour meter - An electrical measurement anaerobic resin - A single-component polyester resin
instrument that measures the rate of current flow per that hardens when all air is restricted from it.
unit of time.
analog - A physical variable that keeps a fixed
amphibian - An aircraft designed to land on and take relationship with another variable as it changes. For
off from either land or water. exam~le.the ~ositionof the hands of a clock keep a
fixed relationship with time. It is because of this
amphibious floats - Floats that can be attached to an
relationship that we can tell the time of day by
aircraft to allow it to operate from either land or water.
knowing the positions of the hands of the clock. The
Retractable wheels are mounted in the floats and can be
position of the clock hands is an analog of time.
extended for o~erationon the land.
analog computer - An electronic computer that
amplification - The increase in either voltage or current
operates by converting different levels of voltage or
that takes place in a device or in an electrical circuit.
current into numerical values.
amplification factor - The ratio of the output amplitude
analog data - Data represented by a continuously
of an electrical or electronic circuit to its the input
varying voltage or current.
amplitude.
analog-to-digital conversion - An alteration that
amplifier - An electronic device that increases the
changes analog information into a digital form.
amplitude of a signal relative to the amplitude of its
input. analyzer, engine - A portable or permanently installed
instrument, whose function is to detect, locate, and
amplitude - The magnitude or amount a value changes
identify engine operating abnormalities such as those
from its at-rest condition, or its normal condition, to its
caused by a faulty ignition system, detonation, sticking
maximum condition. In wave motion, one half the
valves, poor fuel injection, etc.
distance between the wave crest and the wave trough. -
anchor light - A white light displayed on boats or
amplitude modulation - A system of varying the
seaplanes indicating that they are anchored.
amplitude in a radio-frequency carrier wave so that it
can carry information. anchor nut - A nut riveted or welded to a structure in
such away that a screw or bolt can be screwed into it.
AMS specifications - Specifications for aircraft
An anchor nut does not have to be held with a wrench
components that conform to established engineering
to keep it from turning.
and metallurgical practices in the aircraft industries.
AMS specifications are developed by the SAE AND gate - A logic device whose output is high only if
Aeronautics Committee. all inputs are high..
AN aeronautical standard drawings - Dimensional anemometer - An instrument that measures the velocity
standards for aircraft fasteners developed by the of moving air. One type of anemometer uses a series of
Aeronautical Standards Group. AN is the part number hemispherical metal cups mounted on arms on a shaft.
orefix for all fasteners that are described in these The air blows the cups and rotates the shaft. A counter
drawings.
- measures and converts this into wind speed that may be
displayed in feet per second, meters per second,
AN fittings - A series of fittings for flared tubing, using
kilometers per hour, miles per hour, or knots. Other
a 37" flare angle and having a small shoulder between
anemometers convert wind speed to a reading by use of
the ends of the threads and the beginning of the flare
impellers or by measuring the effect of moving air on a
cone. Included in the listing of parts whose design and
hot wire.
A-
material have been amroved bv both the United States
Air Force and Navy and are acceptable for use in anemometer - An instrument for measuring wind
civilian and military airplanes. speed.
AN hardware - Standard hardware items such as bolts, aneroid - 1. A sealed flexible container that expands or
nuts, washers, etc., whose design and material has been contracts in relation to the surrounding air pressure. It
approved by both the United States Air Force and Navy is used in an altimeter or a barometer to measure the
and are acceptable for use in civilian and military pressure of the air. 2. A thin disc-shaped box or
airplanes. capsule, usually metallic, which is partially evacuated
o f air and sealed. It expands or contracts kith changes
A-N radio range - An early, obsolete navigational aid.
of the surrounding air or gas.
Two antennas radiate signals that are heard on a low-
frequency receiver as an "N" (dah-dit) on one side of aneroid barometer - An instrument for measuring
the desired track and an "A" (dit-dah) on the other. atmospheric pressure, its key component is a partially
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 .
angle annual insvection

evacuated cell which changes dimensions in proportion angle of wing setting - The acute angle between the
to the change in atmospheric pressure. plane of the wing chord and the longitudinal axis of the
airplane. The angle is positive when the leading edge is
angle - A geometric figure formed by two lines or two higher than the trailing edge. Also referred to as angle
plane surfaces extending from the same point.
of incidence.
angle drill - A drilling tool in which the twist drill is
angle of yaw - The acute angle between the direction of
held at an angle to the spindle of the drill motor.
the relative wind and the plane of symmetry of an
- of attack - 1. The acute angle
angle - formed between the aircraft.
relative wind striking an airfoil and the zero lift line of
angled gearbox - In helicopters, the same function as a
the airfoil. The chord line of the airfoil is often
transfer gearbox. Receives its name because the
substituted for the zero-lift line. 2. (Absolute) The
driveshaft is angled, usually 90" up toward the main
angle of attack of an airfoil, measured from the attitude
rotor.
of zero lifi. 3. (Critical) The angle of attack at which
the flow about an airfoil changes abruptly as shown by angular acceleration - The rate at which a rotating
corresponding abrupt changes in the lift and drag. 4. object increases its rotational speed.
(For infinite aspect ratio) The angle of attack at which
angular measurement - The measured rotational
an airfoil produces a given lift coefficient in a two-
displacement between two lines that project from the
dimensional flow. Also referred to as "effective angle
same point.
of attack." 5. (Turbine compressor) The acute angle
formed between the chord line of the compressor angular momentum - The product of an object's mass
blades and the direction of the air that strikes the directed along a rotating axis.
blades.
angular type piston pump - A pump with an angular
angle of attack indicator system - Detects the local housing that causes a corresponding angle to exist
angle of attack of the aircraft from a point on the side between the cylinder block and the drive shaft plate to
of the fuselage and furnishes reference information to which the pistons are attached. It is this angular
an angle-of-attack indicator. configuration of the pump that causes the pistons to
stroke as the shaft is turned.
angle of azimuth - An angle measured radially and
horizontally clockwise from north (OD). angular velocity - 1. The rate of change of an angle as a
shaft rotates. Expressed in revolutions per minute or
angle of departure - In communications, the angle
radians per second. 2. The velocity of an object located
between a transmitter's signal propagation and a
at a given distance of, and rotating about, a center
horizontal plane.
point. Expressed in radians per second.
angle of head - In countersunk heads, the included
anhydrous -A material that does not contain water.
angles of the conical under portion or bearing surface,
usually 82" or 100". anion - A negative ion that moves toward an anode in
an electrolysis process.
angle of incidence - 1. The acute angle that the wing
chord makes with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. anisotropic - In composites, fibers are placed in
2. The angle at which blades are set into the different directions to respond to the stresses applied in
compressor disk. A fixed angle in all cases except the different directions.
variable pitch fan. Angles set for optimum airflow at
anneal -To soften by means of heat treatment.
altitude cruise and RPM.
angle of refraction - The angle between a refracted annealed wire - Wire softened by heat treatment.
beam as it passes through the refracting material (e.g., Necessary because the process of drawing the wire
through dies causes it to be work hardened.
water) and a line -perpendicular
- to the surface of the
refracting material. annealing- - A method of heat treatment in which a
angle of roll - The angle through which an aircraft must metal is softened, losing some of its hardness. See also
be rotated about its longitudinal axis in order to bring annealing process.
its lateral axis into the horizontal plane. Also referred annealing process - Heating of an alloy to a
to as the angle of bank. temperature called solid solution temperature. This is
angle of stabilizer setting - The acute angle between followed by allowing it to cool slowly at a controlled
rate through its critical range for the purpose of
the longitudinal axis of an airplane and the chord of the
stabilizer. The angle is positive when the leading edge inducing softness. This results in the removal of former
is higher than the trailing edge. heat-treatment strain hardening and internal stresses.
annual inspection - A complete inspection of an
aircraft and engine, required by the Federal Aviation
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 .
annual rings anticyclone

Regulations, to be accomplished every twelve calendar has the mark). In the diode symbol, the anode is shown
months on all certificated aircraft. Only an A&P by the arrowhead.
technician holding an Inspection Authorization can
anode current - The current measured at the anode of
conduct an annual inspection.
an electronic device.
annual rings - The rings that appear in the end of a tree
anode of a chemical cell - Within a battery (chemical
log. The more rings there are, and the closer they are
cell), electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.
together, the stronger the wood.
-
This creates an area of less negative (more positive)
annular combustor - 1. Annular refers to ring shaped. charge. (Externally, the electrons flow from the
Therefore, a ring-shaped
- or cylindrical one-piece cathode to the anode.)
combustion liner inside a combusiion outer case.-2. A
anodic - The positive component of an electrolytic cell.
cylindrical one-piece combustion chamber, sometimes
referred to as a single basket-type combustor. anodizing - The formation of a hard, unbroken film of
annular, basket type - Combustion chamber. One of aluminum oxide on the surface of an aluminum alloy.
several basic types used in turbine engines. It consists This film is electrolytically deposited by using the
of a housing and a liner. The liner is a one-piece shroud aluminum as the anode and chromic acid as the
electrolyte.
(combustion chamber) extending all the way around
the outside of the turbine shaft housing. Fuel is sprayed anoxia - A severe case of hypoxia (a lack of oxygen),
from nozzles mounted around a full manifold into the
inner liner of the combustor. Here it is mixed with air
-
which can cause ~ermanentdamage to the brain.

from the compressor and burned. antenna - An electrical circuit designed to radiate and
receive electromagnetic energy. Antennas vary in
annular, can type - Combustion chamber. One of shape and design depending upon the specific pubose
several basic types used in turbine engines. Each of the of the antenna and the frequency to be transmitted or
can-type combustion chambers consist of an outer case received.
or housing, within which there is a perforated stainless
steel combustion chamber liner or inner liner. antenna coupler - A transformer used between a radio
Interconnected tubes join each can for flame receiver or transmitter and the antenna to optimize the
propagation that spreads combustion during the initial amount of power passed between them.
starting operation. antenna current - A measurement of radio-frequency
annulus - Opening between two concentric rings, e.g. current in an antenna.
the space between the compressor disk and outer case antenna duplexer - A device that allows two
could be referred to as the compressor annulus. transmitters to simultaneously use a single antenna.
annunciator panel - A set of warning lights in direct antenna lens - A device used to focus microwaves onto
view of a pilot in a cockpit. The lights are identified by a microwave antenna.
the name of the system they represent, and they are
usually covered with a colored lens to show the antenna matching - The process of matching the
meaning of the condition they announce. Red lights are impedance of a radio antenna with the impedance of
used to indicate a dangerous condition, amber lights the transmission line that carries the signal from the
show that some system is armed or active, and green radio transmitter to the antenna.
lights represent a safe condition. Sometimes referred to antenna wire - A wire with a low electrical resistance
as a master warning system. and a high tensile strength. Coppenveld, which is a
annunciator system - See annunciator panel. form of wire that has copper plated over a core of
strong- steel wire, is often used as antenna wire.
anode - 1 . The positive plate of an electrochemical com-
bination, such as a battery or electroplating tank, antiblush thinner - A slow-drying thinner that is used
Electrons leaving the anode cause it to be less negative, in conditions of high humidity to prevent blushing of
or positively charged. When electrons leave an anodic the aircraft dope.
material, the chemical composition of the anode anticollision light - A flashing light on the exterior of
changes from a metal to a salt caused by the reaction the aircraft used to increase the visibility of the aircraft.
with the electrolyte. Ln the process, the anode is
corroded or eaten away. 2. The electrode in a vacuum anticyclone - An area of high pressure that
tube or a semiconductor diode to which the electrons has a closed circulation and when viewed from above,
travel after they leave the cathode. The anode in a the circulation is clockwise in the Northern
vacuum tube (an electron tube) is called the plate. The Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern
anode of a semiconductor diode is the end that is made Hemisphere.
of P-type material, and it is not marked (the cathode

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anticyclone aperiodic damping

anticyclone - An area of high atmospheric pressure antileak check valve - A check valve used to prevent
which has a closed circulation that is anticyclonic, i.e., oil tank seepage to lower portions of the lube system
as viewed from above, the circulation is clockwise in during periods on engine inactivity. Anti-leak check
the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the valves hold the oil in the tank against the pull of
Southern Hemisphere. gravity. When the oil pump puts a low pressure on the
check valve, it opens and allows oil to flow from the
anticyclonic flow - In the Northern Hemisphere the
tank into the engine.
clockwise flow of air around an area of high pressure
and a counterclockwise flow in the Southern antimissile missile - A missile used to destroy another
Hemisphere. missile.
antidetonant fluid - A fluid such as a waterlalcohol antimony -A silvery, metallic element with a symbol of
mix that enables more power to be obtained from the Sb and an atomic number of 51. Often used as an
engine when injected into the fuel/air stream. The fluid alloying agent with lead for use in lead-acid batteries.
itself does not increase the engine power; it merely
antipropeller end - The end of an engine away from the
replaces formerly excess fuel, allowing for a cooler
propeller.
operating engine. The waterialcohol dissipates heat
more rapidly than fuel. anti-servo tab - An
adjustable tab attached to
antidotes - A viable alternative to hazardous attitudes in
the trailing edge of a
aeronautical decision-making. Each of the five
stabilator that moves in the same direction as the
hazardous attitudes has an associated antidote, which
primary control. It is used to make the stabilator less
should be memorized and employed to minimize their
sensitive.
effects.
antiskid system - A system of controls for aircraft
antidrag wire - A diagonal, load-carrying member of a
brakes that releases the hydraulic pressure to the brake
Pratt truss wing. It runs from the rear spar inboard to
in the event the wheel begins to lock up or skid.
the front spar outboard, and it opposes tensile loads
tending to pull forward on the wing.-
- -
antitear strips - Strips of aircraft fabric that are laid
over the ;ing rib under the reinforcing tape before the
antifreeze - A chemical added to a liquid for the
fabric is stitched.
purpose of lowering its freezing point.
antitorque pedals - In rotorcraft, the pedals used to
antifriction bearings - Ball or roller bearings that have
control the pitch of the tail rotor or air diffuser in a
a special low drag quality.
NOTARO system. The pilot controls the pitch of the
antiglare paint - A black or dark paint that dries to a anti-torque rotor or the diffuser to position the
dull or matte finish. It is applied to a surface to prevent helicopter about its vertical axis.
glare From impairing the aircraft crew's vision.
antitorque rotor - In rotorcraft, a rotor turning in a
anti-icing - The prevention of the formation of ice on a plane perpendicular to that of the main rotor and
surface. Ice may be prevented by using heat or by parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. It is
covering the surface with a chemical that prevents used to control the torque of the main rotor and to
water from reaching the surface. Anti-icing should not provide movement about the yaw axis of the helicopter.
be confused with deicing, which is the removal of ice
antiwindmilling brake - A friction brake fitted as an
after it has formed on the surface.
accessory to the main gearbox of some older engines.
anti-icing equipment - Aircraft equipment used to Seldom seen today. Note that the turboprops include a
prevent structural icing. brake in their propeller mechanisms, but it is not the
friction brake described here.
anti-icing fluid - A fluid comprised of alcohol and
glycerin, used to prevent the formation of ice on the anvil - A hard-faced block on which a material is
leading edge of propellers, in the throat of a carburetor, hammered or shaped.
or on the windshield.
anvil cloud - The top portion of a cumulonimbus (Cb)
anti-icing system - 1. Any system or method used to consisting primarily of cirrus cloud and a spread-out
provide heat or supply anti-icing fluid to critical area that, together, resemble an anvil.
external surfaces in order to preventice formation. 2. A
anxiety - Mental discomfort that arises from the fear of
system in a gas turbine engine in which some of the hot
anything, real or imagined. May have a potent effect on
compressor bleed air is routed through the engine air
actions and the ability to learn from perceptions.
inlet system to wann it and prevent ice from forming.
aperiodic damping - Damping that prevents an object
antiknock rating - The rating of fuel that refers to the
from over swinging, or moving past its at-rest position.
ability of the fuel to resist detonation.
Also referred to as dead-beat damping.
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 aperiodic-type compass approach/departure control service

aperiodic-type compass - A magnetic compass in approach control service - Air traffic control service
which the floating magnet assembly is fitted with provided by an approach control facility for arriving
damping vanes to increase the period of its oscillations. and departing VFRIIFR aircraft and, on occasion,
enroute aircraft. At some airports not served by an
aperture - A device used to control the bandwidth of an
approach control facility, the ARTCC provides limited
antenna.
approach control service.
API scale - A scale that has been developed by the
approach end of runway (AER) The first portion of
-

American Petroleum Institute to measure the specific

the runway available for landing. If the runway
gravity of a liquid.
threshold is dis~laced, the disvlaced threshold
apogee - The point at which an orbiting vehicle is the latitude/longitude is the AER.
greatest distance from the center of the object it is
approach fix - From a database coding standpoint, an
circling.
approach fix is considered to be an identifiable point in
apparent power - In an AC circuit, the product of RMS space from the intermediate fix (IF) inbound. A fix
(Root Mean Square) current and RMS voltage, located from the initial approach fix (IAF) to the
expressed in volt-amperes intermediate fix is considered to be associated with the
approach transition or feeder route.
apparent weight - The weight of the object plus or
minus any outside influence. The apparent weight of an approach gate - An imaginary point used within ATC
object immersed in water would be the weight of the as a basis for vectoring aircraft to the final approach
object minus any buoyancy. The apparent weight of an course. The gate will be established along the final
object in an elevator would be the weight of the object approach course 1 mile from the final approach fix on
plus or minus the effects of acceleration due to the the side away from the airport and will be no closer
elevator moving upward or downward. than 5 miles from the landing threshold.
appliance - Any instrument, equipment, mechanism, approach light system (ALS) - An airport lighting
part, apparatus, or accessory, including facility which provides visual guidance to landing
communications equipment, used or intended to be aircraft by radiating light beams in a directional pattern
used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight. An by which the pilot aligns the aircraft with the extended
appliance is installed or attached to the aircraft, but is centerline of the runway on his final approach for
not part of the engine, airframe, or propeller. landing. Condenser Discharge Sequential Flashing
LightdSequenced Flashing Lights may be installed in
applicability - Something that applies to andlor affects
conjunction with the ALS at some airports.
another.
approach lights - High intensity lights along the
application - A basic level of learning where the approach end of an instrument runway that aid the pilot
student puts something to use that has been learned and in the transition from instruments to visual flight at the
understood. end of an instrument approach.
step - The third step of the teaching approach sequence - The order in which aircraft are
process, where the student perfoms the procedure or positioned while on approach or awaiting approach
demonstrates the knowledge required in the lesson. In clearance.
the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction,
this step consists of the student doing the procedure approach speed -The recommended speed contained in
while explaining it. aircraft manuals used by pilots when making an
approach to landing. This speed will vary for different
approach - The flight of an airplane just preceding the segments of an approach as well as for aircraft weight
landing. and configuration.
approach clearance - Authorization by ATC for a pilot approach with vertical guidance (APV) - An
to conduct an instrument approach. The type of instrument approach based on a navigation system that
instrument approach for which a clearance and other is not required to meet the precision approach
pertinent information is provided in the approach standards of ICAO Annex 10 but provides course and
clearance when required. glidepath deviation information. Raro-VNAV, LDA
- A

approach control -A terminal air traffic control facility with glidepath, LNAVNNAV and LPV are APV
providing approach control service. approaches.
approach control facility - A terminal ATC facility approach/departure control service - An air traffic
that provides approach control service in a terminal control service provided by an approach control facility
area. for arriving and departing VFRflFR aircraft and, on
occasion, enroute aircraft.

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 .
appropriate ATS authority [ICAO] Archimedes' principle

appropriate ATS authority [ICAO] - The relevant approximate - Close to, but not exactly correct.
authority designated by the State responsible for Located close together.
providing air traffic services in the airspace concerned.
apron - A defined area on an airport or heliport
In the United States, the "appropriate ATS authority" is
intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of
the Program Director for Air Traffic Planning and
loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refueling,
Procedures, ATP- I.
parking, or maintenance. With regard to seaplanes, a
appropriate authority - 1. Regarding flight over the ramp is used for access to the apron from the water.
high seas: the relevant authority is the State of
Aqua-dag - A non-petroleum lubricant used for
Registry. 2. Regarding flight over other than the high
components in an oxygen system. Oil or other
seas: the relevant authority is the State having
petroleum products cannot be used with oxygen system
sovereignty over the territory being overflown.
components because of petroleum's propensity to
appropriate obstacle clearance minimum altitude - ignite when in contact with high concentrations of
Any of the following: Minimum IFR Altitudes MIA, oxygen.
Minimum Enroute IFR Altitude MEA, Minimum
Arabic numerals - The numbers I, 2, 3,4, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9,
Obstruction Clearance Altitude MOCA, Minimum
0, and any combination thereof.
Vectoring Altitude MVA.
appropriate terrain clearance minimum altitude -
aramid - A fiber that is Aromatic Polyamide. KevlarR
is the brand name which is manufactured by Dupont.
Any of the following: Minimum IFR Altitudes MIA,
There are other companies which also weave aramid
Minimum Enroute IFR Altitude MEA, Minimum
fabrics for aircraft use.
Obstruction Clearance Altitude MOCA, Minimum
Vectoring Altitude MVA. arbor for balancing a prop - A low-friction spindle or
axle used to support the center of a propeller during
approved - Unless used with reference to another
maintenance procedures to ensure the blades of a
person, means approved hy the Administrator.
propeller all weigh the same.
approved data - Data which may be used as an
arbor press - A press with either a mechanically or
authorization for the techniques or procedures for
hydraulically operated ram. Often used to press
making a repair or an alteration to a certificated
bearings into their race.
aircraft. Approved data may consist of such documents
as Advisory Circular 43.33-lB and -2A, Manufacturer's arc - 1. A portion of the circumference of a circle. 2. A
Service Bulletins, a manufacturer's kit, instructions, sustained luminous discharge of electricity across a
Airworthiness Directives, or specific details of a repair gap. 3. The track over the ground of an aircraft flying
issued by the engineering department of the at a constant distance from a navigational aid by
manufacturer. reference to distance measuring equipment (DME).
approved inspection system - A maintenance program arc cosine - lnverse cosine function, that is, the angle
consisting of the inspection and maintenance necessary for which the cosine is calculated. Also written as arc
to maintain an aircraft in airworthy condition in cos or cos-'
accordance with approved Federal Aviation
Administration practices. arc lamp -A source of light produced by an electric arc.
The arc is produced when electrons flow through
approved parachute -A parachute manufactured under ionized gases between two electrodes.
a type certificate or a technical standard order.
arc sine - Inverse sine function, that is, the angle for
approved pilot school - Pilot schools that: are approved which the sine is calculated. Also written as arc sin or
by the FAA, must conduct flight and ground training sin-'
under specific guidelines in FAR Part 14 1, and meet
rigid operational requirements. Graduates of these arc tangent -Inverse tangent function ,that is, the angle
schools are permitted certification with less total flight for which the tangent is calculated. Also written as arc
experience than that specified in Part 6 1. tan or tan-'
arc welding - Welding in which the heat required to
approved repair station - A facility approved by the
Federal Aviation Administration for certain types of melt the metal is produced by an electric arc.
-
repair to certificated aircraft. arch - A normally curved structure that spans an
approved type certificate - An approval issued by the opening. In architecture, it is self supporting with lower
Federal Aviation Administration for the design of an members supporting higher members.
airplane, engine, or propeller. This certifies that the Archimedes' principle - The principle of buoyancy,
product has met at least the minimum design standards. which states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed

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 .
arctic air area navigation [ICAOl

up with a force equal to the weight of the fluid it are determined by the signal-to-noise ratio, the
displaces. envelope-to-cycle difference, and the geometric
relationship between the positions of the user and the
arctic air - Air with its origins in an arctic region.
transmitting stations.
Normally much colder than the region it subsequently
f. GPS is a space-based radio positioning, navigation,
passes over.
and time-transfer system. The system provides highly
arctic airmass - An airmass with characteristics accurate position and velocity information, and precise
developed mostly in winter over Arctic surfaces of ice time, on a continuous global basis, to an unlimited
and snow. Surface temperatures are basically, but not number of properly equipped users. The system is
always, lower than those of polar air. unaffected by weather, and provides a worldwide
common grid reference system.
area -The number of square units in a surface.
area navigation (RNAV) approach configuration - a.
area control center [ICAO] - An air traffic control
Standard T - An RNAV approach whose design
facility primarily responsible for ATC services being
allows direct flight to any one of three initial approach
provided IFR aircraft during the enroute phase of fixes (IAF) and eliminates the need for procedure turns.
flight. The U.S. equivalent facility is an air route traffic The standard design is to align the procedure on the
control center (ARTCC).
extended centerline with the missed approach point
area navigation (RNAV) - A system that provides (MAP) at the runway threshold, the final approach fix
enhanced navigational capability to the pilot. RNAV (FAF), and the initial approach/ intermediate fix
equipment can compute the airplane position, actual (IAFIIF). The other two IAFs will be established
track and ground speed and then provide meaningful perpendicular to the IF. b. Modified T - An RNAV
information relative to a route of flight selected by the approach design for single or multiple runways where
pilot. Typical equipment will provide the pilot with terrain or operational constraints do not allow for the
distance, time, bearing and crosstrack error relative to standard T. The "T" may be modified by increasing or
the selected "TO" or "active" waypoint and the decreasing the angle from the comer IAF(s) to the IF or
selected route. Several distinctly different navigational by eliminating one or both comer IAF's. c. Standard I
systems with different navigational performance - An RNAV approach design for a single runway
characteristics are capable of providing area with both comer IAFs eliminated. Course reversal or
navigational functions. Present day RNAV includes radar vectoring may be required at busy terminals with
INS, LORAN, VORIDME, and GPS systems. Modem multiple runways. d. Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) -
multi-sensor systems can integrate one or more of the The TAA is controlled airspace established in
above systems to provide a more accurate and reliable conjunction with the Standard or Modified T and I
navigational system. Due to the different levels of RNAV approach configurations. In the standard TAA,
performance, area navigational capabilities can satisfy there are three areas: straight-in, left base, and right
different levels of required navigational performance base. The arc boundaries of the three areas of the TAA
(RNP). The major types of equipment are: are published portions of the approach and allow
a. VORTAC referenced or Course Line Computer aircraft to transition from the en route structure direct
(CLC) systems, which account for the greatest number to the nearest IAF. TAAs will also eliminate or reduce
of RNAV units in use. To function, the CLC must be feeder routes, depamre extensions, and procedure
within the service range of a VORTAC. turns or course reversal. 1) Straight-In Area - A
b. OMEGANLF, although two separate systems, can 30NM arc centered on the IF bounded by a straight line
be considered as one operationally. A long-range extending through the IF perpendicular to the
navigation system based upon Very Low Frequency intermediate course. 2) Left Base Area - A 30NM arc
radio signals transmitted from a total of 17 stations centered on the right comer IAF. The area shares a
worldwide. boundary with the straight-in area except that it extends
c. Inertial (INS) systems, which are totally self- out for 30NM from the [AF and is bounded on the
contained and require no information from external other side by a line extending from the IF through the
references. They provide aircraft position and FAF to the arc. 3) Right Base Area - A 30NM arc
navigation information in response to signals resulting centered on the left comer IAF. The area shares a
from inertial effects on components within the system. boundary with the straight-in area except that it extends
d. MLS Area Navigation (MLSRNAV), which out for 30NM from the IAF and is bounded on the
provides area navigation with reference to an MLS other side by a line extending from the IF through the
ground facility. FAF to the arc.
e. - LORAN-c is a long-range radio navigation system area ,lCAOl - A method of navigation
that uses ground waves transmitted at low frequency to which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight
provide user position information at ranges of up to path within the coverage of station-referenced
600 to 1,200 nautical miles at both enroute and
approach altitudes. The usable signal coverage areas
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area navigation high route arrival center

navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of arm - The horizontal distance in inches between the
self-contained aids, or a combination of these. reference datum line and the center of -gravity - of an
object. If the object is behind the datum, the arm is
area navigation high route - An area navigation route
positive, and if in front, the arm is negative.
within the airspace extending upward from, and
including, 18,000 feet MSL to flight-level 450. armature - The rotating or moving component of a
magnetic circuit. Motors, generators, and alternators
area navigation low route - An area navigation route
have armatures.
within the airspace extending upward from 1,200 feet
above the surface of the earth to, but not including, armature core - In an electrical apparatus (motor,
18,000 feet MSL. generator, servo, etc.), a laminated soft iron about
which the armature coils are wound.
area navigation1RNAV - A method of navigation that
permits aircraft operations on any desired course within armature gap - In a motor or generator, the space
the coverage of station referenced navigation signals or between the armature and the field poles.
within the limits of self contained system capability.
armature reaction - The distortion of the generator
area of decision - The most critical time for an engine field flux by the current flowing in the windings of the
failure to occur in a multi-engine airplane, which is just armature. Armature reaction causes the brushes to pick
after liftoff while the airplane is accelerating and up current from the armature at a point on the
climbing over immediate obstacles. The area of commutator where there is a potential difference. This
decision exists between the point where obstacle causes the brushes to spark.
clearance speed is reached and landing gear retracted,
armed - A condition in which a device is made ready
and the point where the single-engine best angle-of-
for actuation.
climb speed (Vxse) is reached. An engine failure in this
area requires an immediate decision to abort takeoff or Armed Forces - The Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine
to continue climbing. To make an intelligent decision Corps, and Coast Guard, including their regular and
in case of a failure within this area of decision, one reserve components and members serving without
must consider aircraft performance with the following component status.
conditions: runway length, obstruction height, field
Army Aviation Flight Information Bulletin - A
elevation, density altitude, air temperature, headwind,
takeoff weight, and pilot proficiency. bulletin that provides air operation data covering
Army, National Guard, and Army Reserve aviation
area weight - In composites, the weight of fiber activities.
reinforcement per unit area (width x length) of tape or
fabric. aromatic gasoline - Gasoline that has had its anti-
detonation characteristics improved by blending in
areas of operation - Phases of the practical test aromatic additives such as benzene, toluene, or xylene.
arranged in a logical sequence within the PTS. Each
area of operation has several task listings to be aromatics - Chemical compounds such as toluene,
evaluated during the flight. Areas of operation are xylene, and benzene. These aromatics may be blended
based on the corresponding flight proficiency with gasoline to improve its anti-detonation qualities.
requirements in the FARs. Aromatics are also known to soften rubber hoses,
diaphragms, and seals used in fuel metering system
argon - A gaseous element with a symbol of Ar and an components.
gtomic number of 18. It is an inert gas often used in
welding, to shield the molten metal from oxidation. arresting system - A safety device consisting of two
major components, namely, engaging or catching
ARINC - An acronym for Aeronautical Radio, Inc., a devices, and energy absorption devices for the purpose
corporation largely owned by a group of airlines. of arresting both tail hook and/or nontail hook-
ARWC is licensed by the FCC as an aeronautical equipped aircraft. It is used to prevent aircraft from
station and contracted by the FAA to provide overrunning runways when the aircraft cannot be
communications support for air traffic control and stopped after landing or during aborted takeoff.
meteorological services in portions of international Arresting systems have various names; e.g., arresting
airspace. gear, hook device, wire barrier cable.
arithmetic - A mathematical system dealing with real arrival aircraft interval - An internally generated
numbers. Consists of addition, subtraction, program in hundredths of minutes based upon the
multiplication, and division. AAR. AAI is the desired optimum interval between
successive arrival aircraft over the vertex.
arithmetic sum - The result of adding the absolute
values (without regard to sign) of real numbers. arrival center -The ARTCC having jurisdiction for the
impacted airport.

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 .
arrival delay assembly line

arrival delay - A parameter which specifies a period of with a visual reference when the natural horizon is not
time in which no aircraft will be metered for arrival at visible.
the specified airport.
artificial radio antenna - A device attached to the
arrival routes (ICAO) - Routes on an instrument output of a radio transmitter when adjusting the
approach procedure by which aircraft may proceed transmitter. The artificial antenna has the same
from the enroute phase of flight to the initial approach impedance as the antenna, but the radio signal put into
fix. the artificial antenna is not radiated.
arrival sector - An operational control sector asbestos - A fiber of magnesium silicate that has a high
containing one or more meter fixes. resistance to fire. It has good insulating qualities.
arrival sector advisory list - An ordered list of data on A-scan - A display on which the indications appear
arrivals displayed at the PVDiMDM of the sector similar to the capital letter "A" along a horizontal time
which controls the meter fix. line. Found in the displays of ultrasonic test equipment
and sometimes radar.
arrival sequencing program - The automated program
designed to assist in sequencing aircraft destined for ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
the same airport. Interchange) - A format of data used as a standard to
transmit information between computers. Consists of
arrival stream filter (ASF) - An onloff filter that
128 characters that are each made up of seven binary
allows the conflict notification function to be inhibited
bits. Pronounced "as-kee."
- or multiple airports to
for arrival streams into single
prevent nuisance alerts. ash - The solid residue remaining after a substance has
burned.
arrival time - The time an aircraft touches down on
arrival. ashless dispersant oil (AD) - A popular mineral oil
used as a lubricant for aircraft reciprocating engines.
arsenic -A chemical element with the symbol of As and
Ashless dispersant oil does not contain any metallic
an atomic number of 33. An extremely small amount of
ash-forming ingredients. It has additives in it that keep
arsenic is alloyed with silicon or germanium to make
the contaminants that form in the oil dispersed
N-type semiconductor material.
throughout the oil so they will not join together and
articulated connecting rod - A link rod that connects clog the oil filters.
the pistons in a radial engine to the master rod. There is
aspect ratio - 1. The ratio of the span of the wing to its
one less articulated rod than there are cylinders in each
chord. The aspect ratio of a tapered wing is found by
row of cylinders in a radial engine since one piston is
dividing the square of the wing span by its area. 2. In
attached to the master rod.
composites, the ratio of length to diameter of a
articulated rod assembly - See articulated connecting reinforcing fiber.
rod.
asphalt - A heavy, brownish-black mineral that is found
articulated rotor -In rotorcraft, a rotor system in which in crude oil. Asphalt is used as a base for some acid-
each of the blades is connected to the rotor hub in such resistant paints.
a way that it is free to change its pitch angle, and move
aspheric -In optics, an element such as a lens that is not
up and down and fore and aft in its plane of rotation.
perfectly
- spherical.
A

artificial aging - A process of increasing the strength of

aspirator - A device for producing suction or for
a heat-treated aluminum alloy by holding it at an
moving or collecting materials by suction.
elevated temverature after it has been solution heat
treated. Artificial aging is Also referred to as assembly - The fitting together of parts to form a
precipitation heat treatment. See also precipitation heat complete structure or unit.
treatment.
assembly break - A joint in the structure of an aircraft
artificial feel - A force feedback or cushioning effect that is formed when two sub-assemblies are removed
that is used in the automatic flight control systems of fiom their jigs and joined together to form a single unit.
some aircraft. Artificial feel produces an opposition to
assembly drawing - An aircraft drawing that shows a
the movement of the coritrols proportional to the
group of parts laid out in the relationship they will have
aerodynamic load that is acting on the control surfaces.
when they are assembled.
assembly line - An arrangement of work stations in an
artificial horizon - A flight instrument in which a bar or aircraft factory that allows certain functions to be
a display is held in a constant relationship with the performed on the aircraft being manufactured.
earth's horizon. An artificial horizon provides the pilot
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assigned radio frequency ATC clearance

assigned radio frequency - The frequency of a carrier asymmetrical - A condition in which the shape of a
signal produced by a radio transmitter. The frequency
. . body is NOT the same on both sides of its center line.
is assigned by the Federal Communications
Commission for a particular transmitter or particular asymmetrical airfoil - An airfoil that has a different
curve above the chord line than it has on the underside.
type
. . of transmission.

asymmetrical lift - A condition of unequal lift produced

associated conditions - The conditions found on
by the rotor disc of a helicopter in motion. The
performance charts in the pilot's operating handbook
advancing blade travels at its peripheral speed plus the
(POH). The information on the chart is based on the
forward speed while the airspeed of the retreating blade
given associated conditions and any other conditions
is the peripheral speed minus the forward speed.
do not provide the same performance.
asymmetrical thrust - In single-engine airplanes, left
astable - Not stable. An astable electronic device has
turning tendencies are caused by both asymmetrical
two conditions of temporary stability, but no condition
propeller loading (P-factor) and torque. Multi-engine
of permanent stability.
airplanes have an even greater tendency to turn during
astable multivibrator - A free-running multivibrator. climbs or other high angle-of-attack maneuvers due to
They contain two devices such as transistors to control the additional engine and propeller. The position of
the flow of electrons. When one transistor is these engines in relation to the airplane's centerl~ne
conducting, the other is not conducting. The two causes asymmetrical propeller loading to exert a more
transistors alternate between a condition of conducting forceful turning moment.
and not conducting.
asynchronous - In electronics, signals generated as
A-stage - In composites, the intermediate stage in the required by the equipment instead of by a timing
reaction of the two parts of the resin system after being device.
mixed. The resin system reacts to heat by softening.
ATA system - Airline Transport Association's
The resin in a prepreg material is usually in the B-stage
standardized format for maintenance manuals.
before the curing- -process.
ATC advises - Used to prefix a message of noncontrol
astern - A location or direction to the rear or rear part of
information when it is relayed to an aircraft by other
an aircraft.
than an air traffic controller.
ASTM specifications - Standards developed by the
ATC assigned airspace - Airspace of defined
American Society for Testing Materials. See also
verticalllateral limits, assigned by ATC, for the purpose
American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM).
of providing- air traffic segregation
- - between the
astrocompass - An optical device used to determine specified activities being conducted within the assigned
direction by reference to the stars (celestial navigation). airspace and other IFR air traffic.
astrodome - A hemispherical window, usually in the ATC clearance - An authorization by air traffic control,
ceiling of an aircraft whereby a navigator can use an for the purpose of preventing collision between known
astrocompass to determine heading or a sextant to aircraft, for an aircraft to proceed under specified
determine position. traffic conditions within controlled airspace. The pilot-
in-command of an aircraft may not deviate from the
astronaut - A person who travels beyond the earth's
provisions of a visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument
atmosphere.
flight rules (IFR) air traffic clearance except in an
astronautics - The field of science that deals with space emergency or unless an amended clearance has been
flight and includes the design, construction, and obtained. Additionally, the pilot may request a different
operation of space vehicles and their related support clearance from that which has been issued by air traffic
activities. control (ATC) if information available to the pilot
makes another course of action more practicable or if
astronomical twilight - The period of time before aircraft equipment limitations or company procedures
sunrise or after sunset when the sun is not more than forbid compliance with the clearance issued. Pilots
18" below the horizon. may also request clarification or amendment, as
astronomical unit - One astronomical unit is the appropriate, any time a clearance is not fully
average distance between the earth and the sun. understood, or considered unacceptable because of
Avvroximately
.. 93 million miles. safety of flight. Controllers should, in such instances
and to the extent of operational practicality and safety,
astrophysics - The field of science that deals with the honor the pilot's request. FAR Part 91.3(a) states: "The
physical characteristics of heavenly bodies. pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible
Characteristics include their mass, density, for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that
temperature, size, luminosity, and origin. aircraft." The pilot is responsible to request an

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 .
ATC clears attitude

amended clearance if ATC issues a clearance that displaced (for instance by flow over a hill) will tend to
would cause a pilot to deviate from a rule or regulation. - level.
return to its original
or in the pilot's opinion, would place the a k r a f t i n
atom -The smallest particle of an element, consisting of
jeopardy.
a positively charged nucleus orbited by one or more
ATC clears - Used to prefix an ATC clearance when it negatively charged electrons.
is relayed to an aircraft by other than an air traffic
atomic fission - The splitting of the nucleus of a heavy
controller.
atom such as uranium. This creates nuclei of two or
ATC instructions - Directives issued by air traffic more lighter atoms releasing a tremendous amount of
control for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take energy in the form of heat and light.
specific actions such as "Turn left heading two five
atomic fusion - The combining of two nuclei of light
zero," "Go-around," or "Clear the runway."
atoms to create a single nucleus of a heavy atom. This
ATC preferred route notification - URET CCLD releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of
(User Request Evaluation Tool Core Capability heat and light.
Limited Deployment) notification to the appropriate
atomic number - The number of protons in the nucleus
controller of the need to determine if an ATC preferred
of an atom. The atomic number of an element
route needs to be applied, based on destination airport.
determines the position of the element in the periodic
ATC preferred routes - Preferred routes that are not table of elements.
automatically applied by Host.
atomic weight - The average weight of a single atom in
ATC requests - Used to prefix an ATC request when it a chemical element.
is relayed to an aircraft by other than an air traffic
controller. atomize - To reduce a liquid to a fine spray.
atomizing nozzle - A device that converts a liquid to a
ATCSCC delay factor - The amount of delay
fine spray.
calculated to be assigned
- .prior to departure.
ATR racking system - A widely accepted size and
athodyd - Aero-thermodynamic duct. An open tube
mounting standard for airborne electronic equipment.
-
shaped to produce thrust when fuel is ignited inside.
Fuel is added to incoming air as the athodyd moves ATS route - A specified route designated for
through the air at a high speed. This burning causes air channeling the flow of traffic as necessary for the
expansion that speeds up the air and produces thrust. provision of air traffic services. NOTE: The term
"ATS Route" is used to mean variously, airway,
athwartships - At right angles to the longitudinal axis
advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival
of an aircraft.
or departure route, etc.
atmosphere - The envelope of gases that surrounds the
attention - An element that helps your students gain
Earth.
interest in the lesson.
atmospheric electricity - Any electrical phenomena in
attenuate - To diminish the intensity or strength of a
the Earth's atmosphere, usually occurring between
signal, for instance of a radar beam. In electronics, the
clouds or between clouds and ground.
volume control changes (attenuates) the sound level
atmospheric moisture - The presence of H 2 0 in any without changing any other characteristics of the
one or all of the states: water vapor, water, or ice. sound.
atmospheric noise - A noise (commonly referred to as attenuation - 1. A reduction in the strength of a signal,
"static") on the radio. It is caused by the discharge of the flow of current, flux, or other energy in an
atmospheric electricity between clouds or between electronic system. 2. In radar meteorology, any process
clouds and the ground. which reduces intensity of radar signals.
atmospheric pressure - The pressure that is exerted on attenuator - A device in electronics that changes the
the surface of the earth by the air that surrounds the level of a signal's intensity without changing any other
earth. Within standard conditions, at sea level, the characteristics of the signal.
atmospheric pressure is 14.69 PSI.
attitude - 1. The position of an aircraft as determined by
atmospheric sounding - A measure of atmospheric the relationship of its axes and a reference, usually the
variables aloft, usually pressure, temperature, humidity earth's horizon. 2. A personal motivational
and wind. predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or
events in a given manner that can, nevertheless, be
atmospheric stability - Describes a state in which an
changed or modified through training as a sort of
air parcel will resist vertical displacement, or once
mental shortcut to decision making.
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attitude gyro autoclave molding

attitude gyro - A gyro-actuated flight instrument that signals over a radio receiver. The A-N range is an
displays the attitude of the aircraft relative to the earth's example of an aural radio range. As a note, such a
horizon. range is now obsolete.
attitude indicator - aural warning system - A bell or horn type warning
instrument that gives a pilot sounding system that alerts the pilot during an
an artificial reference of the abnormal takeoff condition, landing condition,
airplane's attitude in pitch pressurization condition, mach-speed condition, an
and roll with respect to the engine or wheel well fire, calls from the crew call
earth's surface. system, and calls from the SELCAL system.
attitude management - The ability to recognize one's aurora -An eerie nighttime illumination that consists of
own hazardous attitudes and the willingness to modify streamers or arches of light appearing in the upper
them as necessary through the application of an atmosphere of a planet's magnetic polar regions.
appropriate antidote thought. Auroras are caused by the emission of light from atoms
excited by electrons as they accelerate along the
attraction - A force acting mutually between particles
planet's magnetic field lines. Two such auroras are the
of matter, tending to draw them together.
aurora borealis, which occurs in the Northern
audio frequency ( a 0 - Frequency in a range that can Hemisphere, and the aurora australis, which occurs in
normally be heard by the human ear, ranging from the Southern Hemisphere.
about 16 Hz to 16,000 Hz.
austenite - A supersaturated solution of carbon that
audio sweeps - Tones in the audio band that increase exists in iron at high temperatures.
and decrease in frequency (sweep). A siren is an audio
authorized - Approved by the Federal Aviation
sweep as is the signal transmitted by an Emergency
Administration to act or perform certain functions.
Locator Transmitter (ELT).
. .
authorized instructor - According to FAR Part 61.3, a
audio-frequency amplifier - An electronic amplifier
person who holds a valid ground instructor certificate
that is capable of amplifying alternating current with a
issued under Part 61 or Part 143 when conducting
frequency in the range of human hearing.
ground training in accordance with the privileges and
audio-frequency oscillator An electronic device used
- limitations of his or her ground instructor certificate; or
to create an alternating current in the audio range, a person who holds a current flight instructor certificate
generally from 16-16,000 Hz. issued under Part 1 when conducting ground training or
flight training in accordance with the privileges and
audio-frequency vibrations - Vibrations in a range limitations of his or her flight instructor certificate; or a
heard by the human ear, generally from 16- 16,000 Hz. person authori~ed by the Administrator to provide
audiovisual system - A communication system utilizing ground training or flight training under SFAR No. 58,
both sound and pictures. Film and television are or Part 61, 121,135, or 142 when conducting ground
examples of audiovisual systems. training or flight training in accordance with that
authority.
auditory learners - Students who acquire knowledge
best by listening. auto lean - A lean fuel-air mixture whose ratio is kept
constant by an automatic mixture control in the
augmentation - Any designed method of increasing the carburetor.
basic thrust of an engine for a short period such as for
takeoff or combat; usually accomplished by coolant auto rich - A rich fuel-air mixture whose ratio is kept
injection or afterburning. constant by an automatic mixture control in the
carburetor.
augmenter - A device used to draw cooling air through
an engine cowling by the use of a low pressure created autoclave - A pressure vessel in which the air inside can
by the rapid moving exhaust gases as they leave the be heated to a high temperature and the pressure raised
exhaust pipes.
- to a high value in order to decrease the amount of time
needed to cure plastic resins. Improves the quality of
augmenter tube - A specially shaped tube mounted the curing process.
around the exhaust tail pipe of an aircraft reciprocating
engine. When exhaust' gases flow through thi autoclave molding - In composites, a manufacturing
augmenter tube, they produce a low pressure in the method that uses an autoclave. The composite
engine compartment that draws cooling air into the assembly is placed into an autoclave at 50 to 100 psi to
compartment. consolidate the laminate by removing entrapped air and
excess resin.
aural radio range - A navigational system in which the
pilot positions the airplane in accordance with audio
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 autofeather. automated surface observation svstem IASOS)

autofeather - A portion of a propeller control system intralinter-facility transfer and coordination of flight
that causes the propeller to feather automatically if the infonnation. These capabilities are enabled by specially
engine on which it is mounted is shut down during designed computers and subsystems tailored to the
flight. radar and communications equipment and operational
requirements of each automated facility. Modular
autogyro - Gyroplane. Autogiro. A heavier-than-air
design permits adoption of improvements in computer
rotorcraft whose rotor is spun by aerodynamic forces
software and electronic technologies as they become
that act on the blades. No engine power is used to drive
available while retaining the characteristics unique to
the rotor in flight.
each system.
autoland approach - An autoland approach is a a. ARTS I1 - A programmable nontracking,
precision instrument approach to touchdown and, in computer aided display subsystem capable of modular
some cases, through the landing rollout. An autoland expansion. ARTS I1 systems provide a level of
approach is performed by the aircraft autopilot which is automated air traffic control capability at terminals
receiving position infonnation and/or steering having low to medium activity. Flight identification
commands from onboard navigation equipment. and altitude may be associated with the display of
Note: Autoland and coupled approaches are flown in VFR secondary radar targets. The system has the capability
and IFR. It is common for carriers to require their of communicating with ARTCCs and other ARTS 11,
crews to fly coupled approaches and autoland IIA, 111, and IIIA facilities.
approaches (if certified) when the weather conditions b. ARTS IIA - A programmable radar-tracking
are less than approximately 4,000 RVR. computer subsystem capable of modular expansion.
The ARTS IIA detects, tracks, and predicts secondary
automated information transfer - A precoordinated
radar targets. The targets are displayed by means of
process, specifically defined in facility directives,
computer-generated symbols, ground speed, and flight
during which a transfer of altitude control and/or radar
plan data. Although it does not track primary radar
identification is accomplished without verbal targets, they are displayed coincident with the
coordination between controllers using information
secondary radar as well as the symbols and
communicated in a full data block.
alphanumerics. The system has the capability of
automated mutual-assistance vessel rescue system - cdmmunicating with ARTCCS and other ARTS 11: IIA,
A facility which can deliver, in a matter of minutes, a 111, and IIIA facilities.
surface picture (SURPIC) of vessels in the area of a c. ARTS 111 - The Beacon Tracking Level (BTL) of
potential or actual search and rescue incident, including the modular programmable automated radar terminal
their predicted positions and their characteristics. system in use at medium to high activity terminals.
ARTS I11 detects, tracks and predicts secondary radar-
automated problem detection (APD) - An Automation derived aircraft targets. These are displayed by means
Processing capability that compares trajectories in of computer-generated symbols and alphanumeric
order to predict conflicts. characters depicting flight identification, aircraft
automated problem detection boundary (APB) - The altitude, ground speed and flight plan data. Although it
adapted distance beyond a facilities boundary defining does not track primary targets, they are displayed
the airspace within which URET CCLD (User Request coincident with the secondary radar as well as the
Evaluation Tool Core Capability Limited Deployment) symbols and alphanumerics. The system has the
performs conflict detection. capability of communicating with ARTCC's and other
ARTS 111 facilities.
automated problem detection inhibited area (APDIA) d. ARTS IIIA - The Radar Tracking and Beacon
- Airspace surrounding a terminal area within which Tracking Level (RT&BTL) of the modular,
APD is inhibited for all flights within that airspace. programmable automated radar terminal system. ARTS
automated radar terminal systems - The generic term IIIA detects, tracks and predicts primary as well as
for the ultimate in functional capability afforded by secondary radar-derived aircraft targets. This more
several automation systems. Each differs in functional sophisticated computer-driven system upgrades the
capabilities and equipment. ARTS plus a suffix Roman existing ARTS I11 system by providing improved
numeral denotes a specific system. A following letter tracking, continuous data recording and fail-soft
indicates a major modification to that system. In capabilities.
general, an ARTS displays for the terminal controller automated surface observation system (ASOS) - A
aircraft identification, flight plan data, other flight surface weather observing system implemented by the
associated information; e.g., altitude, speed, and National Weather Service, the Federal Aviation
aircraft position symbols in conjunction with his radar Administration and the Department of Defense. It is
presentation. Normal radar co-exists with the designed to support aviation operations and weather
alphanumeric display. In addition to enhancing forecast activities. The ASOS provides continuous
visualization of the air traffic situation, ARTS facilitate minute-by-minute observations and performs the basic
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 -
automated terminal tracking system (ATTS) Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)

observing functions necessary to generate an aviation automatic altitude reporting - That function of a
routine weather report (METAR) and other aviation transponder which responds to Mode C interrogations
weather information. ASOS information may be by transmitting the aircraft's altitude in 100-foot
transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequency or the increments.
voice portion of a local NAVAID.
automatic carrier landing system - U.S. Navy final
automated terminal tracking system (ATTS) - ATTS approach equipment consisting of precision tracking
is used to identify the numerous tracking systems radar coupled to a computer data link to provide
including ARTS IIA, ARTS IIE, ARTS IIIA, ARTS continuous information to the aircraft, monitoring
IIIE, STARS, and M-EARTS. capability to the pilot, and a backup approach system.
automated unicorn - Provides completely automated automatic direction finder (ADF) - An aircraft radio
weather, radio check capability and airport advisory navigation system which senses and indicates the
information on an Automated UNICOM system. These direction to a L/MF nondirectional radio beacon (NDB)
systems offer a variety of features, typically selectable ground transmitter. Direction is indicated to the pilot as
by microphone clicks, on the UNICOM frequency. a magnetic bearing or as a relative bearing-to the
Availability will be published in the AirportRacility longitudinal axis of the aircraft depending on the type
Directory and approach charts. of indicator installed in the aircraft. In certain
applications, such as military, ADF operations may be
automated weather observing system (AWOS) - An
based on airborne and ground transmitters in the
automated weather reporting system which transmits
VHFLJHF frequency spectrum.
local real-time weather data directly to the pilot.
a. AWOS-A only reports altimeter setting. automatic flight control system (AFCS) - A complete
b. AWOS-I Usually reports altimeter setting, wind instrument system including an automatic pilot that is
data, temperature, dewpoint and density altitude. coupled with radio navigation and approach equipment.
c. AWOS-2 Reports same as AWOS-1 plus visibility. An aircraft with an AFCS can be flown in a completely
d. AWOS-3 Reports the same as AWOS-2 plus automatic mode.
cloud/ceiling data.
automatic frequency control (AFC) - A circuit in a
automated weather sensor system (AWSS) - The radio receiver that keeps the receiver tuned to a desired
AWSS is part of the Aviation Surface Weather frequency within specific limits.
Observation Network suite of programs and provides
automatic gain control (AGC) - An electronic circuit
pilots and other users with weather information through
within a radio receiver that keeps the output volume
the Automated Surface Observing System. The AWSS
relatively constant.
sensor suite automatically collects, measures,
processes, and broadcasts surface weather data. automatic mixture control (AMC) -A device in a fuel
metering system (carburetor or a fuel injection system)
automated weather system - Any of the automated
that keeps the fuel-air mixture ratio constant as the
weather sensor platforms that collect weather data at
density of the air changes with altitude.
airports and disseminate the weather information via
radio andor landline. The systems currently consist of automatic pilot - An automatic flight control system
the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), that keeps an aircraft in level flight or on a set course.
Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS) and Automatic pilots can be given course guidance by the
Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS). human pilot, or they may be coupled to a radio
navigation signal.
automatic - An operation that occurs by itself. An
automatic operation has all the necessary signals built Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) -
into it so that it will perform its function without any The continuous broadcast of recorded noncontrol
external decision or manipulation. information in selected terminal areas. Its purpose is to
improve controller effectiveness and to relieve
automatic adjusters - A portion of the return spring
frequency congestion by automating the repetitive
system of disk brakes that maintain a constant
transmission of essential but routine information, e.g.,
clearance between the disk and the brake linings as the
"Los Angeles information Alfa. One three zero zero
lining wears. The automatic adjusters allow the brake
Coordinated Universal Time. Weather, measured
piston to move back a specific amount each time the
ceiling two thousand overcast, visibility three, haze,
brake is released.
smoke, temperature seven one, dew point five seven,
automatic altitude report - An aircraft's altitude, wind two five zero at five, altimeter two niner niner
transmitted via the Mode C transponder feature, that is six. I-L-S Runway Two Five Left approach in use,
visually displayed in 100-foot increments on a radar Runway Two Five Right closed, advise you have
scope having readout capability. Alfa."

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automatic volume control IAVC) aviation

automatic volume control (AVC) - A circuit that takeoff, or in the case of engine-driven fuel pump
regulates a volume relative to the strength of the input failure. Auxiliary fuel pumps are also used to
signal.
- pressurize the fuel in the line to the engine-driven
- fuel
pump in order to prevent vapor lock at altitude when
automatic-reset circuit breaker - An electrical circuit
the fuel is warm.
protection device that opens a circuit during a current
overload and then au~omatically resets itself and auxiliary hydraulic pump - A hydraulic pump that is
restores the circuit when the overload is no longer used as an alternate source of hydraulic pressure for
present. Automatic reset circuit breakers are installed emergencies, or to produce hydraulic pressure when
in some electric motors, but they are not approved for the aircraft engines are not in operation.
use in aircraft.
auxiliary ignition units - An auxiliary ignition system
automaton - A machine that operates in a preset and that facilitates engine
- starting.- The auxiliary device is
relatively unsupervised manner. A robot is an example incorporated in the ignition system to provide a high
of an automaton. ignition voltage. Reciprocating engine starting systems
n~rmally include one of the following types of
autopilot - Those units and components that furnish a
auxiliary starting systems: booster coil, induction
means of automatically controlling the aircraft.
vibrator, impulse coupling, or other specialized retard-
Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) - An breaker and vibrator-starting systems.
integrated system of autopilot, flight instrumentation,
auxiliary power unit (APU) - A gas turbine, usually
and feedback to flight controls. Individual components
located in the aircraft fuselage, whose purpose is to
of the system are controlled from the autopilot system.
provide either electrical power, air pressure for starting
autorotation - A rotorcraft flight condition in which the main engines, or both. Similar in design to ground
lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when
~ ~
power units.
the rotorcraft is in motion.
auxiliary pump -Any pump used as an alternate source
a. Autorotative LandingITouchdown Autorotation -
or in an emergency situation. An auxiliary pump
Used by a pilot to indicate that the landing will be
provides assistance or support to the main pump.
made without applying power to the rotor.
b. Low Level Autorotation - Commences at an auxiliary rotor -A rotor that serves either to counteract
altitude well below the traffic pattern, usually below the effect of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to
100 feel AGL and is used primarily Tor tactical military maneuver the rotorcraft about one or more of its three
training. urinciual axes.
c. 186 degrees Autorotation - Initiated from a
auxiliary view - A view used in an aircraft drawing that
downwind heading and is commenced well inside the
is made at some angle to one of the three views of an
normal traffic pattern. "Go-around" may not be
orthographic drawing. It is used to show details that
possible during the latter part of this maneuver.
would not otherwise be visible.
autorotation region - The portion of the rotor disk of a
helicopter that produces an autorotative force. available landing distance (ALD) - The amount of
runway remaining when operating at a controlled
autorotative force - An aerodynamic force that causes airport where land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
an autogyro or helicopter rotor to turn when no power are in effect. Pilots may accept such a clearance
is supplied to it. provided that the pilot-in-command determines that the
aircraft can safely land and stop within the ALD.
Autosyn - A remote-indicating instrument or system
based upon the synchronous-motor principle, in which avalanche diode - Zener diode. Semiconductor diode in
the angular position of the rotor of one motor at the which reverse breakdown voltage current causes the
measuring source is duplicated by the rotor of the diode to develop a constant voltage. Used for voltage
indicator motor. Used in fuel-quantity or fuel-flow regulation.
measuring systems, position-indicating systems, etc.
avalanche voltage - The reverse voltage required lo
autotransformer -A single winding transformer having cause a Zener diode to break down.
a carbon brush that can tap off any number of turns for
average value - Sine wave alternating current. 0.637
the secondary. It produces variable voltage AC output.
times the peak value of alternating current or voltage,
auxiliary - A supplement, or an addition, to a main unit. measured from the zero reference line.
auxiliary flight surfaces -Lift-modifying devices on an aviation - The branch of science, business, or
airfoil, such as flaps, slots, or slats. technology that deals with any part of the operation of
machines that fly through the air.
auxiliary fuel pump - An electrically operated fuel
pump used to supply fuel to the engine for starting,
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aviation maintenance technician (AMT) axial-lead resistor

aviation maintenance technician (AMT) -An aviation avoirdupois weight - The system of weight for
maintenance technician is a person certificated by the measuring the weight of most substances. In
FAA to work on aircraft structures and engines. Also avoirdupois weight, one pound is equal to 453.6 grams.
referred to as an A&P (airframe and powerplant)
awl - A sharp-pointed tool that is used to make holes in
mechanic.
soft materials such as leather, plastic, or wood.
aviation medical examiner (AME) - A person to
axes of an aircraft - Three mutually perpendicular
whom the FAA delegates authority to examine
imaginary lines about which an aircraft is free to rotate.
applicants for, and holders of, airman medical
The longitudinal axis passes through the aircraft's
certificates to determine whether or not they meet the
center of gravity from front to rear. The lateral axis
medical standards for its issuance. AMEs also issue or
passes through the aircraft's center of gravity from
deny airman medical certificates based upon whether
wingtip to wingtip, and the vertical axis passes through
or not they meet the applicable medical standards. The
the aircraft's center of gravity from top to bottom.
medical standards are found in Title 14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations Part 67. axial - Motion along a real or imaginary straight line on
which an object supposedly or actually rotates. Turbine
aviation medicine - A special field of medicine that
engine centerline.
establishes standards of physical
A- fitness for pilots.
axial flow - The straight-through flow of a fluid. In an
aviation physiology - The study of the biological
axial-flow compressor, the air flows through the
processes and functions of life and living matter, and
compressor parallel to the engine and the stages of
the physical and chemical aspects involved in those
processes as it relates to aviation. compression do not essentially change the direction of
the flow.
aviation safety counselors - Volunteers within the
axial flow compressor - In gas turbine engines, a
aviation community who share their technical expertise
compressor with the airflow parallel to the axis of the
and professional knowledge as a part of the FAA
engine. The numerous compressor stages raise pressure
Aviation Safety Program.
of air but essentially make no change in direction of
aviation safety reporting system (ASRS) - The ASRS airflow.
investigates the causes"nderlying a reported event, and
axial flow turbine engine - A turbine engine in which
incorporates each report into a database, which
the air is compressed by a series of rotating airfoils.
provides information for research regarding aviation
The airflow through the engine is essentially in a
safety and human factors. Each report is held in strict
straight line.
confidence and the FAA cannot use ASRS information
in enforcement actions against those who submit axial load - A load on a bearing that acts parallel to the
reports. shaft supported in the bearings. The thrust load
produced by a propeller is an axial load. Axial loads
aviation shears - Compound-action hand shears used
are usually carried by ball bearings or by tapered roller
for cutting sheet metal. They normally come in sets of
bearings and are carried into the engine crankcase
three: one that cuts to the left, one that cuts to the right,
and one that cuts straight. Also referred to as aviation through the thrust bearing.
snips. axial loading - An aerodynamic force that tries to move
aviation turbulence -Bumpiness in flight. the compressor forward. Axial loading is supported in a
gas turbine engine by ball bearings.
aviation weather - Specific characteristics of weather
axial velocity - The speed of a gas traveling in a circular
that pertain to flight or to the operation of aircraft.
path. Usually applied to the speed combustion gases as
Aviation Weather Service - A service provided by the they rotate through the combustor section of a-turbine
National Weather Service (NWS) and FAA which engine.
-
collects and disseminates weather information
axial winding - In composites, a manufacturing method
for pilots, aircraft operators, and ATC. Available
using filament-winding equipment. In axial winding
aviation weather reports and forecasts are displayed at
each NWS office and FAA FSS. the filaments are parallel to the axis.
axial-centrifugal compressor - A combination axial
avionics - AVIation electrONICS. Airborne electronic
and centrifugal compressor usually fitted together with
equipment.
Avogadro's principle - A principle of physics, that
- -
the axial portion as the front stages and the centrifugal
portion as the rear stage. This is a popular design for
states that under equal pressure and temperature, equal smaller turbine engines.
volumes of all gases will contain equal numbers of
axial-lead resistor - A disparate electronic component
molecules.
that provides a given amount of resistance to a circuit.
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 .
axis azimuth

The wire leads of an axial-lead resistor extend from the

ends in a direction that is parallel to the axis of the
resistor.
axis -A straight line about which a body can rotate.
axis of symmetry - An imaginary center line about
which a body or object is symmetrical in either weight
or area.
axis-of-rotation- In rotorcraft, the imaginary line about
which the rotor rotates. It is represented by a line
drawn through the center of, and perpendicular to, the
tip-path plane.
axle - The shaft on which one or more wheels are
mounted and about which the wheels are free to rotate.
axonometric projection - A projection used in
mechanical drawing that shows a solid rectangular
object inclined in a way that three of its faces are
visible. An isometric projection is a form of
axonometric projection.
azimuth - The angular measurement in a horizontal
plane and in a clockwise direction.

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B bag molding

backlash - The clearance measured between the

B meshing teeth of two gears. Usually units such as
selector valves, pumps, etc. are required to have a
babbitt metal - An alloy of tin, lead, copper, and predetermined amount of backlash. However, too much
antimony used for lining engine bearings. It is used movement due to backlash can be undesirable.
because of its exceptional low-friction qualities.
backlash check - Measuring of the amount of
back - The curved portion of a propeller blade that movement of one gear when the gear meshed with it is
corresponds to the curved upper surface of an airfoil. held rigid. It is an indication of the amount of space
back current - The current that flows in a between meshed gears.
semiconductor (such as a transistor or diode) when the backsaw - A line-loothed wood cutting saw that has a
device is reverse biased. stiff lip along its upper edge. Backsaws are used to
back plate - A floating plate on which the wheel make cuts across a board.
cylinder and brake shoes attach on an energizing-type backscatter - The signal, reflected back to the
brake. transmitterlreceiver, when a radar beam hits an object.
back pressure - 1. In a reciprocating engine, the Also referred to as an echo.
pressure caused by the exhaust system that OPPoses the back-taxi - A term used by air traffic controllers to taxi
evacuation of the burned gases from the cylinders. 2. an aircraft on the runway opposite to the traffic flow.
Pressure in an aft direction when applied to the control The aircraft may be instructed to back-taxi to the
wheel or stick of an airplane. beginning of the runway or at some point before
back voltage - Counter-electromotive force generated in reaching the runway end for the purpose of departure
a conductor by the action of changing lines of flux or to exit the runway.
cutting across the conductor. As the magnetic field backup ring - anli-extrusion ring used on the side of
produced by the changing current builds up and decays, an O-ring packing away from the pressure. This stiff
it cuts across the conductor and induces a voltage in it. ring, usually made of some material such as Teflon@,
The polarity of this induced voltage is opposite to that prevents the resilient O-ring from being extruded by
of the voltage that caused the original current to flow. hydraulic pressure into the space between the cylinder
backfire - 1. In welding, a momentary backward flow wall and the piston.
of the gases at the torch tip that causes the momentary bacteria - Microscopic plant life that lives in the water
burning back of a flame into the tip, followed by a snap entrapped in he1 tanks. The growth of bacteria in jet
or pop, then either a relight or the flame extinguishing. aircraft fuel tanks causes a film, which holds water
A backfire may be caused by touching the tip against against the aluminum alloy surface. This can result in
the work, by overheating the tip, or by operating the corrosion.
torch at other than recommended pressures. 2. A
burning or explosion within a reciprocating engine bactericide - An agent that is used to destroy bacteria.
when the fuel-air mixture in the induction system is baffle - A series of inside an aircraft fuel
ignited by gases that are still burning inside the tank. These baffles have holes in them that allow the
cylinder when the intake valve opens. fuel to feed to the tank outlet, but they keep the fuel
backfiring - See backfire. from surging enough to uncover the fuel outlet. 2. A
partition separating the upper portion of the tank that
background noise - An unwanted signal found in an prevents oil pump cavitation as the oil tends to rush to
electronic device. the top of the tank during periods of deceleration. The
backhand welding - The technique of pointing the baffle is fitted with a weighted swivel outlet control
torch flame toward the finished weld and moving away valve, which is free to swing below the baffle. The
in the direction of the unwelded area, welding the valve is normally open, but closes when the oil in the
edges of the joint as it is moved. The welding rod is bottom of the tank rushes to the top of the tank during
added to the puddle between the flame and the finished deceleration. 3. Sheet metal shields used to direct the
weld. flow of air between and around the cylinders of an air-
cooled reciprocating engine. Also referred to as
backing - In meteorology, change of wind direction in a cylinder deflectors. 4. A structure used to impede,
counterclockwise sense in the northern hemisphere (for regulate, or alter the flow direction of a gas, fluid, or
example, northwest to west) with respect to either sound.
space or time; opposite of veering.
bag molding - A method of applying pressure to a piece
backing plate - A reinforcing plate used when making a of laminated plastic material so that all of the layers are
sheet metal repair. It is often a doubler. held in tight contact with each other. The reinforcing
material is injected with plastic resin, which is laid up
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bag side ball joint

over a rigid mold in as many layers as are needed. A andlor reducing the heavy portions, it is said to be in
sheet of flexible, air-tight plastic material is placed standing or static balance.
over the mold and the edges are sealed to form a bag
balanced actuator - A hydraulic or pneumatic actuator
over the part. The entire assembly is then placed in an
having the same area on each side of the actuator
autoclave for curing. In the absence of an autoclave, a
piston. Fluid power into the actuator produces the same
vacuum pump can be attached to the bag, and the air
amount of force in either direction of piston movement.
pumped out. The atmospheric pressure pressing on the
outside of the bag supplies the needed force. balanced amplifier - An electronic amplifier that has
two output circuits that are equal, but opposite in
bag side - In composites, the side of a part that is cured
phase. Also referred to as a push-pull amplifier.
against the vacuum bag.
balanced control surface - A primary control surface
bagging -In composites, applying an impermeable layer
with an overhang ahead of the hinge line that provides
of film over an uncured part and sealing the edges so
an aerodynamic assist to reduce control pressures.
that a vacuum can be drawn.
bailout bottle - Small oxygen cylinder connected to the balanced design - In filament-winding of composites, a
winding pattern so designed that the stresses in all
oxygen mask supplying several minutes of oxygen. It
filaments are equal.
can be used in case of primary oxygen system failure
or if an emergency bailout at high altitude became balanced laminate - In composites, each layer except
necessary. the 0/90° is placed in plus and minus pairs around the
Bakelite - A phenol resin, often used as electrical centerline. These plies do not have to be adjacent to
insulation, made by the Bakelite Corporation. each other.

baking soda - The common term for bicarbonate of balanced transmission line - A radio frequency
soda O\TaHCO3). transmission line matched in impedance between each
conductor and ground, and between conductors and the
balance -A state of equilibrium. electronic equipment to which the conductors are
balance bridge - A method of measuring resistance. It connected. Neither conductor is grounded.
consists of three known resistances and an unknown balancing - The act of performing a balance procedure
resistance. When the known resistances are adjusted so using prescribed methods.
the bridge is balanced, the output is zero. The unknown
resistance can then be calculated using the relationship ball bearing - An anti-friction bearing consisting of
RI:R2=R3:R4. See also Wheatstone bridge. grooved inner and outer races and one or more sets of
steel balls held in a sheet metal retainer. Ball bearings
balance chamber - An internal air chamber in a turbine can be designed to support thrust loads as well as radial
engine used to absorb some of the compressor axial loads.
loading "thrust."
ball bearing assembly - Consists of grooved inner and
balance checks - A check or series of inspections outer races, one or more sets of balls, and, in bearings
performed on rotating components after overhaul to designed for disassembly, a bearing retainer. They are
statically and dynamically check for correct balancing. used for supercharger impeller shaft bearings and
balance point - 1. A point within an object at which the rocker arm bearings in some engines. Special deep-
sum of all its components have zero rotation. 2. The groove ball bearings are used in aircraft engines to
point about which an object will balance. transmit propeller thrust to the engine nose section.
ball check valve - A check
balance pressure torch - A welding torch where the
valve in a fluid power
oxygen and acetylene are both fed to the torch at the
same pressure. The openings to the mixing chamber for system that uses a spring-
loaded steel ball and a seat
each gas are equal in size, and the delivery of each gas
is independently controlled. to allow flow in one
direction only. The ball is forced tightly against its seat
balance tab - An auxiliary control mounted on a by fluid flowing into the valve from the end that
primary control surface, which automatically moves in contains the spring, thereby stopping the fluid flow
the direction opposite the primary control to provide an through the valve. Fluid flowing into the valve from
aerodynamic assist in the movement of the control. the ball end forces the ball off its seat, allowing flow
Sometimes referred to as a servo tab. through the valve.
balance, static - 1. A condition of balance which does ball joint - A flexible expansion joint used in an aircraft
not involve any dynamic forces. 2. When a body will engine exhaust system to allow relative movement of
stand in any position as the result of counterbalancing the parts as a result of their expansion and contraction.

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ball peen hammer. barometer

ball peen hammer - A hammer with one side of its band-reject filter - An electronic filter that rejects a
head shaped like a ball. specific band of frequencies while passing those above
and below the band.
ballast - 1. Permanently installed weight in an aircraft
used to bring the center of gravity into the allowable bandwidth - The difference between the maximum and
range. 2. An electrical circuit component designed to minimum frequencies in a band.
stabilize current flow. 3. In gliding, used to describe
bank - To incline or tilt an airplane about its
any system that adds weight to the glider. Performance
longitudinal axis.
ballast employed in some gliders increases wing
loading using releasable water in the wings (via bank indicator - A flight instrument consisting of a
integral tanks or water bags). This allows faster curved glass tube filled with a liquid similar to
average cross-country speeds. Trim ballast is used to kerosene and enclosing a round ball. When the aircraft
adjust the flying CG, often necessary for light-weight is horizontal, the ball is located in the lowest part of the
pilots. Some gliders also have a small water ballast tube; as the aircraft banks, gravity holds the ball at the
tank in the tail for optimizing flying CG. lowest point as the tube rotates from side to side. The
tube can be calibrated to show the angle of banking. It
ballast lamp - A resistance-type lamp connected into a
can also indicate the relationship between the force of
circuit in a series in order to maintain a constant
gravity and centrifugal force in a turn. If the bank angle
current. As current increases, the filament gets hotter
is correct for the rate of turn, the ball will stay in the
and creates a higher resistance, lowering the current
center of the tube. However, if the angle of bank is too
until a balance (and constant current) is achieved.
steep for the rate of turn, the hall will roll to the inside
ballistic missile - A self-propelled long-range missile, of the turn. If the angle of bank is not steep enough for
which is guided by preset mechanisms as it goes the rate of turn, the ball will roll to the outside of the
upward, but is free falling as it comes down. turn. A bank indicator is built into the face of a turn
and slip indicator.
balloon - A lighter-than-air, non-steerable aircraft that is
not engine-driven. Its rising capability comes from bar - A metric unit of pressure equal to 1,000,000 dynes
gases or hot air that fill the gas envelope. per square centimeter. Pressure is often measured in
meteorological services in millibars, which is 1/1,000 of a
balsa wood - The light, strong wood of the balsa, a
bar. The standard absolute pressure of the atmosphere
tropical tree. It is sliced across its grain and
at sea level is 1013.2 millibars.
sandwiched between two face sheets of thin metal or
fiberglass to make rigid, lightweight panels. bar folder - A forming machine used for making bends
or folds along edges of metal sheets. It is best suited for
balun -A transformer used to match a balanced antenna
folding small hems, flanges, seams, and edges. Most
to an unbalanced transmission line.
bar folders have a capacity for metal up to 22 gauge
bamboo - A species of tree consisting of light weight, thickness.
strong, tubular sections. Used in some early aircraft
bar graph - A graph used to show relationships
construction.
between different values. Each value in a bar graph is
banana plug - A mechanism used to make a temporary represented by a bar of an appropriate length.
connection to an electrical circuit. The contacts of a
bare conductor - An electrical conductor that is not
banana plug are springs that have the general shape of
protected with any type of insulating material.
a banana. These springs press out against the walls of
the banana jack in order to make a low-resistance barnstormers - Early aviation pioneers who traveled
contact. from town to town piloting their planes in sight-seeing
flights with passengers or in exhibition stunts. Some
band -A range of electro-magnetic frequencies.
were clowns and characters, but others were more
band saw - A controllable-speed power saw used to cut serious and showed the promises for the future of
wood, plastics, or metal. The band saw blade is in the aircraft transportation. Barnstorming included
form of a narrow strip of steel with teeth along one acrobatics and stunts such as picking up handkerchiefs
edge. The ends of the blade are welded together to off the ground with hooks attached to the wing tips etc.
form a continuous loop, and the loop passes bver two
barograph - An instrument used to measure absolute
large wheels, one above the saw table and the other
pressure. Barographs are often sealed and carried in an
below the table.
aircraft in order to make a permanent record of the
band-pass filter - An electronic filter that passes a band altitude reached by the aircraft.
of frequencies while rejecting all frequencies above or
barometer - An instrument used to measure
below the band.
atmospheric pressure. Used in forecasting weather or

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 .
barometric altimeter basket weave

measuring the height above sea level. The two hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and full engine oil, in
principle types are mercury and aneroid. addition to optional and special equipment that has
been installed. (Except aircraft certified under CAR
barometric altimeter - An instrument that measures
Part 3, the standard empty weight does not include oil.)
altitude above mean sea level using an internal aneroid
barometer to compare pressure of the ambient air in basic empty weight - The weight of the standard
relation to known lapse rates of pressure as altitude aircraft, operational equipment, unusable h e ] , and full
varies with height. Also referred to as a pressure operating fluids, including full engine oil.
altimeter.
basic fuel system - The tanks, booster pumps, lines,
barometric pressure - Pressure existing above zero selector valves, strainers, engine-driven pumps, and
pressure. Measured in millibars or inches of mercury. pressure gauges that make up an aircraft's basic fuel
system.
barometric tendency - The change in barometric
pressure over a set period of time. For example, "The basic ground instructor - A person authorized by the
barometric tendency in the past three hours has been a FAA to provide: ground training in the aeronautical
1 mb rise" Also referred to as pressure tendency. knowledge areas required for issuance of a recreational
pilot certificate, p i i a t e pilot certificate, or associated
barrel - The part of a reciprocating engine cylinder
ratings under Part 61; ground training required for a
made of a steel alloy forging. The inner surface of the
recreational pilot and private pilot flight review; and
barrel is hardened to resist wear of the piston and the
recommendation for a knowledge test required for
piston rings which bear against it during operation. In
issuance of a recreational pilot certificate or private
some instances the barrel will have threads on the
pilot certificate under Part 6 1.
outside surface at one end so that it can be screwed into
the cylinder head. basic load - The load on a structural member or part in
any condition of static equilibrium of an airplane.
barrel roll - An airplane flight maneuver in which the
When a specific basic load is expressed, the particular
airplane rolls around a distant visual point with a
condition of equilibrium must be indicated in the
constant angular displacement from the point
context.
throughout
- the roll.
basic magneto - A high-voltage generating device in a
barriers to effective communication - Things which
reciprocating engine. It is adjusted to give maximum
impede communication, such as lack of common
voltage at the time the points break and ignition occurs.
experience, or confusion between the symbol and the
It must also be synchronized accurately to the firing
symbolized object. Other examples include overuse of
position of the engine.
abstractions and interference.
basic maneuvers - Straight-and-level flight, climbs,
base -1. The center electrode of a transistor. The signal
descents, and turns. These four maneuvers form the
is normally applied to the base. 2. The electrode
foundation of the development of all piloting skills.
between the emitter and the collector in a bipolar
Each flight maneuver, regardless of its complexity, is
transistor. 3. A bipolar transistor electrode that
composed of combinations of the basic maneuvers.
normally receives the signal.
-
basic need - A perception factor that describes a
base leg - A flight path at right angles to the landing
person's ability to maintain and enhance the organized
runway off its approach end. The base leg normally
self.
extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of
the extended runway centerline. basic radar service - A radar service for VFR aircraft
that includes safety alerts, traffic advisories and limited
base line -A line used as a basis for measuring.
radar vectoring, as well as aircraft sequencing at some
base metal - The metal to which alloying agents are terminal locations.
added.
basic size - The size from which the limits of size are
baseball stitch - A hand stitch similar to that used to derived by the application of allowances and
sew the cover on a baseball. It is used for hand sewing tolerances.
of aircraft fabric.
basic weight -The weight of an aircraft, its power plant,
BASIC (computer) - A programming language used by and all of the fixed equipment. It includes unusable
digital computers. BASIC is an acronym for Beginners fuel and undrainable oil for aircraft not certified under
All-purpose
- Symbolic Instruction Code. FAR Part 23 (aircraft certified under FAR Part 23
include full oil as part of empty weight).
basic empty weight (GAMA) - Standard empty weight
(airframe, engines,
- and all items of operating- basket weave - In composites, a woven reinforcement
equipment that have fixed locations and are
& A
where two or more warp threads go over and under two
permanently installed, including fixed ballast, or more filling threads in a repeat pattern. The basket
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 .
bastard file bead welds

weave is less stable than the plain weave but produces fuselage, the area between adjacent bulkheads, struts,
- fabric. It is also a more pliable
a flatter and stronger or frame positions.
fabric than the plain weave and maintains a certain
bayonet - Something that is detachable and can be
degree of porosity.
easily~.
put on or removed.
bastard file - A double-cut, metal-working file that has
bayonet exhaust pipe -The elongated and flattened end
coarse cutting teeth. There are five grades of cuts fiom
of the exhaust pipe of a reciprocating engine. It is
the coarsest to the finest: coarse cut, bastard cut,
designed to minimize exhaust noise prevent exhaust
second cut, smooth cut, and dead-smooth cut.
valve warpage by maintaining a relatively constant
batch - In composites, material that was made with the temperature at the exhaust ports of the cylinders.
same process at the same time having identical
bayonet exhaust stack - See bayonet exhaust pipe.
characteristics throughout. Also referred to as a lot.
bayonet gauge - A dipstick-type gauge used to measure
bathtub capacitor - A bathtub-shaped capacitor that is
the quantity of a liquid such as oil or hydraulic fluid.
sealed in a metal container.
bayonet thermocouple - A thermocouple used to
battery - A device made up of a number of individual
indicate engine temperature. The bayonet probe fits
cells used to store electricity by converting it into
into an adapter that is screwed into the cylinder.
chemical energy. Electrons are caused to flow from one
pole, the anode, to another pole, the cathode, by a bayonet thermocouple probe - A pickup for cylinder
chemically produced potential difference. head temperature that presses into an adapter screwed
into the side of a cylinder head. Used for measuring
battery analyzer - A transformer rectifier unit used to
cylinder head temperature on an air-cooled aircraft
charge nickel-cadmium batteries. The analyzer has a
engine.
built-in load bank as well as timers, indicators, and
controls for deep-cycling and recharging these B-battery or B-power supply - In electronic vacuum
batteries. tubes, positive plate voltage is called B+ voltage. The
source of voltage for these plates is referred to as B-
battery bus - The electrical tie point in an airplane
battery or B-power supply.
where power from the battery is distributed to the
various loads. beacon - See radar, nondirectional beacon, marker
beacon, airport rotating beacon, aeronautical beacon,
battery charger - A power supply that converts
and/or airway beacon.
alternating current into direct current for charging
batteries. bead - 1. A trough-like impression formed in a sheet
metal member for the purpose of stiffening the
battery chargerlanalyzer - A power supply that
member. 2. A raised rounded ridge formed near the end
converts alternating current into direct current for
of a piece of rigid tubing. A hose is slipped over the
charging batteries. The chargerlanalyzer is a special
end of the tube, then the hose clamp is installed
device with a timer, load bank, and monitoring
between the end of the hose and the bead. The bead
equipment for complete servicing of aircraft batteries.
keeps the tube from being pulled from the hose.
battery ignition system - An ignition system that uses a
bead heel -On tires, the outer bead edge that fits against
battery as its source of energy, rather than a magneto.
the wheel flange.
This system is similar to that used in an automobile. A
cam driven by the engine opens a set of points to bead seat area - The highly stressed portion of a wheel
interrupt current in a primary circuit. The resulting where the bead of the tire seats against the wheel.
collapsed magnetic field induces a high voltage in the
secondary circuit, which is directed by a distributor to bead thermistor - A component in a fire detection
the proper cylinder. system that signals the presence of a fire or an overheat
condition. The heads in the detector are wetted with a
baud - In computers, a measure of data transmission eutectic salt, which possesses the characteristic of
rate. One baud is equal to one bit per second. suddenly lowering its electrical resistance as the
sensing element reaches its alarm temperature. The
bauxite - A clay-like substance that is the source of
lowered resistance starts the fire-warning procedure by
aluminum. To extract the aluminum, the bauxite is
turning on the fire-warning light and sounding the fire-
changed into alumina (aluminum oxide). Then the
warning bell.
alumina is reduced to metallic aluminum by an
electrolytic process. bead toe - On tires, the inner bead edge closest to the
aircraft tire center line.
bay - Any specific compartment in the body of an
aircraft. It may also refer to a portion of a truss, or bead welds - The part of a weld that joins edges of
metal parts that have been heated and melted together
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 beads bearing wheel

to form one solid piece when solidified. The bead bearing heater tank - An oil bath heater used to expand
sticks up above the surface of metal that has been a bearing so that it can be hand fitted over its shaft
welded. Usually some additional metal is added to the journal.
weld, in the form of a wire or rod. to build UP the weld
bearing navigation - The horizontal direction of one
seam to a greater thickness than the base metal. The
object in relation to another object.
characteristics of a bead on a good weld are: height
uniformity, a smooth and uniform ripple on its surface, bearing pressurizing - The process of increasing air
and an even blend into the base metal. pressure in the bearing pockets by admitting
beads - On tires, steel wires embedded in rubber and compressor air.
wrapped in fabric. The beads anchor the carcass plies bearing race - The hardened steel surface upon which
and provide firm mounting surfaces on the wheel. anti-friction bearings ride.
beam - 1. A supporting structural member in any bearing rollers - Hardened steel rollers that support the
construction designed to withstand loads in both shear wheel. They roll between a hardened steel, cone-
and bending. 2. A radio signal sent continuously in one shaped race on the axle and a hardened steel race, the
direction. cup, inside the wheel.
beam power tube - An electron tube that utilizes bearing scratch detector - A hand-held ball bearing
directed electron beams to add to its power-handling tipped tool, which is passed over bearing surfaces. If
capability. Beam power tubes are power amplifier the ball finds a depression, the bearing is usually
tubes, rather than a voltage amplifier. rejected.
beam radio antenna - A directional radio transmitting bearing seal - A device used in turbine engines to seal
antenna that radiates its energy in a narrow beam. the lubricating oil in the bearing cavity. Usually located
bearing - 1. An angular measurement of direction from at main bearings.
an airplane in flight and a known point. 2. A surface bearing stack - A group of thrust-type bearings placed
that supports and reduces friction between moving one on top of the other to form a stack. Primarily used
parts. to allow propeller blades to rotate in the hub under high
centrifugal loads.
bearing area - The cross-section area of the bearing
load member on a sample. bearing strain - In composites, the ratio of the
deformation of the bearing hole, in the direction of the
bearing burnishing - An aircraft engine run-in process
applied force, to the pin diameter.
that creates a highly polished surface on new bearings
and bushings installed during overhaul. The burnishing bearing strength - The force required to pull a rivet
is usually accomplished during the first periods of the through the edge of the sheet or to elongate the hole.
engine run-in at comparatively slow engine speeds. The bearing strength of a material is affected by both
its thickness and by the size of the rivet.
bearing cage - A thin sheet-metal separator that holds
the bearing rollers equally spaced around the race. The bearing stress - In composites, the applied load in
cage should not contact either of the races. pounds divided by the bearing area.
bearing cone - The assembly, which consists of a bearing sump - The compartment housing the engine
tapered, hardened steel, cone-shaped bearing race that main bearings, formed by bearing seals on either side
fits over the axle, the rollers, and the cage that holds of the bearing on the shaft. Seals are used to control the
the rollers in position. inward leakage of gas path air.
bearing cup - The steel race of a roller bearing that is bearing support - The inner hub of a major engine
shrink-fitted into the bearing cavity of the wheel. case, which is supported by struts and houses a main
bearing.
bearing- degausser
- - A device that removes magnetism
-
from bearings and other engine components. bearing surface - A surface that supports and reduces
friction between moving parts or a moving load.
bearing failure - The failure of a riveted joint caused by
Bearing surfaces are ordinarily treated in several ways
the sheets tearing at the rivet holes rather than the
to decrease the friction between the surface and the
rivets shearing.
moving load.
bearing field detector - A device that detects
bearing wheel - An airplane wheel that has tapered,
magnetism in rotating engine components.
roller-type
- - bearings
- that consist of a bearing- cone,
bearing friction -Friction caused by a bearing. rollers with a retaining cage, and a bearing cup, or
outer race. Each wheel has the bearing cup, or race,
pressed into place and is often supplied with a hubcap
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beat. bend tangent line (BL)

to keep dirt out of the outside bearing. Retainers and bellmouth - A turbine engine air inlet duct having a
felt seals are supplied inboard of the inner bearing to flared or convergent shape used to direct air into a gas
prevent grease from reaching the brake lining. turbine engine. The shape of the bellmouth increases
the efficiency of the incoming air to the engine.
beat - A low frequency vibration produced when two
sources of vibration act on the same object at the same bellows - Circular, pleated, or corrugated capsules or
time. In a multi-engine airplane, if two engines have compartments used to measure pressure. They may be
slightly different RPMs, the airframe vibrations caused either evacuated or filled with a specific pressure of
by these engines will produce a very noticeable beat. inert gas and exposed to the pressure to be measured.
This beat is caused by the difference in the frequency Their dimensional change is measured as the pressure
of the two vibrations. surrounding them varies.
beat-frequency oscillator (BFO) - A variable Bellville washer - A lock washer made in the form of a
frequency electronic oscillator designed to produce a cupped steel washer.
signal frequency that is mixed with another frequency
below minimums - Weather conditions below the
in order to develop an intermediate frequency or an
minimums prescribed by regulation for the particular
audio frequency that can be heard.
action involved; e.g., landing- minimums, takeoff
Beaufort scale - In meteorology, a scale used to minimums.
describe wind force, ranging from 0 to 12, 0 (zero)
belt frame - A circumferential Fuselage frame usually
represents less than 1 MPH, and 12 represents speeds
having a channel or hat section.
of more than 72 MPH, or hurricane force.
bench check - A functional check performed on a part
beef up - To strengthen or reinforce.
that has been removed From an aircraft to determine its
beehive spring - A hard condition of serviceability. The equipmenl is set up on
steel retaining spring used a test bench and operated to find out whether or not it
to hold a rivet set in a is functioning as it should.
pneumatic rivet gun.
bench plate - A flat, cast iron plate built into a bench
Prevents the set from
being driven out of the gun. It derives its name, used for working sheet metal. Holes in the bench plate
support stakes that are used to form the sheet metal.
beehive, from its shape.
bench timing - A functional procedure to time a
beep button - A switch on the collective control used to
magneto by setting the breaker points, and for checking
trim a helicopter turbine engine by increasing or
the rotor for the E-gap position. This process is done in
decreasing the steady state RPM. Also referred to as a
the shop before installation in the engine.
beeper button.
bend allowance - The amount
beeswax -A substance secreted by bees. It is used to
of material actually used in the
coat rib lacing cord to protect it from moisture and
bend of sheet metal. This
prevent slippage.
amount of metal must be added
before bottom center (BBC) - The degrees of to the overall length of the
crankshaft travel before the piston stops at the bottom layout pattern to assure
of its stroke. adequate metal for the bend.
before top center (BTC) - The degrees of crankshaft
end allowance depends on
four factors: the degree of the bend, the radius of the
travel before the piston reaches the top of its stroke.
bend, the thickness of the metal, and the type of metal
behaviorism --Theory of learning- that learning- is used. The amount of material in the bend is usually
dependent on particular behaviors being positively found by using a bend allowance chart.
reinforced by someone other than the student.
bend allowance chart - A chart used to save time in
be1 - A unit used to express the ratio of two values of calculating the bend allowance of sheet metal.
power. The number of bels is the logarithm to the base Formulas and charts for various angles, radii of bends,
10 of the oower ratio. material thicknesses, and other factors have been
established to make up the chart.
bell gear - The large stationary gear used in a spur gear-
type planetary reduction gearing system.
~- - - ~
bend radius - The radius of the bend as measured on
the inside of the curve.
bellcrank - A double lever in an aircraft control system
used to change the direction of motion. Bellcranks are bend tangent line (BL) - A line made on a sheet metal
commonly used in an aileron system to change layout to indicate the beginning of the bend, and the
spanwise movement into chordwise movement to move line at which the metal stops curving. All the space
the control surface. between the bend tangent lines is the bend allowance.
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 bending. bias, forward

bending - The stresses in an object caused by a load best power mixture - The fuel-air mixture ratio used to
being applied to one end while the other is restrained. allow the engine to produce its maximum power. The
This results in a tensile load on one side of the material best power fuel-air mixture ratio is richer than the ratio
and a compressive load on the other. that is used for the best economy. It uses an excess of
fuel to provide for cooling.
bending strength - The resistance of a material to
curving under load and bending stresses. best rate-of-climb airspeed - The best rate-of-climb
airspeed (Vy) produces the maximum gain in altitude
Bendix fuel injection system - A continuous-flow fuel
metering system that measures engine air consumption per unit of time.
and uses airflow forces to control fuel flow to the beta - The current gain of a transistor when it is
engine. connected as a grounded emitter amplifier. Beta is the
benzene - A colorless, volatile, flammable, aromatic ratio of the change in collector current to the change in
hydrocarbon liquid (CnHn).Used as a solvent in aircraft base current when the collector voltage is held
finishing materials. constant.
Bernoulli's principle - In physics, the interrelation beta mode - The reverse pitch area of propeller. Used
between pressure, velocity, and gravitational effects in for slowing the aircraft and maneuvering on the
moving fluids. It states that for the steady flow of a ground. See also alpha mode.
frictionless and incompressible fluid, the total energy beta particle - A particle emitted from the nucleus of an
(consisting of the sum of the kinetic energy due to the atom during radioactive decay.
velocity, the potential energy due to elevation in a
gravitational field, and the pressure energy given by the beta range - The pitch range of a turbopropeller system
pressure divided by the density) is a constant along the for ground handling and reversing whereby the
flow path. An increase in velocity at constant elevation propeller can be operated to provide either zero or
must therefore be matched by a decrease in pressure. negative thrust.
This principle is used to explain the lift of an airfoil, beta tube - An oil passage and control valve that
the theory of carburetors, etc. connects crankcase oil to the propeller hub. Enables
Bernoulli's theorem - The principle that states static variable propeller pitch including beta mode.
pressure and velocity (RAM) pressure of a gas or fluid bevel - An angle other than a right angle.
passing through a duct (at constant subsonic flow rate)
are inversely proportional, i.e. total pressure does not bevel gears - A pair of toothed wheels having angled
change. surfaces and whose shafts are not parallel. Bevel gears
permit a shaft to drive another shaft that is not parallel
beryllium - A hard metallic chemical element with a to it.
symbol of Be and an atomic number of 4. Found in
combination with other alloys. bezel - The rim that holds the glass in an instrument
case.
beryllium bronze - An alloy of copper which is
combined with approximately 3% beryllium. B-H curve -A curve that shows the association between
the flux density (B) in a piece of magnetized material
best angle-of-climb airspeed - The best angle-of-climb and the magnetizing force (H), which is needed to
airspeed (VX) will produce the greatest gain in altitude produce the flux density.
for horizontal distance traveled.
biannual -Occurring twice each year.
best economy mixture - The fuel-air mixture used in
reciprocating engines to achieve the greatest range of bias - 1. A cut, fold, or seam made diagonally to the
flight. It can only be used with reduced power, as it warp or fill threads of a fabric. 2. An electrical
does not have the additional fuel needed for cooling. reference used to establish the operating condition of a
semiconductor device or an electron tube. 3. In
best glide speed (best L/D speed) - The airspeed that composites, a 45" angle to the warp threads. Fabric can
results in the least amount of altitude loss over a given be formed into contoured shapes by using the bias.
distance. This speed is determined from the
performance polar. The manufacturer publishes the bias current - The current that flows in the emitter-base
best glide (L/D) airspeed for specified weights and the circuit of a transistor.
resulting glide ratio. For example, a glide ratio of 36: 1 bias voltage - The DC voltage placed on the grid of an
means that the glider will lose one (1) foot of altitude electron-tube.
for every 36 feet of forward movement in still air at
this airspeed. bias, forward - The polarity relationship between a
power supply and a semiconductor that allows
conduction.
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 .
bias, reverse birch

bias, reverse - The polarity relationship between a bimetallic element - A device using two different
power supply and a semiconductor that does not allow metals joined together to produce either a mechanical
conduction. bending or an electrical voltage as the temperature
varies.
bias-cut surface tape - Aircraft covering surface tape
that is cut at a 45O angle to the length of the tape from bimetallic strip - Two dissimilar metals, such as
selvage edge to selvage edge. chrome1 and constantan that are in close proximity to
each other, used in fire detection systems.
bicarbonate of soda Common baking soda (NaHC03).
-

It is used as a neutralizing agent for spilled battery binary coded decimal - In computing, a system of
acid. encoding numbers in which each number is represented
by a series of four binary digits.
bicycle gear - A landing gear that supports the main
weight of the aircraft on wheels in line with each other binary number - A number in the binary number
along the length of the fuselage. The wings are system that consists of only two digits: zero and one.
supported by smaller outriggers near the wing tips.
binding post - A subassembly used for clamping or
bidirectional antenna - A radio antenna that produces holding electrical conductors in a rigid position. It
maximum signal strength in two directions, 180" apart. commonly consists of a screw having a collar head or
body with one or more clamping screws.
bi-directional cloth - In composites, a cloth in which
the fibers run in various directions. Usually woven binoculars - A form of hand-held optical instrument
together in two directions. used to look at objects that are far away. Binoculars
have a set of magnifying lenses for each eye. Prisms
bi-directional laminate - In composites, a laminate
are used to get a high degree of magnification in a short
with the fibers oriented in more than one direction.
physical length. Also referred to as field glasses.
bifilar - A system developed by Sikorsky for
binomial - An algebraic expression that contains two
dampening rotor vibration.
terms connected by a plus or minus sign.
bifilar resistor - A resistor wound of wire, which is
bioastronautics - The science that deals with the
doubled back on itself in order to decrease the amount
medical and biological aspects of astronautics.
of inductance in the resistor.
biochemistry - Chemistry that deals with the chemical
bifilar transformer - An electrical transformer in
compounds and processes involved with living
which the primary and the secondary are wound side
organisms.
by side to increase the coefficient of coupling between
- -

the windings.
" biocidal action - The function of certain Fuel additives
that kill microbes and bacteria living in water in
bifurcated duct - A split exhaust duct used on turbofan
aircraft fuel tanks. This prevents scum that would
or lift fan engines.
promote corrosion in these tanks. Biocidal additives are
bilge - The lowest part of an aircraft structure where also put in aircraft dope that is used on cotton or linen
water, dirt, and other debris accumulate. fabric to kill the bacteria that can destroy organic
~ -

fabrics.
bill of material - A list of the materials and parts
necessary for the fabrication or assembly of a biocidal agent - A chemical combination destructive to
component or a system. certain types of living organisms.
billet - A bar of semi-finished iron or steel nearly square biodegradable -A condition of a material that allows it
in section. to be broken down into simple products by the action
of certain types of microorganisms.
billow cloud - A cloud layer having a "herring bone"
appearance, these nearly parallel lines of clouds are biophysics - The interdisciplinary study of biological
oriented at right angles to the wind shear. phenomena and problems using the principles and
techniques of physics.
bimetallic circuit breaker - An electrical circuit
protective device that consists of a sandwich of two biplane - An airplane having two wings, one placed
metals having dissimilar expansion characteristics. above the other.
When current exceeds the breaker rating, one of the
bipolar transistor - The term used to describe either an
metals expands more than the other causing the
NPN or a PNP transistor.
sandwich to warp and break the circuit. Upon cooling,
the circuit can be reconnected, sometimes birch - One of several high-grade woods used in the
automatically. manufacturing of fixed-pitch wooden propellers.

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 .
bisector of a line blade cuff

bisector of a line - A position on a line that divides it blade - In gas turbine engines, a rotating airfoil utilized
into two segments of equal length. in a compressor as a means of compressing air or in a
turbine for extracting energy from the flowing gases.
bisector of an angle - A line that divides an angle into
two equal angles. blade alignment - In rotorcraft, an adjustment
procedure, used on semi-rigid rotor systems, to place
bismaleimide (BMI) - In composites, a polyimide resin
the blades in proper positions on the lead-lag axis of
that cures at a very high temperature, and has a very
the rotor system. Blade alignment is sometimes
high operating temperature range in the 550 - 600' F referred to as chordwise balance.
range, and some around the 700°F range. These are
more difficult to cure because of the moisture blade angle - The angle between the plane of propeller
emissions during the cure may cause voids or rotation and the face of the propeller blade.
delaminations.
blade angle check and adjusting - A method used to
bismuth - A hard, brittle, grayish-white, trivalent, check the blade-angle setting at a predetermined blade
metallic chemical element that has the symbol Ri and station. The blade angle is checked using a device
atomic number 83. Used as an alloying agent for called a Universal Protractor.
changing the characteristic of certain metals. It is also
blade antenna - A wide-band, quarter-wavelength
used to dope silicon or germanium to make a P-type
antenna used on aircraft for communications or
semiconductor material.
navigation in the ultra-high or very-high frequency
bistable - A condition that exists in a circuit in which bands.
either of two conditions may exist as a steady state.
blade back - The cambered side of a propeller blade
bistable circuit - A circuit that has two stable that corresponds to the curved upper surface of an
conditions. The circuit will operate in the condition airfoil, similar to that of an aircraft wing. The opposite
selected until it is intentionally changed. side of the blade face.
bistable multivibrator - An oscillator circuit that uses blade base - The portion of the blade where the
two transistors ofwhich only one transistor conducts at contoured section meets the root area. Also referred to
a time. When the first transistor stops conducting, the as the blade platform.
second transistor automatically starts to conduct.
blade beam - A paddle-shaped lever having a slot
bistatic radar - A radar system that uses separate shaped to fit the cross section of a propeller blade.
transmitter and receiver antennas. Used for manually turning propeller blades. Blade
beams are also referred to as blade wrenches.
bit -One unit of a binary number.
blade blending - A process used to remove small
bitumen - An asphaltic residue that remains after the shallow scratches or dents of turbine blades using mild
fractional distillation of crude oil. Asphalt and tar are abrasive materials and sanding techniques. Blending
two commonly used bitumens. requires maintaining the original contour and shape of
bituminous paint -A heavy, thick, tar-based paint used the blade within prescribed limits.
as an acid-resistant paint to reduce the corrosive action blade butt - The root end of a propeller blade that fits
of fumes and spilled electrolytes in battery into the hub of a propeller assembly.
compartments.
blade chamber - The top or convex side of a rotating
black box -A piece of electronic equipment that may be airfoil such as a compressor blade.
removed and replaced as a single
- unit.
blade chord line -An imaginary line drawn through the
black ice - Transparent ice that forms on black blade from the leading edge to the trailing edge.
-
uavement, making it difficult to see. It may be caused
blade climbing - In rotorcraft, a condition when one or
by the refreezing of melted water or from freezing rain.
Also a thin sheet of transparent ice that forms on the more blades are not operating in the same plane of
surface of water. rotation during flight. Might not exist during ground
operation.
black light - Ultraviolet light with rays that are in the
lower end of the visible spectrum. While more or less blade coning - In rotorcraft, an upward sweep of rotor
invisible to the human eye, black lights excite, or make blades as a result of lift and centrifugal force.
visible, certain materials such as fluorescent dyes. blade cross over - See blade climbing.
bladder-@~e - A neoprene fabric blade cuff A metal, wood, or plastic fairing installed
bag installed in a portion of the aircraft structure to
around the shank of a propeller blade to carry the
form a cell and used to hold fuel. airfoil shape of the blade all of the way to the propeller
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blade dampener blanket method of recovering

hub. The airfoil shape of the cuff pulls cooling air into blade stall - A condition of the rotor blade in flight
the engine nacelle. when it is operating at an angle of attack greater than
the maximum angle of lift. This occurs at high forward
blade dampener - A shock absorbing mechanism
speed to the retreating blade and to all blades during
installed between a helicopter rotor blade and the hub
"settling with power."
to diminish or dampen blade movement on the lead-lag
axis. blade station -Reference voints on the blade measured
in inches from the center of the propeller hub. Blade
blade droop - The angle of the spanwise axis of the
station measurements are used to identify locations
helicopter rotor at rest with only the: forces of gravity
along the blade of a propeller.
acting on it.
blade sweeping - An adjustment of the dynamic
blade face - The flat portion of a propeller blade,
chordwise balance in which one or both blades are
resembling the bottom portion of an airfoil.
moved aft of the alignment point.
blade featherlfeathering - In rotorcraft, the rotation of
blade tabs - Fined tabs mounted on the trailing edge
the blade around the spanwist: (pitch change) axis.
helicopter rotor blades for track adjustment.
blade fillet -The portion of the blade closest to the base
blade tip - In rotorcraft, the of the blade the
or platform. Usually an area where the least damage is
furthest from the hub of the rotor.
allowed.
blade track - In rotorcraft, the relationship of the blade
blade flap - In rotorcraft, the ability of the rotor blade to
tips in the plane of rotation. Blades that are in track
move in a vertical direction. Blades may flap
will move through the same plane of rotation.
independently or in unison.
blade flapping - The movement of helicopter rotor blade tracking - 1. The process of determining the
blades, about a horizontal hinge, in which the blades position of the tips of the propeller blades relative to
tend to rise and descend as they rotate. Blade flapping each other. 2. The mechanical procedure used to bring
tends to minimize asymmetrical lift by increasing the the blades of the rotor in satisfactory relationship with
angle of attack of the retreating blade while decreasing each other under dynamic conditions so that all blades
the angle of attack of the advancing blade. rotate in a common plane.
blade grips - The part of a helicopter rotor hub into blade twist -The variation in the angle of incidence of a
which the blades are attached by a lead-lag hinge pin. blade between the root and the tip. The amount of
Blade grips are sometimes referred to as blade forks. thrust that is produced by a propeller blade is
determined by the pitch angle of the blade at each
blade inspection method (BIM) - A system using an
blade station, and by the speed at which the blade is
indicator and inert gas to detect rotor blade cracking.
moving through the air. In order to maintain a constant
Used by Sikorsky Helicopter.
amount of thrust along the blade, the blade angle must
blade inspection system (BIS) - A method used by Bell be twisted; however, some degree of twist can also be
Helicopter to determine if rotor blades have cracked. caused by aerodynamic forces.
blade lead or lag - In rotorcraft, the fore and aft blade wrench - A paddle-shaped lever having a slot
movement of the blade in the plane of rotation. It is shaped to fit the cross section of a propeller blade.
sometimes called hunting or dragging. Used for manually turning propeller blades. Blade
beams are also referred to as blade wrenches.
blade loading - In rotorcraft, the load imposed on rotor
blades, determined by dividing the total weight of the blade-disk - A forged, one-piece compressor or turbine
helicopter by the combined area of all the rotor blades. blade and disk as opposed to separate blades fitted into
a disk.
blade root - The portion of a propeller blade that fits
into the propeller hub. The blade root is also called the blank - To cut out the surplus material from a part, prior
blade butt. to finishing.
blade section - A cross section of a propeller blade blank blade - The identification of one blade of a
made at any point by a plane parallel to the axis of helicopter during electronic balancing. It is the blade
rotation of the propeller and tangent at the center of the with the single interrupter. The target blade will have
section to an arc drawn with the axis of rotat~onas its the double interrupter.
center.
blanket - 1. A sheet of insulation material in the cabin
blade shank - The thick, rounded portion of a propeller and passenger compartments used to aid in suppressing
blade near the hub. noise. 2. A shroud covering for airplane heat ducts.
blade span - In rotorcraft, the length of a blade from its blanket method of recovering - The method of
tip to its root. applying fabric to an aircraft structure so that the fabric
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 blanking blister

is wrapped around the structure and attached by sewing bleedout - In composites, excess resin that flows out
or cementing it in place to either the trailing edge of a during the curing process, usually into a bleeder cloth.
wing or to the longerons of a fuselage. Sometimes appears during the filament winding
process if the fiber has been through a resin bath.
blanking - The process of forcing stock material
through a cutout in a die plate with a die that is slightly blemish - A defect or injury mark that damages an
smaller, and the same shape, as the cutout in the die object or diminishes its value.
plate. Creates a shaped piece (blank) of the same shape
blending - A metal filing and stoning procedure used to
as the punch.
recontour damaged compressor and turbine blades to
blast fence - A sturdy structure used to prevent jet blast an aerodynamic shape. A fine stone is used to blend
damage to equipment and personnel located behind (smooth) the reworked area into the original surface of
operating aircraft. the blade.
bleed - - In composites, an escape passage at the parting blimp - A non-rigid airship.
line of a mold (like a vent, but deeper), which allows
blind flight - An early aviation term for instrument
material to escape, or bleed out.
flying.
. -
bleed air - Compressed air tapped from the compressor
blind rivet - A rivet designed to
stages of a turbine engine by use of ducts and tubing.
be used in sheet metal structure
Bleed air can be used for deice, anti-ice, cabin
pressurization, heating, and cooling systems. where it is not possible to use a
bucking bar for riveting.
bleed orifice - A calibrated orifice used to bleed down
blind speed - The rate of
or adjust the pressure in a system.
departure or closing of a target
bleed valve - In a turbine engine, a flapper valve, a relative to the radar antenna at
popoff valve, or a bleed band designed to bleed off a which cancellation of the
portion of the compressor air to the atmosphere. Used primary radar target by moving target indicator (MTI)
to maintain blade angle of attack and provide stall-free circuits in the radar equipment causes a reduction or
engine acceleration and deceleration. complete loss of signal. See also blind velocity.
bleeder - In composites, a layer of material used during blind spot -An area that is not visible.
the manufacture or repair of a part to allow entrapped
blind spot - 1. An area from which radio transmissions
air and resin to escape. It is removed after curing. lt
and/or radar echoes cannot be received. 2. Portion of
also serves as a vacuum valve contact with the part.
the airport not visible from the control tower.
bleeder current - A current drawn from a source
blind transmission -A transmission from one station to
through a bleeder resistor to ground. Used to stabilize
other stations in circumstances where two-way
the output voltage.
communication cannot be established, but where it is
bleeder resistance - A permanently connected resistor believed that the called stations may be able to receive
connected across the output of a power supply and the transmission.
designed to "bleed off' a small portion of the current.
blind velocity [ICAO] - The radial velocity of a
bleeder resistor - The resistor of a voltage divider moving target such that the target is not seen on
through which the smallest amount of current flows. primary radars fitted with certain forms of fixed echo
This resistor is generally selected so that the current suppression.
through it is about 10% of the total circuit current. Also
blind zone - See blind spot.
used in power supplies to stabilize the output voltage or
to bleed the voltage from capacitors after a component blink Zyglo - A method of Zyglo inspection wherein a
is turned off. part is cleaned and soaked with a fluorescent penetrant
for an appropriate length of time. The part is rinsed and
bleeding - 1. The act of removing air from a system. 2.
all of the penetrant is cleaned from its surface. The part
A maintenance procedure for purging the fuel system
is vibrated while it is being examined under a black
of air locks and to aid in flushing any traces of
light. If the vibration opens up a crack that has
preservative oil from a pressure carburetor. 3. A
accepted some of the penetrant, the crack will show up
maintenance procedure in which air is removed from
as a blinking light.
the hydraulic fluid in the brake system of an aircraft. If
there is any air in the fluid in hydraulic brakes, the air blinker - Oxygen-flow indicator acting as a moveable
will compress when the brakes are applied, the brakes shutter, opening and closing with each breath.
will feel "spongy," and their effectiveness will be
reduced. blister - 1. An enclosed raised spot on the surface of a
finish on a metal. It may be filled with vapor or with
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 -
blizzard blue arc

products of corrosion. 2. In composites, an undesirable blower - 1. A mechanical device such as a fan that is
rounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, and used to move a column of air. 2. An internal gear-
somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human driven supercharger in an aircraft reciprocating engine.
skin. Blowers are used to increase the pressure of the fuellair
mixture after it has passed through the carburetor, and
blizzard - A severe weather condition characterized by
to improve the distribution of the fuel-air mixture to all
low temperatures and strong winds bearing a great
of the cylinders.
amount of snow, either falling or picked up from the
ground. blower clutch - A unit in a two-speed supercharger
system of a reciprocating engine that can be driven at
block - To secure from, or release an airplane for flight.
two different speeds by means of a clutch.
It includes actions by ground crew personnel who aid
the pilot in parking, mooring, or releasing by handling blower section - The blower section of an aircraft
the wheel chocks, gear pins, etc. reciprocating engine crankcase that houses the internal,
gear-driven supercharger.
block diagram - A functional diagram of a system in
which the units are represented by squares that describe blow-in doors - In gas turbine engines, spring-loaded
the functions of the unit and show its relationship to the doors located ahead of the first stage of the
other units of the system. Arrows between the blocks compressor. These doors are spring-loaded to hold
show the direction of the flow of energy or information them closed, but under conditions of low airspeed and
within the system. Block diagrams do not show any of high engine power, they open automatically to allow
the actual components. more air to enter the compressor. Blow-in doors help
prevent compressor stall. Also referred to as auxiliary
block heater - An electrical heater embedded in die that
air-intake doors.
is used for hot dimpling sheet metal.
blowing dust - Dust particles picked up locally from the
block plane - A small, hand-held carpenter's tool used
surface and blown about in clouds or sheets.
- the surface of wood.
for smoothing
blowing sand - Sand picked up locally from the surface
block test - An operational test of an aircraft engine
and blown about in clouds or sheets.
when the engine is installed in a test cell to determine
its condition. blowing snow - Snow picked up from the surface by the
wind and carried to a height of 6 feet or more.
blocked - Phraseology used to indicate that a radio
transmission has be% distorted or interrupted due to blowing spray - Water particles picked up by the wind
multiple simultaneous radio transmissions. from the surface of a large body of water.
hlocking capacitor - A capacitor that has high blown boundary layer control - A system used to
impedance to DC and low frequency AC. However, it decrease aerodynamic drag on the surface of a wing.
has low impedance to the AC signal being passed Blown boundary layer control uses high-velocity air
through the circuit. blown through ducts or jets to energize the boundary
layer.
block-to-block time - The lapsed time between an
airplane leaving the ramp for the purpose of flight and blow-out plug - A safety plug or disc on the outside
its returning after landing. skin of an aircraft fuselage near the installation of high
pressure oxygen and COz, or other fire extinguisher
bloom - A bar of iron or steel hammered or rolled from
agents. It is designed to rupture and discharge its
an ingot. contents overboard if, for any reason, the pressure of
blow molding - A plastic molding process in which a the gas in the cylinders rises to a dangerous value.
hollow tube of thermoplastic material is heated inside a Colored disks in the blow-out plugs identify the system
mold. Air pressure is applied to the inside of the tube, that has been relieved in this manner.
and the soft plastic material is forced out against the
blowtorch - A small burner having a device to intensify
walls of the mold. The outside of the part takes the
combustion by means of a blast of air or oxygen.
form of the inside of the mold.
Usually includes a fuel tank pressurized by a hand
blowback - In rotorcraft, the tendency of the rotor disc pump. Used for soldering, welding, and glass blowing.
to tilt aft in forward flight as a result of flapping.
blue arc - An instrument marking that indicates an
blowdown turbine - A power recovery device used on operating range. For example, the blue arc might
the Wright R-3350 engine that is driven by the exhaust indicate the manifold pressure gauge range in which an
gases from the engine, and coupled through a clutch to engine can be operated with the carburetor control set
the engine crankshaft. Also referred to as Power- at automatic lean.
recovery turbine (PRT).

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blue~rint bookmark

blueprint -- An engineering drawing used to convey the bolt - An externally threaded fastener with an enlarged
construction or assembly of objects with the help of head on one end and threads on the other end.
lines, notes, abbreviations, and symbols. Blueprints are
bolt bosses - The enlarged portion of a casting or
made by placing a tracing of the drawing over a sheet
forging where the bolts pass through.
of chemically treated paper and exposing it to a strong
light for a short period of time. When the exposed bomb tester - A spark plug tester in which the plug is
paper is developed, it turns blue. The inked lines of the exposed to approximately 200 PSI of air pressure. High
tracing now show as white lines on a blue background, voltage is applied to the center electrode cavity of the
thus its name blueprint. Blueprints have been replaced spark plug, and the electrodes are observed to see the
in many engineering departments by prints. type and amount of spark being produced. Plugs that
can spark in this atmosphere are considered to be
blush - The white or grayish cast that forms on a
acceptable for use in the aircraft engine.
lacquer or dope film, which has been applied under
conditions of too high humidity. It is actually bond - An attachment of one material to another or of a
nitrocellulose, which has precipitated from the finish. finish to the metal or fabric.
BMEP Indicator - An engine instrument that measures bond ply - In composites, the ply or fabric patch which
output shaft torque and converts it to brake mean comes in contact with the honeycomb core.
effective pressure (BMEP).
bond strength - In composites, the stress required to
B-nut - A nut used to connect a piece of flared tubing to pull apart two plies or from the ply to the core. The
a threaded fitting. B-nuts are used with a sleeve that is amount of strength of the adhesion.
slipped over the tubing before the tubing is flared. The
B-nut forces the sleeve tight against the flare, sealing bonded structure - A structure whose parts are joined
against the flare cone of the male fitting. The B-nut together by chemical methods rather than mechanical
derives its nickname from its predecessor (no longer in fasteners. Honeycomb material, laminated fiberglass,
use), which was called an A-nut. and composite materials are examples of aircraft
bonded structure.
board-foot - A commercial unit of measurement used to
measure lumber. One board-foot is the amount of Bonderizing - The registered trade name for a patented
lumber in a piece of I-inch thick wood that measures 1' process of covering steel parts with a phosphate
x 1.' coating to protect the parts from corrosion.

bob weight - A mechanical weight in the elevator bonding - 1. A procedure used in joining parts by using
control system of some airplanes. In some aircraft it is adhesives rather than any form of mechanical fastener.
used to apply a nose-down force on the elevator control 2. A method of electrically connecting all the
system. This force is counteracted by an aerodynamic components of an aircraft structure together so that
force that is caused by the elevator trim tab. If the static electricity cannot build up on one part of the
aircraft slows down enough that the aerodynamic force structure to create a voltage that is high enough to
on the trim tab is lost, the bob weight forces the nose allow it to jump to another part causing radio
down, and the airplane picks up speed. In some other interference.
aircraft, a bob weight- is used to counteract rapid bonding agent - An adhesive used to bond structure
control inputs to prevent overstressing the aircraft. parts together.
bogie landing gear - The landing gear of an aircraft that bonding braid - A soft annealed, tinned copper flat
uses tandem wheels connected by a central strut. braid used for battery grounding or bonding strap for
Aircraft having bogie landing gear are sometimes electrical equipment.
supported by outrigger wheels mounted far out on the
wing when the aircraft is parked. bonding jumper - A low-resistance wire or electrical
connection used to electrically ground a component or
bogus parts - Parts that are not approved for use in structure to an airframe. Bonding jumpers cany the
aircraft. Bogus parts are often illegally marked so as to return current from an electrical component back to the
appear to be authorized parts. The use of bogus parts battery.
compromises the safety of an aircraft and makes it
unainvorthy. bonnet assembly - The operating head of a fire
extinguisher, which contains an electrically ignited
boiling - The process whereby water changes state to powder charge used to rupture a disc and release the
vapor throughout a fluid. Occurs when saturation vapor extinguishing- agent.
-
pressure equals the total air pressure.
bookmark - A means of saving addresses on the World
boiling point - Temperature at which a liquid changes Wide Web for easy future access. Usually done by
to vapor. The boiling point of water, under standard selecting a button on the web browser screen, it saves
conditions, is 2 12"F, or 100°C. the current web address so it does not have to be input
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boom. bottoming tau

again into the computer (web addresses are often a bootstraps." 2. A condition in a turbocharged engine
lengthy series of characters). when a turbocharger system senses small changes in
temperature or RPM and continually changes the
boom - A spar or outrigger connecting the tail surfaces
turbocharger output in an attempt to establish
or auxiliary equipment to the main supporting structure
equilibrium. Typically occurs during part-throttle
of an aircraft.
operation and is characterized by a continual drift or
hoost - 1. To assist. 2. An older term synonymous with transient increase in manifold pressure.
manifold pressure.
bore - 1. Diameter of an engine cylinder. 2. The internal
boost charge - A constant-voltage charge applied to a diameter of a pipe, cylinder, or hole.
discharged battery installed in an airplane to restore a
borescope - An optical tool with which a visual
charge sufficient to start the engine.
inspection can be made inside an area that is otherwise
boost pump - An electrically driven he1 pump, usually impossible to see. It consists of a light, mirrors, and
of the centrifugal type, located in one of the fuel tanks. lenses.
It is used to provide fie1 to the engine for starting and
boric acid - A white crystal that can be dissolved in
providing fuel pressure in the event of failure of the
water to make a weak acid solution. Boric acid is used
engine driven pump. It also pressurizes the h e 1 lines to
to neutralize spilled electrolyte from nickel-cadmium
prevent vapor lock.
batteries.
boost system -A hydraulically actuated system that aids
boring - A process of increasing the size of a hole in a
the pilot in operation of the flight controls.
piece of material by cutting it with a rotary cutting tool.
boost venturi - A small
boron - A non-metallic chemical element with a symbol
venturi whose discharge
of B and an atomic number of 5 . When it is used to
end is at the throat of the
dope silicon or germanium, it produces a P-type
main venturi, and which
material. Boron fibers are also used to add stiffness and
surrounds the main
strength to some of the composite structural materials
discharge nozzle of a
use in modem aircraft.
float-type carburetor. It
increasks the pressure drop for a given airflow. boron filament - In composites, a strong, lightweight
fiber used as a reinforcement. A tungsten-filament core
boosted brake - A form of brake power source using a
with boron gas deposited on it. Has a high strength to
master cylinder in which the hydraulic pressure from
weight ratio.
the aircraft hvdraulic power svstem is used to aid the
pilot in applying force to the master cylinder. This boss - An enlarged or thickened part of a forging or
boost, or assistance, is automatically applied when the casting to provide additional material for strength at its
pressure required at the brake is greater than the pilot attaching point
can produce with foot pressure alone.
bottle bar - A special bucking bar recessed to hold a
boosted control system - A hydraulically actuated rivet set. It is used in reverse riveting.
system that aids the pilot in operation of the flight
bottled gas - Any of the gases kept under pressure
controls.
(acetylene, propane, oxygen, and nitrogen) in heavy
booster coil - A transformer coil used with a vibrator to steel containers.
produce a high voltage at the spark plugs during
bottom dead center (BDC) - The crankshaft position
starting.
when the piston is at the bottom extreme of its stroke,
booster magneto - A small, high-voltage magneto used and the crank pin is below and directly in line with the
to produce a hot spark for starting reciprocating wrist pin and the center of the crankshaft.
engkes. The output for the booster magneto is fed into
bottoming reamer - A reamer used to smooth and
a trailing finger on the distributor. This spark follows
enlarge holes to exact size, but having no starting taper.
the normal ignition spark.
A bottoming reamer com~letesthe reaming of blind
boot - A telescoping rubber seal. Sometimes placed holes by finishing the hol'to size nearly to the bottom
over a cable that passes through a bulkhead separating of the hole.
a pressurized and non-pressurized section, or around
bottoming tap - A tap used to cut full threads at the
the portion of a strut where it telescopes into another
bottom of a blind hole.
section.
The bottoming tap is not
bootstrapping - 1. Technique with which something is tapered. It is used after
brought into the desired state through its own action. the hole has been
Derived from the term "picking oneself up by the partially tapped with a
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bounce brake back plate

tapered tap. box spar - A design for wood spars in the shape of a
box or a square. The top and bottom of the box are
bounce - A condition where the breaker points of a
called the caps of the spar, and the sides of the box are
magneto tend to bounce after they close. This is caused
called the webs of the spar.
by a weak breaker spring.
box wrench - A wrench with an enclosed end that has
boundary layer - 1. The layer of air between the
six, eight, or twelve points. It can be used to tighten or
surface of an object, such as an airfoil, and the
loosen nuts and bolts, and can easily fit into close
freestream air. At the surface of an object air particles
spaces and can be used to apply a greater amount of
are slowed to a relative velocity of near zero due to the
force than can be applied with an open-end wrench.
viscosity of the air. Surrounding this area, the air
gradually increases in speed until it reaches the boxbeam wing - A wing construction made in the form
velocity of the freestream air at a given distance from of a box, which uses two main longitudinal members
the surface. 2. The layer of the earth's atmosphere from with connecting bulkheads to furnish additional
surface to approximately 2,000 feet AGL, where contour and strength.
surface friction influences are large.
boxing of paint - A mixing procedure in which the
boundary . layer
. control - A method of removing paint is poured back-and-forth between two containers
random flowing air from the immediate surface of an until the pigment and the base paint are completely
airfoil caused by the turbulent flow of the boundary mixed.
layer. Boundary layer control is obtained by either
Boyle's law - A gas law, which states that at a constant
adding energy to it through vortex generators (added
temperature the volume of the gas will vary inversely
energy delays the airflow from separating from the
as its pressure changes.
airfoil) or by sucking or vacuuming it off through tiny
holes on the surface of the airfoil. brace - A device that holds parts together, or in place.
Something that gives support.
boundary lights - Lights defining the perimeter of an
airport or landing area. braced wing - A wing that requires external bracing and
is not self-supporting. See cantilever for contrasting
Bourdon tube - The mechanism in a pressure gauge
definition.
consisting of a flat or elliptical cross-sectioned tube
bent into a curve or spiral. When pressure is applied, bracketing - A technique for navigating by VOR in a
the tube attempts to straighten. The amount the tube crosswind, where the course is maintained by a series
straightens is proportional to the amount of pressure of turns into the crosswind to regain and maintain the
inside the tube, and as it straightens, it moves a pointer desired course.
across the instrument dial.
brad - A thin wire nail or spike that has a small-
bow or camber - The amount that a side of a surface diameter and a small barrel-shaped head.
deviates from being straight.
braid - The rubber-coated, woven metal fabric
bow wave - 1. The v-shaped disturbance through a fluid reinforcing cord used to encase hydraulic flex hoses.
such as water or air as the result of being displaced by
the foremost point of an object moving through it. 2. A braided shield - A covering of braided metal over one
shock wave that forms immediately ahead of an aircraft or more insulated conductors to form shielded cable.
that is flying at a speed faster than the speed of sound. This braid intercepts the magnetic field produced by
the alternating current and keeps the field from causing
Bowden cable - A control system that uses a spring radio interference.
steel wire, enclosed inside a helically wound -wire
casing. used to transmit both pushing and pulling braiding - Weaving of fibers into a tubular shape
motion to the device being actuated. Often used as instead of a flat fabric
throttle cables or mixture control cables. brake - 1. A device inside an aircraft wheel used to
bowline knot - A knot used to tie down an aircraft and apply friction to the wheel to slow or stop its rotation.
to start the rib-stitching when attaching fabric to an Wheel brakes slow the aircraft down during taxiing and
aircraft structure. A properly tied bowline knot will not landing. Types of brakes used on aircraft are in four
slip yet is easy to untie. general categories: shoe, expander tube, single disc,
and multiple disc. 2. A metal-working shop tool that is
box brake - A metal-forming machine similar to a leaf used to make straight bends across-sheets of metal.
(cornice) brake. It is used to form all four sides of a Brakes can be adjusted to make bends with the proper
box by allowing the sides that have been bent up to fit bend radius and correct number of degrees.
between the fingers of the clamp while the last bends
are being made. A box brake is also called a finger brake back plate - A retainer plate to which the wheel
brake. cylinder and the brake shoes attach.

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brake caliver . breakout

brake caliper - The clamp in a disc brake system that brazing - Refers to a group of metal-joining processes
grips the brake disc. When pressure is applied to the in which the bonding material is a nonferrous metal or
brake, the calipers apply pressure to the disc to produce alloy with a melting point higher than 800°F. It is a
the braking action. method of joining two pieces of metal by wetting their
surface with a molten alloy of copper, zinc, and tin.
brake horsepower - The actual horsepower delivered to
The brazed joint has more strength than a soldered joint
the propeller shaft (main drive or main output) of an
but less than a welded joint.
aircraR engine. Prior to electronic bench testing,
horsepower was calculated by measuring the amount of breadboard (electronics) - A structure that allows
resistance against a flywheel brake. This method is no electronic circuits to be constructed with components
longer used but the term remains an industry standard. that are not permanently connected. Allows circuits to
be tested and modified before being put into a
brake line - The mark on a flat sheet of metal that is set
permanent configuration.
even with the nose of the radius bar of a cornice brake
and serves as a guide in bending. The brake line can be break line - A line used in drawings to indicate that a
located by measuring out one radius from the bend portion of the object is not shown.
tangent line closest to the end that is to be inserted
break-away point - Refers to an intentionally
under the nose of the brake. Also called a sight line.
weakened voint on a shaft such as in a dual element
brake lining - A material with a high coefficient of he1 p m p . = ~ hshear
e point is designed to break away if
friction and the ability to withstand large amounts of one element becomes jammed, leaving the other
heat. It acts as the wearing surface in aircraft brakes. element still hctioning.
brake mean-effective pressure (BMEP) -A computed break-before-make switch - A double-throw switch
value of the average pressure that exists in the cylinder that breaks one circuit before it makes contact with the
of an engine during the power stroke. BMEP is other circuit.
measured in pounds per square inch and is used to
breakdown voltage - The voltage at which the
compute the amount of power the engine is developing.
dielectric is ruptured, or the voltage level in a gas tube
brake specific fuel consumption (BSPC) - The number at which the gas becomes ionized and starts to conduct.
of pounds of fuel burned per hour to produce one
breaker assembly - A mechanism used in high-tension
horsepower in a reciprocating engine.
magneto ignition systems to automatically open and
braking action - A report of conditions on the airport close the primary circuit at the proper time in relation
movement area providing a pilot with a degreelquality to piston position in the cylinder to which an ignition
of braking that might be expected. Braking action is spark is being furnished. The interruption of the
reported in terms of good, fair, poor, or nil. primary current flow is accomplished through a pair of
breaker contact points.
braking action advisories - An air traffic control
advisory issued to arriving and departing aircraft to breaker contact - A pair of electrical contacts that are
inform them about degraded braking action. opened and closed by a cam in the magneto for the
purpose of timing the ignition of a reciprocating
branching - A programming technique, which allows
engine.
users of interactive video, multimedia courseware, or
online training to choose from several courses of action breaker point bounce - A condition caused by a weak
in moving from one sequence to another. breaker point spring. It is a fault in which the breaker
points in an aircraft magneto bounce open rather than
brass -A metal alloy consisting of copper and zinc.
remaining closed when the cam follower moves off the
Brayton cycle - The name given to the thermodynamic cam lobe.
cycle of a gas turbine engine to produce thrust. This is
breaker points - Interrupter contacts in the primary
a varying volume, constant pressure, cycle of events
circuit of a magneto or battery ignition system. They
and is commonly called the constant-pressure cycle. A
are opened by a cam the instant the highest current
more recent term is continuous combustion cycle
flows in the primary circuit, thus producing the
because of the four continuous and constant events:
maximum rate of collapse of the primary field.
intake, compression, expansion (including power), and
exhaust. breakers - On tires, extra layers of reinforcing nylon
chord fabric are placed under the tread rubber to
brazier-head rivet - A form of aircraft rivet with a
protect casing plies and strengthen tread area. Breakers
large thin head. Its specification is AN 455. These are considered an integral part of the carcass
rivets have been superseded in use by A N 470 (MS
construction.
20470) universal head rivets.
breakout - 1. In composites, when drilling or cutting
the edges of a composite part, the fibers may separate
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breast drill bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 12 11)

or break. 2. A technique to direct aircraft out of the brine - A solution of salt (sodium chloride) and water
approach stream. In the context of close parallel used as a quenching agent in the heat treatment of
operations, a breakout is used to direct threatened metal. Greater hardness is obtained from quenching in
aircraft away from a deviating aircraft. salt brine, and less in oil, than is obtained by the use of
water.
breast drill - A drill designed to hold a larger size twist
drill than the hand drill, and is used to drill relatively Brinell hardness test - A test used to determine the
large holes in wood. A breast plate affixed at the upper hardness of a metal by forcing a hardened steel sphere
end of the drill permits the use of body weight to into the surface with a given force. The diameter of the
increase the pressure on the drill. indention, measured with a special microscope, is
directly related to the hardness of the material.
breather - 1. A vent in an engine oil system that keeps
pressure within the tank the same as the atmospheric brinelling -Indentations in bearing races usually caused
pressure. 2. In composites, a loosely woven fabric that by high static loads or application of force during
does not come in contact with the resin and used to installation or removal. They are usually rounded or
provide venting and pressure uniformly under a spherical due to the impressions left by contacting balls
vacuum cure. Breather material is used under the -
or the rollers of the bearing.
vacuum valve to allow the air to be evacuated inside
bristle brush A brush with non-metallic bristles
--
the vacuum bagged part. Removed after curing.
constructed of short, stiff, coarse hair or filament.
breather pressure system - The breather pressurizing Bristle brushes are used to clean metal parts to prevent
system ensures a proper oil spray pattern from the main metal particles from becoming embedded in the
bearing oil jets and furnishes a pressure head to the structural metal, which could cause dissimilar metal
scavenge system. corrosion.
breather pressurizing valve - An aneroid-operated British Thermal Unit (BTU) - A unit of heat. One
valve and a spring loaded blowoff valve. Pressurization BTU equaIs the heat energy required to raise one
is provided by compressor air that leaks by the seals pound of water one degree Fahrenheit (e.g. one pound
and enters the oil system. At sea level pressure the of jet h e 1 contains approximately 18,600 BTU).
breather pressurizing valve is open. It closes gradually
brittleness - The propensity of a material to break when
with increasing altitude and maintains an oil system
bent, deformed, or hammered. Brittleness is the
pressure sufficient to assure oil flows similar to those at
resistance to change in the relative position of the
sea level.
molecules within the material.
breech chamber - The component of a self-contained
broaching - The process of removing metal by pushing
cartridgelpneumatic starter for gas turbine engines. A
or pulling a cutting tool, called a broach, along the
solid propellant cartridge is placed in the breech
surface.
chamber. When electrically ignited, it produces a low
pressure, high-volume pneumatic source to turn the broad-band antenna - An antenna constructed in such
turbine blades fast enough to enable starting the engine. a way as to receive or transmit a wide range of
frequencies.
bridge circuit - An electrical circuit that contains four
impedances connected in such a way that their broadcast - The transmission of radio waves without
schematic diagram forms a square. One pair of intent of receiving information. One way
diagonally opposite corners is connected to an input communication.
device, and the other two corners are connected to the
output device. broken-line - A graph using sharp, abrupt changes in
the information
. line. -

bridge rectifier - An electrical rectifier circuit using

four diodes arranged in a bridge circuit to change AC broken-line graph - A graph that represents the way in
to DC. which values change. The horizontal axis of the graph
represents one value, and the vertical axis represents
bridging - In composites, this term can refer to pries of another value. Straight lines are used to connect points
fabric over a curved edge that don't come in full that show true values at each plotted point.
contact with the core material. It is also used to
describe excess resin that has formed on edges during bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211) -
the curing process. Chemical formula (CBrC1F2). A liquefied gas with a
UL toxicity rating- of 5, used as a fire extinguishing
- -
briefing - An oral presentation where the speaker agent. It is colorless, non-corrosive and evaporates
presents a concise array of facts without inclusion of rapidly without leaving residue. It does not freeze or
extensive supporting material. cause cold burns and will not harm fabrics, metals, or
other materials it contacts. Halon 1211 acts rapidly on
fires by producing a heavy bIanketing mist that
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bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) building block concept

eliminates air from the fire and interferes chemically in one direction only, while on the opposite end is a
with the combustion process. tang. This tang is bent to secure the blade in the disk.
bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) - Chemical bucket wheel - Slang for turbine wheel in turbine
formula (CF3Br). A liquefied gas with a UL toxicity engines.
-
rating of 6, used as a fire extinguishing agent. It has ail
bucking - The coordinated process between the bucking
the characteristics of Halon 1211. The significant
bar holder and the pneumatic rivet gun operator,
difference between the two is that Halon 1211 throws a
whereby a shop head is formed on a solid rivet. A
spray similar to COz while Halon 1301 has a vapor
special hardened steel bar is held against the rivet
spray that is more difficult to direct.
shank. which has been inserted into a hole drilled in
bronze - An alloy of copper and tin. Used for bearing metal to be joined, while the pneumatic hammer is held
surfaces. at the rivet head during the hammering.
brush - 1. A component device in an electric generator bucking bar - A tool made of alloy steel stock that is
or motor designed to provide an electrical contact held against the shank end of a rivet while the shop
between a stationaw conductor and a rotating element. head is being- formed.
Brushes are made df a carbon compound that contacts
buckle - A bend or kink in or on a surface of a metal
each segment of a rotating commutator. The brush
structure. Caused by the failure of the part under a
conducts voltage between the rotating armature and an
compressive load or excessive localized heating.
external circuit. 2. A device composed of bristles or
hairs fastened to a wood or plastic-handle. Brushes are buckle line - In composites, on a honeycomb core, it is
used to apply paint or other substances to a surface. a line of collapsed cells with undistorted cells on either
side. It usually is found on the inside of the radius on a
brush guard - A protective device used to guard the tail
formed core.
rotor blades of a helicopter from damage during ground
operations. buckled areas - Localized areas in a turbine engine w

combustion chamber liner in which small areas have

brush run-in - The procedure of running a motor or
been heated to an extent to cause the area to buckle.
generator for a time after installing new brushes to
allow the brushes to shape themselves to the buckling - In composites, a failure of the fabric in
commutator. Also referred to as brush break-in. which it deflects up or down rather than breaking.
brushing - A motion that barely touches an object in buffer - 1. Any device used to absorb shock. 2. Used to
passing. isolate an input or to strengthen a signal in a digital
electronic circuit to match inputs and outputs having
BTU - See British thermal unit.
differing values.
bubble - A small space filled with a volume of air or
buffer amplifier - An amplifier in a transmitter circuit
gas entrapped in a liquid.
designed
- to isolate the oscillator section from the
bubble memory (computer) - Non-volatile memory. power section thus preventing a frequency shift or
Consists of a thin layer of material normally otherwise operate improperly.
magnetized in one direction. When an oppositely
buffet - A series of waves or blows caused by
polarized magnetic field is applied to a circular area of
imbalance such as those that can occur with flight
this substance, the area is reduced to a smaller circle, or
controls. The aircraft feels as though it were being hit
bubble. The bit of information is thus stored until
with a series of blows, shocks, or waves.
changed by application of a new magnetic field.
buffeting -Erratic movement of aircraft controls caused
bubble octant - A celestial navigation instrument, like
by the turbulent flow of air over the surfaces.
the sextant, that uses a bubble level in the octant to
provide an artificial horizon that allows a navigator to bug- -An unexpected malfunction.
find the angle between a line tangent to the earth's
surface (the horizon) and a line to the stars that are bug light - AA tool made up of an electrical wire,
used for navigation. flashlight battery, and bulb used to check the continuity
of an electrical I2ircuit.
bucker - The person holding the bucking bar used to
upset a rivet. building block concept - Concept of learning that new
skills and knowledge - are best based on a solid
bucket -Accepted jargon for turbine blade. foundation of previous experience or knowledge. As
knowledge and skill increase, the base expands,
bucket root - A method of turbine disk blade retention
supporting further learning. Also referred to as blocks
in which the blade root has a stop made on one end of
of learning.
the root so that the blade can be inserted and removed

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build-up and vent valve burring

build-up and vent valve - A manually operated valve burble point - The angle of attack at which burbling
on a liquid oxygen converter. In the build-up position, first occurs on an airfoil.
is allowed to reach a preset value and excess
burn down coat - A coat of dope with some of its
pressure is vented into the atmosphere. In the vent
thinner replaced with retarder. The coat is sprayed on a
position, gas is vented into the atmosphere without
blushed area to soften and reflow the surface in order
pressure buildup.
to remove the blush.
bulb angle - An extruded angle of metal with a rounded
burned areas - Localized areas of a turbine engine
edge resembling a bulb on one of the legs.
combustion chamber liner that have been heated to an
bulb root - A means by which turbine engine rotor -
extent to cause visible damage.
blades are attached to the rotor hub. The base of the
burned surface - A condition resulting from high
blade is cylindrical and larger than the rest of the blade.
surface temperatures with relatively low pressures and
This fits into a mated hole in the rotor hub.
accom~aniedbv heat discoloration. This condition mav
bulb temperature - A unit of a carburetor induction or may not mark the surface. The cause is usually
system that monitors the air inlet temperature to be sure improper clearance or insufficient lubrication. Areas
the inlet temperature does not exceed the maximum affected are bearings or journals.
value specified by the engine manufacturer.
burner - The section of a turbine engine into which fuel
bulbed Cherrylock@ rivet - A special form of blind is injected and burned. The within the engine
rivet manufactured by the Cherry division of Textron where combustion occurs.
Inc., in which the stem is locked into the hollow shank
burner cans - Any number of individual combustion
by a special locking collar that swages into a groove in
the stem. chambers in the combustion section of a gas turbine

bulb-fit - A design of compressor blade attachment to

-
engine.
burner compartment - A section of the cowling behind
the disk shaped in a bulb fashion.
which the burner section of a turbine engine is located.
bulkhead - A structural partition in a fuselage or wing.
Bulkheads usually divide the fuselage or wing into burner pressure (Pb) - Static pressure signal used as a
measure of mass airflow through the engine and sent to
bays and provide additional strength to the structure.
the fuel control unit for fuel scheduling purposes.
bumping - The shaping or forming of sheet metal by
hammering or pounding. During this process, the metal burning - 1. Surface damage due to excessive heat. It is
usually caused by improper fit, defective lubrication, or
is supported by a dolly, sandbag, or die.
over temperature operation. 2. The combustion process
bundled cable - Any number of individually insulated that occurs when fuel is mixed with air and ignited.
electrical wires tied together with lacing cord or with
special plastic wire-wrapping straps. burning in - An electronic components manufacturing
process in which the equipment is operated for a
bungee - A shock-absorber cord made from natural specified period of time in order to stabilize the
rubber strands encased in a braided cover of woven operating characteristics of the components.
cotton cords and then treated to resist oxidation and
burning point - The lowest temperature at which a
wear.
petroleum product in an open container will ignite and
bungee cord - An elastic cord encased in a braided continue to bum when an open flame is held near its
cloth cover that holds and protects the rubber, yet surface.
allows the rubber to stretch. Bungee cords are used in
burnish - To polish a metal surface by rubbing it with a
some of the simpler aircraft landing gears to assist in
smooth, extremely hard tool, called a burnishing tool.
retracting the landing gear and to absorb shock.
A lubricant is usually required. Small scratches can be
buntover - The tendency of a gyroplane to pitch smoothed by burnishing.
forward when rotor force is removed.
burnishing - The process of polishing a surface by
buoyancy - The property of an object that allows it to sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface.
float on the surface of a liquid, or ascend through and Displacement or removal of metal does usually not
remain freely suspended in a compressible fluid such occur during burnishing.
as the atmosphere.
burr - A sharp or roughened projection of metal usually
burble - A breakdown of the laminar airflow over an resulting fiom machine processing.
airfoil caused by too high an angle of attack. The result
burring - The forming of a sharp or roughened
is an increase in drag and a loss of lift.
projection usually as a result of a machining operation.

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 .
burst RPM byte

burst RPM - The RPM at which the blades of a turbine which may result in damage to the inlet structure or,
motor will separate from the rotor due to excessive possibly, to the engine itself.
centrifugal loads.
bypass capacitor - A capacitor that provides a low-
bus - A main electrical power circuit to which a number impedance path for alternating current to bypass a
of component circuits connect. circuit component, when the component is bei-ni used
to produce a DC voltage drop.
bus bar - An electrical power distribution point to
which several circuits may be connected. It is often a bypass duct - A cold airstream duct. Also referred to as
solid metal strip having a number of terminals installed a fan exhaust duct on a turbofan engine.
on it.
bypass jacket - An annular bypass around an oil cooler
bushing - A removable cylindrical lining for an opening through which oil flows when it does not need cooling.
used to minimize resistance and serve as a guide.
bypass jet - A form of turbojet engine in which a
butt fusion - A method of joining two pieces of portion of the compressor air is bypassed around the
thermoplastic material. Butt fusion is done by heating combustion chamber and into the tailpipe.
the ends of the two pieces until they are in a molten
bypass ratio - 1. The ratio of the mass airflow in
state and forcing them together before they cool and
pounds per second through the fan section of a turbofan
harden.
engine to the mass airflow that passes through the gas
butt joint - A welded joint made by placing two pieces generator portion of the engine. 2. Ratio between fan
of material edge to edge, so that there is no mass airflow (lblsec.) and core engine mass airflow
overlapping,
.. - and then welding them to form one piece. (Ih/sec.).
The types of butt joints are: flanged, plain, single
bypass turbojet engine - Forerunner of the bypass fan
bevel, and double bevel.
-
engine, whereby the low pressure compressor
butt rib - The last rib at the inboard end of an airfoil. discharge is divided in two; one portion of air to enter a
The rib on a wing which is closest to the wing bypass duct and the other portion of air to enter the
attachment fittings. high pressure compressor inlet.
butterfly tail - A design bypass valve - A valve whose function is to maintain a
that combines the vertical constant system pressure. When the system pressure is
and horizontal surfaces of exceeded by a predetermined amount, the valve will
the empennage. The shape allow excess pressures to bypass the system, thereby,
is that of a "V." not allowing the system to rupture from excess
pressure.
butterfly valve - A damper or valve consisting of a disk
turning about one of its diameters to control the flow of byte - A computer term used to describe a group of
fluid in a round tube. binary digits consisting of eight bits.
buttock line - A measurement of width, left or right of,
and parallel to, the longitudinal axis. Also referred to as
BL or butt line.
butyl - The trade name of a synthetic rubber product
made by the polymerization of isobutylene. It
withstands such potent chemicals as Skydrol hydraulic
fluid.
butyrate dope - A finish for aircraft fabric consisting of
a film base of cellulose fibers dissolved in acetic and
butyric acids, with the necessary plasticizers, solvents,
and thinners.
Buys-Ballot's law - A law of meteorology which states
that if a person stands in the Northern Hemisphere with
the wind striking at their back, the center of the low-
pressure area, around which the wind is blowing, is
ahead and to the left.
buzz - In turbine engines, an airflow instability that
occurs when a shock wave is alternately swallowed and
regurgitated by the inlet. At its worst, the condition can
cause violent fluctuations in pressure through the inlet,
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 C calibration

cadmium - A bluish-white, malleable, ductile, toxic,

metallic chemical element with a symbol of Cd and an
atomic number of 48.
C battery - A small, low-voltage battery. Also referred
to as a C-cell battery or C-cell. cadmium cell - A basic unit of the nickel-cadmium
battery. It consists of positive and negative plates,
C check - The intermediate level of inspection in a separators, electrolyte, a cell vent, and a cell container.
Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program. The The positive plates are made from porous plaque on
entire program consists of A, C, and D checks. which nickel-hydroxide is deposited. The negative
cabane - An arrangement of struts used to support a plates are made from similar plaques on which
wing above the fuselage of an airplane. Such an cadmium-hydroxide is deposited. The voltage that is
airplane wing attachment is called a parasol. produced by a cadmium cell at 20°C is 1.0186 volts.

cabin - That portion of an aircraft used for cargo and/or cadmium plating - A thin coating of cadmium metal
passengers. electroplated on a steel part to protect the steel from
corrosion. This is accomplished by the cadmium
cabin altitude - Cabin pressure in terms of equivalent serving as the anode in a corrosive action.
altitude above sea level.
caging device - A mechanism used in a gyroscopic
cabin differential pressure - The difference between instrument to erect the rotor of a gyro to its normal
the pressure inside a cabin and the outside air pressure. operating position prior to flight or after tumbling.
The maximum cabin differential pressure is determined
by the aircraft structural strength. caging system - See caging device.
cabin pressure regulator - A means of controlling calcium - A hard metallic element with a symbol of Ca
cabin pressure by regulating the outflow of air from the and an atomic number of 20. Used as an alloying
cabin. element with other metals.

cabin pressurization safety valve - A combination calcium carbide - A combination of calcium and
pressure and vacuum relief and dump valve used to carbon. Reacts chemically with water to produce
prevent cabin pressurization exceeding safe limits. acetylene gas.

cabin supercharger - Mechanical air pumps used to calculated landing time - A term that can be used in
provide the air pressure for cabin pressurization. place of tentative or actual calculated landing time,
whichever applies.
cabinet file - A coarse file that is flat on one face, and
rounded on the other face, used for metalworking and calendar month - The measure of time used by the
woodworking. Sometimes referred to as a half-round Federal Aviation Administration for inspections and
file. certification purposes. A calendar month ends at
midnight of the last day of the month, regardless of the
cable - I. In common usage, any heavy conductor. 2. In day it began.
electronics, two or more conductive paths bound into a
single package. 3. A group of insulated electric calendering - The process of dipping cotton yarn or
conductors usually covered with rubber or plastic to fabric into a hot solution of caustic soda to shrink the
form a flexible transmission line. 4. A stranded wire material and give it greater strength and luster.
generally composed of a number of wires enclosed in a calibrate - A procedure in which the indication of an
single bundle or group. instrument is compared with a standard value in order
cable control - The system of operating aircraft controls to inspect and correct the graduations of a measuring
by the use of high-strength flexible steel cables. device.

cable drum - A cylindrically shaped spool around calibrated airspeed (CAS) - The indicated airspeed of
which a control cable is wound to increase the amount an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error.
of cable moved each time the handle is turned. Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard
atmosphere at sea level.
cable guard - A pin installed in the flange of a control
cable pulley bracket to prevent the cable from jumping calibrated orifice - A hole with a specific internal
out of the pulley grooves. diameter used to measure or control the amount of flow
through it.
cable rigging tension chart - Charts showing the
relationship between control cable tension and calibration - Testing the accuracy of a measuring
temperature. instrument or scale by comparing it with a known
standard.

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calibration card canard configuration

calibration card - A card mounted on an instrument camber - 1. The curvature of an

panel near an instrument to show the errors in an airfoil above and below the
instrument in order for the pilot to apply an appropriate chord line surface. An airfoil is
correction. often described as having- an upper
A- and lower camber.
2. The mean camber of an airfoil section is a line
calibration curve, instrument - A curve on a graph
drawn through a series of points located midway
plotted to show the instrument errors at different points
between the upper and the lower camber. 3. The
on the scale of the instrument. The pilot uses the curve
amount of angle the wheels of an aircraft are from the
to interpolate the error at points between those that
vertical. If the top of the wheel tilts outward, the
have been plotted.
camber is positive; if it tilts inward, the camber is
californium - A radioactive, synthetically produced negative.
element with a symbol of Cf and an atomic number of
cambric - A finely woven cotton or linen material.
98.
cam-ground piston - An aircraft engine piston ground
call for release - Wherein the overlying ARTCC
in such a way that its diameter parallel to the wrist pin
requires a terminal facility to initiate verbal
boss is less than its diameter perpendicular to the boss.
coordination to secure ARTCC approval for release of
When the piston reaches its operating temperature, the
a departure into the enroute environment.
difference in mass has caused the piston to expand to a
callouts - Numbers or names used to identify perfect circular form.
components or parts in an aircraft drawing. Callouts are
Camlock fastener - A patented
placed near the part being identified and are connected
cowling fastener in which a hard steel
by a thin leader line.
pin is turned in a special cam-shaped
call-up - Initial voice contact between a facility and an receptacle.
aircraft, using the identification of the unit being called
camshaft - A long shaft running
w
and the unit initiating the call.
parallel to the crankshaft of an inline
calm -The absence of wind or of apparent motion of the or horizontally opposed reciprocating
air. engine. Lobes are ground at intervals
along its length to operate the valves through push rods
calorie - The amount of heat required to raise the and rocker a&.
temperature of one gram of water 1 OC.
can tap valve - A valve fastened onto a small can of
calorimeter - An apparatus for measuring specific heat. Freon refrigerant. It punctures the can seal and controls
cam - An eccentric plate or shaft used to impart motion the flow of refrigerant.
to a follower riding on its surface or edge. Canadian Minimum Navigation Performance
cam dwell -The cam dwell is the number of degrees the Specification Airspace - That portion of Canadian
cam rotates between the time the breaker points close domestic airspace within which MNPS (Minimum
and the time they open. Navigation Performance Specification) separation may
be applied.
cam lobe - An eccentric used to change rotary motion
into linear motion. For example, the cam followers that can-annular combustor - Can annular combustion
operate valves ride on the cam lobes and as the cam chambers arranged radially around the axis of a gas
shaft rotates, the cam lobes move the cam followers up turbine engine. The combustion chambers are enclosed
and down in a direction that is perpendicular to the axis in a movable steel shroud, which covers the entire
of the cam shaft. burner section, and is designed
- for more complete
cooling and mixing of fuel and air. The burners are
cam nose - The peak, or highest point on a cam, that interconnected by projecting flame tubes that facilitate
pushes up on the cam follower. the engine-starting process.
cam pawl -A special device that allows a wheel or gear canard - 1. The forward wing of a canard configuration
to turn in one direction but prevents its from turning in and may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry
the opposite direction. surface, with or without control surfaces. 2. An aircraft
cam plate - In radial-engines, a disc or plate with lobes with its horizontal stabilizing and control surfaces in
machined onto its circumference. Cam followers ride front of the wings. Also used to describe the fonvard-
on the lobes and open the engine valves through a mounted control surface.
system of push rods and rocker arms. canard configuration - A configuration in which the
cam ring - An open cam plate driven by teeth around its span of the forward wing is substantially less than that
circumference. of the main wing.

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 .
candela ca~acitor-in~ut
filter

candela -A unit of incandescent intensity. capacitance - The ability of an insulator to store

electrical energy in the form of electrostatic fields,
candlepower The luminous intensity of light
-
expressed in farads. The amount of electricity a
expressed in candelas.
capacitor can store depends on several factors,
cannibalize - To remove serviceable parts from a non- including the type of material of the dielectric. It is
flying aircraft for use on another machine. directly proportional to the plate area and inversely
proportional to the distance between the plates. The
cannon connector - A connector used to attach the formula for capacitance is C=Q/E, in which C is the
battery to the aircraft electrical system. It is a high-
capacitance in farads, Q is the quantity (amount) of
current connector in which the cables are held onto the charge in coulombs, and E is the electrical pressure in
battery by pressure applied by a hand screw. volts.
canopy - A 'Over for the capacitance box - An device used to select a
cockpit. It provides streamlining and protection for the
capacitance to insert into a circuit for testing purposes.
pilot against the elements. Sometimes referred to as a
cockpit canopy. 2. The large, umbrella-shaped material capacitance bridge - A null-type precision measuring
of a parachute. instrument used to measure capacitance.
canted bulkhead - A bulkhead or wall that is slanted capacitance-type fuel gauging system - A fuel quantity
(canted) vertically. indicating system using the fuel as the dielectric of a
capacitor. It measures the weight of the fuel instead of
cantilever - A beam or other member that is supported its volume.
at or near only one end, without external bracing.
capacitive coupling - The use of a capacitor or
cantilever wing - A cantilever wing uses no external
capacitors to connect electronic circuits. This type
wing struts. All of its support is obtained inside the
coupling allows AC to pass through and blocks DC.
wing itself.
capacitive electrical load - An electrical load that
can-type combustor - A combustor, or burner section produces more capacitive reactance than inductive
of a gas turbine engine, made up of eight to ten reactance in the circuit.
individual burner cans. These cans are long cylinders
that consist of an outer case or housing within which capacitive feedback - A process of feeding a portion of
there is a perforated stainless steel combustion chamber the output of a circuit through a capacitor back into the
liner or inner liner. The can-type combustors are input section of the circuit. Can allow the circuit to be
arranged radially around the axis of the engine. somewhat self-regulating.
Compressed air from the compressor flows through the
capacitive reactance ( X c t The opposition to the flow
cans and fuel is sprayed into them and burned to add
of alternating current electricity caused by the
energy to the air. Cooling air flows through holes in the
capacitance in a circuit, and is measured in ohms.
inner liners to keep the temperature of the liners low
Capacitive reactance is calculated using the
enough so that they will not be damaged.
capacitance of the circuit and the frequency of the AC.
canvas - A heavy, woven coarse cloth generally made
capacitive time constant - The amount of time,
of cotton.
determined by the resistance of the circuit and by the
cap--The longitudinal members at the top and bottom of a capacitance of the capacitor, measured in seconds,
beam that resist most of the bending loads because of needed for the voltage across a capacitor to rise to 63%
their strength in compression and tension. of the source voltage.
cap cloud - A standing or stationary cap-like cloud
- capacitor - A device used to store electrical energy in
forming on mountain or ridge tops due to cooling of the form of electrostatic fields. A capacitor is
moist air rising on the upwind side followed by essentially two conductors separated by an insulator.
warming and drying of downdrafts on the lee side.
capacitor-discharge ignition system - An ignition
Also referred to as a Foehn cloud.
system consisting of two identical independent ignition
cap screw - A threaded fastener. The head of the cap units operating from a common low-voltage DC
screw that, when turned with a wrench, clamps two electrical power source, the aircraft battery. A high
pieces of material together. voltage, supplied by the ignition exciter unit, charges a
storage capacitor with a charge, lip to four joules, that
cap strip - Cap strips are extrusions, formed angles, or generates an arc across a wide igniter spark gap to
milled sections to which the web is attached. These ignite the fuel.
members carry the loads caused by wing bending and
also provide a foundation for attaching the skin. capacitor-input filter - An electronic filter used to
smooth out the pulsations in the output of an electrical
power supply. A capacitor-input filter is installed in
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capacitor-start induction motor. carbon microvhone

parallel with the rectifier output, and an inductor is carbo-blast - A grit blast. Field cleaning agent, a
installed in series with the rectifier output. lignocellulose material consisting of ground up walnut
shells and apricot pits.
capacitor-start induction motor - An AC motor whose
rotor is excited by voltage induced from the field Carboloy - A brand name of certain cutting tools and
windings. A second winding whose phase is shifted by dies having tungsten carbide bonded to their cutting
a capacitor is used to provide a rotating field for surface.
starting. When the motor gets up to speed, a centrifugal
carbon - Nonmetallic element with a symbol of C and
switch opens the circuit in which the capacitor is
an atomic weight of 6. Carbon is a part of all organic
situated.
compounds. [t ranges in appearance from black, fluffy
capacitor-type ignition system - An ignition system soot, to hard, transparent diamond.
consisting of two identical independent ignition units
carbon arc - An electric arc, produced by a welding
operating From a common low-voltage DC electrical
machine, that jumps between two carbon electrodes or
power source, the aircraft battery. A high voltage,
from a carbon electrode to a metal electrode. A carbon
supplied by the ignition exciter unit, charges a storage
arc makes an intensely bright light and produces
capacitor with a charge, up to four joules, which
enough heat (approximately 10,00O0F) to melt metals
generates an arc across a wide igniter spark gap to
for welding or cutting.
ignite the fuel.
carbon arc lamp - An electrical lamp in which an
cape chisel - A cold chisel used when cutting square
electric arc between carbon electrodes produces a high-
comers or slots.
intensity- light.
-
capillary action - An action causing a liquid to be
carbon black -A soft and fluffy carbon deposit. Carbon
drawn up into extremely tiny tubes or between close-
black is produced by the incomplete burning of
fitting parts.
acetylene -gas when the flame does not have enough-
capillary tube - A tube with a very small bore used to oxygen
.- for complete combustion.
meter a fluid or transmit pressure bf fluid or gas to an
carbon brake -An aircraft brake required for extremely
indicating gauge.
high energy dissipation. Both the rotating and
capping stable layer - The elevated stable layer found stationary discs are made of pure carbon.
on top of a convective boundary layer. Usually marks a
carbon composition resistor - A resistor formed by
sharp transition between smooth air above and
embedding wire leads in a cylindrical slug of carbon
turbulent air below.
and filler material. IJsually covered with an epoxy
- - or
capstan - A spool-shaped device in the control system other plastic insulating jacket.
of an aircraftsimilar to a grooved drum-like wheel. A
carbon deposits - Residue from overheated oil or
control cable is wound around the capstan, and the
incompletely burned gasoline. It forms as a hard, black
ends of the guide are attached to the aileron, the
crust inside the engine.
elevator, or the rudder control cable.
carbon dioxide (C02) - A colorless, odorless,
capstan screw - A special purpose machine screw with
nonflammable gas often used as a fire extinguishing
holes across the head to accommodate a bar that can be
agent in aircraft.
passed through these holes to turn the screw.
carbon fiber - Produced by placing carbon (an element)
captive balloon - An aerial platform anchored to the
in an inert atmosphere at temperatures above 1,80OoF.
ground.
Used as a reinforcing material. Carbon fiber is a
captive screw - A fastener that has the ability to turn in lightweight, high strength and high stiffness fiber. The
the body in which it is mounted, but which will not material can be graphitized by heat-treating at a very
drop out when it is unscrewed from the part it is high temperature.
holding.
carbon fouling -A carbon deposit that forms as a result
capture - The process by which small droplets are of overly rich, idle fuellair mixtures. The carbon forms
swept up by faster-falling large droplets. Also called on the inside of combustion chambers and spark plugs.
coalescence.
carbon knock - The pre-ignition of the hellair charge
carbide drill - A specially manufactured cutting drill inside the cylinder of a reciprocating engine before the
that has a cutting edges surfaced with tungsten carbide, engine is ready for ignition to occur. Caused by the
tantalum carbide, or titanium carbide. glowing of carbon deposits.
carbide tool - A metal-cutting machine tool that has carbon microphone A microphone used in telephones
-

cutting faces surfaced with either tungsten carbide, and some types of radio transmitters. It consists of a
tantalum carbide, or titanium carbide. flexible diaphragm of carbon granules. Sound waves
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 .
carbon monoxide (CO) carburetor float

pressing against the microphone change its resistance, carbon tracking - A fine track of carbon deposited
thus modulating the voltage and creating the electronic inside the magneto, distributor, or terminal cavity of a
signal that is transmitted to a receiver. spark plug as a result of a flashover. It acts as an
electrical conductor to ground or to another electrical
carbon monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless, highly
lead.
toxic gas that forms from incomplete combustion of a
hydrocarbon fuel. carbon/graphite fiber or fabric - A fiber used in
advanced composites comprised of carbon filaments
carbon monoxide detector - A device used to detect
which may be woven together. The terms carbon and
the presence and concentration of carbon monoxide
graphite have been used interchangeably for years. The
gas.
Americans prefer the term graphite, while the
carbon oil seal - An oil seal used in gas turbine engines. Europeans prefer carbon. Depending on the
These seals are usually spring loaded and are similar in manufacturer of the aircraft, different terms may be
material and application to the carbon brushes used in used. The tern CarbonIGraphite is used throughout this
-
electrical motors. Carbon seals rest against a surface to book to include both terms.
prevent oil from leaking out along the shaft into the
carbonaceous - Containing carbon.
compressor airflow or the turbine sections.
carbon-film resistor - An electrical resistor composed
carbon pile resistor - A variable resistor used in some
of a thin film of carbon on a ceramic cylinder. Wires
electrical equipment. A carbon pile is made of a stack
connected to each end of the carbon film allow the
of thin, pure carbon disks. Its resistance is changed by
resistor to be connected to an electrical circuit.
varying the amount of pressure applied to the stack.
carbon-zinc cell - A portable primary cell such as a
carbon pile voltage regulator -A voltage regulator that
flashlight battery consisting of a carbon rod placed in a
depends on the resistance of a number of carbon disks
can made of zinc and filled with a paste of ammonium
arranged in a pile or stack. The resistance of the carbon
chloride. The chemical reaction between the paste and
stack varies inversely with the pressure applied. When
zinc causes electrons to leave the zinc can and travel
the stack is compressed under appreciable pressure, the
through an external circuit to the carbon rod.
resistance in the stack is less. Pressure on the carbon
pile depends upon two opposing forces: a spring and an carborundum - A manufactured aluminum oxide
electromagnet. The spring compresses the carbon pile, abrasive similar to natural emery. It is used for
and the electromagnet exerts a pull that decreases the grinding wheels and abrasive papers.
pressure. When the generator voltage varies, the pull of
carburetor - 1. Pressure: A hydromechanical device
the electromagnet varies, thereby increasing or
employing a closed feed system from the fuel pump to
decreasing the pressure on the disks. This change
the discharge nozzle. Tt meters fuel through fixed jets
allows a change in the generator output voltage.
according- to the mass airflow through
- the throttle body
carbon resistor - An electrical component used to put a and discharges it under a positive pressure. Pressure
controlled amount of resistance in an electrical circuit. carburetors -are distinctly -different from float-type
Carbon resistors are composed of a rod of compressed carburetors, as they do not incorporate a vented float
graphite and binding material with wire leads, called chamber or suction pickup from a discharge nozzle
"pigtail" leads, attached to each end of the resistor. located in the venturi tube. 2. Float-type: Consists
Colored bands marked on the resistor indicate its essentially of a main air passage through which the
resistance value. engine draws its supply of air, a mechanism to control
thequantity of fuel discharged in relation to the flow of
carbon seal - A heat-resistant device used in turbine
air, and a means of regulating the quantity of fuellair
engines to seal the lubricating oil in the bearing cavity.
mixture delivered to the engine cylinders.
A ring of carbon material rides on a highly polished
metal-surface to prevent lubricating oil from seeping carburetor air temperature - The temperature of the
into the gas path. Usually located at main bearings. induction air before it enters the carburetor. The
temperature of the air as it enters the carburetor must
carbon steel - A group of iron alloys having carbon as
be controlled to keep the heyair mixture temperature
the principal alloying agent. Low-carbon steel contains
high enough to prevent water from condensing out of
less than 0.20% carbon and is not as strong as high-
the air and freezing and low enough to prevent
carbon steel that contains up to 0.95% carbon.
detonation.
carbon tetrachloride (Halon 104) - Once used as a fire carbureror - A component between the fuel
extinguishing agent. A chemical formula CC14, a liquid
supply and the metering system of a carburetor. The
with a UL toxicity rating of 3. When used as a fire
float chamber provides a nearly constant level of fuel
extinguishing agent it becomes very toxic and harmful
to the main discharge nozzle. The float is connected to
to humans and other animals.
a needle valve and seat that meters the correct amount
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carburetor heater . casing ~ l i e saircraft
. tires

of fuel to the induction system according to the link held between metal rings, or caps, that screw onto
demand. each end of an insulating tube.
carburetor heater - A heater muff or jacket installed cartridge starter - An engine starting device that uses
around the exhaust manifold through which induction electrically ignited solid fuel pellets. The pressure is
air is drawn to warm it before it enters the carburetor. used to move a piston to start a reciprocating engine or
This heat prevents the formation of carburetor ice. to turn a turbine wheel to start a turbine engine.
carburetor ice - Ice that forms inside the carburetor due cartridge-pneumatic starter - A combination air-
to the temperature drop caused by the vaporization of turbine starter and cartridge starter. It can be operated
the fuel. Induction system icing is an operational by bleed air or by an explosive charge, both of which
hazard because it can cut off the flow of the fuellair exhaust through a turbine wheel connected to a
charge or vary the fueliair ratio. reduction gearbox. Its purpose is to start main engines.
carburetor icing - Occurs when moist air is drawn into cartridge-type filter -A disposable filter element. Used
the carburetor and is cooled to a dewpoint temperature for both fuel and oil systems.
less than 0" C
cascade electrical circuits - A system of connecting
carburetor maintenance - Maintenance that may multiple levels of electrical circuits so that the output
include idle speed adjustment, removal and installation, of one level feeds the input of the next level.
adjusting idle mixtures, rigging, and inspection of
cascade thrust reverser - A configuration of thrust
carburetors.
reverser used in turbojet engines in which thin airfoils
carhurizing - A form of case hardening of steel in or obstructions are placed in the engine's exhaust
which carbon is infused into the surface of the steel to stream to duct the high-velocity exhaust gases forward.
increase its hardness. This decreases the airplane's landing roll. Also referred
to as an aerodynamic thrust reverser.
carburizing flame - A
>.I- - :2-< --
flame used in oxy-
acetylene welding in
--_-- cascade transformer - A device used in an electrical
circuit to generate a h ~ g h voltage. A system of
which there is an excess of acetylene gas. Also called a connecting mult~ple levels of electrical step-up
reducing flame. This type of flame introduces carbon transformers where the output of one level feeds into
into the steel. It can be recognized by the greenish- the next level transformer, cascading until the required
white, brush-like second cone at the tip of the first high-output voltage is obtained.
cone. The outer flame is slightly luminous and has
cascade vane - An air turning vane. One common use is
about the same appearance as an acetylene flame
in thrust reversers.
burning freely in air alone.
case hardening - A form of heat treatment of a metal in
cardinal altitudes -Full thousands of feet of altitude or
which the surface is made extremely hard and brittle
flight level. (3,000 feeti4,OOO feetletc. or FL 330,FL
while the core of the metal retains its toughness.
340/etc.)
case pressure - A low pressure maintained inside the
cardinal flight levels - See cardinal altitudes.
case of a hvdraulic DumD. In the event of a damaged
cardinal headings - Headings along the four main seal, fluid will be fdrced out of the pump rather than
points of a compass: North, South, East, and West. allowing air to be drawn in.
cardioid microphone - A microphone with the ability casein glue - A form of powdered glue made from milk.
to pick up sounds ahead of it, rejecting sounds behind Casein glues are widely used in wood aircraft repair
it. work. For aircraft use, casein glues should contain
suitable preservatives such as the chlorinated phenols
cargo -Freight transported in an airplane.
and their sodium salts, to increase resistance to organic
-
cargo aircraft - An airplane whose main function is to deterioration under high humidity.
carry freight.
casing -The rubber and fabric body of a pneumatic tire.
carrier frequency - The high frequency alternating The casing is the same as the carcass of the tire. It is
current that produces the electromagnetic waves that composed of diagonal layers of rubber-coated fabric
radiate horn a radio transmitting antenna. cord (running at right angles to one another), providing
the strength of a tire.
carrier wave - The high frequency alternating current
that can be modulated to cany intelligence
- by casing plies, aircraft tires - Diagonal, strength-
propagation as a radio wave. providing layers of rubber-coated nylon cord fabric
(running at right angles to one another).
cartridge fuse - A fuse used to protect an electrical
circuit from an excess of current. It consists of a fusible
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 -
cast iron Cathode-rav oscillosco~e

cast iron - Iron that contains 6% to 8% carbon and category I1 operation - With respect to the operation of
silicon. Cast iron is a hard unmalleable pig iron made aircraft, this is a straight-in ILS approach to the runway
by casting. of an airport, under a category I1 ILS instrument
approach procedure issued by the Administrator or
cast-aluminum alloy - Aluminum alloy that has been
other appropriate authority.
heated to its molten state and poured into a mold to
give it a desired shape. category 11 operations - With respect to the operation
of aircraft, means a straight-in ILS approach to the
castle nut - A general purpose
runway of an airport under a Category I1 ILS
hexagonal nut for aircraft or
instrument approach procedure issued by the
engine use Their shape
Administrator or other appropriate authority.
resembles a castle with the
slots between the "turrets" category I11 operations - With respect to the operation
used for locking the nut to of aircraft, means an ILS approach to, and landing on,
the bolt with cotter pins. the runway of an airport using a Category 111 ILS
instrument approach procedure issued by the
catalyst - A material used to bring about a change, or
Administrator or other appropriate authority.
speeds up the rate of change of a chemical action, but
does not actually enter into the change itself. category IIlA operations - An ILS approach and
landing with no decision height (DH), or a DH below
catalytic cracking - A method of refining petroleum
100 feet (30 meters), and controlling runway visual
products in which a catalyst is used to change high-
range not less than 700 feet (200 meters).
boiling-point hydrocarbons into low-boiling-point
hydrocarbons. category IIIB operations - An ILS approach and
landing with no DH, or with a DH below 50 feet (15
catalyzed material - A material whose cure is initiated
meters), and controlling runway visual range less than
by the addition of a catalyst.
700 feet (200 meters), but not less than 150 feet (50
catalyzed resin - A term used to describe the resin meters).
mixture after it has been mixed with the catalyst or
category IIIC operations - An ILS approach and
hardener. It may still be in the workable state.
landing with no DH and no runway visual range
catapult - A mechanism used to launch an object into limitation. Also known as zero-zero landing.
the air. Catapults are used to launch heavily loaded
catenary curve - A curve formed by a flexible cord or
aircraft from the decks of aircraft carriers at a high rate
rope suspended between two points at the same level.
of weed.
catenary thermal shield - A curved sheet metal section
category - 1. As used with respect to the certification,
between turbine wheels of a particular set. It serves as a
ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a
heat bamer between the gas path and the inner portion
broad classification of aircraft. Examples include:
of a drum-
airplane; rotorcraft; glider;
- -
and lighter-than-air. 2. As
used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means type
.. turbine wheel.
a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or
cathedral - The downslope of the wings from the
operating limitations. Examples include: transport,
fuselage. It is the opposite of dihedral. Airplanes that
normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and
employ cathedral have an increase in maneuverability
provisional.
but a decrease in stability.
category A - With respect to transport category
cathode - 1. The negative terminal of a semiconductor
rotorcraft, means multiengine rotorcraft designed with
diode or the element in an electron tube from which the
engine and system isolation features specified in Part
electrons are emitted. 2. An active element in an
29 and utilizing scheduled takeoff and landing
electrochemical cell that loses oxygen in the chemical
operations under a critical engine failure concept which
action that causes electrons to flow.
assures adequate designated surface area and adequate
performance capability for continued safe flight in the cathode of a semiconductor diode - The end of a
event of engine failure. semiconductor diode made of N-type material.
category B - With respect to transport category cathode protection - A material more anodic than the
rotorcraft, means single-engine or multiengine material being protected is attached to or plated on the
rotorcraft which do not fully meet all Category A material, which then becomes the cathode and is not
- . B rotorcraft have no guaranteed
standards. Category corroded. Also referred to as sacrificial corrosion
stay-up ability in the event of engine failure and
unscheduled landing is assumed. Cathode-ray oscilloscope - An electrical measuring
instrument in which the readout is on the surface of a
tube similar to that in a television set. Electrons are
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cathode-ray tube (CRT) CENRAP

made to strike the inside of the tube where they cause ceiling light - A light used by weather observers to
the coating of the tube to glow. Recurring voltage measure the height of the bottom of a layer of clouds at
changes are displayed on the tube in the form of a night.
green line.
ceilometer - A device used to measure the height of the
cathode-ray tube (CRT) - An elcctron tube in which a bottom layer of clouds above a weather station.
stream of electrons (cathode rays) from an electron gun Consists of a light transmitter and receiver separated by
impinges upon a fluorescent screen, thus producing a a known horizontal distance. A beam of light shines on
bright spot on the screen. The electron beam is the cloud layer and height is calculated using
deflected electrically or magnetically to produce trigonometry.
patterns on the screen. Also referred to as a display
celestial dome - The hemisphere of the sky as observed
tube.
from a point on the ground.
cation - A positive charged ion that moves toward the
celestial navigation -Navigating by use of the stars and
cathode in the process of electrolysis.
sun.
catwalk - A narrow walkway (as along a bridge ur
cellular combustor - A combustor, or bumer section of
elevated on the side of a building).
a gas turbine engine, that is made up of eight to ten
caul plates - In composites, smooth plates used during individual bumer cans. Thcsc cans are long cylinders
the cure process to apply pressure in a uniform manner. that consist of an outer case or housing within which
there is a perforated stainless steel combustion chamber
caustic material - Any substance having the ability of
liner or inner liner. The can-type combustors are
burning, corroding, or eroding other substances by
arranged radially around the axis of the engine.
chemical action.
Compressed air from the compressor flows through the
caustic soda - A common name for sodium hydroxide. cans and fuel is sprayed into them and burned to add
energy to the air. Cooling air flows through holes in the
cavitation -A partial vacuum of an area of low pressure inner liners to keep the temperature of the liners low
behind an object that is moving in a fluid. enough so that they will not be damaged.
cavity - A hole or hollow within a body or structure. Celluloid - The registered trade name of a thermoplastic
C-clamp - A metal clamp in material consisting essentially of cellulose nitrate and
the general shape of the camphor.
letter C. It is used to exert cellulose - A material that comes from the cell walls of
pressure and to temporarily plants and is the raw material of many manufactured
hold objects together. goods.
C-D inlet or exhaust - 1. cellulose acetate butyrate - A compound formed by the
Inlet. The forward section is action of acetic and butyric acid on cellulose.
convergent to increase air
pressure and reduce air cellulose acetate butyrate dope - An aircraft dope
velocity to subsonic speed. The aft section is divergent having a cellulose acetate butyratc film base and
to increase air pressure still m h e r and slow airflow to suitable plasticizers, along with the necessary solvents
approximately Mach 0.5 before entering the engine. 2. and diluents. Butyrate dope has a better tautening effect
Exhaust. The forward section is convergent- to increase on fabric and is less flammable than nitrate dope.
gas pressure. Thc aft section is divergent to increase
cellulosc nitrate - A compound formed by treating
gas velocity to supcrsonic speed. This arrangemcnt is
cellulose with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
necessary in order for the aircraft to attain supersonic
speed. cellulose nitrate dope - Aircraft dope consisting of a
nitrocellulose film base with t h e appropriate
Ceconitc - A fabric woven from polyester fibers.
plasticizers, thinners, and solvents. It has excellent
cciling - In meteorology in the U.S., (1) the height encapsulating properties, but its high flammability has
above the surface of the base of the lowest layer of caused its decrease in popularity as a finish for fabric
clouds or obscuring phenomena aloft that hides more covered aircraft.
than half of the sky, or (2) the vertical visibility into an
Celsius (C) - A temperature scale with zero degrees as
obscuration. the melting point of pure ice and 100 degrees as the
ceiling balloon - A small balloon used to determine the boiling point of pure water at standard sea level
height of a cloud base or the extent of vertical atmospheric pressure.
visibility.
CENRAP - See center radar ARTS
presentatiodprocessing.
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 .
CENRAP-~lus center-tawwed winding

CENRAP-plus - See center radar ARTS presen- center of pressure coefficient - The ratio of the
tation/processing-plus. distance of the center of pressure from the leading edge
to the chord length.
center - 1. A point that is equally distant from the sides
or outer boundaries of something. The middle. 2. Air center of thrust - The resultant of all of the thrust
Route Traffic Control Center. 1 forces of the propellers or the exhaust jet stream.
center console - The space between the pilot and center punch -A punch having a somewhat blunt point,
copilot where the power lever control system is used to form an indentation in sheet metal that can be
positioned on most multi-engine airplanes. used to start the twist drill.
center drill - A combination of a twist drill and a 60" center radar arts presentationlprocessing (CENHAP)
countersink. Used to center a hole and a countersink in - A computer program developed to provide a back-
a piece of metal. up- system
- for aimort surveillance radar in the event of
a failure or malfunction. The program uses air route
center head - A tool, in a
traffic control center radar for the processing and
combination measuring
presentation of data on the ARTS IIA or IIIA displays.
set, used for finding the
center of circular objects center radar arts presentationlprocessing-plus
such as a piece of round (CENRAP-plus) -A computer program developed to
bar stock. provide a back-up system for airport surveillance radar
in the event of a terminal secondary radar system
center line - In aircraft
failure. The program uses a combination of Air Route
drawings, the alternate -R
Traffic Control Center Radar and terminal airport
long and short dashes
surveillance radar primary targets displayed
indicating the center of an object or part of an object.
simultaneously for the processing and presentation of
center of airfoil moments - The point about which the data on the ARTS IIA or IIIA displays
basic airfoil moment coefficients are given, usually the
Center Weather Advisory (CWA)-- Unscheduled in-
aerodynamic center.
flight, flow control, air traffic, and air crew advisory.
center of gravity (CG) - The theoretical point where These can be a supplement to an existing
the entire weight of the airplane is considered to be SIGMETIAIRMET, or when conditions are observed
concentrated. or expected to adversely affect air traffic.
center of gravity envelope - center's area - The specified airspace within which an
A graphic depiction of the air route traffic control center (ARTCC) provides air
fore-and-aft range of center traffic control and advisory service.
of gravity limits, showing the
centering - In gliders, adjusting circles while
way these limits vary with
thermalling to provide the greatest average climb.
the gross weight of the
aircraft. centerline thrust - An aircraft design for multi-engine
airplanes that eliminates engine-out asymmetrical
center of gravity limits -The lClQP
thrust and asymmetrical drag. Mounting the engines
extreme forward and
along the fuselage centerline eliminates directional
rearward positions at which the center of gravity of an
control problems of the conventional twin following an
aircraft may be located.
engine failure. However, the loss of an engine can still
center of gravity range - The distance between the reduce climb performance significantly. Airplanes
forward and rearward center of gravity limits, as incorporating centerline thrust do not have a published
specified on the Type Certificate Data Sheet for the V,, speed. Pilots who receive a multi-engine rating in
aircraft. an airplane of this type have the restriction "Limited to
Center Thrust" placed on their pilot certificates. This
center of lift - The resultant of all of the centers of restriction can be removed when they subsequently
pressures of an airfoil. demonstrate the maneuver during a practical test in a
center of mass - The location within an aircraft at conventional twin.
which its entire mass can be considered to be in center-of-rotation line - The line on a drawing about
equilibrium. which an object will rotate.
center of pressure - The point along the wing chord center-tapped winding - A winding on an electrical
line where lift is considered to be concentrated. transformer that has a connection (tap) located in its
electrical center. It is used to divide the winding in
half.
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centervent system ceramic

centervent system - Use of the main rotorshaft as an constraining the object and that acts outwardly away
air-oil separator in place of a driven centrihgal device. from the center of rotation.
After separation, oil is scavenged back to the oil
reservoir and air, which was entrained in the oil, is centrifugal moment - A force that tries to produce a
vented through the rotorshaft into the gas path in the rotation caused by the amount of centrifugal force
area of the turbine wheel. acting on an object.

centigrade - Formerly used for Celsius temperature. centrifugal oil filter - A rotary filtering element used to
throw contaminants outward into sediment traps.
centigrade temperature scale - Same as Celsius
centrifugal pump - Any pump that uses a high-speed
temperature scale.
impeller to throw the fluid outward by centrifugal
centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system - Metric system action.
of measurement using the centimeter as the basic unit
centrifugal switch - An electrical switch mounted
of measurement of length, the gram as the basic unit
inside of a rotating induction motor of a capacitor-
for weight, and the second as the basic unit for time.
-
starter. The switch, actuated bv centrifugal force.
centistoke - A unit of viscosity measurement of both disconnects the starter winding when the rotor is
fuels and oils. 11100 of a "stoke." turning at a predetermined speed.
Central East Pacific - An organized route system centrifugal tachometer -A mechanical tachometer that
between the U.S. West Coast and Hawaii. measures the speed of a rotating shaft. Flyweights are
mounted on a collar around the rotating shaft in such
Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The main processing
away that centrifugal force pulls the flyweights away
portion of a computer. The CPU stores and operates on
from the shaft. As the flyweights move away from the
data, provides time signals, and performs
shaft, the collar moves up the shaft causing a pointer to
arithmeticllogic functions.
move over a dial registering the shaft speed.
'Ystern - An aircraft 'ystem in centrifugal histing force - The forces
which all tanks may be filled from one fueling point.
acting on a propeller blade. The twisting force is
Also referred to as a single-point refueling system or a
present in all rotating propellers and always acts to
pressure refueling system.
send the blades toward a lower -pitch -position.
centrifugal -An apparent force that opposes centripetal Fentrihgal moment - The tendency of a
force, resulting from the effect of inertia during a turn.
propeller
- - blade to twist on its axis due to the
centrifugal brake - A friction brake used to apply centrihgal forces acting on the blade. The twisting
friction if the unit rotating turns at a spced that is faster moment is present in all rotating propellers and always
than is permitted. acts to send the blades toward a lower pitch position.
centrifugal breather - A centrifugal device through centrifugal-typc pump A pump that uses a high-speed
which oil laden air from the vent subsystem passes. Oil impeller to throw the fluid outward at a high velocity.
is returned to the reservoir and air exits back to the
centrifuge - A device used to separate a liquid mixture
atmosphere.
or a suspension into its various components that have
centrifugal clutch - A friction clutch that engages when different specific gravities.
a drive wheel reaches a predetermined speed. The
centrifuge action - A force that tends to separate
clutch is engaged by centrifugal force that acts on a
particles according to their density, or to pull an object
flyweight mechanism.
apart by rotating it rapidly about its center.
centrifugal filter - A filtering element that separates
centrifuging - A method of separating particles of
contaminants from a fluid by centrifugal action. It
varying density by spinning them in a centrifuge.
throws contaminants by rotary motion into traps that
hold them until they can be removed. centripetal force - The force within a body that opposes
the centrifugal force as the body rotates or spins.
centrifugal flow compressor - An impeller-shaped
device that receives air at its center and slings air centroid - The center of mass of a body or a point about
outward at high velocity into a diffuser for increased which all of its mass is concentrated.
pressure. Also referred to as a radial outflow
ceramic - A clay-like material composed primarily of
compressor.
magnesium and aluminum oxide, which may be
centrifugal force - The outward pull on a body as it molded and fired to produce an excellent insulating
rotates or spins. material.
centrifugal force - The apparent force that an object
moving along a circular path exerts on the body
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 ceramic magnet chamfered point of a threaded fastener
a

ceramic magnet - A permanent magnet made by CFR engine - An engine used by Cooperative Fuel
compressing a mixture of ceramic material and sintered Research to determine the octane rating of a
magnetic particles. hydrocarbon fkel. A CFR engine has a variable
compression ratio, and it can cause any of the fuels that
CERAP - See combined center-RAPCON.
are being tested to detonate. When the correct
certificate - An official Federal Aviation percentages of iso-octane are obtained, an octane
Administration document authorizing a privilege, fact, number is given to the fuel.
or legal concept.
Chadwick balancer - The electronic balancing or
certificated - An object or person that has been granted tracking of rotor blades. It is manufactured by
a certificate of approval, usually by the Federal Chadwick-Helmuth, Inc.
Aviation Administration.
chafe -To wear away by a rubbing action.
certificated aircraft - An aircraft designed to meet
chafed surface - A surface resulting a slight
minimum specifications and requirements specified by
relative movement between two surfaces under high
the Federal Aviation Administration. When these
contact pressure. The surface of each part reveals metal
conditions are met, an Approved Type Certificate is
removed and metal added.
issued for the aircraft. In order for the aircraft to
maintain the certificate (to be considered legally chafers -In tires, layers of fabric and rubber that protect
airworthy) it must be maintained in such a way that it the tire carcass from damage during mounting and
continues to meet these specifications. demounting. They insulate the carcass from brake heat
and provide a good seal against movement during
certificated technician - A person who holds a valid
dynamic operations.
technician's certificate issued by the Federal Aviation
Administration with either an Airframe or Powerplant chaff - Thin, narrow metallic reflectors of various
rating, or both ratings. lengths and frequency responses, used to reflect radar
energy. These reflectors, when dropped from aircraft
certified tower radar display (CTRD) - A radar
and allowed to drift downward, result in large targets
display that provides a presentation of primary, beacon
on the radar display.
radar videos, and alphanumeric data from an Air
Traffic Control radar system, which is certified by the chafing - Rubbing action between adjacent or
FAA to provide radar services. Examples include contacting parts under light pressure which results in
Digital Bright Radar Indicator Tower Equipment wear.
(DBRITE), Tower Display Workstation (TDW) and
chafing strip - See chafing tape.
BRITE.
chafing tape - Cloth or paper tape placed over a metal
cesium - A soft, ductile, bluish-gray metallic chemical
seam or protruding screw head that is to be covered
element with a symbol of Cs and an atomic weight of
with fabric. It is used to protect the fabric from wear.
55. Used in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.
chain gear - A gear or sprocket used to transmit motion
cesium-barium 137 - A radioactive substance used to
coat ignition system air-gap points to synchronize from one shaft to another shaft connected by a roller
chain similar to that used in a bicycle.
discharge of current to the igniter plug.
chain hoist - A mechanism used in a shop to lift heavy
CFI renewal - A process that allows CFIs to renew
weights. A chain hoist uses an endless loop of chain to
their certificates since flight instructor certificates are
drive a geared wheel that also supports and lifts the
only valid for 24 months. CFI renewal is not automatic
load as it is pulled up by the geared wheel.
by. any. means since it requires a specific certificate
action by the FAA. certificate renewal should be in chain reaction - A self-sustaining action in which one
accordance with FAR Part 61.197 by any of the event causes other events to happen.
following methods. A CFI can present the FAA with a
record of training that shows endorsement of at least 5 chaining - Combines behaviors students already know
to assemble more complex behaviors.
students for a practical test for a certificate or rating,
and at least 80% of the students passed on their first chamfer - A bevel cut on the edge of a piece of
attempt. A CFI can also show the FAA a satisfactory material.
record as a Part 121 or 135 check pilot, chief flight
instructor, check airman or flight instructor, or that he chamfered point of a threaded fastener - The point of
or she is in a position involving the regular evaluation a bolt or a screw formed in the shape of a cone with its
of pilots. Graduation from an approved flight instructor top cut off. The chamfered point allows easy entry into
refresher course (FIRC), the hole for starting.
,. consisting
- of at least 16 hours
of ground andlor flight training, also may be the basis
of renewing certificates at the discretion of the FAA.
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chamfered tooth. charted visual flight procedure (CVFP) approach

chamfered tooth -The tooth of the gear on the rotating charged. 2. The physical condition that gives rise to an
magnet or the distributor gear which is beveled to electric field.
identify it for use when timing the magneto.
charging a battery - The preparation of battery for
chamois - A piece of soft leather used to filter gasoline. service by passing low-voltage DC through the battery
Gasoline will pass through a chamois, but water will in the opposite direction of normal battery output. A
not. Gasoline that has been filtered through a chamois lead acid battery should be recharged when a cell has a
can be considered to be free from water. hydrometer reading of 1.240 or below. A filly charged
battery reads about 1.300 on the hydrometer.
chandelle - A maximum performance 180" climbing
turn. It involves continual changes in pitch, bank, charging current - A current passed through a
airspeed, and control pressures. During the maneuver, secondary cell that restores the active material on the
the airspeed gradually decreases from the entry speed plates to a condition that allows them to change
to a few knots above stall speed at the completion of chemical energy into electrical energy.
the 180" turn.
charging stand - A handy and compact arrangement of
change of state - The transformation of a substance air conditioning service equipment containing a
from one form (state) to another such as a solid vacuum pump, manifold set, and a method of
changing to a liquid. In meteorology, a change of state measuring and dispensing the refrigerant.
usually refers to the change of water from one form to
Charles' law - A law of physics which states that if a
another.
gas is held at a constant pressure, it will expand in
Examples include: condensation - vapor to liquid;
direct relationship to the increase in its absolute
evaporation liquid to vapor; sublimation solid (ice)
- -

temperature.
to vapor; freezing - liquid to solid; melting - solid to
liquid. chart - 1 . A pictorial presentation of data. 2. A graph.
- - 3.
A graphic representation of the operation of engine
changeover point (COP) - The point at which a pilot
performance, fuel consumption, horsepower, or
changes frequencies between navigation aids when
limitation of somc spccific unit. 4. A map.
other than the midpoint on an airway.
.- --.L-..l.l -- chart NOTAMS - Jeppesen Chart NOTAMS include
channel.- A I I I C L ~ >LluCLulal
I
-:LL
I I ~ C I I I U C ICILIICI G A L ~ U U G UUL
significant information changes affecting Enroute,
bent in to a U-shape
Area, and Terminal charts. Entries are published until
channel iron - Extruded steel the temporary condition no longer exists, or until the
either extruded or bent into a permanent change appears on revised charts. Enroute
U-shape. chart numbers I panel numbers I letters and area chart
identifiers are included for each entry in the enroute
channel section - A form of
portion of thc chart NOTAMs. To avoid duplication of
structural material that has the
information in combined Enroute and Terminal Chart
cross sectional shape of a
NOTAMs, navaid conditions, except for ILS
channel or the letter U.
components, are listed only in the Enroute portion of
characteristic curves - 1. A series of graphically the Chart NOTAMs. All times are local unless
presented curves that describe in mathematical terms otherwise indicated. Arrows indicate ncw or revised
the characteristics of lift and drag produced by an information. Chart NOTAMs are only an abbreviated
airfoil section. 2. A graph that shows the performance service. Always ask for pertinent NOTAMs prior to
of an electron tube or a transistor under various flight.
operating conditions.
chart, navigation - A special map used for aerial
characteristic potential difference - The theoretical navigation that gives the location and the necessary
potential difference produced by a chemical cell using information about all of the navigation aids. A chart
specific pole materials. shows the grids of latitude and longitude and provides
a surface for plotting courses and locating fixes.
characteristics of learning - Effective learning shares
several common characteristics. Learning is dynamic charted VFR flyways - Charted VFR Flyways are
and should be purposeful, based on experience, flight paths recommended for use to bypass areas
multifaceted, and involve an active process. heavily traversed by large turbine-powcrcd aircraft.
Pilot compliance with recommended flyways and
charcoal - Black porous carbon. associated altitudes is strictly voluntary. VFR Flyway
charge - 1. A quantity of electricity. If the charged Planning charts are published on the back of existing
material holds a greater number of electrons than VFR Terminal Area charts.
it is said to be charged. If the charted visual flight procedure ( C m p ) approach -
material has a deficiency of electrons, it is positively An approach conducted while operating on an
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 .
chase chine

instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which chemical compound - The substance formed by the
authorizes the pilot of an aircraft to proceed visually chemical reaction between two or more chemical
and clear of clouds to the airport via visual landmarks elements.
and other information depicted on a charted visual
chemical element - A fundamental substance that
flight procedure. This approach must be authorized and
consists of atoms of only one kind. Examples of
under the control of the appropriate air traffic control
facility. Weather minimums required are depicted on chemical elements include oxygen, carbon, gold, silver,
and hydrogen.
the chart.
chemical energy - The energy stored in chemicals due
chase - An aircraft flown in proximity to another
to their attraction to or reaction with other chemicals.
aircraft normally to observe its performance during-
training or testing. chemical etching - I. A process in which small cracks
in aluminum are detected by application of a caustic
chase aircraft - See Chase.
soda solution. 2. A chemical Drocess used to etch
chasing threads - The process of cutting screw threads (roughen) the surface of metal in preparation for
by moving a tool along the surface of the work to be priming or painting.
threaded.
chemical fire extinguisher - A fire extinguisher that
chassis - An aluminum, copper, or plated steel body extinguishes fire by expelling a chemical fire
around which an electronic unit is built. It serves as the extinguishing agent.
support for the electronic components, power supply,
chemical milling - A chemical etching process used to
etc., and is often used as a voltage reference point.
machine large sheets of metal. Chemical milling
chassis ground - In electricity, a ground connected to economically reduces the weight of the aircraft and
the case or chassis of electronic equipment. See also produces a lightweight skin that has all of the needed
earth ground. strength and rigidity than can be done with
conventional machining or by using riveted-on
chattering brakes - A heavy vibration in the brakes
stiffeners.
produced by the brake friction as the disks rotate.
Chattering can be caused by glazed discs. chemical reaction - A chemical alteration in a
substance to form a chemical compound. This is
check flight - A test flight to check the aircraft
always accompanied by an energy change.
performance after major re-work or repairs.
chemical salt - The result of the combination of an
check list -- A sequential systematic list of specific
alkali with an acid. Salts are generally porous and
procedures to be followed when performing any
powdely in appearance and are the visible evidence of
complex operation. For example, check lists are used in
corrosion in a metal.
the performance of preflight inspections, 100-hour
inspections, and annual inspections of aircraft to ensure cherry picker - A hydraulically operated boom with a
all required operations are completed. large basket on its end. A person can be lifted into the
basket in order to work at high locations on large
check nut - A thin nut jammed against another nut to
airplanes.
prevent it from loosening.
Cherry@ rivet - A form of
check valve - A valve that allows free flow of fluid in
blind rivet patented and
one direction but prevents or restricts fluid from
manufactured by the Cherry
flowing in the opposite direction.
division of Textron. Inc. An
checklist - A systematic list of items and equipment on upset head is formed by pulling the tapered stem
board an aircraft intended for reference, verification, or through its hollow shank.
identification. An essential tool for safely flying the
chevron seal - A single-direction seal in a hydraulic or
airplane.
pneumatic actuator. It derives its name from its V-
checkpoint - A navigation location identified either shaped (chevron) cross section.
visually or electronically.
chilled iron - Cast iron that has been cast in a steel
cheesecloth - A lightweight cotton gauze that has no mold. The casting is quickly cooled by the steel mold
sizing in it. It is used as a polishing cloth or as a so that it retains most of the carbon as well as a high
straining element to remove lumps and contaminants degree of hardness.
from liquids.
chin - An aircraft structure that sticks out from the
chemical bond - An adhesive agent that is applied to bottom of the forward part of the fuselage.
two or more parts or pieces. Joins them together by
chine - The longitudinal member on the side of a float
molecular attraction
or seaplane hull where the bottom and the side meet.
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chine tire chrome molybdenum steel

chine tire - A nose wheel tire that has a deflector slightly less than that of the main bore of the barrel.
molded into its sidewall. Chine tires are mounted on When the cylinder reaches operating temperature, the
the nose wheel of jet aircraft and prevent water, ice, increased expansion due to the larger mass of the head
snow, and slush from getting into the intake of the has caused the bore to be straight throughout its length.
engines by throwing the water and slush outward and
choke coil - An inductance coil designed to provide a
away fiom the engines.
high reactance to certain frequencies and generally
chinook - A warm, dry wind that blows down the used to block or reduce currents at these frequencies.
eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains into the United
choked -A condition of a turbojet engine where airflow
States from Canada. The moisture in the air of a
from a convergent nozzle is at Mn = 1.0 (speed of
chinook is almost completely lost as it blows up the
sound) and cannot be fhrther accelerated regardless of
western slopes of the mountains, and it is dry and warm
the pressure applied. Choke normally occurs at the
as it blows down the eastern slopes.
turbine nozzle and exhaust nozzle, although it is a
chip - 1. A small fragment of metal removed from a cause of stall conditions in the compressor.
surface by cutting with a tool. 2. An electronic
choked airflow - In gas turbine engines, an airflow
component containing an integrated circuit.
condition f?om a convergent shaped nozzle, where the
chip detector - An electrical metal detection warning gas is traveling at the speed of sound and cannot be
system. A magnetic sump or drain plug with an further accelerated. Any increase in internal pressure
electrode at its center and with ground potential at its will pass out the nozzle in the form of pressure.
casing. When ferrous particles bridge the gap, the
choked cylinder bore - The cylinder of a reciprocating
current path is completed and a warning light
engine whose bore is slightly smaller in the part of the
illuminates in the cockpit.
cylinder that is screwed into the cast aluminum head
chipping - The breaking away of pieces of material by than it is in the center of the cylinder barrel. The
excessive stress or by careless handling. cylinder head expands at normal operating temperature
enough so that the bore straightens out and has the
chisel - A hard steel cutting tool used to shear metal
same diameter throughout.
when it is hammered.
choked nozzle - A jet engine nozzle whose flow rate
chlorate candle - A chemical
has reached the speed of sound.
oxygen supply used as an
emergency oxygen supply in large choke-input filter - A form of filter used with an
aircraft and in some smaller electronic power supply to change pulsating direct
aircraft. When the candle is current into smooth DC.
heated, it emits oxygen that is then
choo-choo - A mild compressor surge condition caused
routed to a mask for breathing by
by insufficient compression ratio across the
the passenger. Also referred to as
compressor.
an oxygen candle.
chopper - Slang for helicopter.
chlorine - A gaseous chemical
element with a symbol of C1 and an atomic number of chord - 1. An imaginary line drawn through an airfoil
17. from its leading edge to its trailing edge. The chord, or
chord line, is used as a reference (a datum line) for
chlorobromomethane (Halon 1011) - A chem.ica1
laying out the curve of the airfoil. 2. A straight line that
formula -CH2CIBr. A liquefied gas with a UL toxicity
passes through a circle and touches the circumference
rating of 3. Commonly referred to as CB,
at two points. Also referred to as the diameter of the
chlorobromomethane is more toxic than CO,. It is
circle.
corrosive to aluminum, magnesium, steel, and brass. It
is not recommended for aircraft use. chord line - An imaginary line drawn through an airfoil
from its leading edge to its trailing edge. The chord, or
chock - A block of material wedged under the tires of
chord line, is used as a reference (a datum line) for
an aircraft to prevent it from rolling on the ground.
laying out the curve of the airfoil.
choke - An electrical inductor used to oppose the flow
chordwise - Passing from the leading edge to the
of pulsating DC electricity. Chokes are used with
trailing edge of an airfoil.
capacitors to make filter circuits that smooth out the
voltage changes and make pulsating direct current into chordwise axis - In rotorcraft, a term used in reference
smooth flowing DC. to semirigid rotors describing the flapping or teetering
axis of the rotor.
choke bore - A method of boring the cylinder of an
aircraft engine in which the top, that portion affected chrome molybdenum steel - A strong, tough and
by the mass of the cylinder head, has a diameter highly weldable alloy steel containing chromium and
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 chrome nickel molvbdenum steel circling

molybdenum. The most commonly used steel for chromic acid etch - A solution of sodium dichromate,
aircraft structure is the SAE 4100 series. nitric acid, and water used to etch or roughen a surface.
chrome nickel molybdenum steel - Steel that has been chromium - A hard, brittle, white metallic chemical
alloyed with chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. element with a symbol of Cr and an atomic number of
24. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion and is
chrome pickling -A method used to convert the surface
used for plating metal to harden its surface or to protect
of magnesium to a hard oxide film in order to protect it
it from rust or corrosion.
from corrosion. This is accomplished by soaking the
magnesium in a solution of potassium dichromate. chronometric tachometer - An instrument used to
measure the speed in revolutions per minute of a
chrome plated cylinder - Hard chrome plating applied
reciprocating aircraft's engine crankshaft. The
to the inside walls of an aircraft cylinder to form a
chronometric tachometer repeatedly counts the number
hard, wear-resistant surface.
of revolutions in a given period of time and displays
chrome plating - 1. An electroplating process the average speed on its dial.
transferring chromium to the surface of the steel. Either
chuck - A special clamp-like device on a lathe used to
hard chrome or decorative chrome can be applied. 2. A
hold the material being worked or a drill to hold the
treatment for cylinder walls of reciprocating engines. It
drill bit. Chucks have three or more jaws that are used
hardens the walls and helps lubricate them. Worn
to clamp and hold the material or the tool.
cylinder barrels may be ground so that their bore is
straight and round. Then hard chromium is chugging - Low frequency airflow oscillations within a
electroplated on the cylinder walls to a depth that turbine engine. Chugging is a mild, audible stall
brings the diameter of the cylinder bore back to its condition that can usually be controlled by proper
original dimensions. The surface of the chrome plating throttle movement.
on the cylinder walls resembles a maze of spider webs.
chute - An inclined trough or channel used to allow
There are thousands of tiny, interconnected cracks in
objects or materials to be sent from one level or place
its surface. The electroplating current is then reversed,
to another.
and these tiny cracks open up enough so that they can
hold oil. Porous chrome plating provides a hard, wear- cigarette - A ceramic or synthetic rubber insulator used
resistant surface for the piston rings to ride on. The oil at the end of an ignition lead to insulate it from the
that is trapped in the tiny grooves helps seal the rings shielded barrel of a spark plug.
and lubricate the wall to minimize piston ring and
cylinder wall wear. circle - A closed-plane curve in which all points along
the curve are equidistant from a point within the center
chrome vanadium steel - A steel alloyed with of curve.
chromium and vanadium. It is the SAE 6100 series and
is used extensively in the manufacturing of technicians' circle graph - A graph using a circle divided into pieces
hand tools. like a pie to convey data. Also referred to as a pie
chart.
chrome-alumel - Bimetallic strip of metal used in the
exhaust temperature indicating system. Alumel circle to runway (runway number) - Used by ATC to
contains an excess of free electrons which, when inform the pilot that he must circle to land because the
heated, move into the chrome1 lead. This current flow runway in use is other than the runway aligned with the
is read as an indication of temperature. instrument approach procedure. When the direction of
- maneuver in relation to the airnodrunway
the circling
chrome1 -- An alloy of nickel and chromium that is is required, the controller will state the direction (eight
highly resistant to oxidation and has a high electrical cardinal compass points) and specify a left or right
resistance. downwind or base leg as appropriate; e.g., "Cleared
VOR Runway Three Six Approach circle to Runway
chromel-alumel thermocouple - A thermocouple is a
Two Two," or "Circle northwest of the airport for a
device that generates a small current when heated. A
right downwind to Runway Two Two."
chromel-alumel thermocouple consists of a positive
lead of chrome1 and a negative lead of alumel. This circle-to-land maneuver - A maneuver initiated by the
device is used primarily to measure high temperatures pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing
in reciprocating and jet turbine engines. when a straight-in landing from an instrument approach
is not possible or is not desirable. At tower controlled
chromic acid - An acid similar to sulfuric acid except
airports, this maneuver is made only after ATC
for the substitution of chromium for sulfur. It is used as
authorization has been obtained and the pilot has
an etchant to prepare aluminum alloys for finishing and
established required visual reference to the airport.
as a corrosion inhibitor.
circling - A maneuver to align the aircraft with a
runway for landing when a straight-in landing from an
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 .
circling approach class

instrument approach is not possible or desirable. This circumscribed circle - A circle drawn around the
maneuver is made only after ATC authorization and outside of another figure in such a way that all of the
the pilot has established the required visual reference to points touch the circumference of the circle.
the airport.
cirriform - High altitude clouds made up mostly of
circling approach - See circle-to-land maneuver. small ice crystals.
circling maneuver - See circle-to-land maneuver. cirrocumulus (Cc) - Cirroform clouds, elements of
which appear as small puffy clouds sometimes aligned
circling minima - A statement of MDA and visibility in rows.
required for the circle-to-land maneuver.
Note: Descent below the established MDA or DH is not cirrostratus (Cs) - Layer of cirroform clouds that
authorized during an approach unless the aircraft is in a appear as thin white or light-gray sheets.
position from which normal approach to the runway cirrus (Ci) - Detached cirroform clouds that appear as
of intended landing can be made and adequate visual white feathers or filaments.
reference to required visual cues is maintained.
cistern -A container used to store a liquid.
circuit - The complete path in which electrical current
flows. ~t must contain a source of electrical energy, a 'IT sensor - A device that sends an duct
load to absorb this energy, and conductors to carry the temperature signal to the fuel control as a scheduling
elcctron flow. parameter.

circuit breaker A circuit-protecting device that opens

-
civil aircraft -Aircraft other than public aircraft.
the circuit in case of excess current flow. A circuit civil twilight -The period of time before sunrise or after
breaker differs from a fuse in that it can be reset sunset when the sun is not more than 6" below the
without having to be replaced. horizon.
circuit diagram - An electrical drawing that uses clad aluminum - An aluminum alloy with a coating of
conventional symbols to show how the components in pure aluminum rolled onto both sides for corrosion
an electrical system are interconnected. protection.
circuit protector - A device that opens an electrical cladding - A method of protecting aluminum alloys
circuit in the event of an excessive current flow. from corrosion by rolling a coating of pure aluminum
circular inch - The area of a circle whose diameter is onto the surface of the alloy. Although cladding
1." protects the alloy, it also reduces its strength.
clamp - Any device used to exert pressure to

0;::
circular mil (CM) - A
measurement of area equal to temporarily hold objects together.
0.00f
that of a circle having a clamp-on ammeter - A hand-held ammeter that clamps
0.7~~4
diameter of ' l l , ~ o , " 1 mil., or around a current-carrying wire that is to be measured.
0.001." The changing magnetic field around the wire induces a
circular motion - The motion of an object along a voltage in the jaws of the ammeter proportional to the
curved path in which the object stays a constant amount of current flowing in the line.
distance from the center of the motion. clamshell doors - Two doors that open on the opposite
circular saw - A power saw driven by an electric motor sides of the center line similar to the way the shell of a
that uses a circular blade. clam opens.

circular rule - A rule having scales arranged clamshell thrust reverser - A thrust reverser, clamshell
in circles on the surface of a disk. Transparent runners door system that fits in the exhaust system of a turbojet
attached at the center of the disk can be moved over the engine. When the reverser is deployed for thrust
scale to perform various mathematical operations. reversing, the doors move into position to block the
normal tailpipe and duct the exhaust gases around so
circulation - In meteorology, the organized movement that they flow forward to oppose the forward
of air. Also called an eddy. movement of the aircraft.
circumference of a circle - The linear distance around a class - 1. AS used with respect to the certification,
circle. The circumference of a circle is always 3.1416 ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a
times the length of the diameter of the circle. classification of aircraft within a category having
circumferential frame -A circular or oval frame. It similar operating characteristics. Examples include:
gives shape to a fuselage or nacelle. Also referred to as single engine; multiengine; land; water; gyroplane;
a belt or transverse frame. helicopter; airship; and free balloon. 2. As used with
respect to the certification of aircraft, means a broad
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 class A airspace . clearance

grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of class-C amplifier - An electronic amplifier that
propulsion, flight, or landing. Examples include produces current during a small part (less than half) of
airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon, landplane, and the input cycle.
seaplane.
claw hammer A hammer used primarily for carpentry.
-

class A airspace - Controlled airspace covering the 48 Has a claw-like device opposite the face for removing
contiguous United States and Alaska, within 12 nails.
nautical miles of the coasts, from 18,000 feet MSL up
clean and true - A term used in valve seat grinding
to and including FL600, but not including airspace less
whereby the rough stone is used until the seat is true or
than 1,500 feet AGL.
exactly matches the valve - guide and until all its.
class B airspace - Controlled airspace designated - scores, and burned areas are removed.
around certain major airports, extending from the
clean room - A room used to house manufacturing and
surface or higher to specified altitudes. For operations
in Class B airspace, all aircraft must receive an ATC servicing of high-precision products. Usually has air
filtration to prevent contaminating particles from
clearance to enter, and are subject to the rules and
entering the products.
pilotiequipment requirements listed in FAR Part 91.
class C airspace - Controlled airspace surrounding cleanout -The process of cleaning out or cutting away a
damaged area to prepare it for a repair.
designated airports where ATC provides radar
vectoring and sequencing on a full-time basis for all clear air turbulence - Turbulence that occurs in clear
IFR and VFR aircraft. Participation is mandatory, and air, and is commonly applied to high-level turbulence
all aircraft must establish and maintain radio contact associated with wind shear. It is often encountered near
with ATC , and are subject to the rules and the jet stream, and it is not the same as turbulence
pilotiequipment requirements listed in FAR Part 9 1. associated with cumuliform clouds or thunderstorms.
class D airspace - Controlled airspace around at least clear air turbulence (CAT)- -Usually, high level (or jet
one primary airport which has an operating control stream) turbulence encountered in air where no clouds
tower. Aircraft operators are subject to the rules and are present, may occur in nonconvective clouds.
equipment requirements specified in FAR Part 91.
clear icing (or clear ice)- Generally, the formation of a
class E airspace - Controlled airspace which covers the layer or mass of ice which is relatively transparent
48 contiguous United States and Alaska, within 12 because of its homogeneous structure and small
nautical miles of the coasts, from 14,500 feet MSL up number and size of air spaces; used commonly as
to but not including 18,000 feet MSL. Exceptions are synonymous with glaze, particularly with respect to
restricted and prohibited areas, and airspace less than aircraft icing. Compare with rime icing. Factors that
1,500 feet AGL. Class E airspace also includes Federal favor clear icing are large drop size, such as those
airways, with a floor of 1,200 feet AGL or higher, as found in cumuliform clouds, rapid accretion of
well as the airspace from 700 feet or more above the supercooled water, and slow dissipation of latent heat
surface designated in conjunction with an airport which of fusion.
has an approved instrument approach procedure.
clear of the runway - 1. A taxiing aircraft, which is
class G airspace - Airspace that has not been approaching a runway, is clear of the runway when all
designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E, and within which parts of the aircraft are held short of the applicable
air traffic control is not exercised. holding position marking. 2. A pilot or controller may
consider an aircraft, which is exiting or crossing a
class of thread - In threaded fasteners, classes of
runway, to be clear of the runway when all parts of the
threads are distinguished from each other by the
aircraft are beyond the runway edge and there is no
amount of tolerance andlor allowance specified.
ATC restriction to its continued movement beyond the
Classes lA, 2A, and 3A apply to external threads,
applicable holding position marking. 3. Pilots and
whereas classes IB, 2B, and 3B apply to internal
controllers shall exercise good judgement to ensure that
threads. Classes 2 and 3 apply to both external and
adequate separation exists between all aircraft on
internal threads.
runways and taxiways at airports with inadequate
class-A amplifier - An electronic amplifier that runway edge lines or holding position markings.
produces current during 100% of the input cycle.
clearance - 1. The clear space or distance between two
class-B amplifier - An electronic amplifier whose two mechanical objects or moving parts. 2. An
output devices (vacuum tubes or solid-state) conduct authorization by air traffic control, for the purpose of
one at a time to produce a composite output signal. One preventing collision between known aircraft, for an
device conducts for the positive portion of an input aircraft to proceed under specified traffic conditions
signal and the other device conducts during the within controlled airspace. The pilot-in-command of an
negative portion. aircraft may not deviate from the provisions of a visual
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clearance fit. Cleco fastener

flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR) air cleared for takeoff - An ATC authorization for an
traffic clearance except in an emergency or unless an aircraft to depart. It is predicated on known traffic and
amended clearance has been obtained. Additionally, known physical airport conditions.
the pilot may request a different clearance from that
cleared for the option - An ATC authorization for an
which has been issued by air traffic control (ATC) if
aircraft to make a touch-and-go, low approach, missed
information available to the pilot makes another course
of action more practicable or if aircraft equipment approach, stop and go, or full stop landing at the
discretion of the pilot. It is normally used in training so
limitations or company procedures forbid compliance
that an instructor can evaluate a student's performance
with the clearance issued. Pilots may also request
under changing situations.
clarification or amendment, as appropriate, any time a
clearance is not fully understood, or considered cleared through - An ATC authorization for an aircraft
unacceptable because of safety of flight. Controllers to make intermediate stops at specified airports without
should. in such instances and to the extent of refiling a flight plan while enroute to the clearance
operational practicality and safety, honor the pilot's limit.
request. FAR Part 91.3(a) states: "The pilot-in-
command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and cleared to land - An ATC authorization for an aircraft
is the final authority as to, the operation of that to land. It is predicated on known traffic and known
aircraft." The pilot is responsible to rcquest an physical airport conditions.
amended clearance if ATC issues a clearance that clearing engine - Purging the combustion chambers of
would cause a pilot to deviate from a rule or regulation, unburned fuel by rotating the engine with the starter.
or in the pilot's opinion, would place the aircraft in The air flow through the engine carries off dangerous
jeopardy. accumulations of fuel vapors and vaporizes any liquid
fuel present.
clearance fit - An assembly that leaves a clearance
between mating parts. The shaft will be smaller than clearing turns - Turns consisting of at least a
the hole. 18O0change in direction, allowing the pilot to see areas
clearance limit - The fix, point, or location to which an blocked by blind spots. A visual check of the airspace
aircraft is cleared when issued an air traffic clearance. around the airplane to avoid conflicts while
maneuvering.
clearance void if not off by (time) - Used by ATC to
advise an aircraft that the departure clearance is cleamay - 1. An area beyond the takeoff runway under
automatically cancelled if takeoff is not made prior to a the control of airport authorities within which terrain or
specified time. The pilot must obtain a new clearance fixed obstacles may not extend above specified limits.
or cancel his IFR flight plan if not off by the specified These areas may be required for certain turbine-
time. powered operations and the size and upward slope of
the cleanvay will differ depending on when the aircraft
clearance void time - A time specified by an air traffic was certificated. 2. For turbine engine powered air-
control unit at which a clearance ceases to be valid planes certificated after August 29, 1959, an area
unless the aircraft concerned has already taken action beyond the runway, not less than 500 feet wide,
to comply therewith. centrally located about the extended centerline of the
clearance volume - The volume of the cylinder of a runway, and under the control of the airport authorities.
reciprocating aircraft engine with the piston at the top The cleanvay is expressed in terms of a cleanvay
of its stroke. plane, extending from the end of the runway with an
upward slope not exceeding 1.25 percent, above which
cleared (type of) approach -An ATC authorization for nb object nbr any terrain However, threshold
an aircraft to execute a specific instrument approach lights may protrude above the plane if their height
procedure to an airport, i.e. "Cleared ILS Runway above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if
Three Six Approach." they are located to each side of the runway. 3. For
turbine engine powered airplanes certificated after
cleared approach - An .4TC authorization for an
September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an
aircraft to execute any standard or special instrument
area beyond the takeoff runway extending no less than
approach procedure for that airport. Normally, an
300 feet on either side of the extended centerline of the
aircraft will be cleared for a specific instrument
runway, at an elevation no higher than the elevation of
approach procedure.
the end of the runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and
cleared as filed - A statement that refers to an aircraft under the control of the aimort authorities.
being cleared to proceed in accordance with the route
of flight filed in the flight plan. This clearance does not Cleco fastener - A spring-type fastener used to hold
metal sheets together until drilling or riveting
include the altitude, DP, or DP Transition.
procedures are accomplished.

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- -- -- --- - clevis. cloud
--
height

clevis - The forked end of a push-pull tube usually used as a leveling device or in a turn and slip indicator
fastened to a bell crank in a control assembly. to indicate the relationship between the force of gravity
and centrifugal force in a turn.
clevis bolt - A special-purpose bolt whose round head is
slotted or recessed to accept a screwdriver. Used only clip - A small attachment device used to join parts in
for shear loads, the threaded portion of the shank is aircraft construction.
very short and used only to secure the bolt in the clevis.
clock - In electronic equipment, a pulse generator that
clevis pin - A high-strength steel pin with a flat head on allows all components to be synchronized.
one end and a hole for a cotter pin on the other end. A
clockwise rotation - The direction in which the hands
clevis pin is used as a hinge for control surfaces or for
of a clock rotate.
attaching a clevis to a control horn. Clevis pins are
designed to take shear loads only. Also referred to as a close parallel runways - Two parallel runways whose
flathead pin. extended centerlines are sevarated by less than 4,300
feet, having a Precision Runway Monitoring (PRM)
climate - Weather conditions such as temperature, wind,
system that permits simultaneous independent ILS
cloud cover, precipitation, etc. that typically exist in a
approaches.
specified area when averaged over a long- time, usually
decades. . closed angle - The angle formed in sheet metal after it
has been bent more than 90". For example, if a piece is
climatological forecasts - A forecast based on the
bent through 135", it forms a 45" closed angle.
average weather (climatology) of a particular region.
closed loop - An electronic circuit that allows some of
climatology - The study of the average conditions of the
the output signal to be fed back into the input section in
atmosphere.
- -
order to allow the circuit to be self regulating.
climb gradient - A minimum climb rate expressed in
closed low - A low-pressure area enclosed in at least
feet per nautical mile. For example, a climb gradient of
400 feet per nautical mile requires a minimum climb one closed isobar or (aloft) one closed contour.
performance of 400 feet in a hbrizontal distance of one closed runway - A runway that is unusable for aircraft
n.m. Climb gradient can be converted mathematically operations. Only the airport management/military
(or by use of a table) to feet per minute if groundspeed operations office can close a runway.
is known.
closed trafic - Successive operations involving takeoffs
climb indicator - A rate of pressure change indicator and landings or low approaches where the aircraft does
used to furnish the pilot with information regarding the not exit the traffic pattern.
rate of vertical ascent or descent.
close-grain wood - Wood that has grown with the
climb propellers - A fixed-pitch propeller that provides annual rings very close together. Close-grain wood is
the aircraft with the best performance during takeoff very consistent in its cross-sectional strength.
and climb.
close-tolerance bolt - A hex-head aircraft bolt with a
climb to VFR - An ATC authorization for an aircraft to shank that has been ground to a tolerance of + 0.000 -
climb to VFR conditions within Class B, C, D, and E 0.0005". It is identified by a triangle on its head
surface areas when the only weather limitation is enclosing the material identification mark.
restricted visibility. The aircraft must remain clear of
clouds while climbing to VFR. cloud - A visible accumulation of minute water droplets
andlor ice particles in the atmosphere above the Earth's
climbing blade - A condition when one or more blades surface. Cloud differs from ground fog, fog, or ice fog
are not operating in the same plane of rotation during only in that the latter are, by definition, in contact with
flight. This might occur only in flight and not occur the Earth's surface.
during ground operations.
cloud amount - The amount of sky covered by each
climbout - That portion of flight operation between layer of clouds.
takeoff and the initial cruising altitude.
cloud bank - A mass of cloud seen from a distance,
climbout speed - With respect to rotorcraft, means a spreading across an appreciable section of horizon, but
referenced airspeed which results in a flight path clear not extending directly over the observation location.
of the height-velocity envelope during initial climbout.
cloud detection radar - Radar used to determine bases
clinometer - A closed-end, and tops of clouds (rather than precipitation) above a
curved glass tube filled reporting station.
with a liquid similar to
cloud height - The height of the base of the cloud layer
kerosene and enclosing a
round glass ball. It may be above ground level (AGL).
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cloud layer. cock

cloud layer - Clouds with bases at approximately the coalescent bag - A bag in the water separator of an air-
same level. cycle air conditioning system on which the moisture
that condenses from the air may coalesce.
cloud point -The temperature of an oil at which its wax
content, normally held in solution, begins to solidify coastal fix - A navigation aid or intersection where an
and separate into tiny crystals, causing the oil to appear aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure
cloudy or hazy. and the oceanic route structure.
cloud streets - Parallel rows of cumulus clouds. Each coast-down check - The amount of time a turbine
row can be as short as 10 miles or as long as a hundred engine takes to motor down to a complete stop from
miles or more. idle speed after the fuel is shut off. A maintenance test
cell check of engine performance.
cloudburst - A sudden and heavy rain shower.
coated cathode - In a vacuum tube, the cathode emits
clouds with great vertical development - Cumulus and
electrons. Coated cathodes are covered with a
cumulonimbus clouds.
substance that enhances the emission of electrons.
cloudy convection - The upward movement of saturated
coating - The application of material such as a metal or
air that is warmer than its surroundings.
organic compound to a surface.
clove hitch - A knot used for making individual spot
coaxial -- Having a common axis or shaft
ties for securing electrical wire bundles. In this use, the
clove hitch is locked with a square knot. coaxial cable - A transmission line in which the center
conductor is surrounded by an insulator and a braided
club propeller - A short, stubby propeller used for
outer conductor. All of this is enclosed in a
ground testing of reciprocating engines.
weatherproof outer insulator.
clubhead - A formed rivet head tipped to one side.
coaxial propellers - Propellers with concentric shafts
Tipping can be corrected by rapidly moving the
that allow them to rotate in opposite directions,
bucking bar across the rivet head in a direction
canceling torque and p-factors inherent in single
opposite that of the malformed travel. This corrective
propellers. Coaxial propellers can be geared for power
action can only be accomplished during the forming of
by a single engine or by multiple engines.
the rivet head.
coaxial rotors - Rotors with concentric shafts that allow
cluster - Part of an airframe
them to rotate in opposite directions, canceling torque
structure made up of two
factors inherent in single rotors. Coaxial rotors can be
or more tubes meeting at
geared for power by a single engine or by multiple
one point. They are
engines.
welded together in a
cluster weld. coaxial shafts - Shafts that are mounted concentrically
(having a common center) in order to drive two or
cluster weld - A welded joint made at the intersection
more propellers, rotors, compressors, etc.
of a number of tubes that meet at a common point.
cobalt - A metallic chemical element with a symbol of
clutch - A device used to connect and disconnect a
Co and an atomic number of 27.
driving and driven part of a system such as between the
transmission and main rotor of a helicopter. cobalt chloride - An additive to silica gel dehydrator
plugs that serves as an indicator of the amount of
clutter - Undesirable signals that show up on a radar
moisture absorbed by the plug. A dry dehydrator with
screen and mask the desired signal return.
this additive will be bright blue, but if it has been
Topographical and meteorological phenomena are exposed to excessive moisture, it will turn pink.
some of the causes of clutter.
cobalt chromium steel - A steel alloy containing cobalt
CMM - Component Maintenance Manual. A manual
and chromium. Used in exhaust valves.
develooed bv the comDonent manufacturer and
frequently adopted by an airframe manufacturer. A cobalt-based alloy - A cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum
CMM is most frequently not approved by the FAA. alloy of extreme high temperature strength. Very
Blanket approval comes through the AMM (Aircraft expensive and used almost exclusively in the hot
Maintenance Manual) or SRM Structural Repair section of turbine engines.
-
Manual).
COBOL -A high-level computer language designed for
coalesce - To unite into a single entity. To come business applications. Stands for Common Business
together. Oriented Language.
cock -A valve (British).

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 cockpit cold circuit

cockpit -The pilot's compartment of an aircraft. coil - A conductor consisting of turns of wire in which
the magnetic field around one turn cuts across the other
cockpit resource management (CRM) - Effective use
turns, increasing the inductive effect of the wire.
of all resources by a flight crew. Emphasis on good
communication and interpersonal skills. coil assembly -The magneto coil assembly consists of a
soft iron core around which is wound the primary and
code markings -Aircraft fluid lines are often identified
secondary coil with the secondary coil wound on top of
by markers of color codes, words, and geometric
the primary coil.
symbols. These identify each line's function, content,
direction of fluid flow, and primary hazard. coil booster - A transformer coil used with a vibrator to
produce a high voltage at the spark plugs during
codes, transponder - The number assigned to a
starting.
particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a
- -

transponder. coil spring - A spiral of hardened steel wire. When

loosely wound, it is used in compression applications
coefficient A dimensionless number expressing degree
-

to provide cushioning, while tightly wound coils are

of magnitude.
used in tension applications.
coefficient of expansion - A dimensionless number
coin dimpling - Performed by a special machine that
relating dimensional changes in a material with
has, in addition to the usual dies, a "coining ram." This
changes in temperature.
ram applies an opposing pressure to the edges of the
coefficient of friction - The coefficient of friction is the hole so that the metal is made to flow into all the sharp
value obtained by dividing the force necessary to move contours of the die giving the dimple greater accuracy
one substance over another at a constant speed by the and improving the fit.
weight of the substance.
coin pressing - A dimpling process using a countersunk
coefficient of linear expansion - A value obtained by rivet as the male dimpling die, placing the female die in
measuring the length (inches or centimeters) a material the usual position, and backing it with a bucking bar.
expands per degree Celsius change in temperature, i.e. The rivet is then struck with a pneumatic hammer to
the thermal expansion properties. form the dimple.
coenicient of thermal expansion - The change in unit coin tap - In composites, the use of a coin to tap a
of length of volume accompanying a change of laminate in different spots to detect a change in sound,
temperature. which would indicate the presence of a defect.
coercive force - The amount of force (in the form of coke - A solid, carbon-like residue left by mineral oil
magnetism with opposite polarity) required to remove after the removal of the volatile material by heat.
magnetism from an object.
coking - The carbon buildup from decomposition of oil
cog belt - A drive belt that incorporates teeth on the in vent lines. This buildup can, over a period of time,
drive surface in order to prevent slippage. Cog belts are cause a restriction of flow.
often used in systems where timing is critical.
cold -The absence of heat.
cognitive domain - A grouping of levels of learning
cold air funnel - A weak vortex that occasionally
associated with mental activity which range from
develops behind a cold front with rainshowers and
knowledge through comprehension, application,
nonsevere thunderstorms.
analysis, and synthesis to evaluation.
cold airmass - An airmass that is colder than the ground
cognitive information processing - The method in
it is passing over.
which information is -gathered, vrocessed, and stored
by the brain in much the same way as a computer. cold bending - The bending of sheet metal without the
use of heat. Thin sheets ofmetal and some soft metals
cognitive theory - Learning is not just a change in
are bent in this manner. Thick sheets of metal and some
outward behavior but involves changes in thinking,
harder materials must be heated to allow bending
feeling, or understanding. It involves mental processes,
without causing the material to break.
such as decision making and problem solving, which
are difficult, if not impossible, to observe or measure. cold chisel - A hardened steel cutting tool. Used to cut
metal materials without the need for softening by use
coherent light - Light such as that produced by a laser,
of heat.
made up of waves of the same wavelength and in
phase. Ordinary light consists of light of different cold circuit - An electrical circuit without power. As
wavelengths and phase relations. opposed to a "hot circuit" that has electrical power
applied.
cohesion - The tendency of a single substance to adhere
to itself. The force holding a single substance together.
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 -
cold cylinder test collar

cold cylinder test - A method of determining an long soaring flight at altitudes with cold temperatures,
inoperative cylinder on a reciprocating engine by e.g., a wave flight.
measuring the relative lack of heat on the bad cylinder
compared with the normal cylinders. cold spark plug - A spark plug
in which the nose insulator
cold dimpling - Accomplished while the material is at provides a short path for heat to
room temperature by either the coin ram or coin travel from the center electrode
dimpling method. to the shell. Cold spark plugs
are used in high-compression
cold downslope winds -A bora type wind.
engines to minimize the danger
cold drawing - The process of pulling rod or tubing of preignition.
through progressively smaller dies in order to reduce
cold swaging process - A
the diameter of the material. The material is not heated
method of reducing or forming steel or other material
for this process.
while it is cold by drawing it to a point or reducing its
cold flow - The deep and permanent impressions or diameter.
cracks in a hose caused by hose clamp pressure.
cold tank system A lubrication system wherein the oil
-

cold front - The boundary between two airmasses cooler is located in the scavenge oil subsystem. The oil
where cold air is replacing warm air. passes through the cooler and returns to the tank
cooled.
cold front occlusion - An occlusion where very cold air
behind a cold front lifts the warm front and the cool cold weld - The process where two pieces of metal are
airmass preceding it. joined by pressing them together until the materials are
fused. No external heat is applied during this process.
cold heading - The process of cold forming wire or bar
stock into intricate shapes by reducing the diameter of cold working - Any mechanical process that will
the stock in some areas, while expanding the diameter increase the hardness of a metal. This may be done by
in others. Cold heading is performed by upsetting or repeatedly hammering the material, passing it through
heading the metal into larger diameters or extruding it rollers, or pulling it through dies.
into smaller diameters.
cold-cathode vacuum tube - A vacuum tube that assists
cold junction - In electricity, the reference junction in a a cathode in emitting electrons without the use of a
thermocouple. A thermocouple produces current in heater.
relation to the difference in temperature between a
cold-cranking amps - The capacity of a battery under
reference junction, known as the cold junction, and the
extreme usage conditions. This gives a rough estimate
junction where temperature measurement is taken,
of the ability of a battery to operate under extreme
known as the hot junction.
conditions, and allows for comparison between
cold light -Light that produces very little heat. Used for batteries. Also referred to as a high-rate discharge.
applications requiring low intensity lights such as
cold-rolled steel - Steel that has been cold worked by
formation lights and obstruction lighting.
passing through a series of compression rollers or dies.
cold rolling - The process of rolling sheets of metal in
cold-solder joint - An improperly soldered joint.
order to produce a specific thickness of material. The
Usually caused by movement of the components before
material is not heated for this process.
the solder sets. Has a grainy appearance. It is not
cold section - The air compression sections of a turbine satisfactory, and must be reheated and allowed to set
engine. without movement of the components.
cold soaked - 1. The condition of a unit of equipment cold-starting oil relief valve - A bypass relief valve in a
being extremely cold after prolonged exposure to very main oil system that acts as an emergency pop-off
cold temperatures. Often makes operation extremely valve when cold oil causes excessive system pressure.
difficult. This is caused by the waxes and tars in Used in systems having no oil pressure regulating relief
paraffin-based and asphalt-based engine oils valve.
precipitating out after a week or so of very cold
collapsed surface - A dimensional change with neither
temperatures. When they seep out, the viscosity of the
removal of material nor an abrupt change of surface
engine oil rises much more than that caused by the
and usually affecting large sections of the object.
cold-induced rise in viscosity. 2. In gliding, the
Causes are excessive pressure or forces and improper
condition of a self-launch or sustainer engine making it
abusive engine operation. Parts affected usually include
difficult or impossible to start in flight due to long-time
valves, piston rings, and springs.
exposure to cold temperatures. Usually occurs after a
collar - A collar is a raised ring or flange of material on
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 collective pitch control . comma cloud

the head or shank of a fastener. squaring device that is machined with precise 90" and
45" angles.
collective pitch control - The control in a helicopter in
which the pitch of all the rotor blades are changed at combination wrench - A tool that has a box-end
the same time. wrench on one end and an open-end wrench on the
other.
collective pitch control - In rotorcraft, the control for
changing the pitch of all the rotor blades in the main combined center-RAPCON (CERAP) - An air traffic
rotor system equally and simultaneously and, facility which combines the functions of an ARTCC
consequently, the amount of lift or thrust being and a radar approach control facility.
generated.
-
combustibles - Materials capable of burning.
collector - 1. The electrode in a transistor through which
combustion - A chemical process in which a material is
conventional current leaves the transistor. 2. The
united with oxygen at such a rapid rate that light and
exhaust cone collector in a turbine engine that collects
heat are released.
the exhaust gases
- - from the engine
discharged - turbine
buckets and gradually converts them into a solid jet. In combustion chamber - The section of the engine into
performing this, the velocity of the gases is decreased which fuel is injected and burned. See also combustor.
slightly and the pressure increased. It also helps to
direct the flow of hot gases rearward and prevents combustion liner - In a turbine engine, the perforated
turbulence and, at the same time, imparts a high final and louvered inner section of the combustor in which
exit velocity to the gases. fuel burning is controlled.

collector ring - A corrosion-resistant steel assembly combustion liner louvers - In a turbine engine, small
that collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders of a slots in the liner that direct cooling airflow and provide
radial engine and routes them overboard. the inner walls with a cooling air blanket.

collimated light - An optical device that causes all light combustion section - The section located directIy
beams passing through to be parallel. between the compressor and the turbine sections. It
contains a casing, a perforated inner liner, a fuel
color code -A means of identifying an object by the use injection system, some means for initial ignition, and a
of various combinations of colors. fuel drainage system to drain off unburned fuel after
engine shutdown. The combustion section houses the
color temperature - The approximate temperature of an
combustion process, which raises the temperature of
object, based on the peak intensity-emitting wavelength
the air passing though the engine. This process releases
(its color). Specified in degrees Kelvin.
energy contained in the aidfuel mixture.
color tempering - A method of removing brittleness
combustion starter - A fuel engine starting accessory
from a part during heat treatment. The part is heated to
that utilizes a combustion section similar to a turbine
a specified color, then quenched (cooled by dipping
engine combustor. Combustion products are exhausted
into a specified liquid).
through a turbine connected to a reduction gearbox to
color wheel - A circular diagram or tool that helps the create starting torque.
user visualize colors that result when colors are mixed
combustor - In gas turbine engines, the section of the
together.
engine into which fuel is injected and burned to create
combination compressor - In turbine engines, a expansion of the gases.
compressor design that utilizes an axial compressor and
combustor drain valve - A spring-loaded valve in a
a centrihgal compressor (usually attached together) to
turbine engine that drains excess fuel from the
compress incoming air prior to combustion.
combustion section when the engine is not running. It
combination inertia starter - An inertia starter for is normally open and is held closed by the of
reciprocating aircraft engines that can be energized by combustion when the engine is operating.
either an electric motor or a hand crank.
combustor efficiency - A measure of the percentage of
combination set - A set of measuring tools that often fuel burned completely or Btus of heat attained as
includes a tri-square, a 45" opposed to the Btu potential of fuel introduced. Typical
miter, a depth gauge, a figures are in the 99% range.
marking or scribing gauge,
coming-in speed - The speed of a magneto that is just
and a level.
sufficient to produce the voltage required to fire all of
combination square - A the spark plugs consistently.
device used in laying out
comma cloud - A cloud mass shaped like a comma as
material. It consists of a
seen in satellite imagery.
steel scale attached to a
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commercial fastener compass locator

commercial fastener - A fastener manufactured to communications satellite - A satellite placed in geo-

published standards and stocked by manufacturers or stationary orbit used for the relay of communications
distributors. The material, dimensions, and finish of transmissions from Earth.
commercial fasteners conform to the quality level
community aerodrome radio station (CARS) - An
generally recognized by manufacturers and users as
aerodrome radio that provides weather, field
commercial quality.
conditions, accepts flight plans and position reports.
commercial maneuvers - Consists of maximum
commutator - The copper bars on the end of a
performance takeoffs and landings, steep turns,
generator armature to which the rotating coils are
chandelles, lazy eights, and eights-on-pylons
-
attached. AC is generated in the armature and the
commercial operator - A person who, for brushes riding on the commutator act as a mechanical
compensation or hire, engages in the carriage by
- -
rectifier to convert it into DC.
aircraft in air commerce of persons or property, other
compact disk (CD) - A small plastic optical disk that
than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the
contains recorded music or computer data. Also, a
authority of Part 375. Where it is doubthl that an
popular format for storing information digitally. The
operation is for "compensation or hire", the test applied
major advantage of a CD is its capability to store
is whether the carriage by air is merely incidental to the
enormous amounts of information.
person's other business or is, in itself, a major
enterprise for profit. comparator - A device for inspecting parts by
comparing them with a greatly enlarged standard chart.
commercial pilot - An FAA pilot certificate that allows
the pilot to operate an aircraft for hire. compartment - A separate and enclosed space in an
aircraft structure.
common point - A significant point over which two or
more aircraft will report passing or have reported compass - 1. A device for determining direction
passing before proceeding on the same or diverging measured from magnetic north. 2. A drafting
tracks. To establishlmaintain longitudinal separation, a instrument used to create circles or arcs.
controller may determine a common point not
compass card - In navigation, a card affixed to a
originally in the aircraft's flight plan and then clear the
magnet and allowed to rotate freely so as to show the
aircraft to fly over the point.
direction of travel. Divided into degrees and cardinal
common portion - See common route. compass headings.
common route - That segment of a North American compass compensation - The procedure of adjusting
Route between the inland navigation facility and the the magnetic compass in an aircraft for deviation
coastal fix. caused by magnetic forces within the aircraft.
common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) - A compass correction card - A card mounted near a
frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out compass and in full sight of the pilot that indicates the
airport advisory practices while operating to or from an difference between the compass reading and the actual
uncontrolled airport. The CTAF may be a UNICOM, magnetic heading.
MULTICOM, FSS, or tower frequency and it is
compass heading - A compass reading that will make
identified in appropriate aeronautical publications.
good the desired course. It is the desired course (true
communication process - Consists of three basic course) corrected for variation, deviation, and wind.
elements: the source, the symbols used to communicate
compass locator - A low-frequency, non-directional
the message, and the receiver. In addition, feedback is
beacon (NDB) co-located with the marker beacons on
essential for effective communication to take place.
an ILS approach. Used to help establish the pilot's
communication skills - The skills an instructor must ~ositionon the localizer.
develop to communicate effectively with students. The
compass locator - A low power, low or medium
ability to communicate effectively as an instructor
frequency (LMF) radio beacon installed at the site of
begins with an understanding of the communication
the outer or middle marker of an instrument landing
process and is enhanced by experience and training.
system (ILS). It can be used for navigation at distances
communications - In electronics, changing information of approximately 15 mlles or as authorized in the
(audible or digital) into a form that can be transmitted approach procedure.
and then changed back into information at the receiver. a. Outer Compass Locator (LOM) - A compass locator
installed at the site of the outer marker of an instrument
communications receiver A device that receives
-
landing system.
electronic data and converts it into information
appropriate for use.

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 .
comPass north- com~ound

b. Middle Compass Locator (LMM) - A compass compiler - A special computer program that converts a
locator installed at the site of the middle marker of an high-level computer language used by a programmer
instrument landing system. into machine language that can be used by the
computer.
compass north-The north to which a compass actually
points. Its field is produced by the combination of the complement of an angle - The angle that, when added
Earth's magnetic field and the local magnetic fields to the original angle, makes a 90" angle.
within the aircraft.
complex airplane - An airplane that has a retractable
compass rose - A circle marked out on a flat part of an landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller.
- -

airport away from magnetic interference. It is marked

complex circuit - A circuit consisting of a number of
every thirty degrees of magnetic direction. The airplane
components, where some are arranged in series and
is taxied onto this rose, and the magnetic compass is
others in parallel.
adjusted to agree with the heading of each of the
marks. complex number - The sum of a real number and an
imaginary number.
compass saw - A small, thin-bladed saw used to cut
intricate designs into a material. compliance - Being in accordance with a regulation or
directive.
compass swinging -The process of aligning the aircraft
on a series of known magnetic headings and adjusting component - Any one of several parts in a combination
the compensating magnets to bring the compass of parts that make up a unit or whole.
heading as near the magnetic heading as possible.
composite - Two or more substances which are
compass turns - Maintaining heading and making turns combined to produce material properties not present
with reference to the magnetic compass only. when either substance is used alone.
compensated cam - The magneto cam used on high- composite fan blades - An advanced technology blade
performance radial engines. One lobe is provided for design not yet in current use. Its composition is an
each cylinder, and the lobes are ground in such a way epoxy-resin material and graphite fiber. It is stronger
that the magneto points will open when the piston is a than fiberglass and 20% to 30% lighter than metals of
given linear distance from the top of the cylinder rather the same strength.
-
than a given angular distance. his compensates for the
relationship of the master rod pistons and those composite flight plan - A flight plan which specifies
connected to the crankshaft through the link rods. VFR operation for one portion of flight and IFR for
another portion. It is used primarily in military
compensated relief valve - An oil pressure relief valve operations.
with a thermostatic valve that decreases the regulated
oil pressure when the oil warms up. High pressure is composite route system -An organized oceanic route
allowed to force the cold oil through the engine, but the structure, incorporating reduced lateral spacing
between routes, in which composite separation is
pressure is automatically decreased when the oil
temperature increases. authorized.

compensating cam - A cam used in conjunction with composite separation - A method of separating aircraft
the collective pitch control to add the correct amount of in a composite route system where, by management of
engine power for the pitch of the rotor. Used on turbine route and altitude assignments, a combination of half
powered helicopters. the lateral minimum specified for the area concerned
and half the vertical minimum is applied.
-.
compensating port - A port inside a brake master
cylinder that vents the wheel cylinder to the reservoir composite structure - A structure made up of two or
when the brake is not applied. It prevents fluid more substances that, when combined, produce a
structure with properties not present when the
expansion from causing the brakes to drag when
temperatures increase. individual substances are used alone.

compensating winding - A series winding in a high- composition resistor - An electrical device made up of
output generator wound between the main pole and the carbon and some insulator. The amount of resistance to
interpoles to aid in brushless commutation and current flow depends on the relative amounts of carbon
overcoming armature reaction. and the insulator.
compound - A new entity formed by a union of
compensation - A defense mechanism that attempts to
disguise a weak or undesirable quality by emphasizing elements or parts. The constituents lose their original
a more positive one. Students may lower the scope of identity and assume the characteristics of the
their goals to avoid possible failure in achieving goals compound.
that are more difficult.
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 .
compound curve compressor bleed air

compound curve - A metal surface curved in more than compression ratio - 1. The ratio of the volume of an
one plane. engine cylinder with the piston at the bottom center to
the volume when the piston is at top center. 2.
compound lever - A series of two or more levers
Sometimes used to refer to compressor pressure ratio;
connected to achieve a result. Usually used to multiply
however, this is not entirely correct because
force.
compression ratio infers a ratio of volumes as in a
compound-wound generator - A generator with both a piston engine.
series and a shunt field.
compression rib - A heavy-duty rib made with heavy
comprehensiveness - A characteristic of a measuring cap strips and extra strength webs. A compression rib
instrument when it is based on a liberal sampling of the is designed to withstand compression loads between
knowledge or skill to be measured. It must be broad the wing spars.
enough to ensure that conclusions are representative of
compression rings - In reciprocating engines, the top
the whole.
piston rings. Used to provide a seal for the gases in the
compressed air - Air compressed until its pressure is cylinder and to transfer heat from the piston into the
above ambient. cylinder walls.
compressibility - The capability of a material to be compression spring - A spring used to withstand
compressed to a smaller volume. Gases are compression. The coils are loosely wound in order to
compressible; liquids are not. leave room for compression.
compressibility burble - A region of disturbed flow compression stress - Stress applied to a material by a
produced by a shock wave. The region is produced aft squeezing force.
of the shock wave.
compression strut - A brace that fits between two
compressibility error - An error introduced to the pitot structural members. The members tend to move toward
system due to the compressibility of air. The air each other in compression. One example is the
entering the pitot tube is compressed slightly as a result compression struts used between upper and lower spar
of impacting air that has stopped within the system. At sections in Pratt truss construction.
altitudes below 10,000 feet and airspeeds below 200
compression test - A test used to determine the
knots the amount of error is negligible, but it becomes
condition of the cylinders on a reciprocating engine.
significant at higher altitudes and airspeeds.
The test pressurizes the cylinder and then measures
compressible flow - In aerodynamics, airflow that is excessive loss of pressure, which indicates bad rings or
inconsistent in the degree of compressibility, that is, it bad exhaust or intake valves.
experiences a fractional volume change per unit of
pressure change.
compression - The resultant of two forces that act along
compressive load - A load or a
force that tends to compress or
soueeze an obiect together.
u
M
/Ill
*
the same line and also act toward each other.
compressive strength - The
compression failure - The failure of a material due to ability of a body to resist a
compression. Usually causes material to buckle or force- that tends to shorten,
buIge. compress, or squeeze it.
compression fastener - A fastener with the primary compressive stress - The basic .a
stress that tends to shorten an object by pressing its
function of resisting forces that tcnd to compress it.
ends together.
compression ignition - An ignition used in diesel
engines. Rather than an electrical discharge causing compressor - In gas turbine engines, an impeller or a
ignition, the fuel ignites when compression causes the multi-bladed rotor assembly. A component which is
temperature of the fuel-air mixture to rise to the driven by a turbine rotor for the purpose of
ignition point. compressing incoming air.
compression member or strut - A heavy member, compressor blade - A rotating airfoil in a turbine
usually of tubular steel, that separates the spars in a engine. Compresses and accelerates the air before
Pratt truss wing and is used to carry only compression arrival at the combustion chamber.
loads.
compressor bleed air - Air taken out of the compressor
compression molding - The creation of parts by section of a turbine engine to prevent stall and to
compressing a material into a mold. This ensures the operate certain components.
complete filling of all parts of the mold.

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 .
compressor case condition lever

compressor case - The outer compressor housing, plan as fixes selected to define direct routes. These
usually split front to rear or top to bottom. This case points are geographical locations which are defined by
provides support for the stator vanes. navigation aids1 fixes. Pilots should discontinue
position reporting over compulsory reporting points
compressor discharge pressure (Pt4) -A measurement
when informed by ATC that their aircraft is in "radar
taken at the compressor exit and sent to the fuel control
contact."
unit for fuel scheduling purposes.
computer - A device (usually electronic) that receives
compressor disk - The inner section of the compressor
information, performs some sort of operation on the
to which the blades are attached. A disk assembly is
data, and then produces an output.
made up of one segment per stage and bolted together
to form one large rotating piece. computer assisted instruction (CAI) - Similar to
computer-based training, except emphasizes the point
compressor efficiency - A measure of aerodynamic
that the instructor is responsible for the class and uses
efficiency, one important factor of which is the ability
the computer to assist in the instruction.
to compress air to the maximum pressure ratio with the
minimum temperature rise. computer-based instruction (CBI) - Synonymous with
computer-based training. The use of the computer as a
compressor front frame -The compressor inlet case.
training device.
compressor hub - The front and rear portion of the
computer-based training (CBT) - The use of the
compressor to which the compressor shafts attach.
computer as a training device. CBT is sometimes called
compressor pressure ratio - The ratio of compressor computer-based instruction (CBI); the terms and
discharge pressure to compressor inlet pressure. acronyms are synonymous and may be used
interchangeably.
compressor stage - 1. Each section of a compressor in
which the air pressure is progressively increased. A concave surface -An inwardly curved surface.
stage of compression consists of one row of blades and
concentration cell corrosion - A corrosion in which the
one row of stator vanes in an axial flow compressor. 2.
electrode potential difference is caused by a difference
A rotor blade set followed by a stator vane set. The
in ion concentration of the electroyte instead of a
rotating airfoils create air velocity, which then changes
difference in galvanic composition within the metal.
to pressure in the numerous diverging ducts formed by
the stator vanes. concentric -Having a common center.
compressor stall - In gas turbine engines, a condition in concentric circles - Circles having the same center
an axial-flow compressor in which one or more stages point.
of rotor blades fail to pass air smoothly to the
concentric shafts - Two shafts having a common axis,
succeeding stages. A stall condition is caused by a
one inside the other.
pressure ratio that is incompatible with the engine rpm.
Compressor stall will be indicated by a rise in exhaust concurrent lines -- Lines that pass through a common
temperature or rpm fluctuation, and if allowed to point.
continue, may result in flameout and physical damage
to the engine. condensation - The process of changing state from a
vaDor into a liauid.
compressor stall-margin curve - A curve showing a
relationship between the compression ratio and mass condensation level - The height at which a rising parcel
or layer of air would become saturated if lifted
air flow that must be maintained for a particular
engine. If either of the factors goes out of limits, a adiabatically.
- -
compressor stall results. condensation nuclei - Small particles in the air on
which water vapor condenses.
compressor surge - 1. A severe compressor stall across
the entire compressor that can result in severe damage condensation trail (or contrail) -A cloud-like streamer
if not quickly corrected. This condition occurs with a frequently observed to form behind aircraft flying in
complete stoppage of airflow or a reversal of airflow. clear, cold, humid air.
2. An operating region of violent pulsating air flow
usually outside of the operating limits of the engine condenser - Another name for 2. The
flow control settings. A primary cause is compressor component in a vapor cycle air conditioning system
blade stall. Surge can result in flameout and, in severe where heat energy is given up to the air and the
cases, structural damage. refrigerant vapor is changed into a liquid.

compulsory reporting points - Reporting points which condition lever - A turboprop cockpit lever. On some
must be reported to ATC. They are designated on aircraft, it serves as prop control lever for flight (alpha
aeronautical charts by solid triangles or filed in a flight
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conditional routes (CDR) . connector

range). On other engines, it serves only as a fuel shut- be issued when this procedure is applied. Note: This
off lever. procedure shall not be provided utilizing mosaic radar
systems.
conditional routes (CDR) - (Europe) - Category
1,2,3. Category 1: Permanently plannable CDR during conformance - The condition established when an
designated times. Category 2: Plannable only during aircraft's actual position is within the conformance
times designated in the Conditional Route Availability region constructed around that aircraft at its position.
Message (CRAM) published at 15002 for the 24 hour according to the trajectory associated with the aircraft's
period starting at 06002 the next day. Category 3: Not Current Plan.
plannable. Useable only when directed by ATC.
conformance region - A volume, bounded laterally,
conditionally unstable air - Unsaturated air that will vertically, and longitudinally, within which an aircraft
become unstable on the condition it becomes saturated. must be at a given time in order to be in conformance
with the current Plan Trajectory for that aircraft. At a
conditions - The second part of a performance-based
given time, the conformance region is determined by
objective, which describes the framework under which
the simultaneous application of the lateral, vertical, and
the skill or behavior will be demonstrated.
longitudinal conformance bounds for the aircraft at the
conductance - The ability of a substance to conduct position defined by time and aircraft's trajectory.
electricity.
conformity - Meeting all of the requirements of its
conduction - The transfer of heat through a substance or original conditions as specified in the Type Certificate
from one substance in contact with another; transfer is Data (TCD) Sheets and the manufacturer's
always from warmer to colder temperature. specifications, or properly altered per Supplemental
Type Certificates (STC).
conductive coating -A coating applied to the surface of
a material in order to allow it conduct electricity or to conformity inspection - An inspection of an aircraft or
make it able to conduct electricity more efficiently. component to verify that all components installed on
the aircraft are approved either in the original Type
conductivity The characteristic of a material that
-
Certificate Data and manufacturer's specifications or as
makes it possible for it to transmit heat or electrical modified by Supplemental Type Certificates or Field
energy by conduction. Approvals (337's).
conductor - A material whose outer ring electrons are
confusion between the symbol and the symbolized
loosely bonded. Therefore, a relatively low voltage will object -Results when a word is confused with what it
cause a flow of these electrons. is meant to represent. Words and symbols create
conduit - A duct or tube enclosing electrical wires or confusion when they mean different things to different
cable. people.
cone - A three-dimensional geometric surface formed congeal - Changing from a fluid to a solid state, or from
by the rotation of a line around a fixed axis such that a free flowing liquid state to one that is less free
the line always passes through a fixed point on the axis flowing.
the vertex) and always makes the same congealed oil - Oil that has solidified because of cold or
with the axis. contaminants.
cone clutch - A drive clutch consisting of nesting cones
conical - Cone-shaped,
as the contact surface.
conifer - A softwood cone-bearing tree.
cone of confusion - The cone shaped area above a VOR
station in which there is no signal and the TO/FROM coning - In rotorcraft, an upward sweep of rotor blades
flag momentarily flickers to OFF. as a result of lift and centrifugal force.
cones - The cells concentrated in the center of the retina coning angle - The angle formed by the rotor blades and
which ~ r o v i d ecolor vision and fine detail. the axis of rotation of a helicopter rotor system. The
magnitude of the angle is' determine; by the
conflict alert - A function of certain air traffic control
relationship between the centrifugal force and the lift
automated systems designed to alert radar controllers to produced by the blades.
existing or pending situations between tracked targets
(known IFR or VFR aircraft) that require his connecting rod - The component in an internal
immediate attentiodaction. combustion engine that connects the piston to the
crankshaft.
conflict resolution - The resolution of potential
conflictions between aircraft that are radar identified connector - A device used to join two pieces of wire.
and in communication with ATC by ensuring that radar tubing, or hose to a component.
targets do not touch. Pertinent traffic advisories shall
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 .
CONSOLAN contamination

CONSOLAN - A low frequency, long-distance constant-voltage power supply - A voltage supply that
NAVAID used principally for transoceanic is regulated so that voltage remains constant through a
navigations. range of loads.
console - The pedestal or panel in an aircraft cockpit constrained-gap igniter - A turbine igniter plug that
where the operating controls are located. has the center electrode recessed in the insulator in
order to cause the spark to arc well past the tip of the
constant - A value used in a mathematical computation
igniter. This allows it to operate at cooler temperatures
that is the same every time. For instance, the
than other igniter plugs.
relationship between the circumference of a circle and
its diameter is a constant, 3.1416 (pi, II). constructivism - Provides a unique way of thinking
about how students learn. Constructivism is based upon
constant current charge - A method of charging a
the idea that learners construct knowledge through the
battery in which the voltage is adjusted as the charge
process of discovery as they experience events and
progresses in order to keep the current constant.
actively seek to understand their environment.
constant displacement pump
contact - 1. Establish communication with (followed by
- A pump that displaces a
the name of the facility and, if appropriate, the
constant amount of fluid
frequency to be used). 2. A flight condition wherein the
each time it turns. The
pilot ascertains the attitude of his aircraft and navigates
faster it turns, the greater
by visual reference to the surface.
the output.
contact approach - An approach where an aircraft on
constant pressure chart - A
an IFR flight plan, having an air traffic control
weather chart that
authorization, operating clear of clouds with at least
represents conditions on a constant pressure surface;
one mile flight visibility, and a reasonable expectation
may contain analyses of height, wind, temperature,
of continuing to the destination airport in those
humidity, andlor other elements.
conditions, may deviate from the instrument approach
constant pressure cycle -- The thermodynamic cycle of procedure and proceed to the destination airport by
a gas turbine engine to produce thrust. This is a varying visual reference to the surface. This approach will only
volume, constant pressure, cycle of events. A more be authorized when requested by the pilot and the
recent term is continuous combustion cycle because of reported ground visibility at the destination airport is at
the four continuous and constant events. including- the least one statute mile.
intake, compression, expansion (including power), and
contact cement - A syrupy adhesive that bonds on
exhaust. Also referred to as the Brayton cycle.
contact.
constant section - That part of an aircraft's fuselage
cooling - The process by which heat is
having a uniform cross-sectional shape.
conducted away from the warmer air to the colder
constant voltage charge - A method of charging a earth.
battery in which the voltage across the battery remains
contactor - A heavy-duty electrical switch. Used to
constant. The current is high at the start of the charge
connect high current loads to the power supply.
but tapers off to a low value as the charge progresses.
contaminant - An impurity or foreign substance present
constantan - A copper-nickel alloy used as a negative
in a material or environment that affects one or more
lead in thermocouples used for measuring temperatures
properties of the material.
in reciprocating engines.
contaminated runway - A runway is considered
constant-force spring - A spring that exerts a constant
contaminated whenever standing water, ice, snow,
pressure regardless of how much the spring is
slush, frost in any form, heavy rubber or other
compressed or extended.
substances are present. A runway is contaminated with
constant-speed drive (CSD) - A hydraulic transmission respect to rubber deposits or other friction-degrading
that can be controlled either electrically or substances when the average friction value for any
mechanically. It is used for alternators and enables the 500-foot segment of the runway within the ALD
alternator to produce the same frequency regardless of (Available Landing Distance) falls below the
the engine's variation of speed from idle to maximum recommended minimum friction level and the average
RPM. friction value in the adjacent 500-foot segments fails
below the maintenance planning friction level.
constant-speed propeller - A controllable-pitch
propeller whose pitch is automatically varied in flight contamination - The entry of foreign materials into the
by a governor to maintain a constant RPM in spite of fuel, oil, hydraulic, or other system.
varying air loads.
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conterminous U.S. contrail

conterminous U.S. - The 48 adjoining States and the continuous wave (cw) - An RF carrier wave whose
District of Columbia. successive oscillations are identical in magnitude and
frequency. Often used to indicate Morse code.
continental control area - Obsolete term. Formerly a
control area consisting of the airspace covering the continuous-duty ignition system - An ignition system
continental United States above 14,500 feet, not used on turbine engines where an igniter plug
including airspace below 1,500 feet AGL, and most continues firing even after the engine is operating.
prohibited and restricted areas. Used in situations where there is danger of flameout.
One area of use would be in icing conditions where
Continental United States - The 49 states located on
airflow to the turbine could be interrupted.
the continent of North America and the District of
Columbia. continuous-duty rating - Many electrical devices are
limited to operation only for a-specified percentage of
continue - When used as a control instruction should be
time without being turned off for cooling. A device that
followed by another word or words clarifying what is
can run continuously will specify the amount of
expected of the pilot. Example: "continue taxi",
continuous load.
"continue descent", "continue inbound" etc.
continuous-element-type detector - A fire detection
continuity - The condition of being unbroken or
system consisting of a stainless steel tube containing a
uninterrupted.
discrete element that has been processed to absorb gas
continuity light - A simple test device in which a light in proportion to the operating temperature set point.
indicates continuity in an electrical circuit while an When the temperature rises due to fire, overheating,
open circuit prevents the light from illuminating. etc., the gas is released from the element, causing a
pressure increase in the tube. This mechanically
continuous airworthiness program - I. A
actuates a diaphragm switch, activating the warning
maintenance program consisting of the inspection and
lights and an alarm bell.
maintenance necessary to maintain an aircraft or a fleet
of aircraft in airworthy condition. Large or turbine continuous-flow oxygen system - Any oxygen system
powered aircraft typically go through a continuous that provides a continuous flow of oxygen at a rate
airworthiness program. 2. A program of Federal constant for any given altitude.
Aviation Administration-approved inspection
continuous-loop fire detector system -A fire detection
schedules that allows aircraft to be continually
system utilizing a continuous loop consisting of two
maintained in a condition of airworthiness without
conductors separated by a thermistor material. At
being taken out of service for long periods of time.
normal temperatures, the thermistor is an insulator, but
Usually consists of a system of "letter checks."
in the presence of a fire or overheat condition, the
continuous casting - A manufacturing method that thermistor becomes conductive and signals the
injects a molten substance into a mold, but is then presence of a fire.
c~ntinuouslypulled from the mold as it cools; similar
contour - 1. The outline of a figure. 2. In meteorology,
to extrusion.
a line of equal height on a constant pressure chart;
continuous curved-line graphs - A graph utilizing a analogous to contours on a relief map.
smooth and even line to convey data.
contour m a p - A map with lines of equal elevation
continuous filament - An individual reinforcement that drawn on it. Closely-spaced lines indicate steeper
is flexible and indefinite in length. The fibers used to terrain.
weave fabric are considered continuous filaments.
contour template -A tool used to measure or duplicate
continuous gusset - A brace used to strengthen comers the contour of a surface.
in a structure. It runs the full width of the structure.
contouring circuit -- An electronic circuit that adjusts
continuous ignition system - A secondary, lower output devices to match the following input stage.
power, ignition system installed along with the main Often used to match amplifier characteristics to
system. It is used to fire one igniter plug during speakers.
takeoff, landing, and in bad weather, or for relight
contract - To become reduced in size by squeezing or
purposes in case of flameout.
drawing together.
continuous load - In electrical equipment, a non-
contrail - Condensation trail. Cloud-like streamer that
intermittent draw of electrical current. Many electrical
frequently forms behind an aircraft. There are two
devices have a continuous-duty rating that specifies the
types of contrails. Aerodynamic contrails are caused by
maximum continuous load the device can withstand.
sudden lowering of pressure over wings and propellers.
Exhaust contrails are caused by the hot, moist air from

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 .
contrarotating propellers controlled airspace

turbine engines mixing with the cold air at high narrow-band (digitized) mode, the control slash is
altitudes. converted to a target symbol.
contrarotating propellers - Two propellers mounted on control snubber - A method of protecting control
concentric shafts that turn in opposite directions. This surfaces equipped
.--
with a hydraulic booster unit.
type of rotation cancels the torque forces caused by the
control stick - A vertical stick in the cockpit of an
rotation of propellers.
aimlane used to move the elevators bv fore-and-aft
control - The act of regulating, directing, or movement or the ailerons by side-to-side movement.
coordinating any device or activity.
control surface - Any of the major flight controls such
control and performance concept - A method of as the ailerons, elevator, and rudder
teaching attitude instrument flying, which focuses on
controlling attitude and power as necessary to produce control wheel - The hand-operated wheel in the cockpit
of an airplane used to actuate the elevators by in-and-
the desired performance. This method divides the
out movement and the ailerons by rotation of the
instruments into three categories: control, performance,
and navigation. It is used predominantly with high- wheel. Also referred to as the yoke.
turbine aircraft- control zone - Obsolete term. Formerly controlled
airspace extending upward from the surface of the
control area - A controlled airspace extending upwards
Earth to a specified upper limit.
from a specified limit above the Earth.
control cable - Specially designed steel cable connected control zone (ICAO) - A controlled airspace extending
upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified
to linkages used in flight control systems and engine
upper limit.
controls.
control circuit - Any one of a variety of circuits controllability - A measure of the response of an
aircraft relative to the pilot's flight control inputs.
designed to exercise control of an operating device, to
perform counting, timing, switching, and other controllable-pitch propeller - A propeller with a pitch
operations. that can be changed in flight.
control column - A vertical column in the cockpit on controlled airport - An airport which has a control
which a yoke is mounted. The ailerons are controlled tower, sometimes called a tower airport.
by rotation of the yoke and the elevators are controlled
by its fore-and-aft movement. controlled airspace - An airspace of defined
dimensions within which air traffic control service is
control grid - The electrode in a vacuum tube to which provided to IFK flights and to VFR flights in
the signal is applied. accordance with the airspace classification.
a. Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers Class
control locking devices - Devices used to secure
A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace.
control surfaces in their neutral positions when the
b. Controlled airspace is also that airspace within which
aircraft is parked. Prevents damage from strong winds
all aircraft operators are subject to certain pilot
that could force the controls violently against the stops.
qualifications, operating rules, and equipment
control rod -A rigid, tubular rod used to actuate control requirements in FAR Part 91. For IFR operations in
surfaces. Also referred to as a push-pull rod or torque any class of controlled airspace, a pilot must file an
tube. IFR flight plan and receive an appropriate ATC
clearance. Each Class B, Class C, and Class D airspace
control sector - An airspace area of defined horizontal
area designated for an airport contains at least one
and vertical dimensions for which a controller, or
primary airport around which the airspace is
group of controllers, has air traffic control
designated.
responsibility, normally within an air route traffic
control center or an approach control facility. Sectors Controlled airspace in the United States is designated as
are established based on predominant traffic flows, follows:
altitude strata, and controller workload. Pilot- I. CLASS A: Generally, that airspace from 18,000 feet
communications during operations within a sector are MSL up to and including FL600, including the airspace
normally maintained on discrete frequencies assigned overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles of the
to the sector. coast of the 48 contiguous States and Alaska. Unless
otherwise authorized,all persons must operate their
control slash - A radar beacon slash representing the
aircraft under IFR.
position of the associated aircraft. Normall~>
the
2. CLASS B: Generally, that airspace from the surface to
control slash is the one closest to the interrogating
10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's busiest
radar beacon site. When ARTCC radar is operating in
airports in terms of airport operations or passenger
enplanements. The configuration of each Class B
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 .
controlled airspace [ICAO] convective condensation level (CCL)

airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a to, but not including 18,000 feet MSL, and the airspace
surface area and two or more layers (some Class B above FL 600.
airspaces areas resemble upside ddwn wedding cakes),
controlled airspace [ICAO] - An airspace of defined
and is designed to contain all published instrument
dimensions within which air traffic control service is
procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. An
provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in
ATC clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in
the area, and all aircraft that are so cleared receive accordance with the airspace classification. Note:
Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers
separation services within the airspace. The cloud
ATS (Air Traffic Services) airspace Classes A, B, C,
clearance requirement for VFR operations is "clear of
clouds".
D, and E.
3. CLASS C: Generally, that airspace from the surface to controlled departure time programs - These programs
4,000 feet MSL above the airport elevation are the flow control process whereby aircraft are held
surrounding those airports that have an operational on the ground at the departure airport when delays are
control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, projected to occur in either the enroute system or the
and that have a certain number of IFR operations or terminal of intended landing. The purpose of these
passenger enplanements. Although the configuration of programs is to reduce congestion in the air traffic
each Class C airspace area is individually tailored, the system or to limit the duration of airborne holding in
airspace usually consists of a surface area with a 5 the arrival center or terminal area. A CDT is a specific
nautical mile (NM) radius, an outer circle with a I0 nm departure slot shown on the flight plan as an expected
radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above departure clearance time (EDCT).
the airport elevation and an outer area. Each person
must establish two-way radio communications with the controlled firing area - A controlled firing area is
ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to established to contain activities, which if not conducted
entering the airspace and thereafter maintain those in a controlled environment, would be hazardous to
communications while within the airspace. VFR nonparticipating aircraft.
aircraft are only separated from IFR aircraft within the controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) - An accident
airspace. where an aircraft is flown into terrain or water with no
4. CLASS D: Generally, that airspace from the surface to prior awareness by the crew that the crash is imminent.
2,500 feet MSL above the airport elevation
surrounding those airports that have an operational controlled time of arrival -The original estimated time
control tower. The configuration of each Class D of arrival adjusted by the ATCSCC ground delay
airspace area is individually tailored and, when factor.
instrument procedures are published, the airspace will controller -- A person authorized to provide air traffic
normally be designed to contain the procedures. control services.
Arrival extensions for instrument approach procedures
may be Class or Class airspace. Unless othenuise convection - 1 . In general, mass motions within a fluid
authorized, each person must establish two-way radio resulting in transport and mixing of the properties of
communications with the ATC facility providing air that fluid. 2. In meteorology, the circular motion of air
traffic services prior to entering the airspace and that results when warm air rises and is replaced by
thereafter maintain those communications while in the cooler air. These motions are predominantly vertical,
airspace. No separation services are provided to VFR resulting in vertical transport and mixing of
aircraft. atmospheric properties. On a global scale, convection
5. CLASS E: Generally, if the airspace is not Class A, causes warm air to move from the warmer latitudes to
Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is controlled the cooler latitudes.
airspace, it is Class E airspace. Class E airspace convection cooling - The internal cooling air that
extends upward from either the surface or a designated escapes through small holes and slots, as opposed to
altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled transpiration cooling through porous walls.
airspace. When designated as a surface area, the
airspace will be configured to contain all instrument convection current - Transport and mixing of a fluid
procedures. Also in this class are Federal airways, caused by mass movement in the fluid. For example, as
airspace beginning at either 700 or 1,200 feet AGL a fluid is heated, warmer portions of the fluid tend to
used to transition tolfiom the terminal or enroute rise in a current while cooler portions descend.
environment, enroute domestic, and offshore airspace convective ,.loud - A cloud ofve*ical development that
areas designated below 18,000 feet MSL. Unless forms in an unstable environment (stratocumulus,
designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins cumulus, cumulonimbus, altocumulus, cirrocumulus).
at 14,500 MSL over the United States, including that
airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles convective condensation level (cCL) - he lowest
of the coast of the 48 contiguous States and Alaska, up level at which condensation will occur as a result of
convection due to surface heating. When condensation
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 convective lifting copper

occurs at this level, the layer between the surface and convergent-divergent inlet - A supersonic engine inlet
the CCL will be thoroughly mixed, temperature lapse duct. The forward section is convergent to increase air
rate will be dry adiabatic, and mixing ratio will be pressure and reduce air velocity to subsonic speed. The
constant. aft section is divergent to increase air pressure still
further and slow airflow to approximately Mach 0.5
convective lifting - In unstable atmospheric conditions,
before entering the engine.
a parcel of air warmer than its surroundings rises.
conversion coating - A chemical solution used to form
convective sigmet - A weather advisory concerning
a dense, nonporous oxide or phosphate film on the
convective weather significant to the safety of all
surface of aluminum or magnesium alloys.
aircraft. Convective SIGMET's are issued for
tornadoes, lines of thunderstorms, embedded converter - A circuit in the control box of an anti-skid
thunderstorms of any intensity level, areas of system using AC wheel speed sensors. It converts
thunderstorms greater than or equal to VIP (video changes in AC frequency into changes in DC voltage.
integrator and processor thunderstorm intensity
standard) level 4 with an area coverage of 4/10 (40%) convex - Having a surface that curves outward.
or more, and hail 314 inch or greater. convey -To communicate or transmit.
convective significant meteorological information - convoluted - Involved, intricate. Often used to describe
See Convective SIGMET. routing of tubing or conduit that winds circuitously
around and through other components.
conventional - Conforming to formal or accepted
standards in drawings
- or rules. coolant - A fluid used to remove heat from a system or
conventional current - Current flowing in an electrical component. Anti-freeze is used to remove heat from a
reciprocating engine and a coolant oil is used to
circuit from positive to negative, outside the power
remove heat from cutting tools.
source. This current flow theory is not in common use
today. cooling fins - Ribs projecting from the surface of a
conventional landing gear - A landing gear with component to increase-its area so that heat may be
more easily transferred into the airstream flowing over
wheels attached to a strut assembly located forward of
the fins.
the center of gravity and either a skid or wheel
assembly at the tail. cooperative or group learning - An instructional
strategy which organizes students into small groups so
conventional tail - An aircraft design with the
that they can work together to maximize their own and
horizontal stabilizer mounted at the bottom of the
each other's learning.
vertical stabilizer.
coordinated universal time - Greenwich Mean Time.
converge - The process of two objects moving closer to
Referred to as coordinated universal time because the
each other. Two lines forming an angle are said to
time is the average of the times from a network of
converge at that angle.
atomic clocks around the world. Abbreviated UTC.
convergence - In meteorology, the condition that exists (Formerly abbreviated Z.)
when the distribution of winds within a given area is
coordinates - The intersection of lines of reference,
such that there is a net horizontal inflow of air into the
usually expressed in degrees/minutesl seconds of
area.
latitude and longitude, used to determine position or
convergence zone - In meteorology, an area of location.
convergence, sometimes several miles wide, at other
coordination fix - The fix in relation to which facilities
times very narrow. In soaring these zones often provide
will handoff, transfer control of an aircraft, or
organized lift for many miles along the convergence,
coordinate flight progress data. For terminal facilities,
for instance, a sea-breeze front.
it may also serve as a clearance for arriving aircraft.
convergent duct -In gas turbine engines, a cone-shaped
copal resins - A natural resin that is used in some
passage or channel in which a gas may be made to flow
aircraft finishes.
from its largest area to its smallest area, resulting in an
increase in velocity and a decrease in pressure. copilot - A pilot on a flight crew who assists in flying
Referred to as nozzle shaped. With this relationship the aircraft, but who is not the pilot-in-command.
present, the weight of airflow will remain constant.
coping saw - A small handsaw with a U-shaped frame
convergent-divergent exhaust - An afterburner design, and a thin blade. Used for making curved cuts.
a supersonic exhaust duct. The forward section is
copper A metallic element with a symbol of Cu and an
-
convergent to increase gas pressure. The aft section is
divergent to increase gas velocity to supersonic speed. atomic number of 29.
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copper brazing corrugation

copper brazing - A method of joining metals where coriolis effect - In rotorcraft, the tendency of a rotor
molten copper is used to stick to and flow between two blade to increase or decrease its velocity in its plane of
or more metallic objects. Differs from welding in that rotation when the center of mass moves closer or
the object metals are not melted and fused together. further from the axis of rotation.
copper crush gasket - A copper gasket with a fiber core Coriolis force - The apparent force that is produced
that crushes when tightened between mating surfaces. when an object moves in relation to a surface that is
Takes the shape of the mating surfaces for the purpose rotating beneath it. Used to explain why the wind
of creating a leakage-free seal. moves in a counter-clockwise direction around a low-
pressure area (in the Northern Hemisphere).
copper steel - When any minimum copper content is
specified, the steel is classed as copper steel. The cork - A lightweight wood used for gaskets and
copper is added to enhance corrosion resistance of the sometimes as an insulator.
steel.
cornice brake -A large sheet metal forming tool used
copper-constantan thermocouple - A low-temperature to make straight bends. Also referred to as a leaf brake.
thermocouple that has a copper positive element and a
corona - The discharge of electricity from a wire when
constantan reference element.
it has a high potential.
copper-oxide rectifier - A rectifier that utilizes a
corrected altitude Altitude corrected for temperature.
-
copper-oxide coating to restrict the flow of electrons to
Approximately the same as true altitude.
one direction and not the other. Such a device is used
to convert alternating current to direct current. correction - An error has been made in the transmission
and the correct version follows.
copperweld - An electrical conductor that uses a steel
core for strength and copper coating for good correlation -A basic level of learning where the student
conductance of electricity. can associate what has been learned, understood, and
applied with previous or subsequent learning.
copter - Slang expression for helicopter
correlation box - Correlator. A device to automatically
cord body - The diagonal layers of rubber-coated nylon
add power to a helicopter engine as the collective pitch
cord fabric (running at right angles to one another),
control is raised.
which provide the strength to a tire.
corrosion - An electrochemical process in which a
core - In composites, the central member of a sandwich
metal is transformed into chemical compounds that are
part (usually foam or honeycomb). Produces a
powdery and have little mechanical strength.
lightweight, high strength component when laminated
with face sheets. corrosion inhibiting primer - A primer formulated to
stop, slow down, or prevent corrosion on the surface of
core crush - In composites, compression damage of the
the material to which the primer is applied..
core.
corrosion inhibitor - A substance added to a coating
core depression - In composites, a gouge or indentation
that slows down, stops, or prevents corrosion on the
in the core material.
surface of the material to which the coating- is applied.
- A

core engine - The basic portion of a turbine engine

corrosion prevention compound - An oil that has
consisting of the compressor that supplies air for
special corrosion prevention properties that is added to
combustion, the combustor section, and the turbine
a reciprocating engine to prevent corrosion while the
section.
engine is in storage.
core orientation - In composites, the placement of the
corrosion resistant steel - Stainless steel. A steel that
honeycomb core to line up the ribbon direction,
has resistance to corrosion.
thickness of the cell depth, cell size, and transverse
direction. corrugated fastener - A fastener made up of wrinkles
or folds that is used to hold two pieces of wood
core separation - In composites, a breaking of the
together in a butt joint.
honeycomb core cells.
corrugated sheet metal - Metal sheets that have been
core speed sensor - Same as tachometer generator
formed into wrinkles or folds in order to increase
speed (N2 speed on a dual spool engine).
- -
rigidity.
core splicing - In composites, joining two core
corrugation - Parallel wrinkles or folds in a material
segments by bonding them together, usually with a
that increase the material's rigidity.
foaming adhesive.

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 cosecant. crack

cosecant - In trigonometry, the ratio of the hypotenuse Coupled and autoland approaches are flown in VFR
of a right triangle of which the angle is considered part and IFR. It is common for carriers to require their
and the leg opposite the angle. crews to fly coupled approaches and autoland
approaches (if certified) when the weather conditions
cosine - In trigonometry, the ratio between the leg
are less than approximately 4,000 RVR.
adjacent to the angle when it is considered part of a
right triangle and the hypotenuse. course - 1. The intended direction of flight in the
horizontal plane measured in degrees from north. 2.
cotter pin - A metal fastener with a shank that splits
The ILS localizer signal pattern usually specified as
into two halves. It is used to lock castellated nuts onto
front course or back course. 3. The intended track
drilled bolts by passing the cotter pin through the hole
along a straight, curved, or segmented MLS path.
and then spreading the ends of the cotter pin.
course deviation indicator (CDI) - The instrument
cotton braid - A loosely woven fabric used to encase
used for flying along a VOR-defined course. Also
rubber hoses and shock cords to protect them from
referred to as a left-right indicator.
wear and ultraviolet radiation.
course of training - A complete series of studies
coulomb - A measure of electrical charge. Equal to 6.28
leading to attainment of a specific goal, such as a
X 10" electrons. One ampere of electricity is equal to
certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic
the flow of one coulomb per second.
degree.
-
counter bore - A tool used to cut a counterbore. A
course reversal - A method of reversing course, which
counterbore is cut into the surface of a material at the
is depicted on an instrument approach procedure. Some
top of a smaller hole to allow the head of the bolt or the
procedures do not provide for straight-in approaches
nut to be recessed below the surface.
unless the airplane is being radar vectored. In these
counterboring - The act of cutting a counterbore into a situations, the pilot is required to complete a course
material. reversal, generally within 10 nautical miles of the
primary navaid or fix designated on the approach chart,
counterelectromotive force - When alternating current to establish the aircraft inbound on the intermediate or
is conducted through a winding, a small current is final approach segments.
generated that is 180" out of phase with the primary
current. This is a counterelectromotive force (CEMF). covalent bond - A bond between two atoms that comes
about when valence electrons are "shared" by atoms.
counterrotating engine - An engine designed to allow
the crankshaft and other moving parts to rotate in the cowl flaps - Movable doors on the air exit of an aircraft
direction opposite the manner of a conventional engine. engine cowling. The cylinder head temperature can be
As a result, the propeller rotates in a counterclockwise controlled by varying the amount the flaps are opened.
fashion from the pilot's perspective.
cowl panels - The detachable coverings that cover areas
countersink - A cutting tool used to cut a recess into requiring regular access.
material so the rivet or screw head is flush with the
cowl support ring - A large ring attached to a radial
surface of the material.
engine mount to provide firm support for cowl panels
countersunk-head rivet - A rivet designed with a cone and also for attachment of cowl flaps.
shaped head that allows the rivet to fit flush with the
cowling - A removable cover or housing placed over or
skin of the material being riveted.
around an aircraft component or section, especially an
counterweight (control surface) - A weight attached to engine.
a control surface in order to reduce the effort required
cowling, NACA - A cowling enclosing a radial air-
to move the surface and to eliminate flutter in flight.
cooled engine, consisting of a hood, O-ring, and a
counterweight (crankshaft) - A weight attached to the portion of the body behind the engine, so arranged that
crankshaft of a reciprocating engine to balance the the cooling air smoothly enters the hood at the front
pistonlconnecting rodcrankshaft assembly. and leaves through a smooth annular slot between the
body and the rear of the hood; the whole forming a
coupled approach - A coupled approach is an relatively low-drag body with a passage through a
instrument approach performed by the aircraft autopilot portion of it for the cooling air.
which is receiving position information and/or steering
commands from onboard navigation equipment. In crab - The procedure of altering the heading of an
general, coupled nonprecision approaches must be aircraft into the wind in order to maintain a desired
discontinued and flown manually at altitudes lower course across the ground.
than 50 feet below the minimum descent altitude, and
crack A partial separation of material usually caused
coupled precision approaches must be flown manually
by vibration, overloading, internal stresses, defective
below 50 feet AGL (See Autoland Approach). Note:
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crack arrester critical angle of attack

assemblies, fatigue, or too rapid changes in crest clearance - As in a thread assembly, the distance,
temperature. measured perpendicular to the axis, between the crest
of a thread and the root of its mating thread.
crack arrester - A hole drilled into a material in order
to stop the spread of a crack. This hole, created by crew member - A person assigned to perform duty in
"stop drilling," distributes stresses over a larger area an aircraft during flight.
and keeps the crack from continuing. Commonly used
crew resource management (CRM) - The application
in both sheet metal and acrylic plastics.
of team management
- concepts in the flight
- deck
cradle - A support with pads used for cradling fuselage environment. It was initially known as cockpit resource
and wings during assembly, disassembly, or repairs. management, but as CRM programs evolved to include
cabin crews, maintenance personnel and others, the
crankcase - The housing that serves as an engine's
phrase "crew resource management" has been adopted.
foundation and encloses the different mechanisms of
This includes single pilots, as in most general aviation
the engine.
aircraft. Pilots of small aircraft, as well as crews of
crankpin - That part of a crankshaft to which the larger aircraft, must make effective use of all available
connecting rods attach. resources; human resources, hardware, and
information. A current definition includes all groups
crankshaft A shaft with
-
routinely working with the cockpit crew who are
a series of throws used involved in decisions required to operate a flight safely.
for transforming the These groups include, but are not limited to, pilots,
reciprocating motion of dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance
the pistons into rotary personnel, and air traffic controllers. CRM is one way
motion used to turn the of addressing the challenge of optimizing the
propeller of an aircraft.
humadmachine interface and accompanying
crankshaft runout - A measurement of how much a interpersonal activities.
crankshaft is bent. The crankshaft is rotated and the crewmember - A assigned to duty in an
amount of "out-of-round" is measured using a dial aircraft during flight time.
indicator.
crimping - Forming a series of small bends into a piece
crankshaft throw - The distance from the crankshaft of sheet metal in order to shorten its length. Also used
centerline to the centerline of the rod journal. to create a bend in angle stock by crimping the sock on
Crankshaft throw is equal to half the stroke. one leg of the angle.
crater - A pool in the flame Or
crimping tool - Device used to create small bends in
arc during the process of welding. sheet metal for the purpose of shortening the sheet or
craze - To produce minute cracks on the surface of a bending angle stock,. -
material. crimp-on terminals - A solderless terminal placed on
crazing - Region of ultrafine cracks, which may extend the end of a wire and then squeezed around the wire to
in a network on or under the surface of a resin or make a solid electrical connection.
plastic material. crinkle finish - A protective finish that dries to a
creep - A condition of pennanent elongation in a wrinkled surface. Often used on surfaces that should
material, often due to stretching and high heat. not reflect light.
creeper - A platform with small wheels that allows a criteria - Part of a performance-based objective. The
person to lie prone and work on the undersurface of a standards against which the desired outcome is
machine or vehicle being repaired. measured.
crepe masking tape - A paper tape with a crinkled criterion reference testing (CRT) - System of testing
surface and adhesive on one side. Used to shield a where students are graded against a measurable
surface from paint spray. standard or criterion rather than against each other.
Crescent wrench - An adjustable open-end wrench critical altitude - The maximum altitude at which a
manufactured by Crescent@. Often used incorrectly to turbocharged reciprocating engine can deliver its rated
describe any adjustable wrench. horsepower.
crest - The surface of a thread that joins the flanks of critical angle of attack - The angle of attack at which
the thread and is farthest from the cylinder or cone maximum lift is generated. Above this angle of attack,
from which the thread projects. an aircraft will stall. Also referred to as the stalling
angle of attack.

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 critical compression ratio cross-brace wires

critical compression ratio - On a diesel engine, the cross (fix) at or above (altitude) - Used by ATC when
lowest compression ratio that will still allow ignition of an altitude restriction at a specified fix is required. It
a uarticular fuel. does not urohihit the aircraft from crossing the fix at a
higher aititude than specified; however: the higher
critical coupling - In electricity, the relationship
altitude may not be one that will violate a succeeding
between primary and secondary windings of a
altitude restriction or altitude assignment.
transformer that provides maximum transfer of
electrical energy. cross (fix)at or below (altitude) - Used by ATC when
a maximum crossing altitude at a specific fix is
critical engine - The engine that would have the most
required. It does not prohibit the aircraft from crossing
adverse effect on controllability and climb performance
the fix at a lower altitude; however, it must be at or
if it were to fail. Multi-engine airplanes with propellers
above the minimum IFR altitude.
turning in the same direction are designed so the
desceiding blade of one engine is further from the cross coat - A technique used in painting where a
centerline of the aircraft than the descending blade of second coat is sprayed on at a right angle to the first
the engine mounted on the other side. This makes the coat. This method is used to ensure full coverage of
failure of one engine- more critical than the other material.
because there is a greater yawing moment created by
cross country - Ln soaring, any flight out of gliding
the engine that is producing thrust further from the
range of the take-off airfield. Note that this is different
aircraft centerline. To eliminate the critical engine,
than the definition in the FARs for meeting the
manufacturers use counter-rotating engines. In this
experience requirements for pilot certificates andlor
case, the descending propeller blades of both engines
ratings.
are the same distance from the aircraft centerline, and
neither engine would affect climb performance or cross feed - An assembly of valves installed in a fuel
controllability more than the other if it were to fail. system to allow any engine to receive fuel from any
fuel tank, or to move fuel from one tank to another for
critical height - Lowest height in relation to an
fuel balance.
aerodrome specified level below which an approach
procedure cannot be continued in a safe manner solely cross firing - High voltage discharge from one ignition
by the aid of instruments. lead to another, causing a spark plug to fire at the
incorrect time.
critical Mach number - That airspeed for a specific
airframe where supersonic airflow is first encountered cross linking - In composites, with thermosetting and
at any point on the aircraft. certain thermoplastic polymers, the setting up of
chemical links between the molecular chains.
critical part -That part in an assembly that would cause
total failure of the assembly. cross member - A structural member that joins two
longerons or other lengthwise structural members. It
critical pressure - The highest compression of a fuel-air
carries loads other than the primary loads.
mixture in a reciprocating engine that allows normal
ignition of the mixture without premature spontaneous cross modulation - The modulation of a desired signal
detonation. by an unwanted signal resulting in two signals in the
output.
critical strain - The strain at the yield point.
cross section - The representation on a drawing of a
critical stress area - The area of a structure that would
part's interior cut at right angles to the viewing axis.
first cause total failure of the structure when
overstressed. cross sectional area - The area of the plane section of
an object cut at right angles to its length.
critical temperature - The highest temperature of a
fuel-air mixture in a reciprocating engine that allows cross talk -In electronics, where signals in one portion
normal ignition of the mixture without premature of the equipment bleed over to another section where
spontaneous detonation. the signal is not desired.
critique - Informal appraisals of student performance, cross-bleed - An assembly of valves installed in an air
designed to quickly convey feedback. Use critiques to ducting system of a multi-engine turbine powered
summarize and complete a lesson, as well as to prepare aircraft that allows bleed air from one engine to be
students for the next lesson. used in starting another engine.
crocus cloth - A fabric embedded with abrasive cross-brace wires - Wires arranged in an " X fashion
compound, used to polish metal surfaces. across rectangular sections in order to stiffen the
structures by triangulation.
cross (fix) at (altitude) - Used by ATC when a specific
altitude restriction at a specified fix is required.
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 .
cross-check cruising level

cross-check - A systematic way of observing instrument crucible steel - Steel made from heating iron and steel
indications during attitude instrument flying. Also in a crucible until impurities have been boiled off.
called scanning, it requires logical and systematic Alloying elements are then added and the resulting
observation of the instrument panel. It saves time and high-grade
- - steel is cast into ingots.
-
reduces the workload of instrument flying because [he
crude petroleum - Unrefined petroleum, in a raw or
pertinent instruments are observed as needed.
-
natural condition. before being refined for use.
cross-country flying - Flying from one airport to
cruise - 1 . A moderate speed of travel at optimum speed
another over a distance that requires some sort of
for sustained flight. 2. Used in an ATC clearance to
navigation.
authorize a pilot to conduct flight at any altitude from
crosscut saw - A saw with closely spaced teeth used for the minimum IFR altitude up to and including the
cutting across the grain of wood. altitude specified in the clearance. The pilot may level
off at any intermediate altitude within this block of
crossed-control stall - A demonstration stall that a
airspace. Climbldescent within the block is to be made
flight instructor shows a student pilot. This type of stall
at the discretion of the pilot. However, once the pilot
can occur during a skidding turn, and is most likely to
starts descent and verbally reports leaving an altitude in
occur when a pilot tries to compensate for overshooting
the block, he may not return to that altitude without
a runway during a turn from base to final while on
additional ATC clearance. Further, it is approval for
landing approach.
thc pilot to proceed to and make an approach at
cross-hatching - A series of parallel lines on a destination airport and can be used in conjunction with:
mechanical drawing. Denotes a section of the drawing a. An airport clearance limit at locations with a
has been removed. The style of the lines indicates the standardlspecial instrument approach procedure. The
type of material depicted in the drawing FARs require that if an instrument letdown to an
airport is necessary, the pilot shall make the letdown in
crossover - A condition that exists in a helicopter rotor
accordance with a standardlspecial instrument
system in which the climbing and diving blades cross. approach procedure for that airport, or
crossover tubc - A small tube connecting multiple b. An airport clearance limit at locations that are within1
burner cans together for the purpose of flame belowioutside controlled airspace and without a
propagation during starting. standardlspecial instrument approach procedure. Such
a clearance is NOT AUTHORIZATION for the pilot to
cross-ply laminate - In composites, a Iaminate with descend under IFR conditions below the applicablc
plies usually oriented at O0 and 90" only. minimum IFR altitude nor does it imply that ATC is
cross-sectional view - A view in a mechanical drawing exercising control over aircraft in Class G airspace;
that depicts the shape of a cross-sectional area of the however, it provides a means for the aircraft to proceed
object at an indicated point. to destination airport, descend and land in accordance
with applicable FARs governing VFR flight operations.
crosswind - Wind that is blowing across the flight or Also, this provides search and rescue protection until
taxi path of the aircraft. When used in conjunction with such time as the IFR flight plan is closed.
traffic patterns, the term IS short for 'crosswind leg.'
cruise climb - A climb technique employed by aircraft,
crosswind component - Component of the wind (in usually at a constant power setting, resulting in an
knots) perpendicular to flight or taxi path of aircraft. increase of altitude as the aircraft weight decreases.
crosswind landing - A landing where the wind is cruise control - Engine operation procedures that allow
blowing from other than parallel to the runway. the best efficiency for power and fuel consumption
Landings with small crosswind angles or velocities are during cruising.
of little consequence and are not usually considered to
be crosswind landings. cruise power - Sixty percent to 70 percent of maximum
continuous power; used for fuel economy and engine
crosswind landing gear -Landing gear on an aircraft life during cruising.
that is specially adapted to landing in a crosswind.
They are spring loaded on pivots to allow the gear to cruise propellers - A fixed-pitch propeller that provides
align with the runway when the aircraft is landed in a the aircraft with the best performance during cruise
crab. flight.
crowfoot wrench - An open or box-end wrench with a cruising altitude - An altitude or flight level maintained
short extension and a square drive to be driven with a during enroute level flight. This is a constant altitude
ratchet and an extension bar. A crowfoot wrench and should not be confused with a cruise clearance.
allows a fastener in a recess to be driven when a cruising level - See cruising altitude.
normal ratchet or wrench would not work.

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 crush gasket. current density

crush gasket - A gasket usually formed of a sandwich cube root - In mathematics, the cube root is the number
of copper with an asbestos core. When the gasket is that, when multiplied by itself twice, is the given
crushed between mating surfaces, it conforms to the number. Example: The cube root of 27 is 3 (3 X 3 X 3).
surfaces and creates a leak-proof seal.
cumuliform - A term descriptive of all convective
cryogenic liquid - A gas that has been cooled to a clouds exhibiting vertical development in contrast to
temperature low enough for it to be liquefied. Liquid the horizontally extended stratiform types.
oxygen and liquid nitrogen are commonly found
cumulonimbus (Cb) - Deep convective clouds with a
cryogenic liquids.
cirrus anvil and may contain any of the characteristics
crystal - 1. A thin piece of piezoelectric material having of a thunderstorm: thunder, lightning, heavy rain, hail,
a specific resonant frequency used to control the strong winds, turbulence, and even tornadoes. Also
frequency of an oscillator. 2. A small piece of galena or referred to as thunderclouds.
lead sulfide that allows electron flow in only one
cumulous congestus - A cumulous cloud of significant
direction.
vertical extent and usually displaying sharp edges. In
crystal diode - An electronic component that passes warm climates, these sometimes produce
electrons in one direction, but not the other. A crystal Also called towering cumulous, these clouds indicate
diode is constructed from a germanium or silicon that thunderstorm activity may occur soon.
crystal.
cumulus (Cu) - A principle cloud type having a flat
crystal earphones - Earphones that reproduce sound by base and sharp rounded tops and sides. Clouds develop
use of piezoelectric crystals. Audio-frequency vertically and tops often resemble a cauliflower.
alternating voltage is applied to the crystal and the
cumulus stage The initial stage of a thunderstorm. The
-
crystal vibrates in accord with the frequency of the
cloud grows from cumulus to towering cumulus and
voltage. The crystal is attached to a sound diaphragm
usually lasts 10 or 15 minutes.
that causes the pressure of the air to change in phase
with the voltage. These changes in air pressure are Cuno filter -The proprietary name of a fluid filter made
perceived by the ear as sound. up of a stack of discs separated by scraper blades.
contaminants collect on the edge of-the discs and are
crystal filter - A crystal filter vibrates at a certain
periodically scraped out and collected in the bottom of
frequency. This absorbs vibrations at that frequency,
the filter case.
but passes frequencies above and below the frequency
of the crystal. cup washer - A cup-shaped, spring steel washer. When
compressed, the siring action prevents the nut on a bolt
crystal lattice - The basic pattern in which atoms are
from loosening.
arranged, repeated throughout the solid.
cure - In composites, to change the physical properties
crystal microphone - A microphone making use of the
of a material by chemical reaction, by the application
piezoelectric properties of a crystal, acted on by the
of catalysts, heat and pressure, alone or in combination.
pressure of sound waves.
cure temperature - In composites, the temperature that
crystal oscillator - An electronic device that produces
the resin system attains for its final cure. Does not
an alternating current. A crystal oscillator produces a
include the ramp up or down.
frequency determined by a crystal.
cure time - The time required for a resin to complete its
crystal transducer - An electronic device that converts
solidification.
vibrations into electronic signals. A crystal transducer
uses a piezoelectric crystal that converts vibrations to a curing agent - A catalytic or reactive agent that causes
minute alternating current. polymerization when added to resin. Also referred to
as a hardener.
crystal-controlled oscillator - See crystal oscillator.
current - The flow of electricity. Technically, it is
crystalline - Arranged in a definite pattern, with the
electrons that flow, but more commonly, this is called
atoms or molecules tending to be developed in
current-flow. Current-flow is measured in amperes.
precisely oriented plane surfaces.
current amplifier - An electronic device whose output
C-stage - In composites, the final stage in the curing of
current is greater than its input current.
the mixed thermoset resin system. It cannot be
softened by heat and is insoluble at this stage.
- current density - The amount of electrical current per
cross-sectional area of a conductor. Expressed in
cube - A three dimensional geometric figure consisting
amperes per square inch.
of six congruent square sides.

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current flight plan [ICAO] cycle

current flight plan [ICAO] - The flight plan, including cut-aways - Model of an object that is built in sections
changes, if any, brought about by subsequent so it can be taken apart to reveal the inner structure.
clearances.
cutout switch - An electrical switch that interrupts the
current limiter - A device that limits the generator power to a motor or actuator when the limit of its
output to a level within that rated by the generator desired travel is reached.
manufacturer.
cuts out - The intermittent operation of a magneto or
current plan - The ATC clearance the aircraft has ignition system.
received and is expected to fly.
cutting edge - The edge of a tool or device used to
current regulator - An electronic device in a circuit remove material when some type of force is applied.
that maintains a constant current .
cutting fluid - A fluid, often consisting of oil and water
current switch - A switch used to activate a separate that is flowed over the cutting- surface of a cutting- tool.
circuit in response to a specified current. When the AC Its purpose is to cool the surfaces, lubricate the cutting
current being monitored reaches or exceeds the switch device, flush chips away, and inhibit corrosion.
setting, the switch will conduct to activate another AC
cutting plane - A line on an aircraft drawing that
or DC control circuit connected to that switch.
indicates the surface of an auxiliary view.
current transformer - An electronic device used to
cutting speed - The speed at which a cutting tool moves
indicate the amount of current in an alternating current
across or through a material. The speed must be set
transmission line. The primary winding is connected in
according to the material being cut and the cutting tool
series with the line current and thc secondary winding
type in order to reduce wear and optimize the speed of
is connected to an indicator that reads out in volts,
the cutting procedure.
which are proportivnate to the amperage in the
primary. cutting torch - A torch used to cut metals. It consists of
pre-heating jets to heat the work to near melting and a
current-fed antenna - A half-wave antenna fed in its
cutting jet to bum through the metal.
center.
CVFP (Charted Visual Flight Procedure) approach -
current-limiting resistor - A resistor placed in an
An approach conducted while operating on an
electronic circuit to limit the amount of amperage
instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan which
flowing in the circuit.
authorizes the pilot of an aircraft to proceed visually
curriculum - A set of courses in an area of and clear of clouds to the airport via visual landmarks
specialization offered by an educational institution. A and other information depicted on a charted visual
curriculum for a pilot school usually includes cour5es flight procedure. This approach must be authorized and
for the various pilot certificates and ratings. under the control of the appropriate air traffic control
facility. Weather minimums required are depicted on
curvature - The shape of a surface that has a smooth,
the chart.
bending surface.
cyaniding - A hardening metal where the heated metal
curvic coupling - A circular set of gear-like teeth on
is introduced to a cyanide bath. The metal absorbs
each of two mating flanges that provide a positive
nitrogen and carbon from the cyanide and creates a
engagement when meshed together and bolted. Used to
hardened surface.
attach together turbine wheels, compressor disks, etc.
cyanoacrylate - A single-component, polyester-type
cusp - The indentation on each side at the floor level
resin that hardens by exposure to ambient moisture and
when a fuselage shape has a "figure eight" shape. The
surface alkalinity.
-
cusv design is used to avoid unneeded width in this
cybernetics - The comparative study of the interaction
area.
of biological, mechanical, and electrical systems.
cut off - To sever an object or to stop a flow.
cycle - A complete series of events or operations that
cut thread - A thread produced by removing material
recur regularly. The series ends at the same condition
from the surface with a form cutting tool.
as it started so that the next series of events can
cut-away - Model of an object that is built in sections so immediately take place.
it can be taken apart to reveal the inner structure.
cycle - A period of time during which a sequence of
cutaway drawing - A mechanical drawing with a recurring events is completed. In aviation, a cycle can
nortion of the outside not drawn in order to show what be one takeoff and one landing, -. one extension and
the inside of the object looks like. retraction of the flaps, one retraction and extension of
the landing gear, etc.

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 cycles per second , cylinder taper

cycles per second A measure of how often something

- cylinder head temperature - The temperature of the
is repeated or oscillates (cycles) per second. One cycle cast-aluminum head of an air-cooled reciprocating
per second is called one hertz (Hz). aircraft engine cylinder.
cyclic feathering - In rotorcraft, the mechanical change cylinder honing - A machining process that trues the
of the angle of incidence, or pitch, of individual rotor inside surface of a cylinder. The process also prepares
blades independently of other blades in the system. the inner surface of a reciprocating engine cylinder to
receive proper lubrication.
cyclic pitch control - The control in the cockpit of a
helicopter with which the pilot can change the pitch of cylinder pads -The machined surfaces on the crankcase
the rotor blades at a specific point in their rotation. The of an aircraft engine on which the cylinders are
resulting change imparts lateral, forward, or backward mounted.
movement to the helicopter.
cylinder skirt - That portion of a reciprocating engine's
cycling -- The operation of a unit such as the landing cylinder that extends below the mounting flange.
gear retraction system through its full range of
cylinder taper - Many reciprocating engine cylinders
operation.
are tapered so that the top portion of the cylinder
cycling switch - A switch that opens and closes the (nearest the combustion chamber) is slightly smaller
circuit, permitting a unit to cycle on and off. than the opposite end. This allows for increased
expansion due to higher temperatures and increased
cyclogenesis - Any development or strengthening of
mass at the combustion end of the cylinder. Also
cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere.
referred to as a choke-bore cylinder.
cyclone - In meteorology, the closed circulation around
a low pressure area. The flow is counterclockwise in
the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere. Large tropical cyclones are
referred to as typhoons or hurricanes.
cyclonic flow In the Northern Hemisphere the
- -

counterclockwise flow of air around an area of low

pressure and a clockwise flow in the Southern
Hemisphere.
cyclostrophic wind - A wind in a circular path, in
which Coriolis acceleration is negligible as compared
to centrifugal forces and pressure gradient acceleration.
cylinder - 1. A geometric
shape having ends of a
circular form and parallel
sides. 2. That component of a
reciprocating engine in which
the fuel is burned and in
which the piston moves up
and down.
cylinder barrel - That portion of the cylinder or a
reciprocating engine in which the piston moves up and
down.
cylinder bore - The diameter of the cylinder barrel.
cylinder fins - Metal fins on a cylinder that increase the
area of metal exposed to air. Allows the heat to radiate
out into the air for cooling.
cylinder flange - The base of a cylinder that
incorporates a machined mounting flange by which the
cylinder assembly is attached to the crankcase.
cylinder head - The closed end of the combustion
chamber of a reciprocating engine.

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D Davis wine

term "Danger Area" is not used in reference to areas

D within the United States or any of its possessions or
territories.
D check - The highest and most thorough level of
inspection in a Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance d t ~ r s o n v a mctcr
l mOVemCnt - Most commonly used
Program. Entails a complete teardown of the aircraft meter movement in DC measuring instruments. A
for inspection, repair, and replacement of worn movable coil on which a pointer is mounted rotates in
components. the entire program consists of A, C, and D the field of a permanent magnet. The amount of current
checks. in the coil determines the strength of the coil's
electromagnetic field and the amount the pointer is
Dacron@ - Polyester fibers made by DuPont, Inc. deflected by the magnetic field of the permanent
dado head - A woodworking tool used to cut a wide, magnet.
flat-bottomed groove. Usually consists of two n0lXlal dart leaders -An individual event in a return stroke that
blades separated by a wood-chipping blade. the eye cannot distinguish that occurs following the
dado plane - A narrow, woodworking plane used to cut initial discharge. See lightning.
a wide, flat-bottomed groove in wood. dash numbers - Numbers following, and separated
Dalton's law - One of the basic gas laws that explains from, a part number by a dash identifying the
partial pressures. The law states that the total pressure components of the part.
of a gaseous mixture made up two or more separate dashpot A mechanical damper used to cushion or slow
-

gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each of the down movement by restricting the flow of a viscous
gases. This explains why, at high altitudes, the partial fluid.
pressure of oxygen is not enough to allow the oxygen
to enter the blood stream assistance from data - Information available on a subject that is
supplemental oxygen or pressurization. processed for the purpose of reasoning, discussion,
calculations, etc. Computers process data and provide a
dampen - To deaden, depress, reduce, or lessen. desired output.
damper -A device used to limit movement. data base - A grouping of data that can be easily
damper valve - A plate in the flue of a furnace that searched for specific information and then processed or
regulates the draft. The plate fills the flue when turned acted upon.
perpendicular, shutting off the flow of gas. When the data block seealphanumeric display.
plate is turned parallel to the flue, gases can freely
flow. In aviation, similar valves control the flow of data plate - A permanent identification plate affixed to
fluid in a tube. an aircraft, engine, or component.
damper vane - A vane in a fuel flow meter used to data stamp - Inf~rmation stamped on units or
dampen fluctuations caused by erratic flow. components providing information on the correct
name, part number, date of manufacture, and cure date,
damper-type comhustinn air fuel valve - An as applicable.
automatically actuated damper-type valve located in
the combustion air inlet of an aircraft heater. The valve database identifier - A specific geographic point in
is held open by fusible links that melt and allow the space identified on an aeronautical chart and in a
valve to shut off the combustion air in case of a fire or navigation database, officially designated by the
over-temperature condition. controlling state authority or derived by Jeppesen. It
has no ATC function and should not be used in filing
damping action - An action that smoothes out flight plans nor used when communicating with ATC.
pulsations in the flow of an oscillation.
data-plate speed - The speed at which the manufacturer
damping tube - A short length of tubing with an determines "rated power" of a gas turbine engine.
extremely small inside diameter inside a manifold Stamped on a data plate affixed to the engine. The
pressure gauge. It prevents a pressure surge (caused by engine is required to perform within a certain range of
the engine backfiring) from damaging the mechanism this value throughout its service life.
of the instrument.
datum - An arbitrary reference line from which all
danger area - A specified or specific area designated as measurements are made when determining the
dangerous. Constitutes a potentially hazardous moments used for weight and balance computations.
situation to persons or property. Also called datum line.
danger area [ICAO] - An airspace of defined Davis wing - A wing with a narrow chord and a thick
dimensions within which activities dangerous to the cross-section.
flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. Note: The
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 .
DC amplifier decision altitudeldecision height [ICAO]

DC amplifier - An electronic amplifier whose output is decarbonizers - Potent solvents used to soften the bond
greater than and proportional to its DC input signal. of carbon to a metal part.
dead - In electricity, having no potential difference or decay - The gradual decrease in the amplitude of a
current flow. vibration or oscillation.
dead center -Either of the two positions at the ends of a decelerate - To slow down the velocity of an object.
stroke in a crank and connecting rod when the crank Opposite
- A
of accelerate.
throws and rod lie in a straight line. See bottom dead
deceleration - The rate of decrease in velocity.
center and top dead center.
deceleration check - A check made on an engine while
dead engine - An engine that is not running during
retarding the throttle from the acceleration check. The
flight.
RPM should decrease smoothly and evenly with little
dead reckoning navigation - A method of navigating or no tendency for the engine td after fire. -
from one location to another without the use of outside
deci - A metric prefix indicating one tenth the tenn
navigation aids. Dead reckoning navigation relies on
shown. Example: decimeter or deciliter.
calculating the effects of predicted winds on the course
and speed of the aircraft. decibel (dB) - 1. A measure of sound intensity equal to
l/loof a bel. 2. A unit used to express the ratio between
dead reckoning - Dead reckoning, as applied to flying,
two amounts of electrical or acoustical power and
is the navigation of an airplane solely by means of
equal to 10 times the logarithm of this ratio.
computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind
direction, and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time. DECIDE model - To assist in teaching pilots the
elements of the decision-making process, a six-step
dead short -An electrical path with very low resistance,
model has been developed using the acronym
usually disastrous in nature.
"DECIDE."
dead-stick landing - An aircraft landing accomplished -Detect the fact that a change has occurred.
without an operative engine. There is no capability to -Estimate the need to counter or react to the change.
go around from an inaccurate approach. -
Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the
flight.
dead-weight tester - A calibration device used to test
Identify actions, which could successfully control the
pressure gauges for accuracy.
change.
de-aeration - The process of removing air from a liquid. -Do the necessary action to adapt to the change.
-Evaluate the effect of the action.
de-aerator chamber - In hydraulics, an area of a
reservoir where de-aeration takes dace. decimal - A proper fraction in which the denominator is
a power of ;en.-usually expressed as a number divided
de-aerator tray -A container that collects the return oil by a decimal (period). Example: 12.345
from the oil system of a turbine engine and allows the
air bubbles to separate out of the oilbefore it returns to decimal digit - One of the ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2,
the system. 3,4,5,6,7,8,or9.
debarkation - The unloading of passengers and cargo.
- -
decimal number system - A number system that uses
the base of ten. Each number is expressed with one of
debooster - A unit used in the brake system to reduce the first nine integers or 0 in each place and each place
system pressure and give faster application and release value represents a power of 10.
of the brakes.
decimal point - The dot that separates a whole number
debug - To troubleshoot electronic equipment or from its decimal fraction. Example: 19.44.
computer programs and return to proper operation.
decision altitudeldecision height [ICAO] -A specified
Deca (Deka) - A metric prefix indicating ten times the altitude or height (AM) in the precision approach at
term shown. Example: decameter or decaliter. which a missed approach must be initiated if the
decade resistance box - An electrical test device that required visual reference to continue the approach has
provides the capability to insert selected values of not been established. Note 1: Decision altitude (DA) is
resistance into a circuit. referenced to mean sea level (MSL) and decision
height (DH) is referenced to the threshold elevation.
decades - A series of quantities in multiples of 10. Note 2: The required visual reference means that
decalage - The difference in the angle of incidence of section of the visual aids or of the approach area which
two aerodynamic surfaces of an aircraft. (Between should have been in view for sufficient time for the
wings of a biplane or between the wing and the pilot to have made an assessment of the aircraft
horizontal stabilizer).
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 .
decision height (DH) (USA) deicer tubes

position and rate of change of position, in relation to a high, atthough technically, it is acceptable in either
the desired flight path. sense.
decision height (DH) (USA) - With respect to the defect - Any imperfection, fault, flaw, or blemish that
operation of aircraft, means the height at which a may require repair or replacement of a part.
decision must be made, during a n ILS or PAR
defective -Faulty. Not operating normally.
instrunlent approach, to either continue the approach or
to execute a missed approach. defense mechanisms - Subconscious ego-protecting
NOTE: Jeppesen approach charts use the abbreviation reactions to unpleasant situations.
DA(H). The decision altitude "DA" is referenced to
defense visual flight rules (DVFR) - Rules applicable
mean sea level (MSL) and the parenthetical decision
to flights within an ADIZ conducted under the visual
height (DH) is referenced to the TDZE or threshold
flight rules in FAR 91.
elevation. A DA(H) of 1,440 Tt.. (200 ft.) is a Decision
Altitude of 1,440 ft. and a Decision Height of 200 ft. deferred item - An item on a Minimum Equipment List
(MEL) that can be inoperative under- specified
decision-making process - Intolves an evaluation of
conditions. When an item is deferred, it is often
risk elements to achieve an accurate perception of the
accompanied by some sort of flight limitation.
flight situation. The risk elements include the pilot, the
aircraft, the environment, the operation, and the deflate - To decrease the amount of air or gas held by an
situation. object.
declination - The angular difference between magnetic deflecting-beam torque wrench - A hand-operated
north and true north caused by the magnetic north pole torque wrench in which the amount of torque applied to
not being located at the same place as the true north a bolt is indicated by the amount the beam is bent. The
pole. In navigation for aircraft this is called variation. indication is read against a fixed scale on the handle of
the wrench.
decoder - The device used to decipher signals received
from ATCRBS transponders to effect their display as deflection - The movement of an electron beam up and
select codes. down or sideways in response to an electric or
magnetic field in a cathode-ray tube.
decomposing - The process of a material being broken
down into its basic elements. Example: water breaking degauss - To remove magnetism or magnetic field from
down into oxygen and hydrogen by the process of an object or piece of equipment.
electrolysis.
degeneration - Feedback of a portion of the output of a
decontamination - The removal or neutral~zation of circuit to the input in such a direction that it reduces the
undesired material from an area, a piece of equipment, magnitude of the input; also called negative feedback.
a building, or a person. Degeneration reduces distortion, increases stability,
and improves frequency response.
decouple -To release or disconnect a unit.
degreaser - A solvent used for removing oil or grease
dedicated computer - A computer that is used only for
from a part.
one function.
dehumidify - To reduce the amount of water vapor in
deductible - The amount that the policyholder is
the air.
responsible for in the event of a claim.
dehydrator - A piece of equipment or substance used to
de-energize - To turn off a piece of electrical
remove water vapor from the air. Silica gel is often
equipment.
used to absorb water within a closed space.
deep cycling - A treatment of nickel cadmium batteries
dehydrator plug - A plastic plug with threads screwed
in which the battery is completely discharged, the cells
Into a spark plug opening of an aircraft engine cylinder.
shorted out and allowed to "rest." The battery is then
These plugs are filled with silica-gel and an indicator to
recharged to 140% of its ampere-hour capacity.
remove moisture from the air inside the cylinder and
deep discharge - The procedure of removing all indicate the condition of preservation of the cylinder.
electrical energy from a battery. After discharging a
deicer - A system or substance that removes ice from an
battery down to a low level, the cells are shorted out
aircraft structure.
with shorting clips until all cells are completely
discharged. This allows all cells to be recharged from deicer boots - Inflatable rubber boots attached to the
the same starting condition. leading edge of an airfoil. They can be sequentially
inflated and deflated to break away ice that has formed
deepening - A decrease in the central pressure of a
over their surface.
pressure system; usually applied to a low rather than to
deicer tubes -The inflatable tubes in the deicer boot.
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 deicing departure center

deicing -Removing ice after it has formed. demodulation - The recovery of the signal from a radio
frequency carrier wave. Also referred to as detection.
de-icing equipment - Aircraft equipment that is
actuated to remove ice from the structure of the aircraft demonstration stalls - Stalls that the instructor
that has already formed. demonstrates mainly as an in-flight portion of stalllspin
awareness training. The flight instructor PTS lists these
deicing fluid - A liquid (usually heated) that is sprayed
stalls, categorizes them, and explains the knowledge
on an aircraft to remove ice. Deicing fluid prevents the
and skill associated with successful performance.
retum of ice for a specified period of time.
Advise student pilots that demonstration stalls are not
delaminate - In composites, the separation of layers due to be practiced in solo flight. Like other flight
to adhesive failure. This also includes the separation of maneuvers, perform demonstration stalls at an altitude
the layers of fabric to a core structure. A delamination that allows for recovery above 1,500 ft.AGL.
may be associated with bridging, drilling, and
demonstration-performance method - An educational
trimming.
presentation in which an instructor first shows the
delaminated - 1. A condition caused by exfoliation student the correct way to perform an activity and then
corrosion in which the layers of grain structure in an has the student attempt the same activity.
extrusion separate from one another. 2. Separation of
demulsibility - The measure of an oil's ability to
the core and face sheets of a bonded structure along a
separate from water.
bond line.
demulsifier - A system or substance that causes an
delay indefinite (reason if known) expect further
emulsion (mixture) of two or more substances to break
clearance (time) - Used by ATC to inform a pilot
down into component materials.
when an accurate estimate of the delay time and the
reason for the delay cannot immediately be determined; denatured alcohol - Grain alcohol (ethyl alcohol or
e.g., a disabled aircraft on the runway, terminal or ethanol) with substances added to make it unfit for
center area saturation, weather below landing human consumption without affecting its use for other
minimums, etc. purposes.
delay time - The amount of time that the arrival must denial of reality - A psychological defense mechanism
lose to cross the meter fix at the assigned meter fix where students may ignore or refuse to acknowledge
time. This is the difference between ACLT and VTA. disagreeable
- realities. They may turn away from
unpleasant sights, refuse to discuss unpopular topics, or
delta - Greek letter (A) used in weight and balance
reject criticism.
computations to indicate amount of change.
denier - A numbering system for filaments in the yam
delta connection - A method of connecting three
used for weaving. The number is equal to the weight
components to form a three-sided circuit, usually
in grams of 9,000 meters of yam.
drawn as a triangle, hence the term delta.
denominate number - A number associated with a unit
delta hinge - The hinge located at the root end of the
of measurement.
rotor blade with its axis parallel to the plane of rotation
of the rotor that allows the blade to flap. The flapping denominator - The part of a fraction below the line
blade equalizes lift between the upwind and downwind indicating division. It is an indication of the number of
sides of the rotor disc. parts into which a number is divided.
delta winding - The density - The mass of a substance per unit of its volume.
connection of the windings The weight per unit volume expressed in pounds per
of three-phase AC machines. cubic foot.
The three windings are
density altitude - Pressure altitude corrected for
connected together to form a
nonstandard temperature variations.
loop or a single path through
thethree windings. dent - A depression in a surface usually caused by the
surface being struck by another object.
delta wing - The triangular
wing planform of an aircraft. dented surface - A depression on a surface that usually
affects a small area. Cams, tappet rollers, and ball and
demagnetize - To remove
roller bearings are the parts most often involved.
magnetic properties from an
object. departure center - The ARTCC having jurisdiction for
the airspace that generates a flight to the impacted
demand oxygen system - Any oxygen system in which
airport.
the delivery of oxygen is metered according to the rate
and depth of a user's breathing.
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 .
departure control detailed inspection item

departure control - A function of an approach control description of the skill o r behavior - The first part of a
facility providing air traffic control service for performance-based objective, which explains the
departing TFR and, under certain conditions, VFR desired outcome of instruction in measurable concrete
aircraft. terms.
departure end of runway (DER) - The end of runway desiccant - 1. Any form of absorbent material. 2. A
available for the ground run of an aircraft departure. material used in a receiver-dryer to absorb moisture
The end of the runway that is opposite the landing from the refrigerant.
threshold, sometimes referred to as the stop end of the
desiccant bags - Cloth containers of a silica gel
runway.
desiccant packed with an engine or component that is
departure sequencing program - A program designed placed in long-term storage.
to assist in achieving a specified interval over a
design load - The load for which a member is designed.
common point for departures.
It is usually obtained by multiplying a basic load by a
departure time - The time an aircraft becomes specified design load factor.
airborne.
design maneuvering speed (VA) - The maximum
depletion area - That area on both sides of the junction speed at which you can use full, abrupt control
of a semiconductor that varies between acting as a movement without over stressing the airframe.
conductor and an insulator.
design size - That size from which the limits of size are
depolarization - The absorption of generated gases in a derived by the application of tolerances. When there is
chemical cell especially during the "rest" periods. This no allowance, the design size is the same as the basic
may cause an apparent rejuvenation of the cell. size.
deposition - The direct transformation of a gas to a solid designated - Being given the legal right and authority to
state, where the liquid state is bypassed. perform certain specified functions by the Federal
Aviation Administration.
depresenration - A procedure that includes a special
inspection and cleaning of aircraft parts removed from designated examiner - Any person authorized by the
storage prior to being installed on the aircraft or Administrator to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a
engine. practical test for an airman certificate or rating issued
under FAR Part 61. Also, a person authorized to
depressants - Drugs that reduce the body's functioning
conduct a knowledge test under FAR Part 6 1.
usually by lowering blood pressure, reducing mental
processing, and slowing motor and reaction responses. desired course - 1. True desired course - A
predetermined desired course direction to be followed
depression -In meteorology, an area of low pressure, as
(measured in degrees from true north). 2. Magnetic
in a trough. Often used to describe the stage of
desired course - A predetermined desired course
development of a cyclone, as in "tropical depression."
direction to be followed (measured in degrees from
depth gauge - A device used to measure the depth of a local magnetic north).
hole, groove, or depression.
desired track - The planned or intended track between
depth micrometer - A form of micrometer caliper used two waypoints. It is measured in degrees from either
to measure the depth of a recess. magnetic or true north. The instantaneous angle may
change from point to point along the great circle track
derate - To reduce the allowable power output of an between waypoints.
engine or motor in order to extend the life of the
equipment. destructive testing - Testing that results in the
destruction of the item being tested. For example, as a
derichment - An automatic leaning of the fuel-air part of the certification process, aircraft wing structures
mixture ratio to a ratio that will produce maximum are often loaded until they fail.
power regardless of the heat released. Derichment
occurs when the anti-detonation injection system detail drawing -- A drawing that describes a single part
injects liquid into the cylinders to remove this excess in detail.
heat.
detail view - An auxiliary view incorporated into a
descent -A reduction in altitude. drawing to show additional details of a part.
descent speed adjustments - Speed deceleration detailed inspection item -An item of a progressive
calculations made to determine an accurate VTA. inspection that requires close and careful inspection.
These calculations start at the transition point and use May require disassembly or complete overhaul of a
arrival speed segments to the vertex. component or part.

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 detector diamagnetic material

detector - That portion of an electronic circuit that deviations - 1. A departure from a current clearance,
demodulates or detects the signal.
- such as an off course maneuver to avoid weather or
turbulence. 2. Where specifically authorized in the
detents - The points along a line of movement of a
FARs and requested by the pilot, ATC may permit
control where distinct resistance to movement can be
pilots to deviate from certain regulations.
felt. These points are usually found at specific levels of
importance to the operation of the controlled unit. An dew - Moisture that has condensed from water vapor.
example would be the flap control lever, where detents Usually found on cooler objects near the ground, such
could be assigned either to the number of degrees of as grass, as the near-surface layer of air cools faster
travel (15", 30°, and 45") or at specific performance than the layers of air above it.
points such as takeoff flaps and landing flaps.
dew point - The temperature at which air becomes
detergent - A cleansing material. An oil-soluble saturated and produces dew or moisture.
substance that holds insoluble matter in suspension.
Dewar flask -A double-wall vacuum chamber used for
Detergent is sometimes referred to as soap, though
the storage of liquid oxygen. Similar in principle to a
detergent is chemically different than soap.
~ h e r m o bottle.
s~
detergent oil - A mineral oil to which ash-forming
dewaxed oil - A pure lubricating oil that has had waxy
additives have been added to increase its resistance to
products removed during the refining process.
oxidation. Because of its tendency to loosen carbon
deposits, it is not used in aircraft engines dewpoint -The temperature to which air must be cooled
to become saturated with water vapor.
deteriorate -To become worse.
determiners - In test items, words that give a clue to the DP approach procedure - Used under emergency
conditions where another instrument approach
answer. Words such as "always" and "never" are
procedure cannot be executed. DF guidance for an
determiners in true-false questions. Since absolutes are
instrument approach is given by ATC facilities with
rare, such words usually make the statement false.
DF capability.
detonation - The sudden release of heat energy from
DF fix - The geographical location of an aircraft
fuel in an aircraft engine caused by the fuel-air mixture
obtained by one or more direction finders.
reaching its critical pressure and temperature.
~etonationoccurs as a violent explosion rather than a DF guidance - Headings provided to aircraft by
smooth burning process. facilities equipped with direction finding equipment.
These headings, if followed, will lead the aircraft to a
DETRESFA (distress phase) [ICAO] - The code word
predetermined point such as the DF station or an
used to designate an emergency phase wherein there is
airport. DF guidance is given to aircraft in distress or to
reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants
other aircraft which request the service. Practice DF
are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require
guidance is provided when workload permits.
immediate assistance.
DF steer - See DF guidance.
Deutsch rivet - A type of
high-strength blind rivet. diagonal cutting pliers - A wire cutting tool that cuts
by chiseling action rather than by shearing.
developed width - Width of
the flat layout of a sheet diagram - A graphic representation of an assembly or
metal part. system.
developer - A powder that has been treated with a dial - An analog style instrument face.
penetrating dye. When sprayed on a surface, the
dial indicator -A precision linear measuring instrument
powder acts as a blotter, pulling penetrant out of any
crack and exposing the crack. whose indication is amplified and read on a circular
dial.
development - The main body of an instructional lesson
dial-indicating torque wrench - A hand-operated,
that contains a detailed listing of the subject matter.
Developing material in a structured way speeds up the deflecting beam-type torque wrench that uses a dial
process and makes it easier to follow a logical indicator to measure the deflection of the beam and
reads directly in foot-pounds, inch-pounds, or
progression.
- of toraue.
meter-kilograms
deviation - A compass error caused by magnetic
disturbances from electrical and metal components in diamagnetic material - A material having extremely
the airplane. The correction for this error is displayed low magnetic permeability and considered to be
on a compass correction card placed near the magnetic nonmagnetic.
compass in the airplane.
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 .
diameter differential-voltage reverse-current relay

diameter - The length of a chord passing through the diesel engine - An internal combustion reciprocating
ccntcr of a circular body. cnginc whose ignition is achievcd by the heat of
compression rather than with an electrical ignition.
diamond - A hard substance consisting of nearly pure
carbon. Some are of gem quality while others, of diesel fuel - A fuel used in diesel engines. Very close in
industrial quality, are used as cutting surfaces. grade to jet-fuel and kerosene.
diamond chisel - A cutting tool with a diamond shaped dieseling - The continued firing of a reciprocating
cutting face. engine after the ignition has been turned off. Ignition is
caused by incandescent particles in the combustion
diamond dressing tool - An industrial diamond
chamber.
mounted in a tool and used to true a grinding wheel.
difference between the symbol and the symbolized
diamond-point cutting tool - A machine tool used for
object - The result of a word being confused with an
machining very hard metals. The cutting face consists
unintended meaning. Words and symbols do not
of an industrial grade diamond.
always represent the same thing to every person.
diaphragm switch - A switch whose position is ~onfusion~results when the name-of an objeci is not
controlled by movement of a diaphragm.
. -
differentiated from the characteristics of the object
itself.
diaphragm type pump - A pump that uses a cam-
operated flexible diaphragm to move fuel past spring- differences training -Training given to pilots who wish
loaded valves. Thc pump can have a singlc diaphragm to transition between similar makes and models of a
that only pumps on one direction of movement of the given manufacturer. For example, transitioning from a
cam, or it can have a double diaphragm that operates C-2 10 to a P-2 10 would rcquire differences training for
on both the powered stroke and the spring return. pressurization and turbocharging.
diaphragm-controlled - A mechanical movement differential aileron travel
fl
controlled by the action of a pressure or suction applied - The increased travel of

to a diaphragm. the aileron moving up over

that of the aileron moving
dibromodifluoromethane - A fire ext~nguishingagent.
Noncorrosive to aluminum, brass, and steel, it is less
down. The up aileron
produces extra parasite
+
-' -'
--H-&->-.'=
toxic than COz. It IS one of the more effective fire drag to compensate for the
extinguishing agents available. Halon 1202 additional induced drag caused by the down aileron.
dichromate solution - Cr207. Used with zinc as zinc This balancing of the drag forces helps minimize
dichromate, a protective coating on metal parts. adverse yaw.
Sometimes referred to as gold iridite and found on
differential compression check - A test of the
many brake componcnts. Also found in sodium condition of an engine cylinder in which the amount of
dichromate (Na2Cr207, and Potassium dichromate leakage past the piston rings and valves is determined
(K2Cr207) Sodium dichromate is used to protect by measuring the pressure drop across a calibrated
magnesium parts. orifice in the tester.
die - A wed shape Or form metal Or other differential heating - The heating of objects that have
materials. 2. A cutting tool used to cut threads on the dissimilar heat capacities. See heat capacity.
outside of round stock.
differential pressure - A difference between two
die casting - Method by which molten metal is forced
pressures. The measurement of airspeed is an example
into suitable permanent molds by hydraulic pressure in of the use of a differential pressure.
order to improve the -grain structure of the resulting-
casting. differential pressure range of pressurization - The
range of cabin pressurization in which a constant
dielectric - A material that will not conduct electricity. differential is maintained between cabin pressure and
dielectric constant -Symbol: k. The characteristic of an the outside air pressure.
insulator that determines the amount of electrical differential pressure switch - A diaphragm and
energy that can be stored in electrostatic fields. electrical microswitch arrangement that senses two
dielectric qualities - Insulating characteristics of a pressures. If the difference in the two pressures exceeds
material. a certain value, the microswitch illuminates a warning
light.
dielectric strength - A measure of a dielectric's ability
to withstand puncturc by electrical strcsses. differential-voltage reverse-current relay - Removes
a battery from and connects a generator to a load when
the generator voltage is higher than the battery voltage.
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 .
differentiating circuit dinole antenna

If the generator voltage falls below the battery voltage, dimension - A measurement of length, width, thickness,
the battery will be reconnected. size, or degree listed within a drawing.
differentiating circuit - A circuit that produces an dimension line - A light solid line broken at its
output voltage proportional to the rate of change in midpoint for insertion of measurement indications.
input voltage. Dimension lines typically have outward pointing
arrowheads at each i d to show origin and termination
diffuser - 1. A duct used on a centrihgal flow turbine
of a measurement.
engine
- to reduce the velocity of the air and increase its
pressure. 2. The divergent section of a gas turbine dimensional inspection - The physical measurement of
engine used to convert velocity energy of compressor a part against a recognized standard to determine the
discharge air into pressure energy. amount of wear or deformation of the part.
diffuser vane - A turning or cascading vane in a dimmer - A device that controls illumination. Can be
centrifugal flow engine diffuser used to change air either a simple rheostat or a variable pulse control.
from a radial direction as it leaves the impeller to an
dimming relay - A relay that allows a light or lights in a
axial direction as it moves into the combustor.
circuit to be dimmed.
diffusion - 1. A process where particles of liquids,
dimming rheostat - A rheostat used to control the
gases, or solids move ftom a region of higher
degree of brilliance of a lighting circuit.
concentration to one of lower concentration. 2. The
scattering of light by a rough surface or by dimpling - A process used
transmission through a translucent material. to indent the hole into l - p \
which a flush rivet is to be
diffusion welding - A method of fusing materials to
installed. Some metals
each other that relies on the two materials being
such as the harder aluminum alloys cannot be dimpled
pressed together under high pressure and the joint
while the metal is cold because it is likely to crack.
heated to less than melting temperature. The two pieces
This type of metal must be hot dimpled. Hot dimpling
fuse together without the strength degradation found
equipment consists of a pair of electrically heated dies
with normal welding.
with a pilot that is inserted into the rivet hole. The pilot
digital readouts -The presentation of information by an is passed through the hole and the heated dies are
instrument in a digital form such as light emitting pressed together. The dies heat the metal enough to
diodes or drums, rather than by the movement of a soften it and force it into the shape of the die.
pointer over a numbered dial.
diode - A device that allows a flow of electrons in one
digital voltmeter - A voltage measuring device that direction but not the opposite. Also referred to as an
reads out in digital form rather than an analog dial. electron check valve.
digitize - To change an analog reading to digital format dip - A vertical attraction between a compass needle
(binary) that can be used by a computer. and the magnetic poles. The closer the aircraft is to the
pole, the more severe the effect. In the Northern
dihedral - The positive acute angle between the lateral
Hemisphere a weight is placed on the south-facing end
axis of an airplane and a line through the center of a
of the compass needle; in the Southern Hemisphere a
wing or horizontal stabilizer.
weight is placed on the north-facing end of the
dikes - A common expression for diagonal cutting compass needle to somewhat compensate for this
pliers. effect.
diluent - A material used to change the concentration of DIP (Dual Inline Packaging) - A standard
some other substance without changing the configuration used for chips, DIP switches, etc., used
characteristics of the base material. Common diluents on computer circuit boards.
include water- used to dilute salt water solutions and
dip coating - A process of coating various products
water-based paints and paint thinners used to dilute oil-
with a soft, rubber-like, plastic coating applied by
based paints.
dipping the product into a container of plastic coating.
diluter-demand oxygen system - An oxygen system often used tb insulate the handles of h i d tools.
that delivers oxygen mixed or diluted with air in order
dip soldering - A process of lowering a printed circuit
to maintain a constant oxygen partial pressure as the
board onto the top of a container of molten solder in
altitude changes.
order to solder the leads of components that extend
dilution air - The portion of combustion secondary air through the board.
used to control the gas temperature immediately prior
dipole antenna - A center-fed, half-wave antenna.
to its entry into the turbine nozzle area.

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dipping dirigible

dipping - A method of paint application in which a part cells (batteries), and thermocouples are direct-current
is dipped into a tank of finishing material. PC).
dipstick - A bayonet-type gauge used for measuring the direct-current generator - Electrical generator that has
quantity of fluid in a reservoir. a DC output rather than an AC output. Since generators
naturally produce AC, an electronic rectifier or a
direct - Straight line flight between two navigational
commutator (mechanical rectifier) must convert the AC
aids, fixes, points or any combination thereof. When
output to DC.
used by pilots in describing off-airway routes, points
defining direct route segments become compulsory direct-current motor - A motor that operates on direct
reporting points unless the aircraft is under radar current (DC).
contact.
direction finder - A radio receiver equipped with a
direct altitude and identity readout - The DAIR directional sensing antenna used to take bearings on a
System is a modification to the AN1 TPX-42 radio transmitter. Specialized radio direction finders
Interrogator System. The Navy has two adaptations of are used in aircraft as air navigation aids. Others are
the DAIR System - Carrier Air Traffic Control Direct ground bascd primarily to obtain a "fix" on a pilot
Altitude and Identification Readout System for Aircraft requesting orientation assistance, or to locate downed
Carricrs and Radar Air Traffic Control Facility Direct aircraft. A location "fix" is established by thc
Altitude and Identity Readout System for land based intersection of two or more bearing lines plotted on a
ternlinal operations. The DAIR detects, tracks, and navigational chart using either two separately located
predicts secondary radar aircraft targets. Targets are Direction Finders to obtain a fix on an aircraft or by a
displayed by means of computer generated symbols pilot plotting the bearing indications of his DF on two
and alphanumeric characters depicting flight separately located ground-based transmitters, both of
identification, altitude, ground speed, and flight plan which can be identified on his chart. UDF's receive
data. The DAlK System is capable of interfacing with signals in the ultra high frequency radio broadcast
ARTCCs. band; VDF's in the very high frequency band; and
UVDF's in both bands. ATC provides DF service at
direct control - In rotorcraft, the ability to maneuver a
those air traffic control towers and flight service
rotorcraft by tilting the rotor disc and changing the
stations listed in the AirportIFacility Directory and the
pitch of the rotor blades.
DOD Flip IFR En Route Supplement and the Jeppesen
direct current (DC) - A flow of electrons in one Radio Aids Section.
direction throughout a circuit.
directional antenna - An antenna that either transmits
direct question - A question used for follow-up or receives signals in a field pattern other than
purposes, but directed at a specific individual. omnidirectional. Usual pattems for waves that are
longer than microwaves are either cardioid or figure-
direct route - A requested route published on a
eight. Microwave antennae usually have narrow field
Jeppesen Enroute or Area chart to assist pilots who patterns.
have previous knowledge of acceptance of these routes
by ATC. Use of a direct route may require prior ATC directional gyro - An instrument used to dctcrmine
approval and may not provide ATC or Advisory heading in an aircraft. It does not indicate magnetic
services, or be acceptable in flight plans. direction, but is gyro-stabilized to indicate direction
after being set with reference to a magnetic compass.
direct shaft turbine - A turbine engine in which the
compressor and power section are mounted on a directional reference - In gas turbine engines, an
common driveshaft. industry standard to describe engine locations. The
orientaiion is to look from the rear;owards the front of
direct user access terminal service (DUATS) - A
the engine and use standard twelve hour clock
computer-based program providing NWS and FAA
reference points. Right Side and Left Side are also
weather products that are normally used in pilot determined in this manner.
weather briefings.
directional stabiIity Stability about the vertical axis of
-

direct-cranking electric startcr - A high-torque,

an aircraft, whereby an aircraft tends to return, on its
direct-current electric motor used to rotate a own, to flight aligned with the relative wind when
reciprocating aircraft engine for starting. disturbed from that esuilibrium state. The vertical tail
direct-current amplifier - An electronic amplifier is the primary contributor to directional stability,
whose output is greater than and proportional to its DC causing an airplane in flight to align with the relative
input signal. wind.
direct-current electriciQ - Electricity that flows in one dirigible - A lighter-than-air aircraft. Dirigibles are
direction only. The current from solar cells, chemical constructed of a lightweight metal framework
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 disbond dissi~ate

supporting a fabric gas envelope filled with helium enroute/terminal ATC facilities. Discrete frequencies
(early dirigibles used flammable hydrogen). Dirigibles are listed on Jeppesen charts.
are propelled by engine-driven propellers and are
discrimination - 1. In knowledge testing, able to detect
capable of being maneuvered as opposed to balloons
small differences in understanding of material tested. 2.
that drift with the prevailing wind.
In a measuring instrument, means being able to detect
disbond - In composites, the separation of a bond from small differences in understanding of material between
one structure to another. Many times this term is used individuals.
for referring to the separationof the laminate skin to
discriminator - In a radio receiver, a demodulator that
the core structure. It is also used for a separation from
derives an audio signal from an incoming frequency- or
a fitting to the skin.
pulse-modulated RF signal.
disc area - In rotorcraft, the area swept by the blades of
the rotor. It is a circle with its center at the hub and has disengage - To break the connection between
mechanical or electronic components.
a radius of one blade length.
dish antenna - A parabolic-shaped antenna used For
disc loading - The total helicopter weight divided by the
transmitting and receiving microwave signals.
rotor disc area.
disk area -A description of an area swept by the blades
discharge indicator disk - An indicator disk on the
exterior of an aircraft that indicates the status of the of a helicopter.
onboard fire protection system. If the system has been disk brake - A brake that achieves brake action with a
discharged normally, a yellow disk is blown out, and if disk or disks attached to the rotating wheel being
the system has discharged because the system squeezed between brake pucks and caliper attached to
overheats, a red disk is blown out. the aircraft gear structure.
discharge nozzle - The portion of a carburetor that disk loading - A ratio of the gross weight of a
sprays the fuel into the intake airstream. Serves to helicopter to the disk area.
atomize the fuel for best combustion.
dispersant - A substance that keeps particles suspended
disconnect - To remove a load from a source of power in solution. An example is ashless dispersant (AD) oil.
or the removal of one electrical device from another by It contains a substance that causes ash and other
the use of a manually-operated switch or an automatic contaminants suspended in the oil to be filtered out.
relay.
displaced threshold -When the landing area begins at a
discontinuity - In meteorology, a condition where there point on the runway other than the beginning of the
is a rapid change from one type of weather phenomena runway.
or air mass to another. A cdld front is an example of a
discontinuity. display tube - An electron tube in which a stream of
electrons (cathode rays) from an electron gun impinges
discreet - Showing good judgment in conduct or upon a fluorescent screen, thus producing a bright spot
speech. on the screen. The electron beam is deflected
electrically or magnetically to produce patterns on the
discrete - Not linear. A single action rather than action
screen. Also referred to as a cathode ray tube (CRT).
changing through a range.
dissimilar metal corrosion - Corrosion caused by the
discrete beacon code - See discrete code.
different atomic structures of metals. All metals are
discrete code -As used in the Air Traffic Control Radar listed on a nobility chart from the most vulnerable to
Beacon System (ATCRBS), any one of the 4096 corrosion (least noble) to the least vulnerable (most
selectable Mode 3/A aircraft transponder codes except noble). Magnesium and Zinc are the most vulnerable to
those ending in zero zero; e.g., discrete codes: 0010, corrosion, while gold and platinum are the least. When
1201, 23 17, 7777; non-discrete codes: 0 100, 1200, two metals are in contact with each other, the farther
7700. Non-discrete codes are normally reserved for apart they are on the nobility chart, the more likely
radar facilities that are not equipped with discrete dissimilar metal corrosion will occur. All that is
decoding capability and for other purposes such as necessary is for an electrolyte (usually water) to
emergencies (7700), VFR aircraft (1200), etc. contact the area where they touch for corrosion to
occur.
discrete frequency - A separate radio frequency for use
in direct pilot-controller communications in air traffic dissipate - To lessen in concentration or intensity.
control which reduces frequency congestion by Smoke can dissipate due to mixing with surrounding
controlling the number of aircraft operating on a cleaner air. Electrical power can be dissipated by being
particular frequency at one time. Discrete frequencies changed to heat by a motor, transformer, or resistor.
are normally designated for each control sector in

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 -
dissipating stage dive flaps

dissipating stage - Thirty minutes or so after a single- frequencies are 121.5 MHz, 243.0 MHz, and 406.0
cell airmass thunderstorm begins, downdrafts spread MHz.
throughout the lower levels of the cell. without the
distributed pole motor - An electric motor that has the
necessary source of energy, (heat and moisture), the
stator windings wound into slots in the motor frame
end of the thunderstorm is near and the clouds take on
rather than on discrete pole shoes.
a strataform appearance.
- -

distributor - That part of a high-tension magneto that

dissipation contrail (distrail) - A streak of clearing that
distributes the high voltage to each spark plug at the
occurs behind an aircraft as it flies near the top of, or
proper time. Distributors for low-tension ignition
just within a thin cloud layer.
systems distribute the low voltage
- to the transformers
dissolve - To change form from a solid to become part at each spark plug at the proper time for air-fuel
of a liquid into which the solid is placed, so as to pass ignition.
into solution. A crystal of salt dissolves when placed in
distributor block -A dielectric block in a magneto that
water to become a new liquid, salt water.
contains stationary electrodes to pick up the voltage -
dissymmetry of lift - On a helicopter in forward flight, from a rotating distributor brush or finger and deliver it
the advancing blade develops more lift at a given angle to the proper ignition lead.
of attack than does the retreating blade. This is because
distributor brush - A carbon brush used on a
the effective velocity of the relative wind is greater on
low-tension magneto to distribute the voltage to the
the advancing blade. The blades of a helicopter are
designed to flap in order to compensate for this. distributor block as it rotates.
distributor finger - A rotating conductor in the
distance measuring equipment (DME) - Equipment
distributor of a high-tension magneto that delivers
(airborne and ground) to measure, in nautical miles, the
voltage to the distributor electrodes.
slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME
navigation aid. distributor valve - A device that controls the inflation
sequence of deicer tubes.
Distant Early Warning Identification Zone (DEWIZ)
- An ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone) located disturbance - In meteorology, another name for an area
over the coastal waters of Alaska. that shows indications of cyclonic development, along
with associated weather such as clouds and
distillate fuel - A liquid hydrocarbon fuel that has been
precipitation.
condensed from vapors of crude petroleum.
disuse - A theory of forgetting that suggests a person
distillation - A process whereby a liquid is heated until
forgets those things which are not used.
gases boil off, and the gases are then cooled until they
condense back into a liquid. The process is used to dither signal - A varying signal that is mixed into a
purify water or to select certain petroleum products command signal and increases sensitivity of control.
from a base liquid of crude oil. Distillation of Dithering the commands to a stepper motor enables
individual petroleum products is possible since each response with lessened hysteresis. The least significant
boils off at a different temperature. bit of an analog-to-digital signal converter can be
dithered to lessen ambiguity.
distilled water - Water that has been heated until it
boils and is then condensed back into a liquid. The diurnal effects - A daily variation (may be in
effect purifies the water, leaving the non-water temperature, moisture, wind, cloud cover, etc.)
products behind. especially pertaining to a cycle completed within a 24-
hour period, and which recurs every 24 hours.
distortion - An undesired change in the waveform of
the output of a circuit -as compared with the input. diurnal variation - Daily, especially pertaining to a
cycle completed within a 24-hour period, and which
distractions - During training flights, an instructor
recurs every 24 hours.
should interject realistic distractions to determine if
students can maintain aircraft control while their dive -A steep, nose-down descent.
attention is diverted.
dive brake - An auxiliary control that slows an aircraft
distractors - Incorrect responses to a multiple-choice during descent. Used to limit speed or to minimize
test item. "shock cooling" on reciprocating engines by allowing
- -

higher power settings during descent. Also referred to

distress - A condition of being threatened by serious
as a speed brake.
and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate
assistance. dive flaps - Devices used on an airplane to produce drag
without an attendant increase in lift. Also referred to as
distress frequencies - Radio frequencies used for
speed brakes.
broadcasting distress signals. In aviation, the
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 divergence Doppler effect

divergence - In meteorology, the condition that exists dolly block Variously shaped anvils used to form and
-

when the distribution of winds within a given area is finish sheet metal parts.
such that there is a net horizontal flow of air outward
dolphin flight - In gliders, straight flight following
from the region. The opposite of convergence.
speed-to-fly theory. Glides can often be extended and
divergent duct - A cone-shaped passage or channel in average cross-country speeds increased by flying faster
which a gas can be forced to flow from its smallest area in sink and slower in lift without stopping to circle.
to its largest area resulting in decreased velocity and
domain - Spheres of magnetic influence around
increased pressure.
molecules of metals containing iron. Magnetic fields.
diverse vector area - In a radar environment, that area
domains of learning - In addition to the four basic
in which a prescribed departure route is not required as
levels of learning, psychologists have developed three
the only suitable route to avoid obstacles. The area in
domains of learning: cognitive, psychomotor, and
which random radar vectors below the MVAIMIA,
affective. These domains represent what is to be gained
established in accordance with the TERPS criteria for
during the learning process, either knowledge, skills, or
diverse departures obstacles and terrain avoidance, may
attitudes.
be issued to departing aircraft.
domestic airspace - Airspace which overlies the
dividend - A number to be divided.
continental land mass of the United States plus Hawaii
dividers - A measuring tool having two movable legs, and U.S. possessions. Domestic airspace extends to 12
each with sharp points. Dividers can be used to transfer miles offshore.
measurements or to divide straight or uniformly curved
lines into an equal number of parts. donor -An impurity used in a semiconductor to provide
flee electrons as current carriers. A semiconductor with
diving blade -A blade track of a helicopter's main rotor a donor impurity is said to be type N.
that lowers with an increase in revolutions per minute
donor atom - An atom of a material that has more
(RPM). electrons than needed for normal covalent bonding.
divisor - The number by which a dividend is divided. Used with germanium or silicon in semiconductors to
create diodes and transistors.
DME fix - A geographical position determined by
reference to a navigational aid which provides distance donor impurity - The elements added to germanium or
and azimuth information. It is defined by a specific silicon to create diodes and transistors.
distance in nautical miles and a radial, azimuth, or
dope - The finishing material used on fabric surfaces
course (i.e., localizer) in degrees magnetic from that
that tautens, strengthens, and weatherproofs the fabric.
aid.
dope proofing - Coating the structural elements of a
DME separation - Spacing of aircraft in terms of
fabric-covered aircraft to protect them from the
distances (nautical miles) determined by reference to
solvents in the dope.
distance measuring equipment (DME).
dope roping - A condition in the application of dope in
dock - An enclosed work area where airplanes can be
which the surface dries while the dope is being
placed for repairs.
brushed. This results in a stringy, uneven surface.
docking - Placing an airplane in a hangar where dock
doped-in panel -An entire panel between ribs and from
platforms are used to facilitate maintenance.
the trailing edge to the leading edge that is doped in
DOD FLIP - Department of Defense Flight Information place, but includes rib stitching on sections over the
Publications used for flight planning, enroute, and ribs.
terminal operations. FLIP is produced by the National
doped-on fabric repair - The repair of small damage to
Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) for worldwide
a fabric covered aircraft by doping a patch directly to
use. United States Government Flight Information
the fabric covering using no other attachment
Publications (enroute charts and instrument approach
procedure charts) are incorporated in DOD FLIP for doped-on fabric repair - Repair of a small section of a
use in the National Airspace System (NAS). fabric structure. ?$pically applied by doping on a patch
over a small hole or tear in the fabric.
doghouse - A mark on a turn and slip indicator that
resembles a doghouse. It is located one needle width dope-proof paint - A paint applied to protect structure
away from the center and when the pointer aligns with from being damaged by the solvents in the dope.
it a standard rate of turn is being made.
Doppler effect - The effect where any oscillating
dolly A low mobile platform on wheels or casters used
- frequency, whether sound or radar beams, are
- -

for moving heavy aircraft components. compressed (increased in frequency) as the source and
the -receiver move closer to each other and
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Doppler radar downlock pin

decompressed (lowered in frequency) when moving used on the inside of the fuselage to strengthen the skin
apart. where an antenna is attached.
Doppler radar - A radar system that indicates speed by doubler plies - In composites, a patch that extends over
measuring the amount of Doppler shift and equating it the sanded out area to the existing structure which
to the speed that the measured object is moving toward strengthens the repair. A doubler can also be used
or away from the measuring point. where fasteners are used or where there are abrupt load
transfers.
dorsal - Situated near the rear or on the back of an
object. double-row radial engine - A radial engine having two
rows of cylinders and using two master rods attached to
dorsal fin A fixed vertical control surface on the upper
-
a single crankshaft having two throws.
surface of an aircraft. Usually on the rear of an aircraft
and tapering into the vertical stabilizer, it increases the double-sided tape - Tape with adhesive on both sides.
directional stability of the aircraft.
double-tapered wing - A wing where both the chord
double flare - On rigid fluid and theihickness ratio vary along the span.
lines, a connccti& flare
double-throw switch - A switch that selects one circuit
where the tubing is bent
from two possible circuits. Can have a center "off'
back on itself creating a
position.
double thickness. Only al-
lowed on soft materials in dovetail - A method of joining two materials where one
small diameters. has a base shaped like a widened, inverted, triangle that
fits into a similarly shaped cutout in the a&oining
double magneto - A single magneto housing that holds
piece. Often found in attaching turbine and compressor
one rotating permanent magnet and one cam with two
blades to rotor disks.
sets of breaker points, two condensers, two coils, and
two distributors. For all practical purposes, this dovetail fit A shape similar to a cabinet maker's
-

constitutes two ignition systems. Also called a dual interlocking "dovetail joint." Primarily used to fit
magneto. compressor blades into a compressor disk.
doublc spread - -The spreading of an adhesive equally Dow 19 treatment - An acid treatment for magnesium
divided between the two surfaces to be joined. alloy parts, which produces an oxide film that inhibits
the formation of harmful corrosion.
double-acting actuator - An actuator that uses
hydraulic or pneumatic power to move the piston in Dow metal - A series of magnesium alloys produced by
both directions. the Dow Chemical Corporation.
double-acting hand pump - A hydraulic hand pump dowel - A short wood or metal rod used to hold objects
that moves fluid with both the forward and rearward together.
movement of the handle.
downburst - A strong downdraft which induces an
double-backed tape - Adhesive tape that is sticky on outburst of damaging winds on or near the ground.
both sides. Damaging winds, either straight or curved, are highly
divergent. The sizes of downbursts vary from 112 mile
double-cut file - A file with two sets of parallel
or less to more than 10 miles. An intense downburst
grooves, cut at an angle to each other.
often causes widespread damage. Damaging winds,
double-cut saw - A saw with teeth shaped so that it cuts lasting 5 to 30 minutes, could reach speeds as high as
in both the down and return strokes. 120 knots.
double-loop rib-stitching - Attachment of fabric to the downdraft - Any downward flow of air, for example,
aircraft structure using a double loop of rib-stitch cord the flow downwind of buildings or hills, or the sinking
at each stilch. air near thunderslorms especially in areas o r
precipitation.
double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switch - A switch
that controls two circuits, selecting either of two downdraft carburetor - A carburetor mounted on top
positions (and sometimes a third, off position) for each of the engine in which the flow of air into the engine is
circuit. downward through the venturi.
double-pole, single-throw (DPST) switch - A switch downlock pin -A landing gear safety device consisting
that controls two circuits, selecting either off or on. of a pin that, when placed into a hole in the landing
gear apparatus, prevents the gear from retracting or
doubler - In aircraft sheet metal, a thickness of metal
collapsing while on the ground. The downlock pin
attached to the skin of an aircraft to strengthen it. Often
must be removed before flight.
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downlocks driftdown

downlocks - Mechanical locks that hold a retractable drag wire -A diagonal, load-carrying member of a Pratt
landing gear in the "on" or "down" position, preventing truss wing. It runs from the front spar inboard to the
its retracting when the hydraulic pressure is released. rear spar outboard and carries tensile loads that tend to
drag back on the wing.
downslope wind - Wind moving down a slope, the wind
can be either a cold downslope wind or a warm dragging brakes - Brakes that have not fully released
downslope wind. and that maintain some friction as the wheel rolls.
Dragging brakes cause serious overheating.
downtime - The time an airplane is out of commission.
drain - The electrode in a field effect transistor (FET)
downwash - 1. Air deflected perpendicular to the
that corresponds to a collector of the ordinary
motion of the airfoil. 2. Air that has been accelerated
transistor.
downward by the action of the main rotor of a
helicovter. drain can - A container to catch fuel drained from the
main fuel manifold after shutdown of a turbine engine.
downwash angle - The
angle the air is deflected drain hole - A hole placed in the lower surface of a
downward by an airfoil. wing or other sealed component to provide ventilation
It is the difference
between the angle of air approaching the airfoil and the
-
and allow the drainage of anv accumulated moisture
drain plug - A removable plug located at the lowest
air leaving it.
point of a system used for drainage purposes.
downwind - The direction in which the wind is
blowing. drain valve - A spring-opened and burner
pressure-closed mechanical valve located in the lower
downwind landing - Landing in a direction so that the portion of the combustor outer case, installed to drain
wind is coming- from behind the aircraft. off puddled fuel after an aborted start or after
shutdown. Also referred to as a drip valve.
downwind leg - A flight path parallel to the landing
runway in the direction opposite to landing. The drainage wind - A shallow, small scale current of cold
downwind leg normally extends between the crosswind dense air accelerated down a slope by gravity.
leg and the base leg.
drape - In composites, the ability of a fabric or pre-preg
draftsman - A person who makes mechanical drawings. to conform to a contoured surface.
drag - An aerodynamic force on a body acting parallel draw filing - A method of hand filing in which the file
and opposite to the relative wind. The resistance of the is grasped with both hands and moved crosswise over
atmosphere to the relative motion of an aircraft. Drag the work. Draw filing produces an exceptionally
opposes thrust and limits the speed of the airplane. smooth surface.
drag brace - 1. In main landing gears, a device that acts draw knife - A knife with handles on either end,
as side support for shock strut. 2. An adjustable brace designed to be pulled (drawn) toward the user.
used to position the main rotor in a fixed position
draw set - A riveting tool used to force sheets of metal
preventing movement of the blade at the attached point
together before they are riveted.
on semi-rigid rotors.
drawing - A graphic method of conveying information.
drag chute - A relatively small parachute attached to
the rear of an aircraft. Drag chutes are deployed during drawing number - The number assigned to each
landing rolls to help slow an aircraft and sometimes in drawing in a set of drawings and located in the lower
flight to increase drag. right-hand comer of the title block. It identifies the
drawing and is usually associated with the part number
drag coefficient - One of the aerodynamic
of the component or part depicted in the drawing.
characteristics of an airfoil section that illustrates the
increase in induced drag as the angle of attack is drift angle - The horizontal angle between the
increased. longitudinal axis of an aircraft and its path relative to
drag demonstration - The demonstration of the effects the ground.
of drag on a multi-engine airplane from landing gear, drift magnet -A small permanent magnet in a fixed-
flaps, and windmilling propellers. coil ratiometer indicator. Used to drift or pull the
pointer off scale when the instrument is not energized.
drag hinge - The hinge on a helicopter rotor blade
parallel to the axis of rotation of the blade. It allows the drift punch - A pin punch with a long straight shank.
blade to move back and forth on a horizontal plane,
driftdown - The unavoidable descent due to the loss of
minimizing the blade vibrations.
an engine when above the engine-out absolute ceiling
of an airplane. If the airplane is above its engine-out
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 .
drill drop tank

altitude limits, it is incapablc of maintaining altitudc driven gear - In a gear train, the gear being driven
with one engine inoperative, and the airplane will drift (turned) by the drive gear.
down to the engine-out absolute ceiling.
driver - In electronics, a device that supplies input
drill- I. A rotary cutting tool drivcn with a drill motor powcr to an output dcvicc.
or a drill press. 2. To sink a hole with a drill, usually a
driver head - A head on a bolt or screw designed for
twist drill. 3. A pointed, rotating cutting tool.
driving the fastener by means of a tool such as a
drill bushing - Hardened steel sleeves inserted in jigs, screwdriver or Allen wench rather than a conventional
fixtures, or templates to provide a guide for drills so wrench.
holes will be straight and in the proper location.
drizzle - A form of precipitation. Very small water
drill chuck - The clamp on the spindle of a drill motor drops that appear to float with the air currents while
or drill press into which the drill bit is fastened. falling in an irregular path (unlike rain, which falls in a
comparatively straight path, and unlike fog droplets
drill jig - A device that holds parts or units in the proper
which remain suspended in the air).
position while holes are being drilled.
drogue - A device that provides drag to a moving body.
drill press - A power-driven drilling device that
For boats, a sea anchor provides drag that stabilizes the
includes a table for holding the material, a chuck for
position of the boat in relation to current. In aircraft a
holding the drill bit, a motor for driving the chuck, and
drogue chute stabilizes or slows the airplane. A drogue
a means of feeding the drill into the material.
receptacle for refueling is a basket-shaped device into
drill rod - A high carbon tool steel. It has a combination which another aircraft can insert a probe to receive fuel
of hardness and toughness for good wear from an aerial refueling tanker.
characteristics.
drone - An unmanned aircraft guided by remote control.
drilling burrs - Sharp ragged particles of metal left by Newest terminology refers to these vehicles as UAVs
the drill when a hole is made. (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and RPVs (Remote
Piloted Vehicles).
drip pan - A shallow pan placed beneath an engine to
catch dripping fluids. droop - Refers to the RPM loss that occurs when a fuel
control flyweight governor speeder spring is extended
drip valve - A spring-opened and burner and weakened. It takes less flyweight force to come to
pressure-closed mechanical valve located in the lower equilibrium with the weaker spring force and
portion of the combustor outer case, installed to drain consequently slightly less speed results. The inability
off puddled fuel after an aborted start or after of the engine power to increase as the rotor pitch is
shutdown. Also referred to as a drain valve. increased causes the rotor to slow down.
gauge - A stick used as a means of droop compensator - In helicopters, a device that
checking the fuel level from beneath the wing of a automatically adds power when collective pitch is
large jet transport aircraft. The stick is released and increased in order to compensate for the increased load
pulled downward until fuel drips from its end, placed on the engine.
signifying that the inside is even with the top of the
fuel in the tank. The fuel quantity is read where the droop restraint - A device used to limit the droop of
drip-stick enters the wing. the main rotor blades at low RPM.
drive coupling - A coupling between the accessory drop cloth - A plastic or fabric sheet used to protect
section of an engine and the component that is driven. floors, furniture, or other objects from paint drips or
It is used to absorb torsional shock or to serve as a overspray from painting operations.
safety link that will shear in case the component seizes.
drop forging - A process of forcing semi-molten metal
drive fit - A fit between mating parts in which the part to flow into a mold or die under the pressure of
- than the hole and
to be inserted into the hole is larger repeated hammer blows.
therefore must be driven or forced together with the
drop hammer -- A large, heavy, hammer-type,
other part. Also referred to as an interference fit.
metal-forming machine that uses sets of matched dies
drive gear - In a gear train, the gear nearest the power to form compound curved sheet metal parts. The metal
source. Meshes with and drives (turns) the driven gear. is placed over the female die and the male die is
dropped into it, forcing the metal to conform to the
drive screws - Plain-headed, self-tapping screws used
shape of the two dies.
for attaching name plates to castings or to plug holes in
tubular structures through which rust-preventative oil drop tank - An externally mounted fuel tank designed
has been forced. to be dropped in flight.

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 drop-forged part. dual rotor system

drop-forged part - A steel part that has been formed by dry line - The moisture boundary, where the moisture
the drop-forging process. content of the air changes rapidly from one side to the
other.
droplets - Tiny- drops
- of liquid.
dry operation - The operation of an aircraft engine
drop-out voltage - In electricity, the minimum voltage
equipped with a water injection system, but operating
that can be applied to a device without it dropping from
without the benefit of water injection.
the circuit. Usually used in referring to relays that de-
w

energize when control voltage drops below a certain dry rot - The condition of wood attacked by hngus.
drop-out voltage. Causes brittleness and decay.
dropping resistor - A resistor used to decrease the dry wash - Aircraft cleaning method in which cleaning
voltage in a circuit. material is applied by spray, mop, or cloth and
removed by mopping or wiping with a clean, dry cloth.
drum brake - A friction device used on some aircraft
It is used to remove airport film, dust, and small
landing gear. Consists of a cylindrical metal drum
amounts of dirt and soil.
attached to the wheel and shoe-shaped friction vads
attached to the landing gear. This device is applied dry-bulb temperature - The temperature of the air
against the inner side of the drum when braking action without the effect of water evaporation.
is desired.
dry-cell battery - Common name for a carbon-zinc,
dry adiabat - A line on a thermodynamic chart single-cell battery. D-, C-, AA-, and AAA-cells are all
representing a rate of temperature change at the dry dry-cell batteries. They are not rechargeable or
adiabatic lapse rate. serviceable.
dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) - The rate of dry-charge battery - The common way of shipping a
decrease of temperature with height of unsaturated air lead-acid battery. The battery is fully charged, drained,
lifted adiabatically (not heat exchange). Numerically and the cells are washed and dried. The battery is
the value is 3C or 5.4F per 1000'. sealed until it is ready to be put into service. Electrolyte
is added and the battery is given a freshening charge,
dry adiabatic process - The cooling of an unsaturated
making it ready for service.
parcel of air by. expansion
. and the warming- of a parcel
of air by compression. dry-chemical fire extinguisher - An extinguishing
agent such as sodium bicarbonate used as a
dry air - Air that contains no water vapor. Dry air
compressed, non-flammable gas as a propellant. Dry-
weighs 0.07651 pounds per cubic foot under standard
chemical fire extinguishers are usually rated for
sea level atmospheric conditions of 59°F (15°C) and a
multiple purpose use.
barometric Dressure of 14.69 PSI. or 29.92 inches of
mercury. dry-sump engine - An engine in which most of the
lubricating oil is carried in an external tank and is fed
dry air pump - An engine-driven air pump using
to the pressure pump by gravity. After it has lubricated
carbon vanes and that does not require any lubricating
the engine, the oil is pumped back into the tank by an
oil in the pump for sealing or cooling.
engine-driven scavenger pump.
dry bulb - A name given to an ordinary thermometer
dry-sump system - An oil system in which the oil is
used to determine temperature of the air; also used as a
contained in a separate tank and circulated through the
contraction for dry-bulb temperature. Compare wet
engine by pumps.
bulb.
dual controls - Two sets of flight controls for an aircrafi
dry clearance - Clearance adjusted in adjusting valve
that allow the airplane to be flown from either of two
tappets without any oil in the tappet body.
positions.
dry fiber - In composites, a condition in which fibers
dual indicator - An aircraft instrument that provides
are not fully encapsulated by resin during pultrusion.
two sets of indications on one dial. For example, the oil
dry ice - Frozen carbon dioxide (COz). Dry ice pressure of both engines can be shown on one indicator
sublimates from solid to gas without becoming a liquid. using one dial and two pointers.
It is used for non-mechanical cooling of perishables or
dual magneto - A single magneto housing that holds
for cooling parts for an interference fit.
one rotating permanent magnet and one cam with two
dry laminate - In composites, a laminate containing sets of breaker points, two condensers, two coils, and
insufficient resin for complete bonding of the two distributors. For all practical purposes, this
reinforcement. constitutes two ignition systcrns.
dual rotor system - The rotor system of a helicopter in
which there are two separate main rotors spinning in
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dual-spool compressor. dye penetrant inspection

such a direction that they tend to cancel the torque of duplcxer - A circuit that makes it possible to use the
each other. same antenna for transmitting and receiving without
allowing excessive power to flow to the receiver.
dual-spool compressor - A turbine engine with two
separate compressors, each with its own stage of durability -The ability to withstand hard wear.
turbine. The low-pressure compressor is N I and the
high-pressure compressor is N2. DuralB - A high strength, low weight alloy consisting
of 95% aluminum, 4% copper, and 1% magnesium.
duckbill pliers - Flat-nosed pliers used extensively in
safety wiring. Duralumin - The original name of the aluminum alloy
now known as 2017. First produced in Germany and
duct - A hollow tube used to transmit and direct the used in its Zeppelin fleet of WWI.
flow of air through an aircraft.
dust - Small soil particles suspended in the atmosphere.
duct support systems - Methods and apparatus used to
support cabin air supply ducts. dust devil - An unusual, frequently severe weather
condition characterized by strong winds and dust-filled
ducted-fan engine - An engine-propeller combination air over an extensive area.. A small vigorous
that has the propeller enclosed in a radial shroud. circulation that can pick up dust or other debris near
Enclosing the propeller improves the efficiency of the the surface to form a column hundreds or even
propeller. thousands of feet deep. At the ground, winds can be
strong enough to flip an unattended aircraft. Dust
ductility - The property that allows metal to be drawn
devils mark the location where a thermal is leaving the
into thinner sections without breaking.
ground.
ductwork - The channels or tubing through which the
Dutch roll - A combination of rolling and yawing
cabin air supply is distributed.
oscillations that normally occurs when the dihedral
due regard - A phase of flight wherein an aircraft effects of an aircraft are more powerful than the
commander of a State-operated aircraft assumes directional stability.
responsibility to separate his aircraft from all other
duty cycle - The comparison of the time a piece of
aircraft.
equipment can operate to how long it must cool before
dump chute - In an aircraft fuel system, a device being operated again. A device that can operate one
designed to carry dumped fuel away from the aircraft minute before having to cool off for four minutes
to prevent it from being ignited by static electricity or would have a 25% duty cycle.
engine exhaust.
duty runway - See runway in use and active runway.
dump valve - The valve that allows the fuel in a tank to
D-value - Departure of true altitude from pressure
be dumped in flight in order to decrease the landing
altitude; obtained by algebraically subtracting true
weight of the aircraft.
altitude from pressure altitude.
duo-servo brakes - Brakes that use the momentum of
DVFR flight plan - A flight plan filed for a VFR
the aircraft to wedge the lining against the drum and
aircraft which intends to operate in airspace within
assist in braking when the aircraft is rolling either
which the ready identification, location, and control of
forward or backward.
aircraft are reauired in the interest of national security.
duplex bearing - A matched pair of bearings with a
DVOR (Doppler VOR) - Provides increased accuracy
surface ground on each to make contact with the other
compared to a conventional VOR. Employed in areas
matched surface. When three bearings are used they are
such as mountainous terrain.
called triplex bearings; when four bearings are used
they are called quadpiex bearings, and so on. These are Dwell angle - In ignition systems, the time that the
usually ball bearings. ignition points remain closed. During this time, the
magnetic field builds in the primary-coil. When the
duplex fuel nozzle - A turbine engine fuel nozzle that
points open, the magnetic field collapses, creating a
has two different spray patterns: one for low airflow
much higher voltage in the secondary coil, which is
and one for high airflow. This keeps the flame pattern
centered in the combustor section. connected to the spark plugs.
dye - A material added to a substance to add or change
duplex operation - In communications, the capability
its color. In aviation, dye is added to aviation fuels to
of all stations to transmit and receive simultaneously.
identify the grade of fuel.
Telephone communication is a duplex operation. For
radio communication to be a duplex operation, two dye penetrant inspection - An inspection method for
frequencies are required. surface cracks in which a penetrating dye is allowed to
enter any cracks present and is pulled out of the crack
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 dynafocal engine mount . Dzus fastener

by an absorbent developer. A crack appears as a line on dynamic stability - The property of an aircraft that
the surface of the developer. causes it, when disturbed from straight and level flight,
to develop forces or moments that restore the original
dynafocal engine mount - A mount that attaches an
condition of straight and level.
-
aircraft engine onto the airframe in which the extended
center line of all of the mounting bolts would cross at dynamometer - An instrument used to measure torque
the center of gravity of the engine and propeller force or power.
combination.
dynamotor - A machine with two windings on a single
dynamic - Continuous review, evaluation, and change armature that simultaneously operates as a motor with
to meet demands. - and as a -generator with the other.
one of the windings
The armature windings are usually different so that the
dynamic balance - The condition that exists in a
voltage on the generator side is different from the
rotating body in which all of the rotating forces are
voltage on the motor side and the machine acts as a
balanced within themselves and no vibration is
rotary transformer.
produced by the body in motion.
dynatron effect - The area of operation in a tetrode
dynamic braking - A method of slowing the rotation of
electron tube where plate current decreases as plate
equipment driven by an electric motor. Braking is
voltage increases. This effect is caused by secondary
accomplished by disconnecting electrical power from
electrons to the screen grid.
the motor and replacing it with a resistance load. The
inertia of the m~tor/equipmentcauses the motor to dyne - A unit of force. Dyne is the amount of force
become a generator and the resistance absorbs the required to accelerate one gram of mass one centimeter
electrical output of the motor and thus resists and slows per second squared. In science, the term is slowly
the rotation. becoming obsolete.
dynamic damper - A counterweight on the crankshaft dynode - The elements in a multiplier tube that emit
of an aircraft engine. It is attached in such a way that it secondary electrons.
can rock back and forth while the shaft is spinning and
Dzus fastener - A patented form of cowling fastener in
absorb dynamic vibrations. In essence, it changes the
resonant frequency of the enginelpropeller which a slotted stud is forced over a spring steel wire
and rotated to lock the wire in a cam.
combination.
dynamic factor - The ratio between the load carried by
any part of an aircraft when accelerating and the
corresponding basic load.
dynamic load - The effective weight of an aircraft. It is
the actual weight of the aircraft multiplied by the load
factor (G-load). When an aircraft is sitting on the ramp,
the load factor is one and the dynamic load equals the
weight of the aircraft. In flight, if the aircraft is
experiencing a load factor of two (as it would be if in a
level 60" bank turn) the dynamic load would be twice
the actual weight of the aircraft.
dynamic microphone - A device used to convert
acoustic pressure waves into electrical waves.
Incoming sound impinges a movable diaphragm that
has a coil of wire on it. The coil is in a magnetic field
and its movement produces an electrical signal that
correlates to the sound.
dynamic pressure - The product 'I2 p v2,where p is the
density of the air and V is the relative speed of the air.
dynamic restrictions - Those restrictions imposed by
the local facility on an "as needed" basis to manage
unpredictable fluctuations in traffic demands.
dynamic rollover - The tendency of a helicopter to
continue rolling when the critical angle is exceeded, if
one gear is on the ground, and the helicopter is pivoting
around that point.
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 .
E effective value

E-core - The laminated core of an electric transformer

E cut in the shape of the letter "E." The coil windings are
mounted on the core.
early warning r a d a r - Long-range radar used to detect
incom ing aircraft or missiles soon enough to be eddy - In meteorology, an organized movement of air in
intercepted by defensive aircraft or missiles. a circulation of a particular size. The organization is
more obvious in the larger scale circulations.
earplug - A rubber, wax, or soft plastic device worn in
the canal of the ear to keep loud noises from damaging eddy current -A current induced into the core of a coil,
the ear and to help prevent hearing loss. transformer, or the armature core of a motor or
generator by current flowing in the winding. Eddy
earth connection - An electrical connection with a currents cause power loss and are minimized by
ground. Thc United Kingdom uses "earth" for the laminating the iron cores.
electrical term "ground."
eddy current inspection - A nondestructive inspection
earth ground - In electricity, a ground connected used Lo locate surface or subsurface defecls in a metal
directly to Earth. This connection is usually achieved part. This is a comparison-type inspection, based on the
by attaching a grounding clamp to a metal water pipe difference in conductivity of a sound and a defective
or to a grounding rod driven into Lhe ground. The third part.
plug in a three-wire system is usually connected to
earth ground. eddy current losses The electrical losses in the core of
-

a transformer or other
E a r t h induction compass - A direction indicator in an electrical machine. The
aircraft that derives its signal from the lines of flux of induction of eddy currents
the Earth cutting across the windings of the flux valve. into the core robs the
Earth's magnetic field - The magnetic lines of flux that machine of some of its
surround the Earth. These lines enter and exit the Earth power.
at the magnetic north and south poles, close to, but not edge distance - The
aL, the geographic poles. distance from the center of
easy-out - A screw extractor used to remove broken a bolt or rivet hole to the
screws or studs. It is made of hard steel and has a point edge of the material.
with a tapered, left-hand spiral-like thread. A hole is edge thickness-~hethickness ofthe edge o f a material.
drilled in the shank of the broken screw and the
easy-out is screwed into it by turning it counter- edge-grain wood - Wood that has been sawed from the
clockwise. tree in such a way that the edges of its grain are visible
in the wide part of the plank. Also referred to as
eccentric - A disk or wheel having its axis of revolution quarter-sawed wood.
displaced from its center
so that it is capable of Edison effect - The emission of electrons from a heated

8
imparting reciprocating filament attached to an electrode placed in an
motion. evacuated tube. The discovery of Thomas A. Edison in
1883.
eccentric cam - A
circular cam with a eductor - A jet pump used in some aircraft h c l systems
displaced axis. As the to remove fuel from a vent-drain tank and return it to
shaft rotates about its the main tank.
axis, the outside of the effect - A principle of learning, which states that
eccentric cam rises and falls, changing rotary motion learning is strengthened when accompanied by a
into reciprocating motion. pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is
echo - In radar terminology, the energy reflected or weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling.
scattered a target and lhe radar scope presentation effective pitch - The actual distance a propeller moves
Lhe return Crom a target. through the air in one revolution. It is the difference
economizer system - A power compensator or a power between the geometric pitch of the propeller and the
enrichment system in a carburetor or fuel injection propeller slip.
system that adds additional fuel. It enriches the fuel thread - The effective (or thread
mixture at high power engine operations. The includes the complete thread and that portion of the
economizer is closed during cruising speeds. incomplete thread having crests not fully formed.
effective value - The root mean square (RMS) value of
sine wave AC. It is equivalent to 0.707 times the peak
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effective voltage electric strain gauge

value and corresponds to the DC value that will collar fills the bolt threads and prevents the nut from
produce the same amount of heat. backing out inadvertently.
effective voltage - The equivalent direct current (DC) elasticity - The capability of an object or material to be
voltage in an alternating current system. It is calculated stretched and to recover its size and shape after
as .707 times the peak sinusoidal waveform voltage deformation.
value. In a non-sinusoidal waveform, it is the root
elastomeric bearing - A metal and rubber composite
mean square voltage value.
bearing used to carry oscillating loads where complete
efficiency - A measure of a system's effectiveness or a rotation is not needed. The bearing is made of alternate
mechanism found by dividing the output of the layers of an elastomer and metal bonded together.
mechanism by its input. It is usually expressed as a Elastomeric bearings can be designed to take radial,
percentage. axial, and torsional loads.
effort arm - The distance from the input to the fulcrum elastomers - A rubber or synthetic rubber used in the
on a lever. The distance from the fulcrum to the output layers between the metal in an elastomeric bearing.
point is referred to as the load arm. Elastomers can be stretched to twice their original
length and can return to their original size and shape
E-gap angle - The number of degrees of magnet
when released.
rotation beyond its neutral position at which the
primary magneto breaker points open. It is at this point E-layer - A layer of ionized air in the ionosphere found
that the primary current flow is the greatest and, approximately 55 to 90 miles above Earth.
therefore, the rate of collapse of the primary field will
elbow - A fluid line fitting used to join two pieces of
induce the greatest voltage into the secondary winding.
tubing at an angle of 90".
E-glass - In composites, a type of fiberglass. The E
Elcon connector A slip-on type terminal, held in place
-
stands for electrical. It is used primarily when there
could be interference to radio signals such as with a with a hand screw, for aircraft battery installation. It is
similar to the Cannon connector.
radome.
electret - A permanently polarized dielectric material.
egoistic needs - Basic personal needs that relate to a
student's self-esteem and are directly linked to self- electret microphone - A device that changes sound
confidence, independence, achievement, competence, pressure into an electrical signal. It consists of a
and knowledge. Another type relates to a student's diaphragm made of a thin foil of electret placed next to
reputation, such as status, recognition, appreciation, a metal coated plate. Sound pressure that is picked up
and respect of associates. by the microphone vibrates the diaphragm causing a
voltage. The wavefonn of this voltage is a copy of the
eight-harness satin - In composites, a type of fabric
waveform of the sound that vibrated the diaphragm.
weave. The fabric has a seven-by-one weave pattern in
which a filling thread floats over seven warp threads electric bonding - The connecting of metal structural
and then under one. Like the crowfoot weave, it looks parts together with electrical conductors in order to
different on one side than on the other. This weave is keep them at the same electrical potential. Bonding
more pliable than any of the others and is especially eliminates static electricity build-up, which causes
adaptable to forming around compound curves, such as radio interference.
on radomes.
electric discharge machining - A process of machining
ejection seat - An emergency escape seat found in complex metal shapes by a controlled electric arc that
military aircraft that, when used, is propelled or shot erodes the metal.
from the aircraft and parachutes to the ground.
electric drill motor - An electric motor, usually of the
ejector pump - A pump that produces a low hydraulic universal type, which is geared down to brovide
pressure. The low pressure is used to eject or move additional torque and is equipped with a chuck to hold
fluid from one place to another. See also eductor. a twist drill.
elastic limit - The maximum load (in PSI) a metal can electric inertia starter - An electric starter motor for
withstand without causing a permanent deformation. If aircraft reciprocating engines that spins a small
a metal hasn't reached its elastic limit, it will return to flywheel to a high speed. The energy in the flywheel,
its original dimensions when the load is removed no when coupled to the engine crankshaft, turns or
matter how many times the load is applied. "cranks" the engine.
elastic stop nut - A self-locking nut with a collar of electric strain gauge - A device used to measure the
elastic material and an inside diameter slightly smaller amount of physical strain placed on a piece of
than the outside diameter of the bolt or stud it fits. The conductive material. A strain gauge is made of a piece
of very fine wire that is bonded tothe material in which
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 pp
.
electric wave electrode
ppppppp -- ---

the strain is to be measured, and the two ends of the across an electrical circuit. Electrons can tlow through
wire are connected into a sensitive, the short to ground without passing through the load.
resistance-measuring bridge circuit. When the material
electrical steel - A low-carbon steel alloy that contains
on which the strain gauge is mounted is strained, the
up to 5% silicon and is used in the form of thin
wire in the strain gauge is stretched. It becomes longer
laminations for the cores of transformers and the
and thinner. When its length and its cross sectional area
armatures of electrical motors and generators.
changes, its resistance changes. The change in
resistance of the strain gauge i s proportional to the electrical strength - The maximum amount of voltage
amount of strain in the material, and the amount of that can be placed on an insulator before the insulator
strain is proportional to the amount of stress that breaks down and allows electrons to flow through it.
caused it.
electrical symbols - The graphic symbols used in
electric wave - One of the components of a radio wave aircraft drawings to represent electrical wiring or
produced along the length of the antenna. components.
electrical bus - An electrical distribution point to which electrical zero - A designated rotor position in synchro
many circuits can be connected. systems. It is a reference position for meshing gears
and for installing indicators.
electrical charge - An excess (negative charge) or
deficiency (positive charge) of electrons in a body. electrically detonated squib - An explosive charge,
usually installed in fire extinguisher systems, that is
electrical diagram -A diagram or drawing showing the
ignited by electrical methods.
relationship of electrical components within a system.
electrically suspended gyroscope -A gyroscope with a
electrical energy - The energy possessed by a substance
rotor supported in an electromagnetic field. This allows
or device because of a difference in electrical potential.
the rotor to spin with an absolute minimum of friction.
This can exist because of electromagnetic or
electrostatic forces. electricity - The physical phenomena arising from the
existence of positive and negative electrical charges.
electrical equipment - An electrical unit or
Electricity can be observed in the attracting and
combination of units that make up the electrical
repelling of objects electrified by friction and in natural
system.
phenomena (lightning and aurora borealis). Usually
electrical filter - An arrangement of a choke coil and employed in the form of electrical currents generated
condenser used in an electrical circuit to create a steady by a mechanical generator device that forces the flow
current flow. of electrons from an area having an excess of electrons
to an area with a shortage of electrons. In the process,
electrical generator - A mechanical device that
heat is produced, and a magnetic field surrounds the
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
conductor.
electrical insulator - A material that prevents the
electroacoustic transducer - A device that converts
passage of electricity. The material's outer electrons
variations in sound pressure into variations of voltage,
are so forcibly held to the nucleus that they cannot be
or vice versa.
dislodged to flow in a circuit. Glass is an example of a
good insulating material. electrochemical action -- The corrosive results of the
potential difference of two different metals in contact
electrical lines - The wiring used for transporting
with each other in the presence of an electrolyte.
electrical energy to electrical equipment.
. .
electrochemical series - A list of metallic elements that
electrical resistance welding - The fusion of metals by
ranks them according to the ease with which they give
clamping them together and passing a high amperage
up electrons. All metals are listed on an
electrical current through the joint. The resulting heat
electrochemical series or nobility chart from the most
melts the metal, and the pressure causes the two pieces
vulnerable to corrosion (least noble) to the least
to fuse together. Spot and seam welding are forms of
vulnerable (most noble). See also dissimilar metal
electrical resistance welding.
corrosion.
electrical shield - A housing made of a conductive
electrochemistry - The branch of chemistry that deals
material that encloses an electrical circuit. The shield
with the electrical voltages existing within a substance
picks up any electrical energy radiated from the circuit
because of its chemical composition.
and carries it to ground so it cannot interfere with any
other electrical or electronic equivment.
A >
electrode - A terminal element in an electric device or
circuit. Examples are the plates in a storage battery, the
electrical short - An unintentional electrical system
elements in an electron tube, and the carbon rods in an
fault connection that provides a low-resistance path
arc light.

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electrode potential electron-flow

electrode potential - A voltage that exists between electromagnetic waves - A resonance of electric and
different metals and alloys because of their chemical magnetic
- fields that move at the speed of light.
-
composition. An electrical current will flow between
electromagnetism -The magnetic field emanating from
these materials when a conductive path is provided.
a conductor carrying electrical current. Its strength is
electrodynamic damping - The diminishing of determined by the amount of current flowing in the
oscillations of the pointer of an electrical meter by the conductor.
generation of elec&omagneticfields in the frame df the
electromechanical frequency meter - An instrument
moving coil.
.
that uses the resonant freauencv of a vibrating: metal
d .
2

electrogalvanizing --The process of coating metal with reed to measure the frequency of alternating current.
zinc by electroplating. Also referred to as a vibrating-reed frequency meter.
electro-hydraulic control - A hydraulic control that is electron - 1. A subatomic particle with a negative
electrically actuated. electric charge. It spins around the nucleus of an atom,
and under certain conditions, can be caused to move
electrolysis - A chemical change produced in an
from one atom to another. Electrons that travel in this
electrolyte by an electric current.
-
manner are called free electrons. 2. The negatively
electrolyte - A nonmetallic conductor, such as a liquid charged part of an atom of which all matter is made.
or a gas, in which current is carried by the movement Electrons circle around the nucleus of an atom in orbits
of ions. or shells.
electrolytic - The action of conducting electrical current electron beam - A narrow beam of free electrons in a
through a nonmetallic conductor by the movement of vacuum. In cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), the electron
ions. beam strikes luminescent phosphors, causing them to
emit light. CRTs are used in TV receivers, radar,
electrolytic capacitor - A capacitor that uses metal foil computer monitors, and some instrument displays.
for the electrodes and a thin film of metallic oxide as
the dielectric. The sheets of metal foil are separated by electron beam welding -A process of welding metal by
a piece of porous paper that is impregnated with an the heat that is produced when a high-speed stream of
electrolyte. The capacity is affected by the thickness of electrons strike the metal.
the dielectric.
electron current flow - The flow of electrons from
electromagnet - A magnet produced by electrical negative to positive in a circuit outside of the source.
current flowing through a coil of wire. The coil is often
electron drift - The relatively slow natural movement
wound around a soft iron core that concentrates the
of individual electrons that move from atom to atom
lines of flux and intensifies the magnetic field.
within the conductor.
electromagnetic emission -
The radiation of electron force - The force causing electrons to move
electromagnetic energy that is produced when
through a conductor (electromagnetic force). The
electricity flows through a conductor.
symbol "E" is used in calculations until the actual
electromagnetic induction - A transfer of electrical number of volts is determined.
energy from one conductor to another by means of a
electron gun - The combination of an electron-emitting
moving electromagnetic field. A voltage is produced in
cathode together with accelerating anodes and beam-
a conductor as the magnetic lines of force cut or link
forming electrodes to produce the electron beam in a
with the conductor. The value of the voltage produced
cathode-ray tube.
by electromagnetic induction is proportional to the
number of lines of force cut per second. An emf electron spin -The rotation of an electron about its own
(electromagnetic force) of 1 volt will be induced when axis.
100,000,000 lines of force are cut per second.
electron tube - 1. A device consisting of an evacuated
electromagnetic radiation - An electrical energy of or gas-filled envelope containing electrodes for the
extremely high frequency and short wavelength that purpose of controlling electron flow. The electrodes are
will penetrate solid objects and expose photographic usually a cathode "electron emitter," a plate "anode,"
film. and one or more grids. 2. A vacuum tube. It consists of
a cathode and its heater, the grids, and plate that are
electromagnetic vibrator - A device that interrupts the usually housed in a glass envelope. The tube may also
flow of DC through a set of contacts and changes it
be filled with an inert gas.
into pulsating DC. The contacts will vibrate between
open-and closed as long as the vibrator is connected to electron-flow - The current-flow in a circuit is actually
a source of DC electricity. the flow of electrons. Electrons flow from negative to
positive in the external circuit.

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electronic countermeasures embossing

electronic countermeasures - Methods of decreasing electrostatics - The branch of physics that deals with
the effectiveness of enemy communications or radar. the attraction and repulsion of static electrical charges.
electronic counter-countermeasures - Methods used electrovalent or ionic bond - The bond formed by two
by the military to counter the ECM (Electronic atoms when one atom gives up one or more valence
Countermeasures) of the enemy and decrease the electrons to the other. The bond is based on the
effectiveness of the enemy's countermeasures. See also attraction between the positive and negative ions thus
electronic countermeasures. formed.
electronic emission - The freeing of electrons from the element - The basic chemical substances that cannot be
surface of a material usually produced by heat. divided into simpler substances by chemical means.
electronic leak detector - An electronic oscillator element of threat - A perception factor that describes
device that emits an audible tone if any refrigerant gas how a person is unlikely to easily comprehend an event
is picked up in its sensor tube. When a refrigerant leak if that person is feeling threatened since most of a
is detected, the tone changes. person's effort is focused on whatever is threatening
them.
electronic moisture indicator - A device for checking
moisture in a material. It operates on the principle of elevator -A horizontal, movable control surface on the
measuring the conductivity of the material. tail of an airplane. It is used to rotate the airplane about
its lateral axis.
electronic oscillator - 1. An electronic device used in a
leak detector that emits a changing audible tone when a elevator angle - The angular displacement of the
leak is detected. 2. An electronic circuit that converts elevator from its neutral position.
DC into AC electricity.
elevator control tab - A metal tab located on the
electronic voltmeter - An electronic instrument used to elevator that helps the pilot control the elevator.
measure voltage.
elevator trim stall - A demonstration stall that a flight
electronics - 1. The branch of science that deals with instructor shows a student pilot. It simulates the danger
electron flow and its control. 2. In physics, the study zone defined by a rejected landing or go-around, and is
and use of the movement and effects of free electrons demonstrated at altitude with the airplane configured
and with electronic devices. and trimmed for a typical final approach to landing.
electroplating - An electrochemical method of elevon - A control surface that combines the functions
depositing a thin layer of metal on some object. The of both ailerons and elevators. Movement of the control
object to be plated is the cathode, the metal that will be wheel to the right or left causes the elevons to move
deposited is the anode, and the electrolyte is a differentially. (When the left elevon moves up, the
nonmetallic conductor that will form ions of the plating right elevon moves down.) The differential movement
metal. of the elevons causes the airplane to rotate about its
longitudinal (roll) axis.
electrostatic charge - A stationary electrical charge on
an object caused by an accumulation of electrons or by ellipse - An oval. A curve generated by a point moving
a depletion of electrons. such that the sum of its distances from two fixed points
(foci) is a constant. It is the plane cross-section of a
electrostatic deflection control - A method of
cylinder at other than a right angle or a right cone at
controlling the position of a beam of electrons on the
other than parallel to the base.
face of a cathode-ray tube. The beam of electrons that
forms the trace or picture on a cathode-ray tube can be elliptical - Of or having the form of an ellipse. An
deflected to the correct position on the screen by elongated oval shape.
electrostatic charges on plates that are placed above,
elongate -- To stretch or lengthen.
below, and on each side of the beam.
e-mail - Electronic mail. Mail sent and received
electrostatic energy - - In a capacitor, the energy stored
between computers.
when two opposing electrical charges act across the
dielectric. embarkation - The loading of passengers and cargo
onto the airplane.
electrostatic field -A field of force that exists around a
charged body. Also referred to as a dielectric field. embedded circulation - A relatively small scale
circulation embedded in, and driven by, a larger scale
electrostatic stress - The electrical force that tends to
puncture an insulator. It is caused by an accumulation circulation.
of electrical charges on a body. embossing - The process of raising a boss or
protuberance on the surface.

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emergency engine breather

emergency -A distress or an urgency condition. is used to loosen dirt, soot, or oxide films from the
surface of an aircraft.
emergency air pressure - The compressed air stored in
high-strength steel cylinders used to provide En Route Automated Radar Tracking System
emergency landing gear extension and emergency (EARTS) - An automated radar tracking system that
braking in the event of the failure of the main power combines inputs from multiple short- and long-range
system. radars into one display.
emergency descent -A maneuver designed to allow the enamel - A material whose pigments are dispersed in a
aircraft to descend to a lower altitude at the fastest, varnish base. The finish cures by chemical changes
most practical airspeed, in the event of an engine fire, within the base.
loss of cabin pressure, or other emergency.
encapsulate - To completely surround or cover
emergency locator transmitter (ELT) - A radio something.
transmitter attached to the aircraft structure which
encased - Enclosed in a housing.
operates from its own power source on 121.5 MHz,
243.0 MHz, and 406 MHz. It aids in locating downed enclosed relay - An electrical relay in which both the
aircraft by radiating a downward sweeping audio tone, coil and the contacts are enclosed in a protective
2-4 times per second. It is designed to function without housing.
human action after an accident. The 406 MHz ELT
broadcasts an identification signal and is capable of encode - In electronics, to put an analog signal into
broadcasting location if linked to a GPS receiver. digital format.

emery paper - A fine abrasive paper composed of encoding altimeter - A pneumatic altimeter that
pulverized corundum or aluminum oxide and used for provides a signal to the transponder that indicates the
polishing. altitude on the radar operator's screen.

emery wheel - A wheel consisting of a fine abrasive end spanner - A socket wrench that has a series of
material composed of pulverized corundum or raised lugs around its end rather than splines broached
aluminum oxide and used for grinding and polishing. inside.

emitter - The electrode of a transistor that corresponds end voltage - The voltage across a chemical cell when
to the cathode of a vacuum tube. Conventional current the cell should be discarded or recharged. The end
enters a transistor through the emitter. voltage of a particular type of cell is usually defined by
the manufacturer. Also referred to as an end-of-life
empennage - The rear or tail portion of an airplane. voltage.
empty field myopia - The normal tendency of the eye endurance - The length of time an aircraft can remain
to focus at only 10 to 30 feet when looking into a field in the air. The power produced by the engines can be
devoid of objects, contrasting colors, or patterns. regulated to give the aircraft the greatest speed, the
greatest range, or the greatest endurance.
empty weight - The weight of an aircraft, its power
plant, and all of the fixed equipment. It includes energy - Inherent power or the capacity for performing
unusable fie1 and undrainable oil for aircraft not work. When a portion of matter is stationary, it often
certified under FAR Part 23 (aircraft certified under has energy due to its position in relation to other
FAR Part 23 include full oil as part of empty weight). portions of matter. This is called potential energy. If
the matter is moving, it is said to have kinetic energy,
empty weight center of gravity (EWCG) - The center
or energy due to motion.
of gravity of an airplane that includes all fixed
equipment, the unusable fuel, and undrainable oil for engaging solenoid - A solenoid used to engage an
aircraft not certified under FAR Part 23 (aircraft -
inertia starter with the engine.
certified under FAR Part 23 include full oil as part of
empty weight). engine - A machine that converts energy into
mechanical Dower.
empty weight center of gravity range - The range
engine analyzer - An electronic instrument using a
determined so that the empty weight center of gravity
cathode ray oscilloscope as an indicator to analyze the
limits will not be exceeded under standard
specifications loading arrangements. condition of the ignition system and to visually display
the vibrations in the engine.
-
empty weight moment - The moment of an aircraft at
engine breather - The vent for the crankcase of a
its empty weight.
reciprocating engine. It allows fumes to escape from
emulsion-type cleaner - A chemical cleaner that mixes the crankcase and prevents pressure build-up inside the
with water or petroleum solvent to form an emulsion. It engine.

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 -
engine compartment engineered performance standards

engine compartment The area of an aircraft in which

- whichever occurs first. The bottom line is that the
the engine and its components and accessories are intent of the engine-out loss of directional control
located. demonstration is to demonstrate the onset of control
limits. Normally, this occurs when the nose begins to
engine compressor - The section of a turbine engine in
move even though full rudder is applied.
which the air is compressed before it enters the burner
section. engine logbook - A record book of an aircraft engine's
time in service, maintenance performed, inspections,
engine conditioning An integrated system of engine
-
etc.
checks and tests whereby engines can be brought up to
or kept in top operating condition. Two of the most engine mount The structure used to attach an engine
important checks of engine conditioning are the in the airframe. It normally includes shock mounts.
compression test and the cold cylinder check.
engine mounting pads - The shock absorbing units
engine controls - The controls required for the proper connected between the engine and the engine mount.
operation of an aircraft engine. They include the
engine nacelle - The streamlined, enclosed housing on a
throttle, mixture control, propeller pitch control,
wing or fuselage in which the engine is mounted.
carburetor heat, engine cowl flap control, and the
ignition switch. engine performance The relationship between power,
--

RPM, fuel consumption, and manifold pressure of an

engine cycle - 1. The cycle of events that must be
engine.
accomplished in the transformation of chemical energy
into mechanical energy. The two most common cycles engine pressure ratio (EPR) - In gas turbine engines,
of events are the Otto cycle, which describes the events the ratio of turbine discharge pressure divided by
of the reciprocating engine, and the Brayton cycle, compressor inlet pressure. Displayed in the cockpit as
which describes the transformation taking place in a
turbine engine. 2. One takeoff and landingas recorded
-
an indication of engine thrust.

by an airline. Also described as one start and one stop engine ratings - The engine power ratings as type
of the engine or sometimes as one full advance and certificated by the FAA. These ratings list thrust or
retard of the throttle. The latter two situations require shaft horsepower at takeoff, cruise, etc.
special recording procedures for maintenance runs if engine ring cowl - The ring-shaped covering over the
cycle times are needed. cylinders of a radial engine for the purpose of
streamlining and improving the airflow through the
engine gauge unit - A three-in-one instrument used to
show the operating condition of an engine. It houses a engine.
fuel pressure, oil pressure, and oil temperature gauge in engine seizure - The locking-up or stopping of an
one case. engine because of some internal malfunction.
engine history recorder - An electronic data collection engine stations - In gas turbine engines, numbered
device on some newer engines which records the locations along the engine length, or along the gas path
number of times certain normal operating parameters used for the purpose of identifying pressure and
such as speed and temperature are reached. temperature points, component locations and the like.
engine inoperative loss of directional control engine stroke - In a reciprocating engine, the distance a
demonstration - This demonstration is required piston travels from bottom dead center (BDC) to lop
during a multi-engine practical test to show the control dead center (TDC). Engine stroke is equal to two times
pressures necessary to maintain directional control with the crankshaft throw.
one engine inoperative. This demonstration should be
accomplished within a safe distance of a suitable engine sump - The lowest point in the engine from
airport, and the entry altitude should allow completion which the oil may be drained.
no lower than 3,000 feet AGL. Since actual VMC engine trimming - The adjustment of the fuel control
varies with existing condition, the pilot should not try unit of a gas-turbine engine.
to duplicate the published VMC, which was established
during initial certification. Pilots should expect a loss engine-driven air pump - An air pump driven from an
of directional control at a speed that may be higher accessory drive on the engine. Also referred to as a
than the published VMC. Remember, as altitude vacuum pump.
increases, actual VMC decreases, and under some engineer - A person who practices the profession of
weight and altitude combinations, VMC and stall speed engineering. In the United Kingdom an engineer is an
are the same. This means that the loss of directional aircraft maintenance technician.
control demonstration cannot be accomplished safely.
Pilots should be prepared to recover at the first engineered performance standards - A
indication of stall or loss of directional control, mathematically derived runway capacity standard.
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 enhanced training materials Eonnex

EPS's are calculated for each airport on an individual radio aids, selected airports, distances, time zones,
basis and reflect that airport's aircraft mix, operating special use airspace, and related information.
procedures, runway layout, and specific weather
enroute low altitude charts - Provide aeronautical
conditions. EPS's do not give consideration to staffing,
information for enroute instrument navigation (IFR) in
experience levels, equipment outages, and intrail
the low altitude stratum. Information includes the
restrictions as does the AAR.
portrayal of airways, limits of controlled airspace,
enhanced training materials - While aviation position identification and frequencies of radio aids,
instructors are expected to be familiar with all selected airports, minimum enroute and minimum
regulatory training requirements, use of instructor- obstruction clearance altitudes, airway distances,
oriented training materials, which are enhanced for reporting points, restricted areas, and related data. Area
regulatory compliance, are beneficial for ensuring that charts, which are a part of this series, furnish terminal
required training is accomplished, endorsed, and data at a larger scale in congested areas.
properly documented. Examples of these materials may
enroute minimum safe altitude warning - A function
include training syllabi, maneuver guides or
handbooks, and computer-based training. of the NAS Stage A enroute computer that aids the
controller by alerting him when a tracked aircraft is
enrich - To make a fuel-air mixture ratio richer. When below or predicted by the computer to go below a
the amount of fuel metered into the engine is increased predetermined minimum IFR altitude (MIA).
without increasing the amount of air, the mixture is
enriched. enroute spacing program -- A program designed to
assist the exit sector in achieving the required in-trail
enroute air traffic control services -Air traffic control spacing.
service provided aircraft on IFR flight plans, generally
by centers, when these aircraft are operating between entrained air - The foam or bubbles in the scavenged
oil caused by heat and the centrifugal action of the
departure and destination terminal areas. When
oil-wetted parts. Oil with large quantities of entrained
equipment, capabilities, and controller workload
air is a poor lubricant. This air has to be removed.
permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be
provided to VFR aircraft. entrained water - The water held in suspension in
aircraft fuel. It is in such tiny droplets that it passes
enroute charts - a. Enroute Low Altitude Charts -
through filters and will do no damage until the
Provide aeronautical information for enroute
instrument navigation (IFR) in the low altitude stratum. temperature of the fuel drops to the point that these tiny
Information includes the portrayal of airways, limits of particles accumulate or coalesce to form free water in
the tank.
controlled airspace, position identification and
frequencies of radio aids, selected airports, minimum envelope -A pre-sewn cover made of aircraft fabric that
enroute and minimum obstruction clearance altitudes, is slipped over the structure and attached.
airway distances, reporting points, restricted areas, and
related data. Area charts, which are a part of this series, envelope method of recovering - A method of
furnish terminal data at a larger scale in congested recovering an aircraft structure in which a pre-sewn
areas. b. Enroute High Altitude Charts - Provide fabric envelope is slipped over the structure and
aeronautical information for enroute instrument attached. The opening is closed either by cementing the
navigation fabric to the structure or by hand sewing.
- . . in the high
(IFR) - altitude stratum.
Information includes the portrayal of jet routes, envelope power - In electricity, a measurement of
identification and frequencies of radio aids, selected average power supplied to an antenna by a radio
airports, distances, time zones, special use airspace, transmitter.
and related information.
environmental - The conditions surrounding an object.
enroute descent - Descent from the enroute cruising
altitude which takes place along the route of flight. environmental control systems - In an aircraft, the
systems, including the supplemental oxygen systems,
enroute flight advisory service - A service specifically air conditioning systems, heaters, and pressurization
designed to provide, upon pilot request, timely weather systems, which make it possible for an occupant to
information pertinent to his type of flight, intended function at high altitude.
route of flight and altitude. The FSSs providing this
service are listed in the AirporVFacility Directory. environmental stress cracking (ESC) - In composites,
the susceptibility of a resin to cracking- or crazing when
enroute high altitude charts - Provide aeronautical in the presence of surface-active chemicals.
information for enroute instrument navigation (IFR) in
the high altitude stratum. Information includes the EOnnex-A fabric frompolyester fibers.
of jet routes, identification and frequencies of

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epicyclic gear train - etching

epicyclic gear train -An arrangement of gears in which equivalent circuit - A circuit containing only one or
one or more gears travel around the circumference of two components that has the same properties as a more
another gear. complex circuit. Used to more easily analyze the
characteristics of the circuit.
epoxy - A flexible, thermosetting resin made by the
polymerization
- of an epoxide. It is noted for its equivalent flat plate area - The area of a square flat
durability and chemical resistance. -plate, normal i o the direction of motion, which offers
the same amount of resistance to motion as the body or
epoxy primer - A two-part catalyzed paint material
combination of bodies under consideration.
used to provide a good bond between a surface and the
topcoat. equivalent monoplane - A monoplane wing with equal
lift and drag properties as a combination of two or
epoxy resin - A common thermoset material used in
more wings.
aircraft construction. Used as the bonding matrix to
distribute the stresses to the fibers, and hold the fibers equivalent shaft horsepower (ESHP) - A unit of
together. When mixed with a catalyst, they are measured power output of turboprops and some
adhesive, resistant to chemicals, are water resistant, turboshaft engines. Where ESHP equals SHP plus HP
and are unaffected by heat or cold. One part of a two- fiom jet thrust (HP from jet thrust equals static thrust
part system which combines the resin and the catalyst divided by 2.6).
to form the bonding matrix. In composites, the term
erosion - The removal of material by abrasion,
"resin" is often used to describe the two parts mixed
dissolution, andor corrosion.
together.
escape velocity - The speed an aircraft or missile must
EPR-rated gas turbine - A method of expressing the
reach in order for it to escape from the gravitational
thrust of a gas turbine engine in terms of engine
field of the Earth.
pressure ratio (EPR).
escutcheon - A reinforcement around a hole or opening
equalization -The process of restoring all of the cells of
in a material that helps prevent tearing out of the base
a nickel-cadmium battery to a condition of equal
material.
capacity. All of the cells are discharged, shorted out,
and allowed to "rest." The battery is then said to be established - To be stable or fixed on a route, route
equalized and ready to receive a fiesh charge. segment, altitude, heading, etc.
equalizer circuit - A circuit in a multiple-generator estimated ceiling - A ceiling value that derives from an
voltage-regulator system that tends to equalize the estimate made by an observer or when the method of
current output of the generators by controlling the field determining ceiling does not fall definitively in any
currents of all the generators in the system. other category.
equilibrium - A condition that exists within a body estimated elapsed time IICAO] - The estimated time
when the sum of the moments of all of the forces acting required to proceed from one significant point to
on the body is equal to zero. another.
equilibrium level - The altitude where the updraft estimated off-block time [ICAO] - The estimated time
temperature is equal to its surroundings. at which the aircraft will commence movement
associated with departure.
equinox - Noon on the day when the sun's rays are
perpendicular to the earth's surface at the equator. estimated position error (EPE) - A measure of the
current estimated navigational performance. Also
equipment -Any item that is secured in a fixed location
referred to as Actual Navigation Performance (ANP).
to the aircraft and is to be utilized in the aircraft.
estimated time enroute - The estimated flying time
equipment ground - In electricity, a ground connected
from departure point to destination (lift-off to
to the case or chassis of electronic equipment. The
touchdown).
chassis is in turn, connected to an earth ground. See
also earth ground. estimated time of arrival - The time the flight is
estimated to arrive at the gate (scheduled operators) or
equipment list - A comprehensive list of equipment
the actual runway on times for nonscheduled operators.
installed on a particular aircraft. This includes the
required and optional equipment. etch - To chemically remove a part of a material. Clad
aluminum alloy sheets are etched before painting to
equivalent airspeed (EAS) - The calibrated airspeed,
microscopically roughen them so that the primer can
shown on the airspeed indicator, corrected for errors
bond tightly to their surface.
that are caused by the compressibility of the air inside,
the pitot tube, or by the installation of the instrument. etching - A process of detecting defects in aluminum
alloy by use of a caustic soda and nitric acid solution.
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 -
ethylene dibromide expansion turbine

ethylene dibromide - A chemical compound of and carries the exhaust gases overboard through a
bromine that is added to aviation gasoline. Used to -
common discharge.
convert the lead deposits ffom the tetraethyl lead into
exhaust nozzle - The rear opening of a turbine engine
lead bromides that are volatile enough to vaporize and
exhaust duct. The nozzle acts as an orifice, the size of
pass out the exhaust rather than foul the spark plugs.
which determines the density and velocity of the gases
ethylene glycol - A viscous form of liquid alcohol as they emerge from the engine.
(C2HS02) used as a coolant for high-powered, liquid-
exhaust port - The hole in the cylinder of a
cooled engines.
reciprocating engine through which the exhaust gases
eutectic metal A metal alloy whose melting point, due
- are expelled.
to the proportion of its components, is lower than
exhaust stacks The short, individual pipes attached to
-
would be possible before the mixture of the
the exhaust ports of the cylinders of reciprocating
components.
engines, through which the exhaust gases are
evacuated bellows - A set of bellows from which most discharged
- overboard.
of the air has been removed and the bellows sealed.
exhaust stroke - The stroke of the Otto cycle where the
They serve as the sensitive element in an aneroid
exhaust gases are forced out of the cylinder as the
barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure.
piston is moving - away from the crankshaft and the
evaluation - Measures a demonstrated performance exhaust valve is open.
against a criteria or standard, such as a grade of at least
exhaust valve - The valve in an aircraft engine cylinder
70% to pass a written test. Formal evaluations are
through which the burned gases leave the combustion
typically in the form of written tests, oral quizzing, or
check flights, and are used to measure performance and chamber.
document whether the course objectives have been exit guide vanes - The fixed airfoils at the discharge
met. end of an axial flow compressor that straighten
- out the
swirling air caused by the rotating rotors so that the air
evaporation -Change of state from liquid to vapor.
evaporator - The unit in a vapor-cycle air conditioning
-
leaves the engine in an axial direction.
expand - To increase the dimensions of.
system in which liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from
the cabin to change the refrigerant into a vapor. Air expanded plastic - The increase in the volume of
blown over the evaporator loses its heat and is cooled. plastic resin generated when the materials that make up
the plastic are mixed. The volume is increased by gas
execute missed approach - Instructions issued to a pilot
bubbles.
making an instrument approach which means continue
inbound to the missed approach point and execute the expander-tube brake - A nonservo brake in which the
missed approach procedure as described on the composition blocks are forced out against a rotating
lnstrument Approach Procedure Chart or as previously drum by hydraulic fluid, expanding a synthetic rubber
- by ATC. The pilot may climb immediately to
assigned tube on which they rest.
the altitude specified in the missed approach procedure
upon making a missed approach. No turns should be expansion boots - Inflatable deicer boots.
initiated prior to reaching the missed approach point. expansion coefficient - A number that describes the
When conducting an ASR or PAR approach, execute change in linear dimensions of a material with a
the assigned missed approach procedure immediately specified change in its temperature.
upon receiving instructions to "execute missed
approach." (Refer to AIM) expansion reamers -
A precision cutting O\,
exercise - A principle of learning that those things most tool used to enlarge
often repeated are best remembered. and smooth the inside
exhaust contrails - Forms when the water vapor added circumference of a
from an aircraft exhaust is sufficient to saturate the drilled hole. The
diameter of the reamer
atmosphere.
can be changed by an adjustable wedge inside the
exhaust gas temperature (EGT) - In gas turbine blades.
engines, temperature taken at the turbine kxit. Often
expansion turbine - A turbine wheel in an air-cycle air
referred to as T,7.
conditioning system used to extract some of the energy
exhaust manifold - A pipe with several apertures used from the bleed air. The energy of the bleed air drives
to collect exhaust gases from reciprocating engines. the turbine and the air is further cooled by expansion.
The manifold attaches to the individual exhaust ports

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 .
expansion wave external resources

expansion wave - The change in velocity and density of instantly release. Used to allow instant release of
the air as it passes over the thickest part of an airfoil expended rocket stages.
moving through the air at speeds greater than the speed
explosive charge - A quantity of explosive that can be
of sound.
used to break a seal and discharge a substance.
expect (altitude) at (time) or (fix) - Used under certain
explosive rivet - A patented blind rivet manufactured by
conditions to provide a pilot with an altitude to be used
the DuPont Company. Its hollow end is filled with an
in the event of two-way communications failure. It also
explosive and sealed with a cap. When the rivet is
provides altitude information to assist the pilot in
heated, it explodes, swelling its end and clamping the
planning.
metal together.
-
expect further clearance (time) -The time a pilot can
exponent - In mathematics, a number superscripted
expect to receive clearance beyond a clearance limit.
above and to the right of a base number. It indicates the
expect further clearance via (airways, routes or fixes) power to which the base number is to be multiplied. In
- Used to inform a pilot of the routing he can expect the example 23, the base number is 2 while the
if any part of the route beyond a short range clearance exponent is 3. This is stated as two cubed (or two to the
limit differs from that filed. third power) and is shown as 2 X 2 X 2 = 8.
expected departure clearance time - The runway extend - To move away from the normal or closed
release time assigned to an aircraft in a controlled position. When landing gear is extended, it is moved
departure time program and shown on the flight from its retracted position to the "gear down" position.
progress strip as an EDCT. Flaps can be extended from their stowed position to
full extension or to some point in between.
expedite - Used by ATC when prompt compliance is
required to avoid the development of an imminent extended over-water operation - 1. With respect to
situation. Expedite climb/descent normally indicates to aircraft other than helicopters, an operation over water
a pilot that the approximate best rate of climb/descent at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles
should be used without requiring an exceptional change from the nearest shoreline. 2. With respect to
in aircraft handling characteristics. helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal
distance of more than 50 nautical miles lrom the
expel -To force or drive out.
nearest shoreline and more than 50 nautical miles from
expendable weight - The weight that is decreased in an off-shore heliport structure.
flight. The rue1 on board is an expendable weight as it
extension lines - The lines on a technical drawing that
is used in flight.
extend from a view for the purpose of identifying a
experimental category - A grouping for aircraft that do dimension.
not have type certificates or do not conform to their
extent of damage -An amount of damage sustained by
type certificates. Special airworthiness certificates may
a unit of equipment.
be issued in the experimental category for the
following purposes: research and development, exterior angle - The angle between one of the sides of a
showing compliance with regulations, crew training, polygon and an extension to an adjacent side.
exhibition, air racing, market surveys, operating
exterior view - A view of an object showing only its
amateur-built aircraft, or operating kit-built aircraft.
outer or visible surfaces.
explode - To make a violent change in chemical
external combustion engine - A heat engine in which
composition. To violently release chemical,
the chemical energy in the fuel is converted into heat
mechanical, or nuclear energy. Usually accompanied
energy released to the outside of the engine. Heating
by loud noise, a flash of light and a great deal of heat.
water to produce steam that is put to mechanical use is
explosion-proof motor - An electric motor sealed in a a form of an external combustion engine.
way that prevents explosive gases from being ignited
external inspection - A visual inspection done
by electrical sparks within the motor.
externally to the airframe, engine, or unit component
explosion-proof switch - An electric switch sealed in a without having to inspect t h e internal mechanism by
way that prevents explosive gases from being ignited disassembly.
by electrical sparks within the switch.
external load - A load that is carried or extends outside
explosive atmosphere - A gaseous environment of an aircraft.
containing explosive vapors or explosive
external resources - Many potential resources exist
concentrations of fine dust that can be ignited.
outside the cockpit such as air traffic controllers,
explosive bolt - A special bolt that contains an maintenance technicians, and flight service personnel.
explosive charge that can be ignited when the bolt must
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 external tooth lock washer. eyelet

external tooth lock washer - A thin, spring steel, instrument, but they do not shine in the eyes of the
shake-proof lock washer with pilot.
twisted teeth around its outside
eyelet - A flanged tubular fastener designed for securing
circumference that holds pressure
by curling or splaying the end.
between the head of a screw or
bolt and the metal surface to
prevent the fastener from
loosening.
external-control surface locks -
The locks applied on the exterior
of the control surfaces of a parked aircraft to prevent
movement in windy conditions.
external-load attaching - The structural components
used to attach an external load to an aircraft, including
external-load containers, the backup structure at the
attachment points, and any quick-release device used to
jettison the external load.
extinguishing agent - The agent used in a fire
extinguishing system to either cool the fuel below its
kindling point or to exclude oxygen from the surface of
the fire.
extra-flexible control cable - A special metal cable
flexible enough to pass around pulleys. It consists of
seven strands of wire with 19 wires in each strand.
extratropical cyclone - A macroscale low-pressure
disturbance that develops outside the tropics.
extrude - To form by forcing through a die of the
desired shape.
extrusion - A strip
of metal, usually
of aluminum or
magnesium, that
has been forced
through a die in
its plastic state.
This can produce
complex cross-
sectional shapes
required for modem aircraft construction.
eye - 1 . The hole of an eyebolt. 2. In meteorology, the
roughly circular area of calm or relatively light winds
and comparatively fair weather at the center of a
well-developed tropical cyclone. A wall cloud marks
the outer boundary of the eye.
eye wall - The cloudy region embedded with
cumulonimbus (CB) clouds immediately adjacent to
the eye of an intense tropical cyclone.
eyebolt - A bolt that has a flattened head with a hole in
it. An eyebolt is used to attach a cable to a structure.
eyebrow lights - Small shielded lights positioned over
the top comers of an instrument on an aircraft
instrument panel. The lights illuminate the dials of the

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 .
F fail-safe

fabric warp face - That side of a woven fabric on

which the greatest number of yams are parallel to the
selvage
FAA air carrier operations specifications - Document
issued to users operating under Federal Aviation fabricate - To construct or build something.
Administration Regulations (FAR) Parts 121, 125, 127, fabrication - The assembling of parts to make a
129, and 135. Operations Specifications are established complete unit or a structure.
and formalized by FARs. The primary purpose of FAA
Air Carrier Operations Specifications is to provide a face of a propeller - The flat side of a propeller blade.
legally enforceable means of prescribing an face of the drawing - The surface of an object as seen
authorization, limitation and/or procedures for a from the front view.
specific operator. Operations Specifications are subject
to expeditious changes. These changes are usually too face shield -- A transparent protective guard covering the
time critical to adopt through the regulatory process. entire face to protect against flying objects or liquid
spray.
FAA Form 337 - Major Repair and Alteration Form.
face-end spanner - A type of semicircular, open-end
FAA Form 8500-8 - Application for airman medical wrench having short pins extending from its face and
certificate, or airman medical and student pilot used to turn special circular type nuts.
certificate.
faceplate, lathe - Used for turning metal. A heavy, steel
FAA Form 8710-1 - Application for an airman disk with a smooth face mounted on the headstock of
certificate and/or rating. the lathe and is turned by it.
FAA-approved data - Data that can be used as face-to-face bearings - Bearing sets installed in such a
authorization for the techniques or procedures way that one set carries thrust loads in one direction
necessary to make a repair or an alteration to a while the other bearing set carries thrust loads in the
certificated aircraft. Approved data can consist of opposite direction.
documents such as Manufacturer's Service Bulletins,
Manufacturer's kit instructions, Airworthiness facing - A machining operation on the end, flat face, or
Directives, or specific details of a repair issued by the shoulder of a part.
engineering department of the manufacturer. facsimile - A copy of a document that is transmitted
FAA-PMA - The identifying letters required on an over telephone lines or radio waves by a facsimile
aircraft part or component to signify it as being machine to be recreated by a facsimile machine at the
manufactured under a Federal Aviation Administration other end. Also referred to as a fax.
Parts Manufacturing Approval. factor of safety - The ratio of the ultimate strength of a
fabric - Individual fibers woven together to produce member to the probable maximum load. This ratio is
cloth. Unidirectional or matted fibers may be included larger than one.
in this classification. fading - 1. A decrease in the friction applied by a
fabric material - A cloth used to cover aircraft drum-type brake when it is hot. As the drum is heated,
structures. The basic fabric is Grade-A long staple it expands in a bellmouth fashion and part of it moves
cotton, but Irish linen is sometimes used away from the lining. This decreases the friction area
interchangeably. Synthetic fabrics made of polyester and causes a loss of breaking action. 2. A decrease in
resins and specially treated glass fibers also can be strength of a received radio signal.
used in place of cotton. fahnstock clip - An electrical type of spring clip
fabric punch test - A test performed to measure the connector used to temporarily connect a wire to an
condition of fabric covering material on fabric-covered electrical circuit.
aircraft. The tester determines fabric condition by Fahrenheit (F) - A temperature scale on which pure
measuring the resistance of the fabric to a sharp punch water freezes at 32' and boils under standard
pressed against the fabric until it pierces. atmospheric pressure conditions at 2 12'.
fabric punch tester - A hand tester used to give an fail hardover - A failure of an automatic flight control
indication of the relative strength of aircraft fabric. It system in which a steady signal is produced that drives
measures the force required to press a specially shaped the controls to the extreme end of their travel and holds
pointed plunger a specific distance into the fabric. them there.
fabric repair - The repair made to a fabric-covered fail-safe - A design feature that transmits the loads into
structure that produces the same strength and tautness a secondary portion of the structure in the event of the
in the fabric as it originally had. primary structure failure.
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 .
fail-safe control feathered propeller

fail-safe control - A type of control that automatically transmission to the appropriate air traffic facility. Loca-
puts the controlled device in a safe condition if the tions having a fast file capability are contained in the
control system should fail. AirporVFacility Directory. (Refer to AIM)
faired curve - A smoothly curved object. fastener - A device such as a rivet, screw, or bolt used
to fasten two objects together.
fairing - A smooth covering over a joint or a junction in
an aircraft structure to provide a smooth surface for the fatigue
- - The weakening - and eventual failure of a metal
airflow. Its primary purpose is to reduce drag. due to continued reversal or repeated stresses beyond
the fatigue limit.
fairlead - Wood or plastic guides for aircraft control
cable, used to hold straight runs of cable away from the fatigue crack - A crack in a structural member caused
structure. by flexing or vibration.
fallstreaks - Ice crystals that descend from cirrus fatigue failure - The failure of a material due to flexing
clouds. or vibration.
false rib - Short, semi-rib extending from the spar to the fatigue limit - The amount of flexing or vibration a
leading edge of the wing. It is used to give rigidity and body can withstand before fatigue
- failure occurs.
better -shape to the leading edge o f fabric covered
wings. fatigue resistance - The property that enables a metal to
withstand repeated loads or reversals of loads and
false spar -- A partial spar in an aircraft wing to which vibrations.
the aileron hinges attach.
fatigue strength - The ability of a material to withstand
false start - A condition in starting a turbine engine in vibration and flexing.
-
which ignition occurs but the RPMwill not increase.
fault -A defect in an electrical circuit.
This condition is usually caused by the engine not
being turned fast enough by the starter when ignition fault tree - A chart used to determine the possible
occurs. causes of some undesired event. The chart includes the
undesired occurrence with the possible causes listed
fan --A feature of some turbojet engines. It is, in effect, a
below it. A fault tree is also referred to as a logic chart
ducted, multi-bladed propeller driven by a gas turbine
since the branches of the "tree" are connected through
engine. It can be constructed as an extension of some
the use of logic gates.
of the turbine blades (aft fan), but it is more commonly
an extension of compressor blades or powered by gears faying strip - The strip along the edge of a sheet metal
from the compressor or turbine sections (forward fan). skin where a lap joint is formed. This inaccessible area
These fans pull large volumes of air around the outside is highly
- . susceptible to the formation of corrosion.
of the gas generator portion of the engine.
faying surface - The overlapping area of adjoining
fan air - The portion of airflow through a turbofan surfaces.
engine that is acted upon by the fan stages of the
compressor. FDC NOTAM - A NOTAM issued by the National
Flight Data Center which contains information of a
fan marker - An aircraft directional radio signal regulatory nature such as temporary flight restrictions
transmitted vertically upward from a transmitter or amendments to instrument approach procedures and
located along a navigational radio range. It is heard other current aeronautical charts.
only when the aircraft is directly over the transmitter.
feather - To change the angle of propeller blades so that
Farad (f) - The basic unit of capacitance. A capacitor of the chords become approximately parallel to the line of
one farad will hold one coulomb (6.28 x 1018electrons) flight.
under a pressure of one volt.
feather edge - A very thin, sharp edge of a material.
Faraday's law of electrolysis - The amount of chemical Susceptible to damage as a result of bending or
change produced by current during electrolysis is breaking.
proportional to the quantity of electricity used.
feathered propeller - A propeller whose blades have
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction - When been rotated so that the leading and trailing edges are
there is relative motion between a conductor and a nearly parallel with the aircraft flight path to stop or
magnetic field, or when there is a change in magnitude minimize drag and engine rotation. Normally used to
of the magnetic field, electrons are induced to flow indicate shutdown of a reciprocating or turboprop
through the conductor. engine due to malfunction.
fast file -A system whereby a pilot files a flight plan via
telephone that is tape recorded and then transcribed for
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feathering ferry flight

feathering - In rotorcraft, the action that changes the feeder fix - The fix depicted on instrument approach
pitch angle of the rotor blades by rotating them around procedure charts which establishes the starting point of
their feathering (spanwise) axis. the feeder route.
feathering axis - In rotorcraft, the axis about which the feeder route - A route depicted on instrument approach
pitch angle of a rotor blade is varied. Sometimes procedure charts to designate routes for aircraft to
referred to as the spanwise axis. proceed from the enroute structure to the initial
approach fix (IAF).
feathering propeller - A controllable pitch propeller
with a pitch range sufficient to allow the blades to be feedthrough capacitor - A capacitor used to block low
turned parallel to the line of flight. This reduces drag frequencies while passing radio frequencies. Some
and helps prevent further damage to an engine that has magnetos use a feed-through capacitorto serve as the
been shut down after a malfunction. -
normal capacitor to minimize arcing of the uoints.
They also decrease the amount of radio interference
feathering solenoid - A locking, electrical solenoid
caused by electrical energy being radiated from the
used with a Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller.
ignition switch lead.
The solenoid keeps the feathering pump running after
the feathering button has been momentarily depressed. feedthrough connector - A connector used to carry a
The solenoid is de-energized when the propeller be- group of conductors through a bulkhead.
comes fully feathered.
feel - The feedback from a power-controlled flight
feathering switch - Hydromatic propellers are standard control or brake system. This "feel" allows the pilot to
equipment on certain models of airplanes, i.e., the sense how much pressure is needed for the operation of
D18C and D18C-T airplanes. These propellers are the system.
controlled by individual, single-acting, Hamilton
feeler gauge - A measuring tool consisting of a series of
Standard propeller governors, and feathering or
precision ground steel blades of various thicknesses. It
unfeathering action is accomplished by individual,
is used to determine the clearance or separation
electric motor-driven pump feathering systems. The
between parts.
pumps are controlled by a feathering switch.
fence -- A fixed vane that extends chordwise across the
Federal Airways - See Low Altitude Airway Structure.
wing of an airplane. Fences prevent air from flowing
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) - An along the span of the wing.
organization within the Department of Transportation.
Fenwal spot-type fire detection system -A fire
The FAA establishes aviation rulcs and regulations as
detection system utilizing bimetallic thermal switches.
well as enforces those policies. The purpose of the
A fire or overheat condition closes the switches and
FAA is to set the standards for civil aircraft in the
signals the presence of the fire or overheat.
interest of public safety.
ferrite -A magnetic substance that consists of ferric
Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) - The rules,
oxide combined with the oxides of one or more metals.
regulations, and guidelines established by the FAA to
Femte has high magnetic permeability and high
govern the operation of aircraft, airways, airmen, and
electrical resistance.
the safe operation of civil aircraft.
ferritic stainless steel- Straight chromium carbon and
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) - A
low-alloy steels that are strongly magnetic.
government
- board, made up of seven commissioners,
responsible for regulating all interstate electrical ferromagnetic materials - Magnetic materials
communications, including foreign communications composed largely
- -
of iron.
that originate in the United States.
ferrous metal - Iron or any alloy containing iron.
feedback - 1. Another way to gauge whether students
arc receiving thc correct message. Students must ferrule resistor - A group of resistors that have metal
interpret and evaluate the information received and bands (ferrules) around each end so that they can be
then respond. The transmission of evaluative or mounted in standard fuse clips.
corrective information to the original or controlling ferrule terminals - The terminals on each end of a
source about an action, event, or process. 2. In tubular fuse. Used for making connections with the
rotorcraft, the transmittal of forces, which are initiated circuit.
by aerodynamic action on rotor blades, to the cockpit
controls, 3. A portion of the output signal of a circuit ferry - The movement of an aircraft from one location
that is returned to the input. Positive feedback occurs to another.
whcn the fccdback signal is in phase with the input ferry flight - A flight for the purpose of returning an
signal. Negative feedback occurs when the feedback aircraft to base; delivering an aircraft from one location
signal is out of phase with the input signal. to another; or moving an aircraft to and from a
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 f e w ~ e r m i-t files. classification

maintenance base. Feny flights, under certain field excitation - DC supplied to the field of an
conditions may be conducted under terms of a special alternator or generator to magnetic flux, which
flight permit. is cut by the conductors in the armature or stator.
ferry permit - Commonly used name for Special Flight field frame - The main structure of a generator or motor
Permit. A Special Flight Permit issued by the FAA on which field poles and windings are mounted.
allows an unlicensed gircraft to be flown from one
field maintenance - The maintenance performed on
location to another location.
aircraft remotely or semi-remotelv from the home
fiber - A single strand of material, used as a station. Typically, there are few tools or equipment to
reinforcement because of its high strength and implement normal maintenance procedures.
stiffness.
field strength - 1. The intensity of the magnetic strength
fiber bridging - In composites, reinforcing fiber of a magnet or electromagnet. 2. The intensity of the
material that bridges an inside-radius of a pultmded electromagnetic field emanating from a radio
product. This condition is caused by shrinkage stresses transmitter antenna.
around such a radius during cure.
field strength meter - An electrical instrument that
fiber content - The amount of fiber in a composite measures the strength of an electromagnetic field
expressed as a ratio to the matrix. The most desirable radiating from a radio transmitting antenna.
fiber content is a 60:40 ratio. This means there is 60%
filament - 1. The heated element in a light bulb or
fiber and 40% matrix material.
electron tube. In an electron tube, the heat speeds up
fiber direction or orientation - In composites, the the molecular movement in the cathode that emits
orientation of the fibers in a laminate to the 0" electrons. 2. The smallest unit of a fibrous material.
reference designated by the manufacturer.
filament winding - In composites, a manufacturing
fiber locknut - A type of self-locking fastener with a method in which long continuous fiber is wound
fiber insert that puts
- pressure
- on the threads to lock the around a mandrel to produce a structure.
nut in place. This prevents the nut from turning when
file - A hand-operated cutting tool made of high-carbon
installed in areas subject to vibration.
steel and fitted with rows of very shallow teeth
fiber optics - The transmission of light through a bundle extending diagonally across the width of the tool.
of fiber rods. Often used in areas where light must be
filed - Normally used in conjunction with flight plans,
transmitted, but where it is inconvenient or dangerous
meaning a flight plan has been submitted to ATC.
to use electrical transmission. An o~ticaldevice called
a Borescope uses tiny glass rods that conduct light and filed enroute delay - Any of the following preplanned
vision to make inspection around comers practicable. delays at pointsfareas along the route of flight which
Fiber optics are also used to transmit information from require special flight plan filing and handling tech-
one electronic device to another. niques.
a. ~ e k i n a Area
l Delay. A delay within a terminal area
fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) - Term used
for touch-and-go, low approach, or other terminal area
interchangeably for advanced composites
activity.
fiberglass - Extremely thin fibers of glass. May be b. special Use Airspace Delay. A delay within a Military
woven into a cloth or lightly packed into a mat. Used to Operating Area, Restricted Area, Warning Area, or
reinforce epoxy or polyester resin for aircraft structure. ATC Assigned Airspace.
c. Aerial Rcheling Delay. A delay within an Aerial
fiberglass reinforcement - In composites, fiberglass
Refueling Track or Anchor.
used as a reinforcement in a plastic r~latrix.
filed flight plan - The flight plan as filed with an ATS
fidelity -The degree of similarity between the input and
unit by the pilot or his designated representative with-
output waveforms of an electronic circuit.
out any subsequent changes or clearances.
field - A space in which magnetic or electric lines of files, classification - The teeth on a file vary from very
force exist.
fine to coarse in the following - sequence:
-
field coil - Coil or winding used to produce a magnetic a. Dead-smooth cut
field. b. Smooth cut
c. Second cut
field effect transistor (FET) - A special form of d. Bastard cut
semiconductor device with high input impedance. e. Coarse cut
Electron flow between its and drain is Files with a single set of cutting teeth are called single-cut
controlled by a voltage applied to the gate. files. A file that has a second set of cutting teeth
field elevation - See Airport Elevation crossing the first set is called a double-cut.
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filiform corrosion final approach fix (FAF)

filiform corrosion - A thread- or filament-like - - A lubricant's abilitv to maintain a

film strength
corrosion that forms on aluminum skins beneath a continuous lubricating film under mechanical pressure
covering of protective coating. without breaking down
fill -The direction across the width of fabric. filter 1. A device fbr straining out unwanted solid
particles in a fluid. 2. An electrical circuit arranged to
fill threads - Threads running across the width of a
pass certain frequencies while blocking all others. A
piece of fabric from one selvage edge to the other. Also
high pass filter passes high frequencies and blocks low
referred to as weft or woof threads.
frequencies.
filler - In composites, material added to the mixed resin
filter capacitor - A low-impedance capacitor attached
to increase viscosity, improve appearance, and lower
across the output of a DC power supply to filter any
the density and cost.
ripple to ground, leaving the DC untouched.
filler material - Any material mixed or added to a base
filter choke - An inductor placed in series with the
material in order to give body to the base material.
output of a DC power supply to reduce the amount of
filler metal - A metal used to increase the area of a ripple while allowing the DC to pass.
weld. Normally supplied in the form of the welding rod
filtering - The separation of unwanted components from
or the electrode used in arc welding.
either a fluid flow or an electrical flow.
neck - a c~linder-sha~ed neck Or tube
fin- 1. The of an airplane to which the
leading into a reservoir for replenishing fluids.
rudder is hinged. It produces directional stability. 2. A
filler plug - The plug installed in a sheet metal or wood key under the head of a fastener that serves to keep the
structural repair to make the surface of the repair fastener from turning during assembly and use.
coincide with the original skin contour. The filler plug
final - Commonly used to mean that an aircraft is on the
is used only to make the surface aerodynamically
tinal approach course or is aligned with a landing area.
smooth. The strength of the repair comes from the
(See Final Approach Course) (See Final Approach -
doubler inside the structure.
IFR) (See Traffic Pattern) (See Segments of an
filler ply - In composites, an additional patch to fill in a Instrument Approach Procedure)
depression in the repair, or to buildup an edge.
final approach - A flight path of a landing aircraft in
filler rod - A thin metal rod or wire used in welding to the direction of landing along the extended runway
provide the necessary filler metal. Used to provide centerline from the base leg or straight in to the
additional strength to the weld. runway.
filler valve - A readily accessible valve that provides a final approach - IFR (USA) - The flight path of an
means of servicing an installed oxygen, air, or fluid aircraft which is inbound to an airport on a final
system. instrument approach course, beginning at the final
approach fix b i point and extending to the airport or the
fillet - A rounded-out addition at the intersection of two point where a circle-to-land maneuver or a missed
plane surfaces to produce a smooth junction where the
approach is executed.
two surfaces meet. Fillets produce a smooth
aerodynamic junction between the wing and the final approach (ICAO) - That part of an instrument
fuselagc of an airplane. approach procedure which commences at the specified
final approach fix or point, or where such a fix or point
filling - An increase in the central pressure of a pressure
is not specified, 1. at the end of the last procedure turn,
system: opposite of deepening: more commonly base turn or inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if
applied to a low rather than a high. specified; or 2. at the point of interception of the last
fillistcr-head screw - A machine screw whose shape track specified in the approach procedure; and ends at a
consists of a rounded top surface, cylindrical sides, and point in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which: a. a
a tlat bearing surface. landing can be made; or b. a missed approach
procedure is initiated.
film adhesive - In composites, a synthetic resin
adhesive. usually of the thermosetting type, in the form final approach course - A bearingIradialitrack of an
of a thin, dry film of resin. instrument approach leading to a runway or an
extended runway centerline all without regard to
film resistor - A rcsistor formed by coating a ceramic, distance.
glass, or other insulating cylinder with a metal oxide or
other thin resistive film. final approach fix (FAF) -The fix from which the final
approach (IFR) to an airport is executed and which
identifies the beginning of the final approach segment.
It is designated in the profile view of Jeppesen
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 .
final approach fix (FAF) (Australia) fire zone

Terminal charts by the Maltese Cross symbol for fine-wire spark plug - A spark plug using platinum or
nonprecision approaches and by the glide slopelpath iridium electrodes. The small electrodes allow the
intercept point on precision approaches. The glide firing end cavity to be open resulting in better
slope/path symbol starts at the FAF. When ATC directs scavenging of the lead oxides from the plug. The heat
a lower-than-published Glide SlopeIPath Intercept transfer characteristics of the fine wires prevent their
Altitude, it is the resultant actual point of the glide overheating.
slope/path intercept.
finger brake - A metal-forming machine similar to a
final approach fm (FAF) (Australia) - A specified leaf (cornice) brake. It is used to form all four sides of
point on a non-precision approach which identifies the a box. The sides that have been bent up fit between the
commencement of the final segment. The FAF is fingers of the clamp while the last bends are being
designated in the profile view of Jeppesen Terminal made. Also referred to as a box brake.
charts by the Maltese Cross symbol.
finger patch - A form of
final approach point - The point, applicable only to a welded patch to go over a
nonprecision approach with no depicted FAF (such as cluster in a steel tube
an on-airport VOR), where the aircraft is established fuselage. Fingers extend
inbound on the final approach course from the proce- along all of the tubes in the
dure turn and where the final approach descent may be cluster.
commenced. The FAP serves ai;he FAF and identifies
finger screen - A finger-shaped filter screen used on
the beginning of the final approach segment.
fuel tank standpipes. Used to screen or filter out large
final approach point (FAP) (Australia) - A specified pieces of contamination.
poini-on the- glide path of a precision ins-trument
finish - In composites, a material that is applied to the
approach which identifies the commencement of the
fabric after it is woven to improve the bond of the fiber
final segment. NOTE: The FAP is co-incident with the
FAF of a localizer based non-precision approach. to the resin system.
finish turning - A final smoothing process in the
final approach segment - That segment of an
machining of a metal part in which the part is turned to
instrument approach procedure in which alignment and
its correct dimension.
descent for landing are accomplished.
finite life - The length of usefulness of a limited-life
final controller - The controller providing information
part. The part should not be used past the end of its
and final approach guidance during PAR and ASR
predetermined operating life.
approaches utilizing radar equipment. (See Radar
Approach) fire alarm relay - A relay actuated by a fire detection
system. Provides energy for the fire warning bell and
final monitor aid - A high resolution color display that
the fire warning lights in the cockpit.
is equipped with the controller alert system hard-
warelsoftware which is used in the precision runway fire detection system - A system in an aircraft that
monitor (PRM) system. The display includes alert informs the pilot of a fire on board the aircraft.
algorithms providing the target predictors, a color
fire extinguisher - Any device containing an
change alert when a target penetrates or is predicted to
penetrate the no transgression zone (NTZ), a color extinguishing agent used to either cool a material
change alert if the aircraft transponder becomes below its kindling point or to exclude oxygen from its
surface.
inoperative, synthesized voice alerts, digital mapping,
and like features contained in the PRM system. (See fire extinguishing agent -Any approved chemical used
Radar Approach) to extinguish a fire by either reducing the temperature
final monitor controller - Air Traffic Control of the fuel to a temperature that is below its kindling
Specialist assigned to radar monitor the flight path of point or by excluding oxygen from the fire.
aircraft during simultaneous parallel and simultaneous fire point - The temperature at which the vapors given
close parallel ILS approach operations. Each runway is off by a substance will ignite and continue to burn
assigned a final monitor controller during simultaneous when a flame is passed above it.
parallel and simultaneous close parallel ILS
approaches. Final monitor controllers shall utilize the fire valve - A valve that automatically shuts off the
Precision Runway Monitor (PRM) system during supply of combustion air to a combustion-type cabin
simultaneous close parallel ILS approaches. heater in the event of a fire or overheat condition.

fineness ratio - The ratio of the length to the maximum fire zone - An area or region of an aircraft designated
diameter of a streamlined body such as an airship hull. by the manufacturer to require fire detection, fire
extinguishing equipment, and a high degree of inherent
fire resistance.
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fireproof. fixed-pitch propellers

fireproof -The capacity to withstand the heat associated fishtail - A method no longer used to decrease the speed
with fire without being destroyed. of an airplane on its approach for landing. Fishtailing
consists of alternately skidding the airplane to the left
fireproof structure - A structure constructed of
and right by using the rudder while keeping the wings
nonflammable materials.
level with the control stick.
fire-resistant structure - A structure capable of
fissure - A scratch or crack.
resisting fire or exposure to high temperature for a
specified period of time without being destroyed or fit - The range of tightness in the design of mating parts.
structurally damaged. Tightness of fit is the result of applying specific
combinations of allowances and tolerances.
firewall - A fire-resistant bulkhead that must he
installed between an engine compartment and the rest fitting - A part used to join or attach assemblies
of the aircraft structure. together.
firewall shutoff valve - A valve located on the airframe five-hour rating - The ampere-hour rating of a battery
side of a firewall that will completely shut off the flow that will discharge the battery in five hours. This is the
of fuel, oil. or hydraulic fluid to the engine during an most commonly used rating for aircraft batteries.
engine fire.
five-minute rating - A rating of the ampere-hour
firing order - The order or sequence in which the capacity of batteries normally used to indicate the
cylinders of an internal combustion engine fire in a capacity of a battery for high current drains such as
normal cycle of operation. starting current. The five-minute rating of a battery is
an indication of the way the battery will function under
firing position - The position of the piston in the
the severe loads required by the engine starter.
cylinder of a reciprocating engine at the time ignition
should occur. lgniting the mixture at this position fix - A geographical position determined by visual
allows the peak cylinder pressure to occur shortly after reference to the surface, by reference to one or more
the piston passes top center. radio navaids, by celestial plotting, or by another
navigational device. (Note, fix is a generic name for a
firmer chisel - A woodworking chisel that has a thin,
geographical position and is referred to as a fix,
flat blade.
waypoint, intersection, reporting point, ztc.)
firmware -A computer program contained permanently
fix balancing - A process whereby aircraft are evenly
in a computer. Usually contained in read-only memory
distributed over several available arrival fixes reducing
(ROM).
delays and controller workload.
first solo - A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in
fixed - The state of a permanently installed system in
solo flight unless that student has met the requirements
contrast to any type of portable equipment system.
of FAR Part 61. "Solo flight,"
- refers to the flight
- time
that a student pilot is the solo occupant of the aircraft, fixed base operator (FBO) - An entrepreneur on an
or when the student performs the duties of a pilot in airfield that conducts business involved with general
command of a gas balloon or airship requiring more aviation. Often sells aviation fuel, aircraft and aircraft
than one pilot flight crewmember. "First solo" refers to parts, aviation related goods, repairs aircraft, and
the very first time a student embarks on a solo flight. conducts flying training.
first tier center - The ARTCC immediately adjacent to fixed cowl flap - Fixed or ground adjustable doors on
the impacted center. the air exit of an aircraft engine cowling. The cylinder
head temperature can be controlled by varying the
first-class lever - A lever in which the fulcrum or pivot
amount the flaps are opened if ground adjustable.
point is positioned between two forces that act in
bpposite directions. fixed equipment -Non-movable, attached equipment.
fisheyes - Isolated areas on a surface that have rejected fixed landing gear - Landing gear that is not
the material's finish because of wax or silicone retractable.
contamination.
fixed tail surfaces - Surfaces, mounted rigidly to the
fishmouth splice - A fuselage, that stabilize aircraft during takeoff, flights,
welded splice in steel and landing. Fixed tail surfaces also provide anchorage
tube structure in for the rudder and elevators. Often referred to as
which one tube telescopes over the other. The outside stabilizers.
tube is cut into a "V," resembling an open fishmouth, to
fixed-pitch propellers - Propellers with fixed blade
provide additional area for the weld.
angles. Fixed-pitch propellers are designed as climb
propellers, cruise propellers, or standard propellers.
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 fixed-wing aircraft flash plating

fixed-wing aircraft - An airplane with rigidly attached flapping - In rotorcraft, the vertical movement of a
wings, as distinguished from a helicopter or autogyro. blade about a flapping hinge.
fixture - A small jig or device for holding parts in the flapping hinge - In rotorcraft, the hinge that permits the
proper position for assembly. rotor blade to flap and thus balance the lift generated
by the advancing and retreating blades.
flag - A warning device incorporated in certain airborne
navigation and flight instruments indicating that: 1. flaps - Hinged portion of the trailing edge between the
instruments are inoperative or otherwise not operating ailerons and fuselage. In some aircraft ailerons and
satisfactorily, or 2. Signal strength or quality of the flaps are interconnected to produce full-span
received signal falls below acceptable values. 'flaperons.' In either case, flaps change the lift and
drag on the wing.
flag alarm - See flag.
flare - 1. A flight maneuver made by pulling back on
flame out - In gas turbine engines, an unintentional loss
the control wheel just before touchdown to reduce
of combustion due to a blowout (too much fuel) or die-
speed and settle the airplane onto the runway with the
out (too little fuel).
least amount of vertical speed. 2. A signal device that
flame spraying - In flame spraying, molten metal is was, at one time, carried in most airplanes in the event
sprayed onto a base material. The combustion of a fuel of a crash landing. The flare was usually fired into the
gas is used to melt a metal. Melted particles are air from a specially designed gun and signaled the
propelled toward the base material by a high-pressure general location of the
gas where they are quenched very rapidly. This process downed aircraft's position.
allows a high wear resistant or high temperature 3. A 37' cone-shaped
resistant coating to be applied to a surface that expansion at the end of a
normally does not have these characteristics. piece of tubing. A sleeve
and nut are slipped over
flameout - A condition in the operation of a gas turbine the tubing prior to using a
engine in which the fire in the engine goes out due to special cone-shaped
either too much or too little he1 sprayed into the
flaring tool to form the flare. 4. In rotorcraft, a
combustors. maneuver accomplished prior to landing to slow down
flameout pattern - An approach normally conducted by the aircraft.
a single-engine military aircraft experiencing loss or
flareless fitting - A form of fluid line fitting used on
anticipating loss of engine power or control. The
some hydraulic lines. Instead of using a formed flare
standard overhead approach starts at a relatively high
altitude over a runway ("high key") followed by a on the end of the tube, a compression sleeve is forced
continuous 180 degree turn to a high, wide position into the tube. A fluid-tight sealing surface is formed
("low key") followed by a continuous 180 degree turn when the compression sleeve is tightened onto a recess
final. The standard straight-in approach with a high rate in the attachment fitting.
of descent to the runway. Flameout approaches flaring - An operation used to expand the end of a
terminate in the type approach requested by the pilot length of tubing designed to produce a tight seal when
(normally fullstop). coupled to another unit.
- Any that burn Or flaring block -A split clamp, usually made of hardened
combustion. steel, used to hold tubing while it is being flared.
flammable liquid - Any liquid that gives off easily
flaring tool - A split block with chamfered holes to
ignited, combustible vapors.
clamp the various sizes of tubing while a hardened and
flange - Any design of a machine, motor, or other polished cone is forced into the end of the tubing to
mechanism having a ridge that sticks out from the form it against the chamfer.
device. It is generally used for attaching something to
the device or for connecting two or more devices flash - The thin fin of metal along the sides or around
together. the edges of a forged or upset section. It is caused
when metal flows out between the edges of the forging
flaperon - A type of control used on airplanes that dies.
serves as both aileron and wing flap.
flash line - A raised line along the boundary of a cast
flapper valve - A type of check valve that allows fluid
Part.
to flow through it in the direction of flow, forcing the
valve off of its seat. It does not allow fluid to flow in flash plating- - A very thin deposit of metal sufficient to
the opposite direction since this causes the flapper give a solid color.
valve to close.
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flash point. flight control surfaces

flash point - The temperature at which a fluid will flathead pin -A high-strength steel pin with a flat head
momentarily ignite (flash), but not sustain combustion on one end and a hole for a cotter pin on the other end.
when a small flame is passed above its surface. Used as a hinge for control surfaces or for attaching a
cable to a control horn. Also referred to as a clevis pin.
flashback - A malfunction in an oxyacetylene torch in Clevis pins are designed to take shear loads only.
which the gases bum inside the mixing head. Flashback
is very dangerous and can cause an explosion unless flathead rivet - An AN442
the gases are immediately shut off at the regulator. This rivet used for internal
stops the fire inside the torch from burning back structure where the head of
through the hoses to the supply tanks. the rivet will not be exposed
to the airstream. Flathead
flasher mechanism - An automatic electrical switching rivets are usually driven with
device used for the flashing operation of lights. an automatic riveting machine.
flashing off - The drying process of a finish to which flatnose pliers - Pliers with deep, square jaws and a
solvents have been added for proper spray paint firm hinge, used to produce a sharp, neat bend in sheet
viscosity. Although thc surface feels dry to the touch, metal and to make flanges along the edge of a part.
the film is not completely dry until the proper cure time
fleet weight - The average weight of several aircraft of
has bee11 established.
the same model and with the same equipment. This
flashing the field - A procedure in which a battery is
weight may be used for weight and balance
momentarily connected to the field coil of an aircraft calculations by FAR Part 121 and 13.5 operators.
DC generator. Current flows through it for a few
seconds to make a permanent magnet of the field flex hose - The colloquial term for flexible tubing used
frame. This process restores the residual magnetism. in an aircraft plumbing system to allow relative
movement between the two ends of the hose.
flashover - A condition inside the distributor of a
high-tension magneto in which the spark jumps the air flexibility - A material characteristic that allows it to be
gap to the wrong electrode. This may be caused by repeatedly bent, stretched, or twisted within its elastic
moisture inside the distributor or by a dirty distributor limits and still return to its original condition each time
block. the bending, stretching, or twisting force is removed.

flash-resistant - Not susceptible to burning violently flexible control cable --A steel aircraft control cable
when ignited. consisting of seven strands of steel wire, each strand
having seven separate wires. Also referred to as
flat file - A file slightly tapered toward the point in both seven-by-seven cable.
width and thickness. Cuts on all sides. Double-cut on
both sides and single-cut on both edges. flight - 1 . Travel through the air. An aircraft is
considered to be in flight from the time it airplane
flat lacquer - Any lacquer that dries with a non-glossy departs From the ground until it lands. 2. To take flight
or flat finish. physically, students may develop symptoms or
flat machine tip - Compressor or turbine blade tips that ailments that give them acceptable excuses for
have a constant cross section, as opposed to a avoiding lessons. More frequent than physical flights
squeeler-tip or a shrouded-tip configuration. are mental flights, or daydreaming. Mental flight
provides a simple escape from problems.
flat rating - A current means of referring to "rated
thrust" at a specific temperature above Standard Day flight assist - Help given to a pilot when the pilot takes
value. the precaution of requesting assistance from Air Traffic
Control (ATC). A flight assist report (FAA Form 7230-
flat spin - A dangerous flight condition or flight 6) is filed by ATC personnel in order to help other
maneuver in which the aircraft is yawing around the pilots learn from the incident. This form is not used to
vertical axis with a pitch attitude approximately level initiate enforcement action.
with the horizon.
flight check - A call-sign prefix used by FAA aircraft
flat washer - A flat, thin ring used under the head of a engaged in flight inspectiodcertification of naviga-
bolt or nut in order to protect the surface of the material tional aids and flight procedures. The word "recorded"
from damage. Also referred to as a plain washer. may be added a s a suffix; e. g, "Flight Check 320
recorded" to indicate that an automated flight
flat-compounded generator - A generator that has both
inspection is in progress in terminal areas. (See Flight
a series and a parallel winding. The series field is
Inspection) (Refer to AIM)
adjusted by a regulator to keep the output voltage of
the generator constant from a no-load condition to the flight control surfaces - The movable airfoils used to
maximum load the generator can produce. change the attitude of the aircraft in flight.
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 flight controller. flight service stations

flight controller - The command unit of an autopilot representing hundreds of feet. For example, flight level
system. It is manually operated to generate signals that 250 represents a pressure altitude of 25,000 ft.
cause the aircraft to climb, descend, or perform
flight line - 1. The area of an airfield where airplanes
coordinated turns.
are parked. Also referred to as a ramp or tarmac. 2. A
flight deck -The area in an aircraft that houses all of the term used to describe the precise movement of a civil
occupants who fly the aircraft, along with all of the photogrammetric aircraft along a predetermined
controls used in flight. It includes the flight stations for course(s), at a predetermined altitude, during the actual
the pilot, copilot, flight engineer, navigator, and radio photographic run.
operator as required.
flight management system - A computer system that
flight director system - A form of automatic flight uses a large data base to allow routes to be pre-
control in which all of the information is displayed to programmed and fed into the system by means of a
the pilot rather than being used to actuate control data loader. The system is constantly updated with
servos. respect to position accuracy by reference to
conventional navigation aids. The sophisticated
flight engineer - The member of the flight crew
program and its associated data base insures that the
responsible for the mechanical operation of the aircraft
most appropriate aids are automatically selected during
in flight.
the information update cvcle.
flight following - A radar traffic information service
flight management system procedure - An miVal,
which routinely provides traffic information for IFR
departure, or approach procedure developed for use by
aircraft. However, when available, VFR aircraft may
aircraft with a slant E (/E) or slant F(1 F) equipment
request flight following and be alerted, by ATC, to air
suffix.
traffic which is relevant to the flight.
flight manual - Approved information that must be
flight following - See traffic advisories.
carried in an airplane. This includes the speeds, engine
-
flight idle - Engine speed, usually in the 70% to 80% operating limits, and any other information vital to the
range, for minimum flight thrust. pilot.
flight information region - An airspace of defined flight path - A line, course, or track along which an
dimensions within which Flight Information Service aircraft is flying or intended to be flown.
and Alerting Service are provided.
flight plan - Specified information relating to the
a. Flight Information Service - A service provided for
intended flight of an aircraft that is filed orally or in
the purpose of giving advice and information usehl for
writing with an FSS or an ATC Facility.
the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
b. Alerting Service - A service provided to notify flight plan area - The geographical area assigned by
appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of regional air traffic divisions to a flight service station
search and rescue aid, and to assist such organizations for the purpose of search and rescue for VFR aircraft,
as required. issuance of notarns, pilot briefing, in-flight services,
broadcast, emergency services, flight data processing,
flight information service - A service provided for the
international operations, and aviation weather services.
purpose of giving advice and information useful for the
Three letter identifiers are assigned to every flight
safe and efficient conduct of flights.
service station.
flight inspection - lnflight investigation and evaluation
flight recorder - A general term applied to any
of a navigational aid to determine whether it meets
instrument or device that records information about the
established tolerances. (See Navigational Aid) (See
performance of an aircraft in flight or about conditions
Flight Check)
encountered in flight. Flight recorders may make
flight instructor refresher course (FIRC) - An records of airspeed, outside air temperature, vertical
educational seminar for flight instructors, which acceleration, engine RPM, manifold pressure, and other
consists of ground training or flight training or a pertinent variables for a given flight Housed in a
combination of both. The FIRC must be completed crash-proof container, the flight recorder is used to
within the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration determine the probable cause of any accident the
month of the current flight instructor certificate, and aircraft should be involved in..
usually consists of at least 16 hours of ground andlor
flight review - An industry-managed, FAA monitored
flight training.
currency program designed to assess and update a
flight level - A level of constant atmospheric pressure pilot's kn;wlidge and skills.
related to a reference datum of 2992 inehes of
service stations - Air traffic facilities which
mercury. Flight levels are stated in three digits,
provide pilot briefing, enroute communications and
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flight simulator . flow control valve

VFR search and rescue services, assist lost aircraft and flint lighter - A flint and steel friction lighter used to
aircraft in emergency situations, relay ATC clearances, ~gnitean oxyacetylene torch for welding.
originate Notices to Airmen, broadcast aviation
FLIP -- Department of Defense Flight Information
weather and NAS information, receive and process IFR
Publications used for flight planning, enroute. and
flight plans, and monitor NAVAIDs. In addition, at
terminal operations. FLIP is produced by the National
selected locations, FSSs provide Enroute Flight
Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) for worldwide
Advisory Service (Flight Watch), take weather
use. United States Government Flight Information
observations, issue airport advisories, and advise
Publications (enroute charts and instrument approach
Customs and Immigration of transborder flights.
procedure charts) are incornorated in DOD FLIP for
flight
- simulator - A device that is a hll-size aircraft use in the National Airspace System (NAS).
cockpit replica of a specific type of aircraft, or make,
flip-flop - An electronic device capable of assuming
model, and series of aircraft; includes the hardware and
either of two stable states. Term used to describe a
software necessary to represent the aircraft in ground
communications radio set up with two frequencies
operations and flight operations; uses a force cueing
entered and the pilot is able to switch back and forth
system that provides cues at least equivalent to those
(flip-flop) between them.
cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of motion system;
uses a visual system that provides at least a 45 degree float charging potential - .4 charging potential that can
horizontal field of view and a 30 degree vertical field be left connected across the poles of a chemical cell on
of view simultaneously for each pilot; and has been standby service without damage or destructive
evaluated, qualified, and approved by the overcharge. For a lead-acid battery, this potential is
Administrator. about 14.2 volts for a 12 volt battery.
flight standards district office (FSDO) - An FAA field floated battery - A permanently installed storagc
office serving an assigned geographical area. Its staff battery positioned across the output of a generator. The
of flight standards personnel serves the aviation generator carries the normal electrical load and keeps
industry and the general public on matters relating to the battery fully charged at all times.
the certification and operation of air carrier and general
aviation aircraft. Activities include general surveillance floating ground - A ground not attached directly to an
of operational safety, certification of airmen and earth ground. See also chassis ground or equipment
aircraft, accident prevention, investigation, and ground.
enforcement action, among other duties. floating waypoint - An airspace fix at a point in space
flight test A flight for the purpose o f not directly associated with a conventional airway. In
a. Investigating the operationlflight characteristics of an many cases, it may be established for such purposes as
aircraft or aircraft component. an ATC metering fix, holding point, RNAV-direct
b. Evaluating an applicant for a pilot certificate or rating. routing, gateway waypoint, STAR origination point
leaving the enroute structure, and SID terminating
flight time - The time from the moment an aircraft first point joining the enroute structure.
moves under its own power for the purpose of flight
until the moment it comes to rest at the next point of float-type carburetor - A fuel metering device which
landing. that a float-operated needle valve to maintain a
constant fuel metering-pressure
. or head.
flight training devices (FTD) - A MI-size replica of
the instruments, equipment, panels, and controls of an flock - Pulverized wool or cotton fibers attached to
aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an open flight deck area or screen wire used as an air filter. The flock-covered
in an cncloscd cockpit. A force (motion) cueing system screen is lightly oiled to prevent dirt and dust from
or visual system is not required. entering the engine.

flight visibility - The average forward horizontal flood valve - A control valve used to direct the flow of
extinguishing agent in a C02 fire extinguisher system.
-
distance. from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. at
which prominent unlighted objects can be seen and flow control - Measures designed to adjust the flow of
identified by day and prominent lighted objects can be traffic into a given airspace, along a given route, or
seen and identified by night. bound for a given aerodrome (airport) so as to ensure
flight watch - A shortened term for use in air-ground the most effective utilization of the airspace. (See
contacts to identify the flight service station providing Quota Flow Control)
Enroute Flight Advisory Servicc; c.g., "oakland light flow control valve - A valve that controls the direction
Watch." or amount of fluid flow.
flight-path angle - The angle between the flight path of
the aircraft and the horizontal.
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 flow indicator flux valve wider

flow indicator - A device in an oxygen system that and the oil is washed from the surface and the part is
provides users with a positive indication that oxygen is dried. The part is then covered with a developer that
-
flowing. draws the oil out from any crack into which it may
have seeped. The part is inspected under ultraviolet
flow meter - An autosyn electrical transmitter that
light, which causes the crack to appear as a vivid green
provides a signal to a cockpit instrument. This indicator
line.
shows pounds per hour of fuel flow being consumed by
an operating engine. fluorescent pigment - A paint pigment that can absorb
visible or non-visible electromagnetic radiation and
flow reverser - A mechanical device placed in the tail
release it as energy in a wavelength.
pipe of a turbojet engine to deflect the exhaust gases
forward. This decreases the aircraft landing roll. fluorine - A gaseous element with the symbol F and an
atomic number of 9.
flowchart - A diagram that uses symbols connected by
lines to indicate the sequence of steps that must be fluoroscope - An instrument used for observing the
followed in order to achieve a desired end result. internal structure of an object by means of X rays.
fluctuate - 1. The swing or oscillation of a dial from flush - To clean, wash, or empty out with a sudden flow
low to high. 2. To continually change or vary in an of solvent or other cleaning agent.
irregular way.
flush patch - A type of sheet metal repair that leaves a
fluctuating arc - A malfunction in an inert-gas arc smooth surface maintaining the skin's original contour.
welding system caused by improper grounding. The repair is reinforced on the inside and the damaged
area is filled with a plug patch.
fluid-- 1. A substance. either gaseous or lisuid, that will
conform to the shape of the-container that hblds it. A flush repairs - Metal repairs designed to maintain an
gaseous fluid will expand to fill the entire container, aircraft's skin original contour.
while a liquid fluid will fill only the lower part of the
flush rivet - A countersunk rivet in which the
container. 2. Any material whose molecules are able to
manufactured head is flush with the surface of the
flow past one another without destroying itself. Gases
metal when it is properly driven.
and liquids are both fluids.
flush riveting - Riveting using countersunk-head rivets.
fluid mechanics - The science and technology of forces
Produces a perfectly smooth outside skin.
produced by fluids.
flute -A groove that is cut or formed in a material.
fluid ounce - A liquid volume equal to '116 liquid pint or
1.8 cu. in. flutes - Spiral-cut grooves in a drill bit that extend from
the point to the shank and allow chips to move from the
fluid power - The transmission of force by the
hole being drilled and for lubrication to flow to the
movement of a fluid. The best examples are hydraulics
cutting edges.
and pneumatics.
flutter - The rapid and uncontrolled oscillation of a
fluidics - The branch of science that studies the various
flight control resulting from an unbalanced surface.
shapes of ducts to sense, measure, and control physical
Flutter normally leads to a catastrophic failure of the
conditions.
structure.
fluidity - The ability of a liquid or gas to flow easily and
flux - 1 . A material used in soldering, brazing, or
smoothly.
welding- to clean the surface of oxides and prevent
fluorescent - A substance that will glow or fluoresce oxides from forming. Helps ensure good adhesion or
when excited. Some types of dye penetrant material use fusion of surfaces. 2. Magnetic lines of force.
fluorescent dyes, which can b e observed under
flux density - The number of lines of magnetic force per
ultraviolet light.
unit area.
fluorescent finish - A highly light-reflecting aircraft
flux valve - A special transformer that develops a signal
finish.
whose characteristics are determined bv the unit's
fluorescent lamp - A lamp that emits light as the result position in relation to the Earth's magnetic field. It is
of the glowing of a fluorescent coating on the inside part of an Earth inductor compass system.
surface-of a &be rather than from the-glowing of an
flux valve spider - The framework around which the
incandescent filament.
three pick-up coils of a flux valve are wound. The
fluorescent penetrant inspection - A form of spider1; highly permeable material accepts the lines of
nondestructive inspection in which a part is thoroughly flux from the Earth's magnetic field.
cleaned and immersed in a vat of penetrating oil. When
the part has soaked for a sufficient time, it is removed
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fly. forced exhaust mixer

fly - To travel through the air as a pilot or passenger in foam rubber -A form of rubber containing millions of
an aircraft. tiny air bubbles beaten into the latex before being
vulcanized
fly cutter - A cutting tool used to cut round holes in
sheet metal. It is turned by a drill press and the cutting foamed plastic - A synthetic resin filled with millions
is done by a tool bit held in an adjustable arm. of tiny bubbles. Foamed plastics are characteristically
light weight and resilient. Also referred to as expanded
fly heading (degrees) - Informs the pilot of the heading
plastic.
he should fly. The pilot may have to turn to, or
continue on, a specific compass direction in order to foaming - An undesirable condition in a lubrication
comply with the instructions. The pilot is expected to system in which oil passing through the engine picks
turn in the shorter direction to the heading, unless up air, causing tiny air bubbles to form in the oil. Oil
otherwise instructed by ATC. foaming reduces the ability- of the oil to lubricate and to
absorb heat as it should.
fly-by waypoint - A fly-by waypoint requires the use of
turn anticipation to avoid overshoot of the next flight Foehn - A warm, dry, downslope wind. the warmness
segment. and dryness being due to adiabatic compression upon
descent; characteristic of mountainous regions. See
fly-by-wire - A system that moves aircraft controls by
adiabatic process, Chinook, Santa Ana.
use of electro-mechanical servos and controls them by
electrical signals from control inputs such as yoke, fog - Cloud consisting of numerous minute water
rudders, or autopilot. Control devices and servos are droplets and based at the surface; droplets are small
connected only by electrical wires with no mechanical enough to be suspended in the earth's atmosphere
linkage
- between them. indefinitely. (Unlike drizzle, it does not fall to the
surface; diffeis from cloud only in that a cloud is not
flying boat - A form of seaplane whose fuselage serves based at the surface; distinguished from haze by its
as the boat hull.
wetness and gray color.)
flying wires - Wires used to hold the wings in position
fogger oil jet -An air and oil spray mist device used on
during flight and landing loads. There are three types
some engines for lubricating main bearings as opposed
of flying wires: Standard flying wires keep the wing
to a fluid stream-type oil jet.
from moving upward during flight and go from the
upper outer wing strut fitting to the lower portion of the foil - A form of metal such as that used in common
fuselage. Landing wires go from the top of the inner household aluminum foil that has been rolled out into
cabin strut down to the lower outer wing fitting near very thin sheets.
the location of the bottom attach fittings of the "Nu
folded fell seam - A type of machine-sewn seam
strut and keep the wing from flexing downward on
recommended for use in sewing aircraft fabric.
landing loads. Drag wires go from the firewall to the
top of the wing strut area and keep the wings from folding - To make sharp, angular bends in sheets of
pivoting rearward due to the air drag. Flying wires are material.
also used to reinforce the attachment of the vertical fin
and stabilizer to the fuselage. follow-up question -In the guided discussion method, a
question used by an instructor to get the discussion
fly-over waypoint - A fly-over waypoint precludes any back on track -or to get the st;dents to explain
turn until the waypoint is overflown and is followed by something more thoroughly.
an intercept maneuver of the next flight segment.
foot- pound (ft-lb) - 1. A unit of work: One pound of
fly-over waypoint - A fly-over waypoint precludes any force moved through a distance of one foot. 2. A unit
turn until the waypoint is overflown and is followed by of torque: The amount of torque produced when a force
an intercept maneuver of the next flight segment. of one pound is applied one foot from the pivot point.
flyweights - The L-shaped speed sensing units pivoted foot-candle - The unit of luminance on a surface that is
on the outer edges of a rotating disc. When rotational one foot from a uniform point source of light of one
speed is high enough, centrifugal force moves them to candle. Equal to one lumen per square foot. In science,
an angular position. This motion is utilized for various the lux, one lumen per square meter, is in more
applications, including propeller governors and common usage.
mechanical tachometers.
force - The energy applied to an object that attempts to
flywheel - A heavy wheel or weight used to smooth out cause the object to change
- its direction, speed, or
the pulsations in a drive system. motion.
flywheel effect - In electronics, a parallel LC circuit that forced exhaust mixer - A long duct design for a
permits a continuing flow of current even though only turbofan that causes fan air and hot exhaust streams to
small pulses of energy are applied to the circuit.
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 .
forced landing four-stroke engine

mix. Used for sound attenuation primarily. Also b. Nonstandard formations are those operating under any
referred to as mixed exhaust. of the following conditions:
1) When the flight leader has requested and ATC has
forced landing - Any landing necessitated by a
approved other than standard formation dimensions.
malfunction of the aircraft, engine, or improper flight
2) When operating within an authorized altitude
planning.
reservation (ALTRV) or under the provisions of a letter
forceps - A small tool used to grasp or hold things. of agreement.
3) When the operations are conducted in airspace
foreflap - The first flap in a triple-slotted segmented specifically designed for a special activity. (See
flap.
Altitude Reservation) (Refer to FAR 91)
foreign object damage (FOD) Internal gas turbine former -A frame of light wood or metal that attaches to
engine damage that occurs from the injection of foreign
the truss of the hselage or wing in order to provide the
objects into the engine. FOD includes ground debris or
required aerodynamic shape.
objects in the air such as birds or flying debris.
forming -The process of shaping a part.
foreign particle - A material or particle that can cause
serious damage or contamination if it enters a fluid forming block - A block, usually made of hardwood,
system. around which metal parts are formed
forge - A method of forming metal parts by heating the forming machine - A hand-operated or power-driven
metal to a plastic state (nearly, but not quite melted) machine used to shape sheet metal.
and hammering it to shape.
forward bias - The polarity relationship between a
forge welding - The joining of metal by forging. power supply and a semiconductor that allows
conduction.
forging - The process of forming a product by
hammering or pressing. When the material is forged forward center of gravity limit - The most forward
below the recrystallization temperature, it is said to be location allowed for the center of gravity of an aircraft
cold forged. When worked above the recrystallization in its loaded condition.
temperature, it is said to be hot forged.
forward current - The amount of current that flows
fork lift - A steerable machine with two long steel through a semiconductor device when it is forward-
fingers that can be positioned under a pallet for lifting biased.
and moving heavy loads.
forward fan - Turbofan with the fan located at the front
form drag - Skin friction caused by turbulence induced of the compressor. It can be a part of the compressor or
by the shape of the aircraft. a separate rotor.
form factor - The ratio of the length of a wire coil to its forward slip -A slide used to dissipate altitude without
diameter. increasing the glider's speed, particularly in gliders
without flaps or with inoperative spoilers.
form of thread - In threaded fasteners, the profile of a
thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. fossil fuels - Lubricants, fuels, and other petroleum
products derived from oil extracted from the Earth.
formal lecture -An oral presentation where the purpose
is to inform, persuade, or entertain with little or no fouled spark plug - The condition of the spark plug
verbal participation by the listeners. electrodes when they are contaminated with foreign
matter. This condition provides a conductive path for
formation flight - More than one aircraft which, by the high voltage to leak off to ground rather than
prior arrangement between the pilots, operate as a building up enough potential to jump the electrode gap.
single aircraft with regard to navigation and position
reporting. Separation between aircraft within the four-harness satin - A fabric weave. Also called
formation is the responsibility of the flight leader and crowfoot satin because the weaving pattern resembles
the pilots of the other aircraft in the flight. This the imprint of a crow's foot. In this type of weave there
includes transition periods when aircraft within the is a three-by-one interlacing.
-
formation are maneuvering to attain separation From
four-stroke engine - The four-stroke, five-event cycle
each other to effect individual control and during join-
consists of five separate mechanical processes
up and breakaway.
occurring in the following order: First, the intake
a. A standard formation is one in which a proximity of no stroke, in which the piston moves inward with the
more than 1 mile laterally or longitudinally and within
intake valve open. Second, the compression stroke
100 feet vertically from the flight leader is maintained
when the piston moves outward with both valves
by each wingman.
closed. Third, ignition
- occurs near the top of the
compression stroke. Fourth, the power stroke is an
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 -
Fowler flap frequency modulation (FM)

inward stroke of the piston with both valves closed, freeze - 1. The process in which a liquid changes into a
and finally, the exhaust stroke occurs when the piston solid due to the removal of heat energy. 2. The
moves outward with the exhaust valve open. At this stoppage of a mechanical device due to binding of the
point, the cycle begins again. mechanical mechanism.
Fowler flap - Wing flaps that are lowered by sliding freeze calculated landing time - A dynamic parameter
from the trailing edge of the wing on a track. Fowler number of minutes prior to the meter fix calculated
flaps modify the shape of the airfoil and increase the time of arrival for each aircraft when the TCLT is
area of the wing. frozen and becomes an ACLT (i.e., the VTA is updated
and consequently the TCLT is modified as appropriate
fractional distillation - A process of oil refining in
until FCLT minutes prior to meter fix calculated time
which the crude oil is heated to the boiling point. As
of arrival, at which time updating is suspended and an
each type of hydrocarbon rises through the distillation
ACLT and a frozen meter fix crossing time (MFT) is
column, the heavier components begin to cool and
assigned).
condense into liquids. Liphter
- fractions such as
propane and butane continue to rise and condense later. freeze speed parameter - A specd adapted for each
As a result, different fractions are separated by a aircraft to determine fast and slow aircraft. Fast aircraft
process of condensing, or distilling, at different freeze on parameter FCLT and slow aircraft freeze on
temperatures. parameter MLDI.
fractions - The various components of a hydrocarbon freezelfrozen - Terms used in referring to arrivals
fuel separated by the distillation process. which have been assigned ACLT's and to the lists in
which they are displayed.
frame - A former ring that provides shape and rigidity
to a semi-monocoque or monocoque structure. freezing - Change of state from liquid to solid.
free balloon - A lighter-than-air, helium-filled device freezing drizzle - Drizzle that freezes on contact.
used in weather observations to find the height of the
freezing level - A level in the atmosphere at which the
base of the lower layer of clouds.
temperature is 32" F (0" C).
free electrons - Those electrons so loosely bound in the
freezing level chart - A chart depiction of the freezing
outer shells of some atoms that they are able to move
levels, reported in hundreds of feet.
from atom to atom when an electro motive force is
applied to the material. freezing point - The temperature at which a liquid will
change into a solid.
free fit - A loose fit between moving parts such as a nut
that turns easily on the threads of a screw or bolt. freezing- rain - Rain that lreezes upon contact with the
ground or other objects, such as trees, power lines and
free power turbine - In gas turbine engines, a turbine
aircraft.
wheel which drives a power output gearbox rather than
a compressor. Found in Turboprop and Turboshaft French fell seam - A type of machine-sewn seam.
engines. Recommended for sewing together sheets of aircraft
fabric.
free turbine -A turboshaft engine with no physical
connection between the compressor and power output Freon - A fluorinated hydrocarbon compound used as a
shaft. fire extinguishing agent or a refrigerant for vapor-cycle
air conditioning systems. A registered trademark of E.1.
free water Liquid water that has condensed out and is
DuPont de Nemours & Company.
no longer
- entrained in a turbine engine
- fuel.
frequency - The number of waves that pass some fixed
free-air wire - A wire completely open to air circulation
point in a given time interval, measured in cycles per
and not in a bundle.
second (cps) or Hertz (Hz).
free-running multivibrator - An oscillator that
alternates between two different output voltage levels frequency converter - A circuit device that changes the
frequency of an alternating current.
during- the time it is on. The output remains at each
voltage level for a definite period of time. Produces a frequency meter - An electronic instrument that
continuous square or rectangular waveform. The free- measures and indicates the frequency
- - of an alternating
-
running multivibrator has two outputs, but no inputs. current on a dial or digital display.
Also referred to as an astable multivibrator.
frequency modulation (FM) ~,
- A radio wave
freewheeling unit - In rotorcraft, a component of the transmission method where information is transmitted
transmission or power train that automatically by varying the modulation signal in proportion to the
disconnects the main rotor from the engine when the audio signal.
engine stops or slows below the equivalent rotor r.p.m.
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 frequency multiplier. fuel boost pump

frequency multiplier - Circuit designed to double, consolidating them along the weld line. The process
triple, or quadruple the frequency of a signal by involves a rotating pin forced down into the seam
harmonic conversion. between two sheets of metal. The pin continues
rotating and moves forward in the direction of welding.
frequency synthesizer - An electronic circuit used to
As the pin proceeds, the friction heats the surrounding
produce AC with an accurately controlled frequency.
material producing a plasticized area around the pin As
fresh annual inspection - An annual inspection the pin moves along the seam, the plasticized material
recently performed on an airplane. Sometimes this is consolidates behind the pin and cools to form a bond.
used as a selling point for an airplane. The skill and No melting occurs and the weld is left in a fine-grained
integrity of the person performing the inspection condition with none of the oxide and gas entrapment
determines the value in a purchase situation. problems of more conventional welds.
freshening charge - The charge given a dry-charged friction tape - Cloth, electrical, insulating tape impreg-
battery to bring it up to its rated capacity. nated with a black tar-like material.
fretting - Surface erosion caused by a slight movement friction welding - A method of joining materials by
between two overlapping parts. vigorously rubbing one mating surface against another
while forcing them together with a large amount of
fretting corrosion - Corrosion damage between parts pressure.
that are allowed to rub together. The rubbing removes
the protective oxide films and allows the metals to friction-lock Cherry rivet - A
corrode. patented blind rivet made by Cheny
Rivet, a division of Textron Inc., in
friction - The force that resists the relative motion of
which the stem locks in the hollow
two bodies in contact.
shank by friction.
friction brake - Any of a number of different
Frise-type ailerons - An aileron
mechanisms used with a rotating wheel or shaft in
having the nose portion projecting
which friction is used to slow its rotation. ahead of the hinge line. When the trailing edge of the
friction clutch- A mechanism used to connect a motor aileron moves up, the nose projects below the wing's
to a mechanical load. lower surface and produces some parasite drag,
decreasing the amount of adverse yaw.
friction damper - A rubber insert used to limit
excessive movement in a pedestal-type dynafocal front -The boundary between two different airmasses.
engine mount.
front spar -The foremost spar of a multispar wing.
friction error, instrument - The error caused by
frontal cyclone - A low pressure area and associated
Friction in an instrument mechanism.
counterclockwise winds (Northern Hemisphere) that
friction horsepower - The amount of horsepower develops on the polar front and moves west to east as a
required to turn the engine against the friction of the macroscale eddy embedded in the prevailing
moving parts and to compress the charges in the westerlies. Also called a frontal low or wave cyclone.
cylinders. frontal lifting - The lifting of a warm airmass over a
friction loss - The loss of mechanical energy in a device relative cold airmass.
caused by the friction that is incidentaito changing frontal wind shear - The change of wind speed or
mechanical energy into heat. direction per unit distance across a frontal zone.
friction effective pressure (FMEP) - The frontal zone -A narrow region of transition between
average working pressure within an engine used to two airmasses.
overcome friction. IMEP - BMEP = FMEP (IMEP is
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure and BMEP is Brake frost - Ice crystal deposits formed by sublimation when
Mean Effective Pressure). temperature and dewpoint are below freezing.
friction measurement - A measurement of the friction frustrum - The portion of a cone from which the top
characteristics of the runway pavement surface using has been removed.
continuous self-watering friction measurement equip-
fuel - A substance that, when combined with an
ment in accordance with the specifications, procedures
oxidizer, will bum and produce heat.
and schedules contained in AC 15015320-12.
Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid- fuel boost pump - An auxiliary electrically operated
Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces. pump located within a fuel tank to force the fuel from
the tank to the engine. Usually a centrifugal-type
friction stir welding - A new technology welding
method that joins materials by plasticizing and
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 .
fuel cell fuel venting

pump. Provides vapor-free fuel with a slight head that uses a timed charge of high-pressure fuel sprayed
pressure to the main pump. directly into the combustion chamber of the cylinder.
fuel cell - The compartment in an aircraft where engine fuel load - That part of the useful load of an aircraft
fuel is stored. consisting of the usable fuel on board.
fuel consumption - The actual amount of fuel fuel manifold - A pipe-like fitting that distributes fuel
consumed by an engine under a specified set of flow to the individual fuel injection nozzles. The
conditions. Fuel consumption can be expressed in manifold contains one single fuel line when used with
either pounds per hour or gallons per hour. single-line duplex nozzles and two lines for dual-line
duplex nozzles.
fuel control unit - In gas turbine engines, the main fuel
scheduling device which receives a mechanical input fuel metering device - Any apparatus such as a
signal from the power lever and various other signals, carburetor: fuel injector, or fuel control unit, that mixes
such as Pt2, Tt2, etc. These signals provide for fuel with intake air in the correct proportions and
automalic scheduling of fuel at all ambient conditions delivers the mixlure to the engine.
of ground and flight operation.
fuel nozzle - In gas turbine engines, a device used to
fuel dump system - A portion of the fuel system of spray fuel into a combustion liner. The two most
large jet transport aircraft that allows fuel to be dumped common types are the atomizing nozzle and the
in flight. This is sometimes necessary to reduce the vaporizing nozzle.
weight of the aircraft to below maximum landing
fuel nozzle ferrule - The receptacle in the combustion
weight or to minimize fuel in the event of an
liner of a gas-turbine engine where the fuel nozzle tip
emergency landing.
is inserted.
fuel evaporation ice - Ice formed due to the cooling
fuel pressure - The pressure of fuel within a fuel
effect of the fuel evaporating after it is sprayed into the
system. The most common measurement location is at
induction system of reciprocating engines. This
the point where fuel is delivered to the fuel control
evaporation process causes carburetor and induction >>":+
UIIIL.
system parts to become very cold and allows moisture
in the air to condense, collect and freeze on them. This fuel pressure gauge - A gauge that indicates the fuel
type of ice is most troublesome in float-type pressure delivered to the carburetor.
carburetors.
fuel pump - An electrical or engine-driven pump used
fuel flow - The rate at which fuel is consumed by the to provide a positive volume of fuel under pressure to
engine in pounds per hour (PPH) or gallons per hour the engine.
(GPH).
fuel remaining - A phrase used by either pilots or
fuel flowmeter - A cockpit instrument used to indicate controllers when relating to the fuel remaining on
the rate of the fuel consumed by the engine during board until actual fuel exhaustion. When transmitting
flight. such information in response to either a controller
question or pilot initiated cautionary advisory to air
fuel grade - A classification of aviation gasoline
traffic control, pilots will state the APPROXIMATE
according to its anti-detonation characteristics.
NUMBER OF MINUTES the flight can continue with
fuel heater -A radiator-like device that has he1 passing the fuel remaining. All reserve fuel SHOULD BE
through its core. A heal exchange occurs to keep the INCLUDED in the time stated, as should an allowance
fuel temperature above the freezing point of water. for established fuel gauge system error.
This keeps entrained water from forming ice crystals
fuel shut-off valve - A valve in an aircraft fuel system
and blocking fuel flow.
that shuts off all fuel flow to the engine.
-
fuel injection manifold valve - A valve used in a fuel
fuel siphoning - Unintentional release of fuel caused by
injection system that distributes fuel from the fuel
overflow, puncture, loose cap, etc.
control unit to the various injection nozzles. The valve
provides a metering force for conditions of low fuel fuel system - The system that stores fuel and delivers
flow and a positive fuel shut off when the engine is the proper amount of clean h e l at the right pressure to
shut down. meet the demands of the engine.
fuel injection system - A fuel metering system used on fuel tank vent - A vent in a fuel tank that allows the air
some aircraft reciprocating engines utilizing a constant pressure above the fuel to be the same as the
flow of fuel to the injection nozzles. Fuel injectors are surrounding air.
located in the heads of all cylinders just outside of the
fuel venting - See fuel siphoning
intake valve. It differs from sequential fuel injection

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 fuel-air combustion starter fusible alloy

fuel-air combustion starter - A fuel engine-starting fully articulated rotor - A rotor that is attached to a
accessory that utilizes a combustion section similar to a helicopter rotor hub in such a way that the pitch angle
turbine engine. Combustion products are exhausted of each blade can change, and each blade is free to
through a turbine connected to a reduction gearbox to move up and down and back and forth in its plane of
create starting torque. rotation.
fuel-air mixture ratio - The weight ratio in pounds of fumes -Vaporized liquids.
the fuel and air that are mixed together creating a
functional check - A check for proper operation of the
combustible mixture to be burned in an engine.
aircraft and systems. Required before returning- an
fuel-oil cooler - A heat exchange device that heats the aircraft to service after an annual or 100-hour
fuel and cools the oil. It is a radiator-like unit. Fuel inspection.
passes through the cores and oil passes around the
functional test - A method of testing a system through
cores. The oil flow is controlled by a thermostatic
its normal operating range to determine whether or not
valve that routes the oil through the cooler only when a
certain oil temperature is reached. On some engines. it functions properly.
- . no
fuel heater is required due to the exchange rate of this fundamentals of instruction - Includes the learning
oil cooler. process, elements of effective teaching, - student
evaluation and testing, course development, lesson
fuel-oil heat exchanger - A heat exchanging device
used on turbine engines to take heat from the engine oil planning, and classroom training techniques.
and put it into the fuel. It is a radiator-like unit fungicidal paste - A paste mixed with clear dope and
directing fuel through the tubes that pass through the applied as a first coat on cotton. The fungicidal agent
hot engine oil. Heat fiom the oil raises the fuel soaks into the fibers and prevents the formation of
temperature, and at the same time, lowers the mold or fungus.
temperature of the oil.
fungus spores - The seed of certain fungi that attach to
fulcrum - A point on which a lever is supported, organic materials such as cotton or linen and cause the
balanced, or about which it turns. material to rot.
full annealing - A process used to produce a fine funnel cloud - A tornado cloud extending downward
grained, soft, ductile metal without internal stresses or from the varent cloud but not reaching- the -
ground.
&aim. To filly anneal a metal, the temperature of the
metal is raised to its critical temperature followed by funneling effect - An increase in winds due to airflow
controlled cooling. through a narrow mountain pass.

full fuel -The amount of fuel in an aircraft when all fuel -A deep
tanks are filled to the quantity called for in the aircraft fuse - An aircraft electrical circuit protection device. It
specifications. consists of a link of low-melting-point metal that melts
full oil - The quantity of oil shown as oil capacity in and opens the circuit when an excessive amount of
aircraft specifications. current flows through it.

full rudder -The movement of the rudder to its extreme fuse holder - A device mounted to an electrical fuse
panel that holds tubular fuses and makes connections to
limit.
both ends.
full throw -The full range of control surface travel.
fuse link -A strip of low-melting-point metal used in an
full-register position - The position of the rotating electrical circuit fuse device to protect a circuit. When
a
magnet in magneto when the poles are fully aligned excessive current flows through the circuit the fuse link
with the pole shoes of the magneto frame. At this point, melts and opens the circuit.
the maximum number of lines of flux flow in the
frame. fuselage - The area of an airplane aft of the firewall and
forward of the empennage. The cabin or cockpit, is
full-rich - That position of the mixture control that located in the fuselage. 1t may also provide room for
allows the maximum amount of fuel to flow to the cargo and attachment points for other major airplane
engine relative to air flow. components.
full-scale drawing - A drawing of a part that is the fuselage stations - Distances measured along the lon-
same size as the part. gitudinal axis of an airplane. Represents distances from
the datum in inches.
full-wave rectifier - A form of rectifier that inverts one
half of the input AC signal and provides a pulsating fusible alloy - A filler material that melts at
DC output having twice the frequency of the input approximately 160°F. Used to prevent kinking during
alternating current. Aircraft Technical Bookt&%&qding. The alloy is heated in hot water and
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 .
fusible plug fusion -

poured inside the tubing. Once the alloy has cooled and
set, the tube can be bent by hand around a forming
block or bender. After the tube is bent, it is reheated in
hot water to remove the fusible alloy.
fusible plug - A hollow plug in an aircraft wheel filled
with a material having a specific melting point. If the
melting point is reached due to brake heat, the filler
will melt out and deflate the tire rather than allow the
pressure to increase to the point that would cause a
blowout.
fusion -The melting together of metal parts.

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 G gas generator

20. Yellow brass

G 2 1. Admiralty brass
22. Aluminum bronze
gain - The increase in signal power through a circuit. 23. Red brass
galling - Fretting or chafing of a mating surface by 24.
sliding contact with another surface or body. The heat 25 Silicon bronze
friction causes the material from one surface to be 26 70-30 cu~ro-nickel
welded or deposited onto the other surface, ultimately 27 G-Bronze
damaging the surface area. 28. M-Bronze
29. Silver solder
gallon - 1. Imperial: A unit of liquid measurement used 30. Nickel (passive)
outside of the United States. One Imperial gallon is 31, 7 5 ~ 1 - 1 6 ~alloy
~ - 7(passive)
~~
equal to 277.4 cu. in., 4.55 liters, or 1.201 U.S. gallons. 32. 7NI-33Cu alloy
2. U.S.: A unit of liquid measurement used in the 33. 13 percent chromium steel, m e 410
United States. One U.S. gallon is equal to 23 1 cu. in., (passive)
128 fl. oz., or 3.785 liters. 34. Titanium
galvanic action - Electron flow because of a difference 35 18-8 Stainless type 304 (passive)
of electrode potential between different substances. 36. 18-8-3 Stainless steel, type 3 16 (passive)
37. Silver
galvanic corrosion - Corrosion due to the presence of 38. Graphite
dissimilar metals in contact with each other in the 39. ~ ~ l d
presence of an electrolyte such as water. 40. Platinum
galvanic couple - Dissimilar metals that produce an
electrical voltage when they are both in contact with galvanizing - A protecting parts from
the same electrolyte. When dissimilar metals are in this corrosion by dipping them in a vat of molten zinc or by
condition, one metal forms the anode and the other electroplating them. The protection actually comes
metal forms the cathode, thereby producing a current fiom sacrificial corrosion of the zinc.
between the two metals. galvanometer - An electrical measuring instrument in
galvanic electricity - The electricity produced by which electrical current is measured by the reaction of
chemical action such as that produced in a dry-cell its electromagnetic field to the field of a permanent
battery or storage battery. magnet.
galvanic grouping - An of metals in a gamma rays - Electromagnetic radiation that results
series according to their electrode potential difference. from nuclear fission.
galvanic metal electrical series - The hierarchical ganged tuning -A mechanical arrangement that permits
arrangement of metals in order of their chemical the simultaneous tuning of two or more electronic
activity. The following list of metals indicates their circuits.
hierarchical chemical activity, and acts as the anode in gap - The distance between two objects.
any electrolytic action to those that follow:
1. Magnesium garnet paper - An abrasive polishing paper consisting
2. Zinc of a sheet of flexible paper with a layer of finely
3. Galvanized steel crushed garnet.
4. Aluminum 6053 gas - 1. A fluid that assumes the shape of the container
5. Alcad it is placed in and fills the container. 2. The physical
6. Cadmium condition of matter in which a material takes the shape
7. Aluminum 2024 of its container and expands to fill the entire container.
8. Mild steel Oxygen and nitrogen are two chemical elements that
9. Cast iron are gases at normal room temperature and pressure.
10. 13 percent chromium stainless steel, type 4 10 (active) The air we breathe is a physical mixture of gases,
11. 18-8 Stainless steel, type 304 (active) primarily nitrogen and oxygen.
12. 18-8-3 Stainless steel, type 3 16 (active)
13. Lead gas generator - The basic power producing portion of a
14. Tin gas turbine engine excluding sections such as the inlet
15. Muntz metal duct, the fan section, free power turbines, and the
16. Manganese bronze tailpipe. Each manufacturer designates what is included
17. Naval brass in the gas generator, but generally it consists of the
18. Nickel (active) compressor, diffuser, combustor, and turbine.
19. 76NI-16Cr-7Fe alloy (active)
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 .
gas generator turbine gear and pinion mechanism

gas generator turbine - In gas turbine engines, high gassing, battery - The release of hydrogen and oxygen
pressure turbine wheel(s) which drive the compressor as a free gas during the charging cycle of lead-acid
of a turboshaft or turboprop engine. storage batteries.
gas path - The airflow or open portion of the engine gate - 1. A logic device having one or more inputs
front to back where air is compressed, combusted, and andlor outputs. The condition of the inputs determines
exhausted. whether or not a voltage is present at the outputs. 2.
The electrode of a silicon-controlled rectifier or a triac
gas path analysis (GPA) - A computer analysis of
through which the trigger pulse is applied.
engine parameters on some airliners. It is designed to
assist the modular maintenance and on-condition gate hold procedures - Procedures at selected airports
maintenance concepts by giving continuous that require aircraft to hold at the gate or other ground
on-condition data. Also used for predicting engine locations whenever departure delays exceed or are
component airworthiness. anticipated to exceed 15 minutes. Departure sequence
is maintained in accordance with initial call-up unless
gas storage cylinders - Long bottles of high-strength
modified by flow control restrictions. Pilots should
steel used to store compressed gases.
monitor the ground control/clearance delivery
gas turbine - Engine consisting of a compressor, frequency for engine stadtaxi advisories or new
combustor and turbine, using a gaseous fluid as a proposed stadtaxi times if the delay changes.
working medium and producing either shaft gaterype check valve - A one-way flow valve having a
horsepower, jet thrust, or both. The four common types
swinging gate or flapper. The gate-type check valve
of Gas Turbine Engines are Turbojet, Turbofan,
can isolate one of the vacuum pumps in a multi-engine
Turboprop and Turboshaft.
aircraft from the rest of the svstem in the event of a
gas turbine engine - A heat engine in which burning failure of the pump.
fuel adds energy to compressed air and accelerates the
gateway fix - A navigation aid or fix where an aircraft
air through the remainder of the engine. Some of the
transitions between the domestic route structure and the
energy is extracted to turn the air compressor, and the
oceanic route airspace.
remainder accelerates the air to produce thrust. A
portion of this energy can be converted into torque to gauge - Any of a variety of measuring instruments.
drive a propeller or a system of rotors for a helicopter. Some are used to indicate the amount of air pressure,
the depth of a hole or a groove, or possibly the
gas welding - The method of fusing metals together by
thickness or clearance between close-fitting parts of a
a flame using gas as fuel. The most common types of
machine, etc.
gas welding use oxygen and acetylene gas
(oxyacetylene) and oxygen and hydrogen gauge pressure - Pressure measured relative to the
(oxyhydrogen). existing atmospheric pressure. Engine oil pressure and
hydraulic are normally measured as gauge
gaseous -Having the nature or form of gas.
pressure. If gauge pressure is measured in pounds per
gaseous breathing oxygen - Oxygen that is 99.5% pure square inch, it is referred to as PSlG (pounds per
and contains practically no water vapor. square inch, gauge). Two other types of pressure that
are often used are differential pressure (PSID) and
gaseous fuel - Any mixture of flammable gases used for absolute pressure (PSIA). Differential pressure is the
fuel. difference between two pressures and absolute pressure
gas-filled tube - An electron tube with gas introduced is a value compared to zero pressure.
"
'0 the envelo~e'0 ~'oduce certain desired o ~ e r a ~ i n g
gauss - ~h~ unit of magnetomotive force. ~t is equal to
characteristics. one maxwell per cm2.
gasket - The static, stationary between two flat gear A toothed wheel or disc that meshes with another
surfaces.
toothed wheel or disc to transmit motion.
gasoline - A volatile, highly flammable liquid mixture gear and pinion mechanism - A mechanical
of hydrocarbons produced by the fractional distillation amplifying mechanism consisting of two gears, one
of petroleum and used as fuel in internal-combustion
being a pinion, which is much smaller than the other.
engines. The mechanical advantage of the mechanism is deter-
gasoline combustion heaters Aircraft cabin heaters
-- mined by the ratio between the number of teeth on the
that bum gasoline from the aircraft fuel tanks to pinion and the number of teeth on the large gear. Often
produce the required heat. the large gear is only a portion of the wheel and is
called a sector gear.

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gear backlash - The measured clearance between the non-spillable and retain a high level of electrolyte in
teeth of meshed gears. the battery.
gear indicators -Indicators in the cockpit of an airplane genemotor - A machine with two windings on a single
having retractable landing gear to inform the pilot of armature that operates simultaneously as a motor with
the position of the gear. It will indicate whether they one of the windings and as a generator with the other.
are down and locked, in transit, or up and locked. The armature windings are usually different so that the
voltage on the generator side is different from the
gear preload - The pressure with which two gears mate
voltage on the motor side and the machine acts as a
or mesh together.
rotary transformer. Also referred to as a dynamotor.
gear-driven supercharger - An internal, engine-driven
general aviation - The portion of the aviation industry
supercharger on a reciprocating engine driven from the
that covers all of aviation with the exception of
crankshaft through a gear arrangement.
military, public-use aircraft, and the airlines.
geared fan - A design that allows a fan to rotate at a
General Aviation District Office (GADO) -
different speed than the compressor rotor. The fan
Designated FAA Field Offices staffed to serve the
being geared down allows for higher speeds in the
general public and aviation industry on matters
compressor without creating excessive tip speeds on
pertaining to the certification, maintenance, and
the fan.
operation of general aviation.
geared fan gas turbine engine - A turbofan engine that
general circulation - The wind system that extends
uses a set of reduction gears between the first stage of
over the entire globe; it is a macroscale phenomena
the gas generator compressor and the fan.
with a typical horizontal dimension of 10,000 nautical
geared propeller - A propeller driven from the miles.
crankshaft through a series of reduction gears. This
generator - A mechanical device consisting of a
allows the engine to operate at an efficient speed while
conductor being turned within a magnetic field.
holding the propeller RPM in its efficient range.
Produces electricity by electromagnetic induction.
gear-type pump - A power-driven fluid pump, usually
generator current limiter - A special high-current fuse
a constant displacement-type pump, driven by the
capable of carrying momentary current overloads.
engine accessory drive and
However, it will melt and open the circuit under
used to pump fluid under
current flows that might damage the generator. These
pressure. The gear-type
are used in generator installations that are not protected
pump is made up of two
by automatic current limiters.
meshed spur gears
mounted in a close-fitting CEO map - The digitized map markings associated
housing. Fluid is taken into with the ASR-9 Radar System.
the inlet side of the
geodetic construction - A form of aircraft construction
housing and fills the space
in which the stress carrying portion of the skin is made
between the teeth of both
up of a lattice work of thin metal or wood strips.
gears. As the fluid is carried around the housing of the
rotating gears to the discharge side of the the geographic poles - The poles of the axis about which
gear teeth mesh and the fluid is forced out of the outlet the Earth rotates. They form true north and true south.
side of the pump.
geometric pitch - The distance a propeller should
gel A jelly-like substance formed by the coagulation of
- advance in one revolution without any slip.
a solution into a solid phase.
geostrophic balance - The balance of forces that exists
gel coat - In composites, a coating of resin, generally when Coriolis force and pressure gradient force are
pigmented, applied to the mold or part to produce a equal in magnitude but in the opposite direction.
smooth finish. Considered a nonstructural finish.
geostrophic wind - The wind that occurs when Coriolis
gel time - In composites, the period of time from the force and pressure gradient are equal and opposite.
initial mixing of the reactants of a liquid material
composition to the point in time when gelation occurs, German silver - Metals of the copper/nickel/zinc alloy
as defined by a specific test method. family. Also referred to as nickel silver.
germanium - A grayish-white metallic chemical with a
gelatinous -Having the consistency of gelatin or jelly.
symbol of Ge and an atomic number of 32. Often it is
gelled cell battery - A lead-acid battery that has a used in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices
gelling agent added to the electrolyte to make it such as diodes and transistors.

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gerotor pump glideslope

gerotor pump - A form of constant displacement pump glide - 1. A slow descent of an aircraft without the aid
using a spur gear driven by the engine and turning of the engine. 2. To descend at a normal angle of attack
inside of an internal tooth gear. The internal tooth gear with little or no engine power.
has one more space than teeth on the drive gear. As the
glide path - The path of an aircraft relative to the
pump rotates, the volume at the inlet port increases
ground while approaching a landing.
while the volume at the outlet decreases, moving fluid
through the pump. glide path (ICAO) - A descent profile determined for
vertical guidance during a final approach.
Giga - Billion.
glide ratio - The ratio of the forward distance the
Gigacycle -Gigahertz.
airplane travels to the vertical distance the aircraft
Gigahertz -One billion hertz. descends when operating at low power or without
power.
gilbert - The unit of magnetomotive force equal to
approximately 0.7968 amp-turn. glide slope (GS) -Provides vertical guidance for aircraft
during approach and landing. The glide slopelglidepath
gill-type cowl flap - A cowl flap used on the trailing
is based on the following:
edge of each cowling of a horizontally opposed engine.
a. Electronic components emitting signals which provide
Its purpose is to regulate the flow of air through the
vertical guidance by reference to airborne instruments
engine for cooling.
during instrument approaches such as ILSIMLS; or
gimbal - The frame in which a gyro spins. It is designed b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which provide
in such a way that it allows a gyroscope to remain in an vertical guidance for a VFR approach or for the visual
upright condition while the base is tilted. Rate gyros portion of an instrument approach and landing.
use a single gimbal, while attitude gyros are mounted c. PAR, used by ATC to inform an aircraft making a PAR
in a double gimbal. approach of its vertical position (elevation) relative to
the descent profile.
gimlet point - A threaded cone point usually having a
point angle of 45" to 50'. It is used on thread-forming glide slope / glide path intercept altitude - The
screws such as Type A tapping screws, wood screws, minimum altitude to intercept the glide slopelpath on a
lag bolts, etc. precision approach. The intersection of the published
intercept altitude with the glide slopelpath, designated
girt bar - Part of the emergency evacuation slidelraft on Jeppesen Terminal charts by the start of the glide
assembly on transport category aircraft. The girt bar slopelpath symbol, is the precision FAF; however,
enables the slide to deploy when the door is "armed" when ATC directs a lower altitude, the resultant lower
and allows the door to be opened without deploying
intercept position is then the FAF.
when the door is "disarmed."
glidepath - See glideslope.
glacier winds - One of the cold downslope winds. A
shallow layer of cold, dense air that rapidly flows down glidepath [ICAO] - A descent profile determined for
the surface of a glacier. vertical guidance during a final approach.
glareshield - Dark, nonreflective cover of the space glidepath intercept altitude - See glideslope intercept
between the instrument panel and the windshield. Also altitude.
used to describe the area surrounding the sides and top
glider - A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by
of the instrument panel.
the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting
glass cloth - An aircraft fabric made from fine spun surfaces. Its free flight does not depend on power
glass filaments woven into a strong, tough fabric. generated from an engine.
These fabrics are used for reinforcing plastic resins to
glideslope - Provides vertical guidance for aircraft
mold various types of products.
during approach and landing. The glide slopelglide
glass fiber - Filaments of fine spun glass woven into path is based on the following:
cloth or packed together into a mat used for thermal a. Electronic components emitting signals which provide
and acoustical insulation. vertical guidance by reference to airborne instruments
during instrument approaches such as ILSiMLS, or
glaze - 1. The hard, smooth surface of a finishing b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which provide
system. Glaze must normally be "broken" or roughened
vertical guidance for a VFR approach or for the visual
before another coat of material will adhere to it. 2. A
portion of an instrument approach and landing.
hard, glass-like surface that forms on the rotating disks c. PAR. Used by ATC to inform an aircraft making a
of a multiple-disk brake. Glaze forms when the sintered PAR approach of its vertical position (elevation)
material surface is locally overheated. This slick
relative to the descent profile.
surface does not produce uniform friction and will
cause the brakes to chatter or squeal if not removed.
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 .
glideslope intercept altitude Gold Seal Flight Instructor Certificate

glideslope intercept altitude - The minimum altitude to glow plug igniter - An igniter that uses a coil of wire
intercept the glideslopelpath on a precision approach. heated by high-voltage DC electricity. Air and he1
The intersection of the published intercept altitude with blowing through the coil is ignited to initiate
the glideslope/path, designated on Government charts combustion in the combustor section.
by the lightning bolt symbol, is the precision FAF;
glue - A liquid adhesive capable of holding materials
however, when the approach chart shows an alternative
lower glideslope intercept altitude, and ATC directs a together after drying.
lower altitude, the resultant lower intercept position is glue blocks - Wood blocks used as backing support
then the FAF. when making repairs to a wooden structure. They
gliding angle - The angle between the flight path during distribute clamp pressure evenly over the area being
a glide and a horizontal axis relative to the ground. glued.
glue joint - Glued wood joints. Two pieces of wood
gliding ratio - The ratio of the horizontal distance an
joined using glue rather than a mechanical fastener.
aircraft travels while gliding for every unit of vertical
distance it descends. Glyptal - A registered trade name of an insulating
g-load - Gust load, the incremental change in vertical varnish used in electrical machinery.
acceleration of an aircraft. go ahead - Proceed with your message. Not to be used
for any other purpose.
global circulation system - In meteorology, the
combination of the general and monsoon circulations. go around - 1. To abort a landing. 2. Instructions for a
pilot to abandon his approach to landing. Additional
global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) - An
instructions may follow. Unless otherwise advised by
"umbrella" term adopted by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) to% encompass any ATC, a VFR aircraft or an aircraft conducting visual
approach should overfly the runway while climbing to
independent satellite navigation system used by a pilot
traffic pattem altitude and enter the traffic pattem via
to perform onboard position determinations from the
the crosswind leg. A pilot on an IFR flight plan making
satellite data.
an instrument approach should execute the published
global positioning system (GPS) - A space-base radio missed approach procedure or proceed as instructed by
positioning, navigation, and time-transfer system. The ATC, e.g., "Go around" (additional instructions, if
system provides highly accurate position and velocity required).
information, and precise time, on a continuous global
basis, to an unlimited number of properly equipped golno-go gauge - A measuring gauge consisting of a
part having two dimensions: the minimum size and the
users. The system is unaffected by weather, and
maximum size. An opening of the correct dimension
provides a worldwide common grid reference system.
will allow one side to go, or pass through, and the other
The GPS concept is predicated upon accurate and
dimension will not.
continuous knowledge of the spatial position of each
satellite in the system with respect to time and distance goals and values - A perception factor that describes
from a transmitting satellite to the user. The GPS how a person's perception of an event depends on
receiver automatically selects appropriate signals fiom beliefs. Motivation toward learning is affected by how
the satellites in view and translates these into three much value a person puts on education. Instructors who
dimensional position, velocity, and time. System have some idea of the goals and values of their students
accuracy for civil users is normally 100 meters will be more successful at teaching them.
horizontally.
go-around power or thrust setting - The maximum
globules - A tiny ball of liquid often found in allowable in-flight power or thrust setting identified in
suspension with some other liquid. the performance data.
glow coil igniter - An ignition igniter. Around a pin gold - A malleable, ductile, yellow corrosion-resistant
extending from the body of the igniter is a resistance chemical element with a symbol of Au and an atomic
wire wound into a coil. Direct current causes the coil to number of 79. Used on critical electrical contacts
become red hot, igniting the heVair mixture until the because of its resistance to corrosion.
device is operating at a temperature sufficient to
maintain the flame. At this point current to the glow gold leaf - Pure gold rolled into extremely thin sheets.
coil is automatically turned off. Gold Seal Flight Instructor Certificate - A flight
i n s t ~ c t o certificate
r printed with a distinctive gold seal
glow discharge tube - A glass tube with a gas such as
neon under low pressure. Two electrodes are embedded to recognize excellence in flight training based on a
in opposite ends of the tube. When a sufficiently high CFI's record of performance. To obtain a gold seal
potential difference is applied between the electrodes, certificate, a CFI must have trained and recommended
at least 10 students for practical tests within the
the gas will ionize and glow.
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goniometer antenna. grid minimum off-route altitude (grid MORA)

previous 24 months, and at least 8 of these students matures and indicate the likelihood of lightning. Also
must have passed on their first attempt. A CFI must referred to as soft hail or snow pellets.
also hold a ground instructor certificate with an
gravitational acceleration - The acceleration of a
advanced or instrument rating.
free-falling obiect caused bv the Earth's gravitational
goniometer antenna - A fixed-loop antenna used by pull. The accejeration rate df a freely fall& object is
automatic direction finding equipment, consisting of ',
32.2 ft./second or 980.7 cm.lsecond '.
two coils oriented 90" to each other. It measures the
gravity - 1. The force of attraction between any two
angle between a known reference and the direction
objects containing mass. This force is proportional to
from which the radio signal is being received.
the mass of the objects. Large - objects
- exhibiting forces
gouge - A cut, groove, or hole in a material. Considered of gravity are t h e ~ a r t h moon,
, and planets. 2.-One of
to be a defect. the four main forces acting on an aircraft. Equivalent to
the actual weight of the rotorcraft. It acts downward
gouging - A furrowing condition in which surface
toward the center of the earth.
material is displaced or damaged. Usually caused by
foreign material between tight fitting, moving parts. gravity waves - A small-scale wave of air moving in
vertical oscillations caused by gravity. Occurring in a
governor -A control that limits the maximum rotational
stable atmosphere gravity plays the major role in
speed of a device.
forcing the air parcels to return to their equilibrium
grade-A cotton - Long-staple cotton fabric with 80 level.
threads per inch in both the warp and fill directions. It
great circle - The largest circle which can be drawn on
is the standard material for covering aircraft structures.
the earth's surface. The shortest distance between two
gradient - A consistent rate of change, both increasing points on a sphere.
and decreasing. This term can be applied to the ascent
green run - The first run of a new or freshly overhauled
or descent of an aircraft or changes in temperature,
engine.
pressure, or concentration levels.
greenhouse effect - The capture of terrestrial radiation
gradient system - A device used to give "artificial feel"
by certain atmospheric gases. These gases are
to hydraulically boosted flight controls.
commonly called greenhouse gases.
grain boundary - The lines in metal that are formed by
Greenwich mean time (GMT) - The time at the 0'
the surfaces of the grains in the metal.
meridian located at the Royal Observatory, London,
grains - The individual crystals of a material. England. Also referred to as Zulu time.
gram (g) - The unit of weight or mass in the metric greige Dacron - A synthetic, polyester fabric in its
system. One gram equals '/l,ooo kg or about 0.035 natural condition as it comes from the loom.
ounce.
grid - I. The electrode of a vacuum tube where the
granular - Containing or consisting of grains or signal is applied. 2. The framework of a plate in a
granules. lead-acid battery cell. It is made of lead and antimony
with the actual plate material (spongy lead or lead
graph - A pictorial presentation of data, equations, and
peroxide) attached. 3. The electrode in an electron tube
formulas.
between the cathode and the anode. It is used to control
graphic plan display (GPD) - A view available with the amount, shape, and velocity of the electron stream
URET CCLD (User Request Evaluation Tool Core between the cathode and the anode.
Limited that provides a grid minimum ofl-route altitude (grid MORA) - An
graphic display of aircraft, traffic, and notification of
altitude derived by Jeppesen or provided by State
predicted conflicts. Graphic routes for Current Plans Authorities. The Grid MORA altitude provides terrain
and Trial Plans are displayed upon controller request. and manmade structure clearance within the section
graphite - 1. A soft, black form of carbon that usually outlined by latitude and longitude lines. MORA does
has a greasy feel. Graphite is commonly used as a dry not provide for NAVAID signal coverage or
lubricant. Graphite is also known as black lead and is communication coverage. 1.)Grid MORA values
used in making pencils. 2. A carbonized fiber used as a derived by Jeppesen clear all terrain and manmade
reinforcement. The graphitization is accomplished by structures by 1000 feet in areas where the highest
heating the carbon fiber to temperatures up to 5400°F. elevations are 5000 feet MSL or lower. MORA values
See also carbon fiber and carbonlgraphite fiber. clear all terrain and manmade structures by 2000 feet in
areas where the highest elevations are 5001 feet MSL
graupel - White, round or conical ice particles 118" to or higher. When a Grid MORA is shown as
114" in diameter. They often form as a thunderstorm "Unsurveyed it is due to incomplete or insufficient

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 grind ground power unit

information. Grid MORA values followed by a denote ground communication outlet (GCO) - An unstaffed,
doubtful accuracy, but are believed to provide remotely controlled, groundlground communications
sufficient reference point clearance. 2.) Grid MORA facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may contact
(State) altitude supplied by the State Authority ATC and FSS via VHF to a telephone connection to
provides 2000 feet clearance in mountainous areas and obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR or IFR
1000 feet in nonmountainous areas. flight plan. They may also get an updated weather
briefing prior to takeoff. Pilots will use four "key
grind - The process of removing metal from a part with
clicks" on the VHF radio to contact the appropriate
an abrasive stone or wheel.
ATC facility or six "key clicks" to contact the FSS.
grinder - A machine with an abrasive wheel used to The GCO system is intended to be used only on the
remove material from a part. ground.
grinding wheel - An abrasive wheel used on grinders to ground controlled approach - A radar approach
remove excess material. system operated from the ground by air traffic control
personnel transmitting instructions to the pilot by radio.
grip length - The length of the unthreaded shank of a The approach may be conducted with surveillance
bolt. Also, the length of a blind rivet between the radar (ASR) only or with both surveillance and
manufactured head and the maximum extent of the
precision approach radar (PAR). Usage of the term
pulled head. It is the maximum thickness of material "GCA" by pilots is discouraged except when referring
that can be joined by a fastener.
to a GCA facility. Pilots should s~ecifically - request a
A

grip range - The difference between the maximum and "PAR approach when a radar approach is
minimum thickness of material that may be joined by a desired or request an "ASR" or "surveillance"
fastener. approach when a nonprecision radar approach is
desired.
grit blasting - A process for cleaning metal in which
abrasive materials such as sand, rice, baked wheat, ground crew - The people who maintain, service, and
plaster pellets, glass beads, or crushed walnut shells are prepare the aircraft before and after flight.
forcefully blown onto the part's surface. ground delay - The amount of delay attributed to ATC,
grommet - 1. A metal or plastic eyelet used for encountered prior to departure, usually associated with
reinforcing holes in aircraft fabric. 2. A small ring of a CDT program.
metal, rubber, or plastic used as a fairlead and protector ground effect - The condition of slightly increased air
for tubing or wire going though a hole in a metal pressure below an airplane wing or helicopter rotor
structure. system that increases the amount of lift produced. It
grooved surface - A shallow, smooth channel wider exists within approximately one-half wing span or
than a scratch resulting - from wear caused by one-half of the rotor diameter from the ground.
concentrated 'Ontact ground fog -In the United States, a fog that is generally
movement between contact surfaces or by foreign less than 20 feet deep
material on contact surfaces creates the contact stress.
The parts usually affected include cylinder barrels, ground idle - A gas turbine engine speed usually in the
valve faces, and oil seal outer sleeves. 60% to 70% of the maximum RPM range, used as a
minimum thrust setting for ground operations.
gross thrust - The thrust developed by an engine, not
taking into consideration any pressure of initial air ground loop - 1. The sudden reversal of direction of
massrnomentum. Also referred to as static thrust (Fg). travel on the ground of an airplane having a tailwheel-
type landing gear. The center of gravity swings around
gross weight - The total weight of a filly loaded aircrafl ahead of the wheels. 2. An undesirable flow of
including the fuel, oil, and cargo it is carrying. electrical current through the braid around a shielded
ground - 1. A reference point for voltage measurement wire.
in an circuit' 2' To 'Onnect a part Or ground plane - The reflector used in a
component to the electrical ground (normally the radio antenna. Serves as an additional quarter-wave
airframe). element.
ground 'Iutter - A pattern produced On the radar scope ground potential - The zero potential (no voltage
by ground returns which may degrade other radar difference) of electrical circuits.
-
returns in the affected area. The effect of ground clutter
ground power unit - A small gas turbine whose
is minimized by the use of moving target indicator
(MTI) circuits in the radar equipment resulting in a purpose is to provide either electrical power, air
radar presentation which displays only targets which pressure for starting aircraft engines, or both. A ground
are in motion.
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 -
ground resonance guttered surface

unit is connected to the aircraft when needed. Similar primary of a transformer and the armature forms the
to an aircraft installed auxiliary- power
. unit. secondary. Shorts show ur, since they cause vibration
in a thin piece of metal, sich as a hacksaw blade, held
ground resonance - On rotorcraft, an aerodynamic
over the armature.
phenomenon associated with fully-articulated rotor
systems. Ground resonance develops when the rotor guarded switch - A switch protected against accidental
blades move out of phase with each other and cause the movement by having a guard or shroud located directly
rotor disc to become unbalanced. This condition only over the switch. The guard must be raised before the
occurs when the rotorcraft is in contact with the ground switch can be actuated.
and can cause the craft to self-destruct in a matter of
gudgeon pin - British for wrist pin. See wrist pin.
seconds. At high RPM, immediate lift-off will stop the
resonance. At low RPM, immediate closing of the guide vanes - In a turbine engine, stationary airfoil
throttle and lowering of the collective will stop the sections positioned radially around the inside of the
resonance. engine. The airfoils direct the flow of air or gases from
one major part to another.
ground return electrical circuit - An electrical circuit
that uses the structure of the aircraft as one of the guided discussion - An educational presentation where
conductors in the circuit. the topic to be covered by a group is introduced and the
instructor participates only as necessary to keep the
ground speed - The speed of an aircraft relative to the
group focused on the subject.
surface of the earth.
guided discussion method - An educational
ground support equipment (GSE) - Equipment
presentation typically used in the classroom where the
separate from the aircraft but used in direct support to
facilitate maintenance. GSE can include such items as topic to be covered by a group is introduced and the
instructor participates only as necessary to keep the
engine hoist, auxiliary power units, testing equipment,
group focused on the subject.
compressed air units, etc.
guncotton - Nitrocellulose. A nitrated cotton fiber used
ground visibility - Prevailing horizontal visibility near
in nitrate dope.
the earth's surface as reported by the United States
National Weather service-or an accredited observer. G-unit - The unit of acceleration as a measure of the
force of gravity. One G-unit is the attraction of gravity
ground wave - The portion of a radio wave that travels
to the receiver along- the surface of the Earth. for a body.
Gunk - A chemical degreaser used for loosening grease
ground-adjustable propeller - A propeller with a pitch
and soft carbon from the surface of metal parts.
that can be adjusted and locked on the ground when the
engine is not operating but cannot be changed during gusset -A small reinforcing member used to support the
flight. comers of a structure.
ground-boost engine - An engine that, because of gust - A sudden brief increase in wind; according to
supercharging (including turbocharging), can develop U.S. weather observing practices, gusts are reported
more power at sea level than it could without the when the variation in wind speed between peaks and
supercharging. lulls is at least 1l)
knots.
ground-controlled landing approach - A directed gust front - The sharp boundary found on the edge of a
approach to landing through instructions provided by a pool of cold air that is fed by the downdrafts and
ground controller The controller watches the aircraft on spreads out below the thunderstorm. A gust front is the
a radar scope showing the relative position of the key to the long life of a multicell thunderstorm.
aircraft to the glide slope and its horizontal position.
The controller gives the pilot instructions necessary for gust lock - Locks used to prevent controls from being
keeping the aircraft on its intended path until it lands. damaged by wind gusts while an airplane is parked on
the ground. External locks are positioned between the
grounded - To declare an aircraft or airman unfit for movable surfaces and the fixed aircraft structure. They
flight. are usually painted red and will have a warning
streamer to indicate their installation. Internal control
groundspeed - Speed of the aircraft in relation to the
surface locks are set in the cockpit.
ground.
gustnadoes - A tomado-like vortex that sometimes
group task - Part of cooperative, or group learning.
occurs near gust fronts and the edge of a downburst.
Each activity your students engage in is known as a
group task. guttered surface
- - Severe erosion confined to narrow
areas in the direction of the gas flow. One cause is
growler - Test equipment used to check generator and
starter armatures for shorts. The growler forms the improper valve seating that allows escape of

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 -
Guy-Lussac's law gvroscovic vrecession

combustion gases through a narrow area. Areas

affected are valve seats, cylinder heads, pistons, and
valve and spark plug inserts.
Guy-Lussac's law - The volume of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature, provided the
pressure is held constant.
gyro - Short for gyroscope. A wheel or disk mounted to
spin rapidly about a specific axis while rotating freely
about all axes. The gyroscope exhibits rigidity in space;
therefore, it remains in the same relative position to
space even as the vehicle it is mounted in changes
position.
gyro horizon - An attitude gyroscopic instrument that
indicates rotation about the pitch and roll axes.
gyrocompass - A navigational instrument that uses a
gyroscope as a stable reference to keep the compass
from oscillating.
Gyrocopter - Trademark applied to gyroplanes
designed and produced by the Bensen Aircraft
Company.
gyrodyne - A rotorcraft whose rotors are normally
engine-driven for takeoff, hovering, and landing, and
forward flight through part of its speed range. Its
means of propulsion, consisting usually of conven-
tional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.
gyroplane - A rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-
driven, except for initial starting, but are made to rotate
by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and
whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of
conventional propellers, is independent of the rotor
system.
gyroscopic precession - An inherent quality of rotating
bodies, which causes an applied force to be manifested
90" in the direction of rotation from the point where the
force is applied.

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H hand s n i ~ s

Hall-effect generator - An electronic device used to

measure the intensity of a magnetic field. Converts
magnetic field to a low-level electrical signal.
hacksaw - A hand-operated metal cutting saw with
narrow, replaceable blades. The replaceable blade is halo - A circle of light that appears around the moon
held in the hacksaw frame under tension. when seen through a thin layer of cirrostratus clouds.
The halo appearance is caused by tiny ice crystals in
hailstones - Precipitation formed by drops of water the cloud that scatter the light passing through it.
carried by upward currents of wind inside a
cumulonimbus cloud to a level where the temperature halogen - One of the five chemical elements (fluorine,
is low enough to freeze the drops into ice. When the chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine) in Group VII of
hailstones are too heavy to be carried in the cloud, they the periodic table of chemical elements. Used in some
fall to the ground. fire extinguishing systems.
hairline -A very thin line. Halon - Low-toxicity, chemically stable compounds
used in fire protection systems. In aviation, Halon 1301
hairline crack - A nearly imperceptible crack on the is most commonly used. The benefit of using Halon
surface of a piece of material. fire extinguishers is that they do not leave liquid or
hairspring - A flat, coiled spring used in aircraft solid residues when discharged; therefore, they are
instruments as either a calibrated restraint or a preferred for sensitive areas and can be used in the
preloading device for the gears. presence of humans, which is important in closed
areas. Halons are being phased out since they are a
halation -A distortion on a cathode-ray tube that shows chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and damage the ozone layer.
up as a blurred area around an image.
hammer -A hand-tool consisting of a heavy head and a
half hitch -A knot used for lacing wire bundles. handle. It is used for pounding, driving, or shaping.
half life - One half-life is the measure of the time a hammer welding - A forge welding in which the edges
particular radioactive material loses one half of its of two pieces of metal are heated red-hot and then
radioactivity. At each half-life interval, the material fused by beating with a hammer.
loses one half more of its remaining life and so on.
hand drill - A hand-operated, eggbeater-type tool used
half view -An aircraft drawing that shows only one-half to turn a twist drill.
of a symmetrical view. Center lines and break lines are
used to show that there is more of the object than is hand driving A method of forming rivets in which the
-

shown in the drawing. head is driven with a hand set and hammer, and the
shank is bucked with a bucking bar.
half-duplex communication - Communication in
which signals can be sent in one direction at a time, but hand file - A hand-operated cutting tool made of
cannot be sent in both directions at the same time. high-carbon steel and fitted with rows of very shallow
teeth extending diagonally across the width of the tool.
half-life inspection - A jet engine inspection required
under conditions of warranty, completed at half the hand forming - The process of shrinking, stretching, or
time between overhaul (TBO) interval. It includes forming sheet metal by using soft-faced mallets or
primarily a hot section disassembly, inspection, and hammers to force the metal down against suitable
repair as necessary. forming blocks or into dies.
half-round file A hand file that is flat on one side and
-
hand inertia starter - An inertia starter for
curved on the other. reciprocating engines in which the flywheel is brought
up to speed by a hand-operated crank.
half-section -A view in which the cutting plane extends
only halfway across the object, leaving the other half of hand lay-up - In composites, assembling layers of
the object as an exterior view. reinforcement by hand. This includes the working the
resin into the fabric, as well as using a pre-preg fabric.
half-wave radio antenna - An antenna with an
electrical length that is approximately one half of the hand pump - A pump operated by hand to create a flow
wavelength of the frequency for which the antenna is of fluid.
tuned. hand rivet set - A rivet set that can be clamped into a
half-wave rectifier - A rectifier that changes AC into vise to hold the manufactured head of the rivet while
pulsating DC using one diode and producing only one the shank is upset with a hammer and a flat punch.
half of the AC wave in its output. hand snips - Compound-action hand shears used for
cutting sheet metal. They normally come in sets of

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 hand tools hazardous attitudes

three: one that cuts to the left, one that cuts to the right, hardenability - In a ferrous alloy, the property of metal
and one that cuts straight. that determines the depth and distribution of hardness
induced by heat treatment and quenching or by cold
hand tools - A general name for all of the
working.
hand-operated tools used in the performance of
maintenance. hardened steel - Steel that has been hardened by a
process of heating the steel above its critical
hand-bending tools - A hand-operated, tube-bending
temperature then quenching it in brine, water, or oil.
tool consisting of a clamp, a radius block, and a sliding
Although the hardened steel is very strong, it is also
bar. It is used to bend thin-wall aluminum alloy or
brittle.
copper tubing in such a way that it does not collapse
the &be. hardener - A chemical constituent of an adhesive that
promotes its setting and hardening.
handbook - A manual that describes simple operations
or a system of operations. A handbook normally does hardening - 1. A heat treatment of metal that increases
not contain specific detailed information on the its brittleness as well as its resistance to abrasion while
maintenance of such systems. it decreases its ductility and malleability. 2. Aluminum:
The process of increasing the strengthand hardness of
hand-cranked inertia starter - A starter that uses a
aluminum after it has been solution-heat treated. Age
hand crank to store energy in a spinning flywheel. The
hardening takes several days at room temperature until
crank is geared to the flywheel through a high-ratio
the metal reaches its full hard state. 3. Steel: A process
gear system so that the flywheel can be spun at a high
whereby steel is made hard and brittle by heating it to a
speed. The flywheel is coupled by a clutch to the
temperature above its critical temperature and
crankshaft of the engine for starting.
immediately - quenching
- - it in water or oil.
handoff - An action taken to transfer the radar
hard-facing -A process of welding, plating, or spraying
identification of an aircraft from one controller to
a hard material such as carbide on the surface of a tool
another if the aircraft will enter the receiving
to increase its hardness and to keep the tool from
controller's airspace and radio communications with
wearing.
the aircraft will be transferred.
hardness - The property of a metal that enables it to
hangar - A building used for the purpose of housing
resist penetration, wear, or cutting actions.
and maintaining aircraft.
hardness test - An evaluation of the hardness of a
hangar queen - Slang, for an aircraft that is frequently
material by measuring the depth of penetration of a
non-airworthy and spends a lot of time in the hangar. In
specially shaped probe under a specified load. The
the military or commercial aviation, these aircraft are
surface hardness of aluminum alloy parts such as brake
frequently robbed of parts to keep other aircraft
housings and wheels can be measured to determine
airworthy, thus prolonging the status of the hangar
whether or not their heat treatment has been affected by
queen. Also referred to as an orphaned airplane.
overheating.
hard - The condition of a material when it is compact,
hardware - The nuts, bolts, screws, rivets, etc.
solid, and difficult to bend or deform.
necessary for assembling
- -parts.
hard landing - An improper landing of an aircraft that
hardwood -A wood with compact texture.
has transmitted undue stresses into the structure. The
degree of a landing's hardness determines the type of harmonic - A frequency of vibration that is an even
special inspection that will be performed to determine multiple of the fundamental of another vibration
if there is structural damage to the aircraft. frequency.
hard X-rays - The degree of the penetration power of harness satin - A weaving pattern producing a satin
an X-ray as determined by the amount of voltage that is appearance. See also eight-hamess satin and four-
applied to the anode of the X-ray tube. The higher the harness satin.
voltage, the greater its penetrating power.
Hartley oscillator - An electronic oscillator that
hardboard - A wood composition material produces its feedback through a tapped inductor.
manufactured by bonding sawdust and chips of wood
have numbers -Used by pilots to inform ATC that they
with an adhesive under heat and pressure.
have received runway, wind, and altimeter information
hard-drawn copper wire - Copper wire that has been only.
pulled through dies to reduce its diameter to a
hazardous attitudes - Studies have identified five
predetermined size. Pulling the wire also hardens the
hazardous attitudes that can interfere with a pilot's
wire and increases its tensile strength.
ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority
properly. The five hazardous attitudes are anti-
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 -
hazardous inflight weather advisory service (HIWAS) heavy (aircraft)

authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and heat exchanger - Any device used to transfer heat from
resignation. one body to another.
hazardous inflight weather advisory service (HIWAS) heat lamp - An incandescent lamp that produces a
- Continuous recorded hazardous inflight weather maximum of infrared radiation with a minimum of
forecasts broadcasted to airborne pilots over selected visible light rays. Used for drying paint or for applying
VOR outlets defined as an HIWAS Broadcast Area. heat to glued parts to decrease curing time.
hazardous weather information - Summary of heat load -The amount of heat that an air conditioner is
significant meteorological information (SIGMETI required to remove from an airplane cabin in order to
WS), convective significant meteorological maintain a constant cabin temperature.
information, (convective SIGMETWST), urgent pilot
heat of compression - The heat generated when a gas is
weather reports (urgent PIREPNUA), center weather
compressed.
advisories (CWA), airmen's meteorological
information (AIRMETWA) and any other weather heat pump - Moves heat from one location to another.
such as isolated thunderstorms that are rapidly A heat pump can generally be reversed so that it either
developing and increasing in intensity, or low ceilings adds heat (acts as a heater) or takes heat away (acts as
and visibilities that are becoming widespread which is an air conditioner).
considered significant and are not included in a current
hazardous weather advisory. heat sink - 1. A device on which semiconductors can be
mounted to absorb the heat that would normally tend to
haze - Fine dust or salt particles dispersed through a damage them. 2. A heavy plate of conductive material
portion of the atmosphere; particles are so small they that will absorb or carry away heat. Especially useful in
cannot be felt or individually seen with the naked eye welding.
(as compared with the large particle of dust), but
diminish the visibility; distinguished from fog by its heat treatment of a plastic resin - The operation in
bluish or yellowish tinge. which a cemented joint in a thermoplastic resin is held
at an elevated temperature so the entrapped solvent can
heading - The direction in which the longitudinal axis d i f i s e into a greater volume of the resin. This
of the airplane points with respect to true or magnetic decreases its concentration and increases the strength
north. Heading is equal to course plus or minus any of the joint.
wind correction angle.
heat treatment of metals -Any operation in which the
heads up display (HUD) - A system that displays flight physical characteristics of a metal are changed by
information on a transparent display in the line-of-sight heating. This includes annealing, hardening, tempering,
of the pilot so that information can be read without and normalizing.
looking down into the cockpit. Newest terminology is
Head-up Guidance System (HGS). heat value - The heat energy available per unit volume
of a fuel.
head-up guidance system (HGS) - See heads up
display. heater - Any device that produces controlled heating.

headwind component - That portion of the wind which heating element -An electrical resistance wire that
acts straight down the runway toward the airplane on glows red-hot to produce heat.
takeoff orparallel to the line of flight when airborne. heat-shrinkable - A quality in a synthetic fiber that
headwork - Conscious, rational thought process when allows a fabric to shrink when heat is applied.
making decisions. heatshrinkable fabric - An inorganic fabric used to
heat - Energy associated with the motion of molecules cover light aircraft structures. The fabric is sewn and
within a material. The more heat energy there is in a put on the aircraft structure so that it is taut but not
material, the faster its molecules move. tight. After securing the fabric to the structure with a
special adhesive, it is shrunk to the correct tautness by
heat capacity - The amount of heat energy required to ironing it with an ordinary household electric iron or by
raise the temperature of a substance 1°C. heating it with a high wattage hair dryer. The material
heat dissipation - The loss of heat or the transfer of is then given a coating of non-tautening dope.
heat into another object or substance. Heaviside atmospheric layer - A layer of ionized
particles that surrounds the Earth. The ionosphere.
heat energy - Energy associated with the motion of the
molecules within a substance. heavy (aircraft) -For the purposes of Wake Turbulence
Separation Minima, ATC classifies aircraft as Heavy,
heat engine - Any mechanical device that converts heat
Large, and Small. Heavy aircraft are capable of takeoff
energy into mechanical energy. For example,
weights of more than 255,000 pounds whether or not
reciprocating and turbine engines are heat engines.
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 heavy ends heterodyne-type frequency meter

they are operating at this weight during any particular helicopter - A rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion,
phase of flight. See Aircraft Classes depends principally on its engine-driven rotors.
heavy ends - In the fractional distillation process, the helipad - A small, designated area, usually with a
last parts of crude petroleum refining that have the prepared surface, on a heliport, airport, landing/ takeoff
highest boiling points. area, aprodrarnp, or movement area used for takeoff,
landing, or parking of helicopters.
heavy snow warning - A warning that snowfall may
exceed four inches or more in a 12-hour period or six heliport - An area of land, water, or structure used or
inches in a 24-hour period. intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of
helicopters and includes its buildings and facilities, if
Hecto -One hundred.
any.
hedge-hopping - An aircraft flying very near the
heliport reference point (HRP) - The geographic
Earth's surface yet avoiding obstructions on the
center of a heliport.
-
ground.
helium - An inert, gaseous, chemical element with a
height above airport @4A) - The height of the
symbol of He and an atomic number of 2. Used to
Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) above the
inflate lighter-than-air aircraft.
published a i m r t elevation. This is published in
conjunction with circling- minimums. henry - The standard unit of inductance. It is the
amount of inductance in which a current change of one
height above landing - The height above a designated
ampere per second will induce a voltage of one volt.
helicopter landing area used for helicopter instrument
Named for Joseph Henry, an American physicist.
approach
.. procedures.
heptane - A liquid hydrocarbon material (C7HI7)having
height above touchdown (HAT) - The height of the
a low critical pressure and temperature and whose
Decision Height or Minimum Descent Altitude above
detonation characteristics are used in determining the
the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone
octane rating of aviation gasoline.
(first 3,000 feet of the runway). HAT is published on
instrument approach charts in conjunction with all heptode - A vacuum tube that has seven active
straight-in minimums. electrodes, including the anode, cathode, control grid,
and four other spe~ial-purposegrids such as screen
height band - In gliders, the altitude range in which the
grids, suppressor grids, and beam-forming grids.
thermals are strongest on any given day. Remaining
with the height band on a cross-country flight should hermaphrodite calipers - A tool used to scribe lines
allow the fastest average speed. equidistant from an edge. Consists of a caliper with one
pointed leg and one with a hook on the end as with an
height gradient - The rate of change of height per unit
outside caliper. The hook is placed on the edge of the
of distance on a constant pressure chart.
material, and the point is used to scribe a line.
Heliarc -A welding process used extensively on aircraft
hermetically sealed -A method of protecting an aircraft
parts. It is a gas-shielded process to prevent oxidation
instrument by exhausting all of the air from its case and
of the base metal. The two types of Heliarc welding are
sealing it so that no moisture can get in.
tungsten inert-gas (TIG) welding and metal inert-gas
(MIG) welding. hermetically sealed integrating gyro (HIG) - A gyro
mounted in a sealed case with a viscous damping
helical - A line or form that winds around a cylinder or
medium. The output is therefore an indication of the
the line of threads on a bolt.
total amount of angular displacement of the vehicle in
helical potentiometer - A potentiometer with a which the gyro is installed rather than the rate of
resistance element made in the form of a spiral. The angular displacement.
wiper is moved over the element by turning a
hertz (Hz) -A unit used for measuring the frequency of
multi-turn screw.
vibrations or of AC electricity. It is used for the
helical spline - A spline that winds around a shaft. frequency of any type of repeating cycles of motion.
Helical splines are used to change the linear motion of One hertz is equal to one cycle per second. Named for
the device that rides on the splines into the shaft's Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist.
rotary motion on which the splines are cut.
Hertz antenna -A half-wave radio antenna.
helical spring - A spring wound in the form of a spiral.
heterodyne -To mix or beat together two frequencies in
Helicoil - A special helical steel insert screwed into order to produce an intermediate frequency.
specially cut threads to restore threads that have been heterodyne-type frequency meter -A frequency meter
stripped out or to provide durable threads in soft
that beats (heterodynes) an unknown-frequency signal
castings.
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 .
heterogeneous mixture high-lift device

against a locally-produced signal from a variable- high frequency communications - High radio
frequency generator. When the beat is of zero frequencies (HF) between 3 and 30 MHz used for air-
frequency, the frequency of the incoming signal can be to-ground voice communication in overseas operations.
read from a dial or a digital display showing the
high airplane - An airplane with an
frequency of the local generator.
engine
- of more than 200 horsepower.
heterogeneous mixture - A mixture composed of
high pressure turbine - In gas turbine engines, the
dissimilar ingredients.
turbine rotor which drives the high pressure
hexadecimal number system - A number system that compressor in a dual or triple spool axial flow gas
uses the base 16. (The decimal system uses the base turbine engine.
ten).
high speed exit - See high speed taxiway.
hexagon -A figure that has six sides.
high speed taxiway - A long radius taxiway designed
hexagon head bolt - A bolt head shaped with six sides and provided with lighting or marking to define the
(a hexagon). path of aircraft, traveling at high speed (up to 60
knots), from the runway center to a point on the center
hexode -An electron tube having six active elements.
of a taxiway. Also referred to as long radius exit or
HF communications - See high frequency turn-off taxiway. The high speed taxiway is designed to
communications. expedite aircrafi turning off the runway after landing,
thus reducing runway occupancy time.
hidden surfaces - Any surface represented on an
aircraft drawing that cannot be seen in a particular view high speed taxiway / turnoff (HST) - A long radius
but is represented in outline form with hidden lines. taxiway designed and provided with lighting or
marking to define the path of an aircraft, traveling at
hierarchy of human needs - A listing by Abraham high speed (up to 60 knots), from the runway center to
Maslow of needs from the most basic to the most a point on the center of a taxiway. Also referred to as
fulfilling. These range from physical through safety, long radius exit or turnoff taxiway. The high speed
social, and ego to self-fulfillment. taxiway is designed to expedite aircraft turning off the
high - An area of high barometric pressure, with its runway after landing, thus reducing runway occupancy
attendant system of winds; an anticyclone. Also time.
referred to as a high-pressure system. high speed turnoff - See high speed taxiway.
high altitude checkout -FAR 61.31(f) requires specific high strength steel Steel that has a tensile strength of
ground and flight training for a pilot to act as PIC of a between 50,000 and 100,000 PSI.
pressurized airplane that has a service ceiling- or
maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, high-bypass turbofan - Turbine engines with 4: 1
above 25,000 MSL. High-altitude checkouts require fan-to-engine bypass ratio or higher. That is, four or
both ground and flight training. Included in the ground more times as much air flows through the fan as
training is a thorough review of the physiological through the core engine.
aspects of high-altitude flight. An ove&iek of these
high-bypass turbofan engine - A turbofan engine in
effects is contained in Chapter 8 of the Aeronautical
which the mass airflow in pounds per second that
Information Manual (AIM) and AC 61-107, Operations
passes through the fan can be four times or more
of Aircraft at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet MSL and/or
greater than that which is moved by the gas generator
MACH Numbers (Mmo) Greater Than .75. AC 61 -107
or core of the engine.
contains a recommended outline for a high-altitude
training program. An instructor needs a
logbook high-carbon steel - Steel that contains more than 0.5%
endorsement for high-altitude operations to give flight carbon.
instruction in a pressurized airplane that has a service
high-frequency communications - Radio
ceiling or maximum operating altitude above 25,000
communication at a frequency that is above the upper
feet MSL.
end of the commercial AM broadcasting band.
high blower - The high-speed operation of a
high-level language - The language of computer
single-stage, two -speed, internal supercharger system.
instruction a computer can understand.
Usually about 10:l ratio.
high-lift device - Any lift-modifying device such as a
high cycle fatigue - A condition seen as cracking or
slot, slat, or any of the forms of flaps that are used to
stretching caused by vibration stresses above the design
limit of the engine. allow an airfoil to achieve a higher angle of attack
before airflow separation occurs.
high frequency - The frequency band between 3 and 30
MHz.
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 high-pass filter. holding fix

high-pass filter - An electronic filter that allows AC, hinge point - The pivot point about which a control
above a certain frequency, to pass with little or no surface or a door hinges.
opposition.
Hipernik - A magnetic alloy made of 50% iron and
high-potential ignition lead test - A test performed on 50% nickel.
the spark plug electrical wires of an aircraft ignition
Hi-Shear rivet - A threadless
system to see if there is a voltage leak to ground.
bolt used for high-speed,
high-pressure compressor - The rear section of a high-strength, lightweight
dual-spool compressor. Also referred to as an N2 construction of an aircraft. A
compressor or high speed compressor. steel pin is held into the
structure by an aluminum or
high-pressure oxygen system - Gaseous oxygen
mild-steel collar swaged into a groove around the end
systems whose cylinders carry between 1,000 and
of the pin.
2,000 PSI pressure.
HIWAS area - Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory
high-pressure system - In gaseous systems, maximum
Service. Continuous recorded hazardous inflight
pressure between 1,000 and 2,000 PSI. In liquid
weather forecasts broadcasted to airborne pilots over
systems, it refers to approximately 300 PSI pressures.
selected VOR outlets defined as an HIWAS Broadcast
high-pressure turbine - The forward most turbine Area.
wheels, also called the N2 turbine or high-speed
HIWAS broadcast area - A geographical area of
turbine, that drive the high-speed compressor in a
responsibility including one or more HIWAS outlet
two-spool, axial-flow gas turbine engine.
areas assigned to an AFSSFSS for hazardous weather
high-rate discharge - See cold-cranking amps. advisory broadcasting.
high-resistance connection - An electrical connection HIWAS outlet area - An area defined as a 150 NM
with excessive resistance. Usually caused by a poor radius of a HIWAS outlet, expanded as necessary to
solder joint or loose fastener. provide coverage.
high-speed steel - Alloys of steel that maintain their holdlholding procedure - A pre-determined maneuver
strength when operating at red-hot temperatures. They which keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while
are used for metal-cutting tools. awaiting further clearance from air traffic control. Also
used during ground operations to keep aircraft within a
high-speed taxiway exit or turnoff - A wide radius specified area or at a specified point while awaiting
turn-off from the runway to allow an aircraft to turn off hrther clearance from air traffic control.
at a higher rate of speed than would be possible on a
normal right angle turn-off. hold for release - Used by ATC to delay an aircraft for
traffic management reasons; i.e., weather, traffic
high-strength fastener - A fastener with high tensile volume, etc. Hold for release instructions (including
and shear strengths attained through combinations of
departure delay information) are used to inform a pilot
materials, work-hardening, and heat treatment. or a controller (either directly or through an authorized
high-tension magneto - A self-contained magneto relay) that an IFR departure clearance is not valid until
ignition system used to provide a high potential voltage a release time or additional instructions have been
to the spark plugs. The magneto consists of a rotating received.
magnet, cam, breaker points, capacitor, and a coil with hold procedure - A predetermined maneuver which
a primary and a secondary winding. The output of the keeps aircraft within a specified airspace while
secondary winding goes to a distributor, then to the awaiting fiuther clearance from air traffic control. Also
spark plugs. used during ground operations to keep aircraft within a
high-voltage igniter plug - An igniter plug utilizing an specified area or at a specified point while awaiting
air gap between its center electrode and its outer further clearance from air traffic control.
casing. Used to start the engine combustion process. holding coil - An auxiliary coil in an electrical relay that
high-voltage ignition system - A main system with a keeps the relay energized after the current that caused
voltage output in the range of approximately 5,000 to the relay to close has stopped flowing through the main
30,000 volts delivered to the igniter plug. coil.
high-wing airplane - A monoplane with a single airfoil holding fur - A specified fix identifiable to a pilot by
mounted on top of the fuselage. NAVAIDs or visual reference to the ground used as a
reference point in establishing and maintaining the
hinge - A fastener that allows one of the connected position of an aircraft while holding.
pieces to pivot with respect to the other.

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 .
holding point [ICAO] hopper-type oil tank

holding point [ICAO] - A specified location, identified satisfactorily completed and obtain an endorsement
by visual or other means, in the vicinity of which the from an authorized instructor. Refer to Certification:
position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in Pilots and Flight Instructors (AC 61-65), which
accordance with air traffic control clearances describes several methods that students can use to
show evidence of having satisfactorily completed home
holding procedure - An aircraft maneuver in which a
study courses.
pilot is instructed by air traffic control to maintain a
specified air space until given
- hrther instruction. homebuilt airplane - An aircraft constructed by an
amateur builher. Such builders buy kits andor plans for
hold-short point -A point on the runway beyond which
the aircraft and assemble the airplane over a period of
a landing aircraft with a LAHSO clearance is not
years in their hangars, garages, and even basements.
authorized to proceed. This point may be located prior
These airplanes are known as homebuilts. An airplane
to an intersecting runway, taxi-way, predetermined
is considered amateur built if the builder constructs at
point, or approachldeparture flight path.
least 51% of the aircraft. Manufacturers of homebuilt
hold-short position lights -Flashing in-pavement white kits may not construct more than 49% of the total
lights located at specified hold-short points. airplane.
hold-short position marking - The painted runway homing A method ofnavigating to an NDB by holding
marking located at the hold-short point on all LAHSO a zero relative bearing. The result of homing in a
runways. crosswind is a curved course.
hold-short position signs - Red and White holding hone - A fine abrasive stone used to sharpen cutting
position signs located alongside the hold-short point. tools or create a finished surface.
hole - 1. The vacancy in the valence structure of an honeycomb - A material made up of hexagonal-shaped
element that will accept an electron from an outside cells. Constructed of thin metal, paper, or plastic and
source. 2. The absence of an electron at a point where used as a core material for sandwich structures. Named
one might be expected. For most purposes, a hole may after a bee's honeycomb because of its appearance.
be treated as a positive charge. 3. A serious
honeycomb shroud ring - Honeycomb material into
discrepancy, flaw, or weakness. 4. An opening in
which a rotating airfoil can cut without degrading its
which something is missing.
air-sealing function. Usually in the hot section. Also
hole finder - A tool used in sheet metal work to referred to as an abradable shroud.
determine the rivet hole locations to be drilled in a
honing - The process of removing a very small amount
piece of sheet metal so they will match those in the
of material to produce a smooth finish on a surface or
piece of metal being overlapped.
to produce a sharp edge on a cutting tool such as a
hole punch - A hollow punch resembling a sharp-edged knife or a chisel.
tube. It is used to punch holes in gasket material.
hook rule - A steel scale with a hook or projection on
holist - A learning style that focuses on the overall one end so the rule can be used to measure accurately
object first and then examines the individual from the edge of materials.
components, using a top to bottom approach.
hook spanner -A semicircular spanner wrench with the
hollow drill - A drill with a hole through its center handle on one end and a hook on the other. The hook
making it easier for the drill to be lubricated. engages notches in the outside circumference of a
ring-type nut.
hollow-mill collar cutter -A tool used to remove collar
material from pin rivets so the rivet can be tapped out Hooke's law - A law of physics that deals with the
of the work. relationship between stress and strain in a material. It
states that stress in a ductile material is directly
home study course - Under FAR 61.35, a home study proportional to the strain until the limit of elasticity of
course may be used to meet the prerequisites for a the material is reached.
knowledge test. Home study curriculums may be
developed individually by students from material hopper - A funnel-shaped container used for storing the
described in the applicable FAA knowledge test guide. abrasive in a sand-blasting machine. The container has
Usually, home study courses are designed by pilot an opening in the top for loading and a smaller opening
schools, colleges and universities, aviation in the bottom for dumping.
organizations, publishers, or individual ground or flight
hopper-type oil tank - A container within an oil tank
instructors. The home study course may feature printed
used to hold oil diluted with gasoline for cold weather
material, video, or computer-based training provided
starting. The use of a hopper minimizes the amount of
on CDs or accessed over the Internet. Regardless of the
oil that must be diluted.
medium, students must show that the course has been

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 .
horizon hot streak ignition

horizon - The line of sight boundary between the Earth salt in the air stream. This condition is more of a
and the sky. problem when operating near salt water.
horizontal - Parallel to the Earth's horizon or to the base hot dimpling - A coin dimpling or countersinking of
line of an object. metal for flush-rivets or screws. A heating unit heats
the metals to prevent cracking around the hole.
horizontal needle of the cross-point indicator - The
glide slope indicator of the standard ILS indicator hot forming - Working operations such as bending and
(cross point indicator). The horizontal bar is also drawing sheet and plate, forging, pressing, and
referred to the horizontal needle and indicates the heading, performed on metal heated to temperatures
position of the aircraft on the ILS glideslope. above room temperature.
horizontal pressure gradient force - The force that hot junction - One end of a thermocouple. When
arises because of a horizontal pressure gradient. combined with a cold junction, a small current is
generated. The same principle is used in many fire
horizontal stabilizer - A fixed horizontal airfoil
detection systems. The cold junction is sometimes
attached to the rear of the fuselage to provide stability
referred to as the reference junction.
in pitch.
hot section The portion of a turbine engine aft of the
-

horizontal wind shear - The change in wind direction

diffuser where combustion takes place.
andfor speed over a horizontal distance.
hot section distress - Any of the metal deterioration
horizontally opposed engine - A reciprocating engine
conditions found in the hot section such as warping or
with the cylinders arranged in two horizontal rows, one
creeping.
on either side of the crankshaft. The cylinders are
slightly staggered, with the cylinders in one bank hot section inspection - An inspection of the hot
slightly ahead of those in the other bank. Staggering section of a gas turbine engine.
the cylinders allows each piston to be connected to a
hot shearing - A method of cutting heavy sheets of
separate throw of the crankshaft.
magnesium alloys in which the metal is cut while hot.
horn - A lever or device fastened or connected to a This improves the smoothness of the cut.
control surface to which an operating cable or rod is
hot spark plug - A spark plug with a long-nose
attached.
insulator in which the heat transferring from the center
horse latitudes - Approximately 30" to 35O north and electrode into the shell has a long path to travel. Hot
south latitudes. An area of high barometric pressure spark plugs are used in engines that operate relatively
and light, changeable winds. cool, and they keep the center insulator hot enough to
prevent the accumulation of lead oxides.
horsepower (HP) - The standard unit of power used for
mechanical measurement. It is equal to 33,000 ft.-lbs. hot sparks - Localized areas in the cylinder of an
of work done in one minute, or 550 ft.-lbs. of work internal combustion engine that are overheated to the
done in one second. Electrically, it is equal to 746 point where they become incandescent or glow. They
watts. cause pre-ignition.
horseshoe magnet - A magnet shaped like the letter hot spots - Localized discoloration on hot section parts
"U"(or a horseshoe). indicating a breakdown of cooling air or harmful
concentition of fuel at that point.'~his often is the
hose - A flexible plumbing line used in place of rigid
result of a malfunctioning fuel nozzle.
-
tubing in areas subiect to movement or vibration.
hot stamping - A method of identifying or imprinting
hose clamp - A metal clamp used to hold a rubber hose
plastic materials, cloth, or paper by using heated metal
onto a piece of rigid tubing.
dies.
hot air muff - A jacket installed around a tail pipe. Air hot start - In gas turbine engines, a start which occurs
routed through the hot air muff picks up heat by
with normal engine rotation, but exhaust temperature
convection through the tail pipe material. This heated
exceeds prescribed limits. This is usually caused by an
air is then routed to the cabin.
excessively rich mixture in the combustor. The fuel to
hot bond repair - In composites, a repair made using a the engine must be terminated immediately to prevent
hot patch bonding machine to cure and monitor the engine damage.
curing operation.- Hot bonding equipment typically
hot streak ignition - An afterburner ignition system in
includes both the heat source and the vacuum source.
which a stream of raw fuel continues to bum while
hot corrosion - Corrosion occurring in hot sections passing through the turbine section and provides
from a chemical reaction between sulfur in the fuel and ignition for afterburner fuel supply.

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 .
hot valve clearance hurricane

hot valve clearance - The clearance between the valve how do you hear me? - A question relating to the
stem and the rocker arm when all of the engine parts quality of the transmission or to determine how well
have reached their operating temperature. the transmission is being received.
hot wire - A wire connected directly to the power hub - In helicopters, the part of a propeller or rotor
source. system that attaches to the main driving shaft and to
which the blades are fastened.
hot-tank lubrication system - A gas turbine engine
lubrication system in which hot oil returns directly Huck Lockbolt A patented, threadless bolt used in the
--

from the engine to the tank without being cooled production of aircraft where quickly installed
because the oil cooler is in the pressure portion of the high-strength, lightweight fasteners are required.
lubrication system.
HUD - Heads up display. A system that displays flight
hot-tank oil system - A lubrication system where the information on a transparent display in the line-of-sight
oil cooler is located in the pressure oil subsystem and of the pilot so that information can be read without
the scavenge oil returns to the oil tank uncooled. looking down into the cockpit. Newest terminology is
Head-up Guidance System (HGS).
hot-wire ammeter -A current measuring instrument for
measuring high frequency alternating current. The hue - 1. The gradation of colors. 2. The characteristics
ammeter uses the heating effect of the high frequency of a color that differentiates between red, blue, or
current to heat a wire and change its length. As the yellow and any of the intermediate colors.
wire lengthens, it moves a pointer across a dial to show
human factors - The study of how people interact with
the amount of current flowing through the wire.
their environments. In the case of general aviation, it is
hot-wire anemometer - A wind speed indicator that the study of how pilot performance is influenced by
measures the amount of heat the wind removes from a such issues as the design of cockpits, the function of
heated wire. The speed of the wind is proportional to the organs of the body, the effects of emotions, and the
the amount of heat removed. interaction and communication with other participants
in the aviation community, such as other crew
hourmeter - An odometer-type instrument used to
members and air traffic control personnel.
measure hours of operating time. When incorporated
into a mechanical tachometer, it is accurate only at a human factors related - The phrase "human factors
specified RPM. related" more aptly describes an accident since it is not
usually a single-decision that leads to an accident, but a
housing - A frame, box or casing that contains a part or
chain of events triggered by a number of factors. The
mechanism.
poor judgment chain, sometimes referred to as the error
hover - The action of a helicopter maintaining a chain, is a term used to describe this principle of
constant position over a selected point. Hovering contributing factors in a human factors related
allows the helicopter to sustain flight with no accident.
movement in relation to the ground.
humidifier -A device used to increase the humidity of
hover check - Used to describe when a helicopter1 the air. Humidifiers are primarily used in air-cycle air
VTOL aircraft requires a stabilized hover to conduct a conditioning systems to increase the comfort within the
performancefpower check prior to hover taxi, air taxi, cabin.
or takeoff. Altitude of the hover will vary based on the
humidity - The amount of water vapor in the air.
-purpose
- of the check.
hung start In gas turbine engines, a condition of
-

hover taxi - Used to describe a helicopterNTOL

normal light off but with rpm remaining at some low
aircraft movement conducted above the surface and in
value rather than increasing to the normal idle rpm.
ground effect at airspeeds less than approximately 20
This is often the result of insufficient power to the
knots. The actual height may vary and some helicopters
engine from the starter. In the event of a hung start, the
may require hover taxi above 25 feet AGL to reduce
engine should be shut down.
-ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo
-
slingloads. hunting - 1. An undesirable oscillation above and below
a desired value in a control system. 2. An oscillatory
hovering ceiling - The maximum altitude at which a
motion of an articulated rotor's blades about the Alpha
helicopter can support itself without forward motion.
Hinge caused by coriolis forces.
hovering outside of ground effect - Hovering greater
hurricane - A tropical cyclone in the Western
than one rotor diameter distance above the surface.
Hemisphere with winds in excess of 65 knots.
Because induced drag- is greater
- while hovering- out of
ground effect, it takes more power to achieve a hover
out of ground effect.

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 hurricane eye hydroplaning

hurricane eye - The circular, nearly cloud free region hydrodynamics - The study of forces produced by
approximately 10 to 20 nautical miles in diameter, incompressible fluids in motion.
located in the center of the storm.
hydrofoil - An airfoil-shaped plate attached to the
hurricane warning - The warning issued within 24 - bottom of an airplane or boat that lifts the vehicle out
hours of the arrival of hurricane conditions. of the water by hydrodynamic action when the vehicle
is moved through the water at high speed.
hurricane watch - Issued when hurricane conditions
are expected in a particular area within a day or more. hydrogen - A basic element with a symbol of H and an
atomic number of 1. In chemical formulas, free
hybrid - In composites, the combination of two or more
hydrogen appears as H2 because there must be two
types of reinforcing materials into the composite
atoms of hydrogen to form one molecule of free
structure.
hydrogen
. - gas.
-
hydraulic booster unit - A unit for moving the flight
hydrogen bomb -A nuclear weapon that produces heat
controls in a large, high-speed aircraft. It is actuated by
and light from the fusion of hydrogen atoms.
the normal cockpit controls but greatly amplifies the
force the pilot exerts. hydrogen brazing - Braze welding in which hydrogen
is used as the fuel gas.
hydraulic brake - An aircraft brake operated by means
of hydraulic fluid under pressure. hydrogen embrittlement - A brittle condition caused
by the metal absorbing hydrogen while it is being
hydraulic filter - A unit that removes foreign particles
electroplated.
from the hydraulic system.
hydrogen fuel - A proposed jet fuel of the future that
hydraulic fluid - A liquid used to transmit and
could be stored as a gas or cryogenic liquid. The
distribute forces to various units being actuated.
present high cost and storage problems prevent its
hydraulic fuse - A unit designed to stop the flow of current use.
hydraulic fluid if a leak occurs downstream of the fuse.
hydrogen peroxide -H20L,An compourld used
hydraulic lock - A condition that occurs in a as an oxidizing agent, antiseptic, and a fuei for rocket
reciprocating engine having cylinders below the engines.
crankcase. Oil leaks past the piston rings and fills the
hydmlogieal cycle - The movement of moisturt from
cylinder with an incompressible fluid. The engine
the earth to the atmosphere and back to the earth again.
cannot then be rotated without damage.-
hydromechanical fuel control - A fuel control that
hydraulic motor -- A motor driven by a flow of
utilizes hydraulic and mechanical forces to operate its
hydraulic fluid.
fuel scheduling mechanisms.
hydraulic pump - An engine-driven, electric
hydrometeor - Atmospheric water vapor. Liquid or
motor-driven, or hand-operated pump used to move
solid water formation that is suspended in, or falling
hydraulic fluid through a system.
from, the air, including clouds, fog, ice fog, mist, rain,
hydraulic reservoir - A container for the hydraulic and hail also any water particles blown by the wind
fluid supply in an aircraft. from the Earth's surface.
hydraulic system - An aircraft's entire fluid power hydrometer - A device used to
system, including the reservoir, pump, control valves, measure specific gravity of a
actuators, and all of the associated plumbing. liquid. It consists of a weighted
float with a long stem in the
hydraulic valve lifter - The hydraulic units in the valve
enlarged glass tube of a
train of a reciprocating aircraft engine used to syringe. Liquid is pulled up
automatically adjust for any changes in dimensions of into the tube and the float rides
the engine caused by expansion and also to keep the vertically on the surface. The
operating clearance in the valve mechanism at zero. amount the float is submerged
hydraulics - The branch of science that deals with the is a function of the density of
transmission of power by incompressible fluids under the liquid. The number on the float's stem opposite the
pressure. liquid level is the specific gravity.
hydrocarbon - An organic compound that consists hydroplaning - A condition that exists when landing on
mostly of carbon and hydrogen. The vast majority of a surface with standing water deeper than the tread
our fossil fuels, including gasoline and turbine fuel, are depth of the tires. When the brakes are applied, there is
hydrocarbons. a possibility that the brake will lock up and the tire will
ride on the surface of the water, much like a water ski.
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 .
hydropneumatic hysteresis loop

When the tires are hydroplaning, directional control

and braking action are virtually impossible. An
effective anti-skid system can minimize the effects of
hydroplaning.
hydropneumatic - Mechanical equipment that uses
both hydraulic and pneumatic forces in order to
accomplish its intended purpose.
hydro-ski - A hydrofoil mounted below the hull of a
flying boat, which hydrodynamically produces lift by
the hydro-ski. As the flying boat begins to move
through the water, the hydro-ski helps to lift the hull
out of the water.
hydro-sorb - A hydraulic shock absorber used in a
bungee shock cord landing gear to prevent rebound.
hydrostatic testing - The method of pressure-testing
compressed gas cylinders with high-pressure water
rather than a compressible fluid such as air. Water is
used for safety reasons.
hydroxide - A chemical compound made up of a metal
or a non-metal (acid) base and a negative hydroxyl ion
(OH).
hygrometer - An instrument used to determine the
amount of moisture in the air.
hygroscopic material - A material such as silica gel
that absorbs moisture from the air.
hypergolic - A self-igniting reaction upon contact of the
components, without the presence of a spark.
hypersonic - A regime of flight where speeds of Mach
5.00 are exceeded.
hypersonic engine - An engine designed to operate in
the speed range above Mach 5. One possibility is the
variable cycle engine. This engine functions as a
turbojet up to perhaps Mach 3, then as doors close off
the compressor inlet, it operates from a ramjet-type
duct surrounding the engine.
hypersonic flight -Flight at speeds of Mach 5 or above.
hypersonic flow - Flow at very high supersonic speeds.
Mach 5 or above.
hyperventilation - Breathing at such an excess rate that
the normal amount of carbon dioxide is depleted from
the blood.
hypotenuse - The side of a 90" (right) triangle opposite
the right angle.
hypoxia - A lack of sufficient oxygen reaching the body
tissues.
hysteresis loop - A graph of the magnetic
characteristics of a material.

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 I idler eear

Deicinglanti-icing equipment is not utilized unless

encountered for an extended period of time (over 1
hour).
I beam - A structural beam Light - The rate of accumulation may create a problem
constructed of extruded metal or if flight is prolonged in this environment (over 1 hour).
wood, whose cross section Occasional use of deicinglanti-icing equipment
resembles the letter I. removeslprevents accumulation. It does not present a
I say again - During problem if the deicinglanti-icing equipment is used.
communications, this indicates that Moderate - The rate of accumulation is such that even
the message will be repeated. short encounters become potentially hazardous and use
of deicing I anti-icing equipment or flight diversion is
I'm safe checklist - Personal necessary.
Checklist - I'm physically and mentally safe to fly; Severe - The rate of accumulation is such that
not being impaired by illness, medication, stress, deicinglanti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control
alcohol, fatigue, or eating. the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessary.
ice - The solid state or condition of water when the ideal cycle - A cycle in which no pressure loss occurs
temperature is 0°C or 32°F. across the combustion section. However, this is not
ice crystal process - The process by which cloud practical for the gas turbine where a slight pressure loss
particles grow to precipitation size. This can only occur is needed for correct cooling air.
where ice crystals and water droplets coexist and the ident - A request for a pilot to activate the aircraft
temperature is below 0"C. transponder identification feature. This will help the
ice crystals - Small ice particles that float in the air in controller to confirm an aircraft identity or to identify
clear cold weather. Also referred to as ice needles. an aircraft.
ice fog - Fog composed of minute suspended particles of ident feature - The special feature in the Air Traffic
ice; occurs at very low temperatures. Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) equipment.
It is used to immediately distinguish one displayed
ice light - A light mounted on an aircraft in such a way beacon target from other beacon targets. See also ident.
that it shines on the leading edge of the wing, allowing
the pilot to see the buildup of ice on the wing at night. identification symbol - A symbol used in an aircraft
drawing to correlate a specific item with its description
ice needles - Small ice particles that float in the air in in the bill of materials or the revision block.
clear cold weather. Also referred to as ice crystals.
Identification, Friend or Foe (IFF) - A transponder
ice pellets - Small, transparent or translucent, round or feature that allows a classified code to be set into
irregularly shaped pellets of ice. They can be hard selected transponders to identify friendly aircraft to
grains that rebound on striking a hard surface or pellets interrogating units.
of snow encased in ice.
idiot light - A slang term for warning lights that are
icebox rivet - Rivets made of 2024 or 201 7 aluminum used instead of digital or analog instruments to indicate
alloy, which are too hard to drive unless they are in a the condition or pressure of a system.
softened condition. These rivets must be heat-treated,
quenched, and held in a subzero icebox until they are idle - In gas turbine engines, a percent rpm setting, the
driven. value of which changes from engine to engine. It is the
lowest engine operating speed authorized.
ice-up - A condition in flight in which ice forms on the
aircraft structure. idle cut off - That position of the mixture control in
which fuel is prevented from flowing from the
icing - The accumulation of airframe ice. metering system into the engine.
a. Types of icing are:
Rime Ice - Rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the idle mixture - A fuel-air mixture used by an aircraft
instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water engine to provide proper operation at the idle RPM.
droplets. idle speed - The RPM of an aircraft engine when the
Clear Ice - A glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by throttle or power control lever is fblly closed.
the relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water
droplets. idle thrust - The jet thrust obtained with the engine
Mixed -A mixture of clear ice and rime ice. power control lever set at the stop for the least thrust
b. Intensity of ice includes: (idle stop) position.
Trace - Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of accumulation idler gear - A gear used in a gear train to drive another
is slightly greater than the rate of sublimation. gear in a reverse direction of rotation without changing

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idler pulley. ILS categories

the speed of rotation and without adding to or taking nonstandard takeoff minimums and departure
away power from the gear train. procedures. When departing IFR from such airports, or
from any airports where there are no departure
idler pulley - The idler pulley changes angular
procedures, DPs, or ATC facilities available, pilots
relationships between pulleys but does not change the
should advise ATC of any departure limitations.
direction of rotation of either pulley. An idler pulley is
Controllers may query a pilot to determine acceptable
also used to adjust the tension on the belt that joins a
departure directions, turns, or headings after takeoff.
drive pulley with a driven pulley.
Pilots should be familiar with the departure procedures
idling current - A low output or operating current that and must assure that their aircraft can meet or exceed
flows in an electronic circuit when there is no input any specified climb gradients.
signal or output signal.
igniter - The electrical device used to provide the spark
if no transmission received for (time) - Used by ATC for starting combustion in a turbine engine. Some
in radar approaches to prefix procedures that should be igniters resemble spark plugs while others, called glow
followed by the pilot in event of lost communications. plugs, have a coil of resistance wire that glows red hot
when electrical current flows through the coil.
IFIIAWP - Intermediate FidInitial Approach
Waypoint. The waypoint where the final approach igniter plug - In gas turbine engines, an electrical
course of a T approach meets the crossbar of the T. sparking device used to start the burning of the fuel-air
When designated (in conjunction with a TAA) this mixture in a combustor.
waypoint will be used as an IAWP when approaching
ignition - The process whereby the fuel-air mixture in
the airport from certain directions, and as an IFWP
either a turbine or reciprocating aircraft engine is
when beginning the approach from another IAWP.
ignited.
-
IFR aircraft - An aircraft conducting flight in
ignition harness - The complete set of wires that
accordance with instrument flight rules.
high-voltage current from the magneto to the spark
IFR conditions - Weather conditions below the plugs.
minimum for flight under visual flight rules.
ignition timing - The timing of the fuel-air mixture's
IFR departure procedure -- See IFR takeoff minimums ignition in the cylinders of a reciprocating engine that
and departure procedures. ensures the mixture will be burning before the piston
reaches the top of its stroke and the maximum pressure
IFR flight - See IFR aircraft. will be produced in the cylinder as the piston starts
IFR landing minimums -- See landing minimums. downwid.
IFR military training routes (IR) - Routes used by the illumination -The light output of a light source.
of Defense and associated and Air illustrated parts catalog (IPC) - A required docurllent
Guard units for the purpose of conducting low-altitude produced by a manufacturer. It has an exploded view
navigation and tactical training in both IFR and VFR of the parts and the part numbers for identification. It
weather conditions below 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds does not contain approved data.
in excess of 250 knots IAS. . [Jeppesen
.. does not chart
these routes.] illustrated parts list (IPL) - An exploded-view
drawing included in a service manual showing every
IFR over-the-top - With respect to the operation of part of a component, along with its proper name, part
aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top
number, and number required for assembly. This is
on an IFR flight plan when cleared by air traffic control FAA-approved data and using parts not included in this
to maintain "VFR conditions" or "VFR conditions on list jeopardizes the airworthiness of the component.
top."
illustrated talk - An oral presentation where the
IFR takeoff minimums and departure procedures -
speaker relies heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to
Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 91, prescribes the listeners.
standard takeoff rules for certain civil users. At some
airports, obstructions or other factors require the ILS categories -
establishment of nonstandard takeoff minimums, a. ILS Category I - An ILS approach procedure which
departure procedures, or both, to assist pilots in provides for approach to a height above touchdown of
avoiding obstacles during climb to the minimum not less than 200 feet and with runway visual range of
enroute altitude. Those airports are listed in NOSIDOD not less than 1,800 feet.
Instrument Approach Charts (IAPs) under a section b. ILS Category I1 - An ILS approach procedure which
entitled "IFR Takeoff Minimums and Departure provides for approach to a height above touchdown of
Procedures." The NOSIDOD 1AP chart legend not less than 100 feet and with runway visual range of
illustrates the symbol used to alert the pilot to not less than 1,200 feet.

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 ILS categories (ICAO) impedance triangle

c. ILS Category I11 - immersion heater - An electrical heater used to heat

1) IIIA -An ILS approach procedure which provides for liquids by immersing the heater in the liquid to keep it
approach without a decision height minimum and with warm. Insures adequate temperature and flow during
runway visual range of not less than 700 feet. cold weather operations.
2) IIIB - An ILS approach procedure which provides for
immersion-type oil heater - An electrical heater
approach without a decision height minimum and with
immersed in the engine oil reservoir to keep the oil
runway visual range of not less than 150 feet.
warm when the engine is not operating and ensure an
3) IIIC - An ILS approach procedure which provides for
approach without a decision height minimum and adequate flow of lubricant for starting in extremely
without runway visual range minimum. cold weather.
immiscible Liquids that do not mix with each other
-
ILS categories (ICAO) -
a. ILS Category I - An ILS approach procedure which such as oil and water.
provides for an approach to a decision height not lower impact area - That portion of a damaged structure that
than 200 feet (60m) and a visibility not less than 2400 has received the majority of the damage from a
feet (8OOm) or a runway visual range - not less than collision or other impact.
1800 feet (550m).
b. ILS Category I1 (Special authorization required) - An impact extrusion - Metal forming in which hard metal
ILS approach procedure which provides for an is forced through a die by striking it with a hard blow.
approach to a decision height lower than 200 feet impact ice - Ice that forms on the wings and control
(60m) but not lower than 100 feet (30m) and a runway surfaces or on the carburetor heat valve, the walls of
visual range not less than 1200 feet (350m). the air scoop, or the carburetor units during flight.
c. ILS Category 111 (Special authorization required) - Impact ice collecting on the metering elements of the
1) IIIA - An ILS approach procedure which provides for carburetor can upset fuel metering or stop carburetor
approach with either a decision height lower than 100 fuel flow.
feet (30m) or with no decision height and with a
runway visual range of not less than 700 feet (200m). impact pressure - In pitot-static systems, the difference
2) IIIB - An ILS approach procedure which provides for between pitot pressure and static pressure.
approach with either a decision height lower than 50 impact test -A test to determine the energy absorbed in
feet (15m) or with no decision height and with a fracturing a test bar at high velocity. The test may be in
runway visual range of less than 700 feet (200m) but tension or in bending, or it may properly be a notch test
not less than 150 feet (50m). if a notch is present, creating multi-axial stresses.
3) IIIC - An ILS approach procedure which provides for
approach with no decision height and no runway visual impact wrench - A power wrench, usually air-driven,
range limitations. used to spin nuts onto bolts. Its torque forces are in a
d. Some areas require special authorization for ILS series of blows or impacts. Because of the uneven
Category I approaches. In these areas, an additional torque it produces, it should not be used for any
category of approach called ILS is available without threaded fastener where the amount of torque is
special authorization. These ILS approaches have critical.
minimums higher than a decision height of 200 feet impedance (z)- The vector sum of the opposition to
and a runway visual range value of 2600 feet. Jeppesen the flow of AC caused by circuit resistance, capacitive
approach charts, at these locations, will have a notation reactance, and inductive reactance.
in the chart heading or in the minimum box titles.
impedance coupling - The use in electronics of an
ILS PRM approach - An instrument landing system impedance matching transformer to connect a power
(ILS) approach conducted to parallel runways whose source with a load that has a different impedance.
extended centerlines are separated by less than 4,300
feet and the parallel runways have a Precision Runway matching - The matching the
Monitoring (PRM) system that permits simultaneous of a source of electrical power with the impedance of
independent ILS approaches. the load that uses the power. Allows maximum transfer
of power to occur.
image frequency - The image produced in a super
heterodyne receiver when an unwanted signal of a impedance matching transformer - An electronic
specific frequency is mixed with the oscillator device used to connect a load and a source of electrical
frequency, it produces an intermediate frequency equal power that differ in their impedance. It consists of a
to the intermediate frequency of the desired input transformer with a primary winding that matches the
frequency. impedance of the source and a secondary winding that
matches the load.
immediately - Used by ATC or pilots when such action
compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation. impedance triangle - The graphical representation of
resistance, reactance, and impedance in an electrical
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 .
impeller increase speed to (speed)

circuit. Resistance in ohms is drawn as the horizontal added to silicon or germanium to give them some
base of the triangle and reactance in ohms is drawn desired electrical characteristic.
vertically at 90 degrees to the resistance. Impedance in
in ground effect (IGE) hover - In rotorcraft, hovering
ohms is the hypotenuse of the triangle. The angle
close to the surface (usually less than one rotor
between it and horizontal is called the "phase angle."
diameter distance above the surface) under the
impeller - A vaned disc that picks up and accelerates influence of ground effect.
the air outwardly to increase the pressure in a
in phase - A condition in an electrical circuit where the
supercharger for a reciprocating engine, or to provide
voltage and current rise and fall together. In an AC
the pressurized air for a centrifugal-type turbine
circuit, the two pass through 0" and 180" at the same
engine.
time, going in the same direction.
impingement starting - A turbine engine starting
inactive aircraft - An aircraft that is no longer
process requiring no engine mounted starter. Air from a
operational.
source separate from the engine to be started is directed
onto the iurbine wheel(s) to cause engine rotation for inboard - Toward the center of the aircraft.
starting and then the air source is removed.
incandescent -Glowing because of intense heat.
implode - To burst inward. The reverse of explosion.
incandescent lamp - An electric lamp that produces
impregnate - In reinforcing plastics, to saturate the light by a white hot filament enclosed in a glass bulb
reinforcement with a resin. from which the air has been removed and replaced with
an inert gas.
impulse - A change in momentum caused by a surge or
pulse of energy. incerfa (uncertainty phase) [ICAO] - A situation
wherein uncertainty exists as to the safety of an aircraft
impulse coupling -A spring-loaded coupling between a
and its occupants.
magneto and its drive gear that causes the magneto to
produce a hot and late spark for starting the engine. inches of mercury (in. Hg) - A measurement of air
When the engine is being turned over slowly, the pressure., normally used for atmospheric pressures. I
magnet is restrained by stops, and the spring is wound. in. Hg. is equal to approximately
-. If2 PSI.
At the proper time for the starting spark to occur, the
spring is released and the magnet is spun, producing a inches per second (ips)--A velocity measurement. Used
hot, late spark. When the engine starts, centrifugal in electronic balancing.
force holds the coupling engaged so that it acts as a incidence board - A device used to measure the angle
solid unit. of incidence of a wing.
impulse turbine - A stator incipient stage - The time when frontal cyclone
vane and rotor blade arrange- development begins, pressure falls at some point along
ment whereby the vanes the original stationary front and counterclockwise
form convergent ducts and circulation is generated.
the blades form straight
ducts. The rotor is then inclined plane - A machine used to gain a mechanical
turned by impulse as gases advantage. It consists of a flat surface positioned at an
impinge on the blades. A angle with the horizon.
design common to turbine inclinometer - An instrument consisting of a curved
driven accessories such as air glass tube, housing a glass ball, and damped with a
starters. fluid similar to kerosene. It may be used to indicate
impulse-reaction turbine - A stator vane and rotor inclination, as a level, or, as used in the turn and slip
blade arrangement whereby the base area is an impulse indicator, to show the relationship between gravity and
design and the tip is a reaction design. This design is centrifugal force in a turn.
common to flight engines. inclusions - The impurities contained in a material.
impulsive - A learning style where a student makes a incompressible fluids -Any liquid such as oil or water.
quick assessment and then decides to take action. Liquids cannot be compressed but can be used in a
Impulsive students may not read each question or all of regulated fluid power system such as a hydraulic
the answer choices entirely. As a result, they tend to system to gain a mechanical advantage.
select the first choice that appears correct.
Inconel - A chromium-iron alloy similar to stainless
impurities - 1. Undesired foreign objects in a fluid. 2. A steel, but which cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
chemical element such as arsenic or phosphorus that is
increase speed to (speed) - See speed adjustment.

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 .
incrementally inductive reactance

incrementally Moving in steps rather than in

-- inductance coil - A coil designed to introduce
continuous motion. inductance into a circuit.
indefinite ceiling - A ceiling classification denoting induction compass - A direction indicator that derives
vertical visibility into a surface based obscuration. its signal from the lines of flux of the Earth cutting
across the windings of the flux valve mounted in the
indicated air temperature (IAT) - Is the temperature
airplane.
of the air as measured by the temperature probe on the
outside of the aircraft. induction furnace -An electric furnace that melts metal
by the induction of high-frequency electromagnetic
indicated airspeed - The airspeed as indicated on the
energy.
airspeed indicator with no corrections applied.
A A

induction heating -A method of heating a conducting

indicated altitude - The altitude shown by an altimeter
material by passing high frequency alternating current
set to the current altimeter setting.
through it.
indicated horsepower (IHP) - The total horsepower
induction icing - The formation of ice on aircraft air
developed in the engine. It is the sum of the brake
induction ports and air filters.
horsevower delivered to the -uro~ellershaft and the
friction horsepower required to drive the engine.
- induction motor - An AC electric motor that has the
AC line voltage connected across stationary windings
indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) - The
in the motor housing. Current induced into the rotor
average measured pressure inside the cylinder of an
causes a magnetic field that reacts with the field of the
engine during the power stroke. Expressed in pounds
stator, and this reaction causes the rotor to turn.
per square inch.
induction period - The time period after catalyzed
indicating fuse - A fuse assembly that has a small neon
material is mixed in which the material is allowed to
light installed in parallel with the h s e that shows when
begin curing before being sprayed onto a surface.
the fuse has blown.
induction system -The complete system of air passages
indicating instrument - A device such as a gauge, dial,
in a reciprocating engine, from the air filter inlet to the
or pointer that measures or records and also visibly
intake valve of the cylinder.
indicates. An apparatus that shows fluid pressures,
temperatures, or quantities. induction system fire - A fire in the carburetor or air
inlet system of a reciprocating engine usually caused
indicator - See indicating instrument.
by flooding and a backfire.
indirect light - Light reflected onto a surface from
induction vibrator - A coil and set of contact points
another surface.
that produce pulsating DC from straight DC. Pulsating
induced current - The electrical current that is DC can be used in the primary winding of a magneto to
generated in a conductor when it is crossed by produce a high voltage in the secondary winding.
magnetic lines of flux.
induction welding - A method of welding in which the
induced drag - That part of the total drag that is created metal is melted by the induction of high-frequency
by the production of lift. electromagnetic energy.
induced flow - In rotorcraft, the component of air inductive circuit - An AC circuit in which the
flowing vertically through the rotor system resulting capacitive reactance lags behind the inductive
from the production of lift. reactance.
induced voltage - The voltage generated by a conductor inductive kick - A slang term used for inductive
- flux cut across it.
when lines of magnetic reactance in a coil of wire. It is a high voltage produced
across a coil when current stops flowing through the
inducer - The center inlet portion of a centrifugal coil. When current flows through a coil, a magnetic
impeller, sometimes made of a different, harder metal field is set up around each of the turns of wire in the
than the impeller for FOD protection. coil. But when the current stops flowing, the magnetic
inductance - The property of a conductor that causes an field collapses across the coil producing many times
electromotive force or voltage to be generated when the voltage that was originally in the coil. This high
lines of magnetic force cut across it. voltage is called an inductive kick.
inductance bridge - An electronic device used to inductive reactance - An opposition to the flow of AC
accurately measure an unknown inductance by caused by the generation of an induced voltage whose
comparing it to a known inductance. An inductance polarity is opposite to that of the voltage that created it.
bridge is similar to the Wheatstone bridge used to
measure resistance.
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inductive time constant . inherent stability

inductive time constant - A measurement of the inertial navigation - Navigation by means of a self-
amount of time needed for the current induced into an contained, airborne device that senses changes of
inductive circuit to reach 63.2% of its maximum value. direction or acceleration and automatically corrects for
deviations in a planned course.
inductive tuning - A method of selecting or changing
the resonance of a radio frequency circuit by changing inertial navigation system - An RNAV system which
the inductance. The circuit is tuned by rotating a tuning is a form of self-contained navigation.
coil that increases or decreases the inductance.
initial climb area (ICA) - The ICA is the segment of
inductor - A coil or other device used to introduce the departure procedure that starts at the departure end
inductance into a circuit. of the runway and proceeds along the runway
centerline extended to allow the aircraft sufficient
industrial diamond - A diamond used as a cutting tool.
distance to reach an altitude of 400 feet above
inert agent - A fire extinguishing agent that departure end runway elevation, and to allow the
extinguishes fire by excluding the oxygen from its establishment of positive course guidance by all
surface. navigation systems. A typical straight departure ICA
extends 2-5 nautical miles from the departure end of
inert gas - A gas such as argon or helium that does not runway along the runway centerline extended. It is 500
form other chemical compounds when it comes into
feet wide each side of the runway centerline at
contact with other elements. departure end of runway, then splays out at 15'.
inert gas arc welding - A process of arc welding in inflammable - Able to burn and support
which the arc is submerged in an envelope of an inert easily inflamed. A word that has been replaced with
gas such as argon to exclude the oxygen from the
"flammable" to avoid confusion.
molten metal and prevent the formation of oxides.
inflight refueling - A procedure used by the military to
inertia - The tendency of a mass at rest to remain at
transfer fuel from one aircraft to another during flight.
rest. or if in motion to remain in motion. unless acted
upon by some external force. inflight weather advisory - See weather advisory.
inertia anti-icer - A movable vane in the induction air informal lecture - A lecture style that lends itself to
system that, in the extended position, causes the active student participation.
velocity of the incoming air to increase and change
information request - A request originated by an FSS
direction, thereby discharging the heavier ice
for information concerning an overdue VFR aircraft.
overboard while directing the lighter, ice-free air into
the engine plenum. infrared (IR) - Electromagnetic radiation having
wavelengths longer than red light.
inertia force -A force due to inertia, or the resistance to
acceleration or deceleration. infrared guidance - A guidance system used on heat-
seeking missiles to hone in on the infra-red signature
inertia starter - A starter for large reciprocating
of a target.
engines that uses the energy stored in a flywheel,
spinning at a high rate of speed, to turn the engine for infrared lamp - An incandescent lamp that produces
starting. light energy in the infrared range.
inertia switch - An electrical switch built into an infrared radiation - Electromagnetic radiation having
emergency locator transmitter (ELT). Designed to wavelengths longer than red light and shorter than
close and start the ELT when there is a sudden change microwaves.
in its velocity.
infrasonic frequencies - Frequencies below the audio
inertia welding - An advanced technology process of frequency range. Also referred to as subsonic
welding through use of high speed rubbing friction. frequencies.
Developed to join super alloys that are difficult to weld
ingest - To pull in something such as air or to ingest
with traditional methods. In inertia welding, one of the
FOD in a gas turbine engine.
work pieces is connected to a flywheel and the other is
restrained from rotating. The flywheel is accelerated to ingot - A large cast bar of metal, as poured, with no
a predetermined rotational speed, storing the required working.
energy. The drive motor is disengaged and the work
pieces are forced together by the friction welding force. inherent stability - That built-in characteristic of an
This causes the faying surfaces to rub together under aircraft that causes it, when disturbed from straight and
pressure. The kinetic energy stored in the rotating level flight, to return to straight and level flight.
flywheel is dissipated as heat through friction at the
weld interface as the flywheel speed decreases.

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 inhibited sealer. inner marker

inhibited sealer - A material used to exclude moisture inlet guide vane - In gas turbine engines, stationary
and air from a honeycomb repair. In addition to airfoil which precedes the first stage compressor rotor
sealing, it inhibits the formation of corrosion. blades. These guide vanes form straight through
passages and are present to direct air onto the blades at
inhibitive film - A film of material on the surface of a
the optimum angle.
metal that inhibits or retards the formation of corrosion.
It does this by providing an ionized surface that will inlet particle separator - An inlet device on some
not allow the formation of corrosive salts on the metal. turbine ower red rotorcraft that ~reventssand and other
POD-causing debris from entering the engine. On some
inhibitor - 1. An agent added to a resin to retard its
separators, the trap has to be cleaned while, on others,
curing and increase its shelf life. 2. Any substance that
the debris is directed overboard.
slows or prevents a reaction.
inlet pressure (Pt2) -The pressure total taken in the
initial approach fm (TAP) - The fixes depicted on
engine inlet as a measure of air density, a parameter
instrument approach procedure charts that identify the
sent to the fuel control for fuel scheduling purposes.
beginning of the initial approach segment(s).
inlet screen - An anti-FOD screen used on turbine
initial approach segment [ICAO] - That segment of an
powered rotorcraft and most stationary turbines. Not
instrument approach procedure between the initial
generally used on other aircraft installations due to
approach fix and the intermediate approach fix, or
icing and other aerodynamic problems that can result.
where applicable, the final approach fix or point.
inlet spike -A moveable inlet device used to control
initial approach segment - The segment between the
inlet geometry and shock waves. This inlet design
initial approach fix and the intermediate fix or the point
diffuses supersonic airflow and reduces it to subsonic
where the aircraft is established on the intermediate
speed for entry into the engine.
course or final approach
-. course.
inlet strut assembly - The spoke-like stationary airfoils
initial lift - One of the two requirements for the
that are part of the inlet case. They are used to support
production of a thunderstorm, the other is potential
the front bearing housing and provide passageways for
instability.
oil and air line routing from outside the engine to
initialization -To facilitate the start-up of a program. In inside.
computers it is the of 'Omputer language inlet temperature (Tt2) - The temperature signal taken
instructions that the computer understands in order to
in the engine inlet to measure air density. Used by the
operate as intended.
fuel control unit as a fuel scheduling parameter.
- A method of forming in-fine - An engine with all of the cylinders in a
thermoplastics by forcing resin, under high pressure,
single line. The crankcase may be located either above
into a mold and allowing it to harden.
or below the cylinders. If it is above, it is called an
injection pump - A high pressure fuel pump used in a inverted in-line engine.
reciprocating engine fuel injection system. Fuel is
in-line reciprocating engine - An engine in which all
pumped, under high pressure, into the combustion
of the cylinders are arranged in a straight line, with
chamber of the engine where it is atomized and ignites
each cylinder piston connected to a separate throw of
as it leaves the injector nozzle.
the crankshaft.
inland navigation facility -A navigation aid on a North
inner exhaust cone - The conical-shaped of a
American Route at which the common route and/ or the
turbine engine exhaust system that is used to produce
noncomrnon route begins or ends.
the proper area increase for the gases as they leave the
inlet buzz - An audible sound that sometimes occurs in engine.
of when shock waves
inner liner -Refers to can-annular combustion liner; the
alternately move in and out. This condition appears
innermost section.
when design speeds are exceeded.
inner marker - A marker beacon used with an ILS
inlet case - The front compressor supporting member,
(CAT 11) precision approach located between the
usually one single casting.
middle marker and the end of the ILS runway,
inlet duct - That portion of the structure of a transmitting a radiation pattern keyed at six dots per
turbine-powered aircraft that directs the air into the second and indicating to the pilot, both aurally and
engine
- com~ressor. visually, that he is at the designated decision height
(DH), normally 100 feet above the touchdown zone
inlet gearbox - An auxiliary gearbox driven from and elevation, on the ILS CAT I1 approach. It also marks
located in front of the compressor in the engine inlet progress during a CAT 111 approach.
area. Not all engines are configured with this gearbox.
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 .
inner marker beacon instrument approach procedure

inner marker beacon - See inner marker. meeting- certain requirements. This authorization
allows them to return aircraft to service after annual
inner tube - An air-tight rubber tube that has a stem for
inspections or certain major repairs.
inflating it. Used inside a pneumatic tire to hold the air
that inflates the tire. inspection door - A small door or hinged plate on the
surface of an aircraft structure that can be opened for
inoperative -Not working.
inspecting the interior of the aircraft.
inoperative components - The lowest landing
inspection hole - A hole in the skin of an aircraft,
minimums on an approach are authorized when all
closed with an inspection plate that is held in place
components and visual aids are operating. If some
with screws on metal skins and with friction clamps on
components are inoperative, higher landing minimums
fabric skins. The hole can be opened for inspection or
may be required. If more than one component is
repair inside the structure.
inoperative, apply only the greatest increase in altitude
and/or visibility required by the failure of a single inspection plate - A cover over an inspection hole that
component. is held in place with screws on metal skins and with
friction clamps on fabric skins.
inoperative equipment - Equipment in the aircraft that
is not functional. instability - 1. The characteristic of an aircraft that
causes it, when disturbed from a condition of level
input capacitance - Capacitance measured across the
flight, to depart further from this condition. 2. In
input terminals of a circuit.
meteorology, a general term to indicate various states
input circuit - A circuit that provides appropriate power of the atmosphere in which spontaneous convection
and impedance matching between an input device and will occur when prescribed criteria are met; indicative
the signal source. of turbulence. See also absolute instability,
conditionally unstable air.
input impedance - Impedance measured across the
input terminals of a circuit. installation drawing - A drawing that shows all of the
parts in their proper relationship for installation.
input transformer - An electronic device that isolates a
signal source from an input device and matches the installation error - An error in pitot static instruments
impedance. See also impedance matching transformer. (the airspeed indicator, the altimeter, and the rate of
climb indicator) caused by a change in alignment of the
inrush current - The high current that flows in an static pressure port with the airflow as the aircraft's
electrical machine or circuit when the switch is first
angle of attack changes.
closed.
instantaneous rate of climb indicator (IVSI) - A
inside caliper - A measuring instrument with two vertical speed indicator that uses internal
adjustable legs used to determine an inside
accelerometer-type air pumps to overcome the inherent
measurement. Once the distance has been established, lag of this type of instrument and to provide an
the actual measurement is made with a steel scale, a instantaneous indication of altitude changes due to
micrometer, or a vernier caliper. pitch attitude changes.
inside diameter - The diameter measured from one instructional aids - Devices that assist an instructor in
inside surface, through center, and to the opposite
the teaching-learning process. They are supplementary
inside surface. training devices and are not self-supporting,
- -

inside micrometer - -A micrometer caliper used to

instrument - A device using an internal mechanism to
measure the inside diameter of a circular object such as
show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or
a cylinder bore. It measures in increments of 1/1,00,," or
operation of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes
smaller. It works on the same principle as an outside electronic devices for automatically controlling an
micrometer caliper.
aircraft in flight.
insight - The grouping of perceptions into meaningful
instrument approach procedure - A series of
wholes. Creating insight is one of the instructor's major predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an
responsibilities. aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the
insolation - Solar radiation received at the surface of the beginning of the initial appriach to a landing or to a
Earth. point from which a landing may be made visually. It is
prescribed and approved for a specific airport by
inspect - To determine the condition of something by competent authority.
sight, feel, measurement, or other means. a. U.S. civil standard instrument approach procedures are
Inspection Authorization (IA) - An authorization approved by the FAA as prescribed under FAR 97, and
issued by the FAA to experienced A&P technicians are available for public use.
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 instrument approach insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET)

b. U.S. military standard instrument approach procedures instrument ground instructor - A person certificated
are approved and published by the Department of by the FAA who is authorized to provide the following:
Defense. ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas
c. Special instrument approach procedures are approved required for issuance of an instrument rating under Part
by the FAA for individual operators, but are not 61; ground training required for an instrument
published in FAR 97 for public use. proficiency check; and a recommendation for a
knowledge test required for issuance of an instrument
instrument approach - See instrument approach
rating under Part 61.
procedure.
instrument interpretation - One of the hndamental
instrument approach procedure [ICAO] - A series of
skills of basic attitude instrument flying. The three
predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight
fundamental skills include: instrument cross-check,
instruments with specified protection from obstacles
instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from
Interpretation involves an awareness of the instrument
the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from
indications that represent the desired pitch and bank
which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a
attitudes for the aircraft.
landing is not completed, to a position at which holding
or enroute obstacle clearance criteria apply. instrument landing system (ILS) - A precision
instrument approach system that consists of the
instrument approach procedures charts - Portray the
following electronic components and visual aids:
aeronautical data which is required to execute an
a. Localizer
instrument approach to an airport. These charts depict
b. Glide Slope
the procedures, including all related data, and the
c. Outer Marker
airport diagram. Each procedure is designated for use
d. Middle Marker
with a specific type of electronic navigation system
e. Approach Lights
including NDB, TACAN, VOR, ILS/ MLS, and
RNAV. These charts are identified by the type of instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) -
navigational aid(s) which provide final approach Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of
guidance. visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling less than the
minima specified for visual meteorological conditions.
instrument approach waypoint Fixes used in
-

defining RNAV IAPs, including the feeder waypoint instrument panel - A panel, typically located in front of
(FWP), the initial approach waypoint (IAWP), the the pilot, that holds all of the indicating instruments
intermediate waypoint (IWP), the final approach that show the condition of the aircraft flight and
waypoint (FAWP), the RWY WP, and the APT WP, mechanical systems.
when required.
instrument proficiency check - An evaluation ride
instrument departure procedure (DP) - A preplanned based on the instrument rating practical test standard.
instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control departure Required to regain instrument flying privileges when
procedure printed for pilot use in graphic and/or textual the privileges have expired due to lack of currency.
form. DP's provide transition from the terminal to the
instrument runway - A runway equipped with
appropriate enroute structure.
electronic and visual navigation aids for which a
instrument departure procedure (DP) charts - Charts precision or nonprecision approach procedure having
designed to expedite clearance delivery and to facilitate straight-in landing minimums has been approved.
transition between takeoff and enroute operations. Each
instrument shunt - An electrical shunt used with an
DP is presented as a separate chart and may serve a
ammeter to make it possible for it to measure current.
single airport or more than one airport in a given
geographical location. instrument training - That time in which instrument
training is received from an authorized instructor under
instrument flight rules (IFR) - Rules that govern the
actual or simulated instrument conditions.
procedure for conducting flight in instrument weather
conditions. When weather conditions are below the instrumentation - The installation or use of indicating
minimums prescribed for VFR, only instrument-rated instruments.
pilots may fly in accordance with IFR.
insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) - A
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) conditions - Weather semiconductor whose gate is insulated from the
conditions considered unsafe for flight under visual channel. The IGFET is now called a MOSFET (Metal
flight rules. Oxide Field Effect Transistor). The MOSFET has an
extremely large input impedance. Because the
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight - Aircraft flight
insulating oxide layer is extremely thin, the MOSFET
conducted entirely by reference to instruments and
is susceptible to destruction by electrostatic charges.
radio navigation.
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insulatine electrical taDe . interference

Special precautions are necessary when handling or integrity - The ability of a system to provide timely
transporting MOS devices. warnings to users when the system should not be used
for navigation.
insulating electrical tape - A flexible, adhesive-backed
tape made of a polyvinylchloride material used as intensity - A principle of learning where a dramatic or
insulation over wire terminals and wire splices. exciting learning experience is likely to be remembered
longer than a boring experience. Students experiencing
insulation - A heavy material used in an aircraft to
the real thing will learn more than when they are
prevent the conduction of heat into or out of any of its
merely told about the real thing.
operating
- components.
intensity control - A cathode-ray tube control that
insulation blanket - 1. A layer of fireproof insulating
meters the quantity of electrons in the beam that strikes
material used to keep the heat of a jet engine tail pipe
the phosphorescent screen inside the cathode=ray tube.
from radiating into the engine compartment. 2. Any
The more electrons that strike the screen, the brighter
material such as fiberglass or aluminum used to
the display.
insulate against sound, heat, or cold.
interactive video - Software that responds quickly to
insulation grip - A plastic-covered, thin metal
certain choices and commands by the user. A typical
reinforcing sleeve on a pre-insulated terminal lug that
system consists of a compact disc, computer, and video
grips the insulation of the wire when the lug is
technology.
crimped, adding strength and durability to the
installation. intercom - A communication system within an aimlane
for the purpose of communicating between flight crew
insulation resistance - The electrical resistance of an
members or to passengers.
insulating material separating two conductors.
interconnector - A small tube connecting multiple
insulation strength - A statement of the electrical
burner cans together for the purpose of flame
insulating property of a substance. Usually stated as the
propagation during starting.
voltage an insulator can withstand without breaking-
down. intercooler - A devise used to reduce the temperatures
of the compressed air before it enters the fuel metering
insulator - A material or device used to prevent passage
device. The resulting cooler air has a higher density,
of heat, electricity, or sound from one medium to
which permits the engine to be operated with a higher
another.
power setting.
intake valve - A reciprocating engine valve, located in
intercostal - A longitudinal structure similar to a
the head of a cylinder, which provides the passage of
stringer, but which is attached to a wing rib or fuselage
the fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber.
frame and ends at an adiacent rib or frame. Intercostals
integral fuel tank - A portion of the aircraft structure, are usually used to support access doors, equipment,
usually a wing, which is sealed off and used as a fuel etc.
tank. When a wing is used as an integral fuel tank, it is
intercylinder baffles - Sheet metal air deflectors
called a "wet wing."
installed between and around air-cooled cylinders to
integrated circuit (IC) - A microminiature circuit aid in uniform cooling.
incorporated on a very small chip of semiconductor
interelectrode - The capacitive effect between two
material through solid state technology. A number of
elements in an electron tube. At high frequencies,
circuit elements such as transistors, diodes, resistors,
signals can be fed across the interelectrode capacitance
and capacitors are build into the semiconductor chip by
between the plate and a grid.
means of photography, etching, and diffusion.
interelectrode capacitance - The capacitance that
integrated engine pressure ratio (IEPR) - Used on
exists between two electrodes in an electron tube.
some turbofans to include fan discharge total pressure
and compressor inlet total pressure. interface - A surface that forms the common boundary
between two parts of matter such as water interfaces in
integrated flight instruction - A technique of flight
jet fuel and crystal interfaces in metals.
instruction where students are taught to perform flight
maneuvers by reference to flight instruments and to interference - 1. A theory of forgetting where a person
outside visual references. Handling of the controls is forgets something because a certain experience
the same regardless of whether flight instruments or overshadows it, or the leaming of similar things has
outside references are being used. intervened. 2. Barriers to effective communication that
are caused by physiological, environmental, and
integrating circuit - A network circuit whose output is
psychological factors outside the direct control of the
proportional to the sum of its instantaneous inputs.

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 --- interference fit. ~ntemaltiming

instructor. The instructor must take these factors into intermediate position - The position of some movable
account in order to communicate effectively. unit that lies in between the extreme positions of
movement.
interference fit -- A fit between two parts in which the
part being put into a hole is larger than the hole itself. Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) - A
In order to fit them together, the hole is expanded by ballistic missile with a range generally between 1,500
heating and the part is shrunk by chilling. After being and 3,437 statute miles.
united, when the two parts reach the same temperature,
intermediate turbine temperature (ITT) - The
they will not separate. The area around the hole is
temperature taken usually at a station between the high
sub-ject to tensile stress and thus vulnerable to stress
and low pressure turbine wheels.
corrosion.
intermittent fault - An occasional condition in which a
intergranular corrosion - The formation of corrosion
fault in a system does not occur with consistency.
along the grain boundaries within a metal alloy.
intermittent load -A load that is not continually on the
interim summary - An interim summary can be made
system.
immediately after each topic to bring ideas together,
create an efficient transition to the next topic, divert the intermittent-duty relay - An electrical relay that
discussion to another member of the group, or keep cannot be energized over long periods of time. This
students on track. precludes their use for master relays or for lighting
circuits.
interlock -An automatic control device that prevents an
action until the device that is protected with the internal air pressure - Air pressure within a vessel or
interlock is actuated. container.
intermediate approach segment - The segment of an internal baffles - The deflector plates installed inside a
instrument approach procedure between the tank or reservoir to prevent the fluid from sloshing or
intermediate fix or point and the final approach fix. surging in flight.
intermediate approach segment [ICAO] - That internal combustion engine - An engine that obtains its
segment of an instrument approach procedure between power from heat produced by the combustion of a fuel
either the intermediate approach fix and the final air mixture within the cylinder of the engine.
approach fix or point, or between the end of a reversal,
race track or dead reckoning track procedure and the internal control lock - A device used to lock a control
surface in place when the airplane is parked. It is
final approach fix or point, as appropriate.
actuated from a control in the cockpit.
intermediate case - The high-pressure compressor outer
case on a turbine engine. internal damage - Damage that occurs inside a part,
component, or mechanism that is not visible externally.
intermediate compressor - On a triple-spool turbine
engine, the N2compressor. internal resistance - The resistance of the battery to the
flow of current. It causes a voltage drop proportional to
intermediate fix - The fix that identifies the beginning the amount of current flow.
of the intermediate approach segment of an instrument
approach procedure. The fix is not normally identified internal resources - During pilot operations, these are
sources of information found within the airplane such
on the instrument approach chart as an intermediate fix
as the pilot's operating handbook, checklists, aircraft
(IF). equipment, aeronautical charts, the instructor, another
intermediate frequency - A frequency generated in a pilot, and passengers, as well as one's ingenuity,
superhetrodyne receiver equal to the difference knowledge, and skills.
between the received radio frequency signal and that
produced by the local oscillator. internal supercharger - A gear-driven centrifugal
blower in the accessory section of a reciprocating
intermediate landing - On the rare occasion that this aircraft engine. Used to increase the pressure of the
option is requested, it should be approved. The induction system air.
departure center, however, must advise the ATCSCC
internal thread - A thread on the internal surface of a
so that the appropriate delay is carried over and
assigned at the intermediate airport. An intermediate hollow cylinder or cone.
landing airport within the arrival center will not be internal timing - The timing of the relationship of the
accepted without coordination with and the approval of E-gap position of the rotating magnet and the opening
the ATCSCC. of the breaker points in a magneto.

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internal wrenching bolt intersection takeoff

internal wrenching the temperature lapse rate is approximately 2°C per

bolt - A high 1,000 feet.
strength steel bolt
international system of units - The system of metric
with its head re-
units that includes: meter, kilogram, second, ampere,
cessed to allow
candela, degrees Kelvin, hertz, radian, newton, joule,
the insertion of an Allen wrench.
watt, coulomb, volt, ohm, farad, tesla, and weber.
international airport - Relating to intemational flight,
Internet - An electronic network which connects
it means: a. An airport of entry which has been
computers around the world.
designated by the Secretary of Treasury or
commissioner of Customs as an international airport interphone system - A communication system normally
for customs service. b. A landing rights airport at carried out between in-flight crew members using
which specific permission to land must be obtained microphones and earphones.
from customs authorities in advance of contemplated
interplane struts - Struts that run vertically near the
use. c. Airports designated under the Convention on
wing tips between the wings of a biplane.
International Civil Aviation as an airport for use by
international commercial air transport andlor interpolation - The estimation of an intermediate value
international general aviation. of a quantity that falls between marked values in a
series. Example: In a measurement of length, with a
international airport (ICAO) - Any airport designated rule that is marked in of an inch, the value falls
by the Contracting State in whose territory it is situated between 3/8 inch and '/z inch. The estimated
as an airport of entry and departure for international air (interpolated) value might then be said to be '116 inch.
traffic, where the formalities incident to customs,
immigration, public health, animal and plant quarantine interpole - A field pole in a compound-wound electrical
and similar procedures are carried out. generator used to correct for armature reaction.
Armature reaction is the distortion of the generator
International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO] - field flux by the current flowing in the windings of the
A specialized agency of the United Nations whose armature.
objective is to develop the principles and techniques of
international air navigation and to foster planning and interrib bracing - The reinforcing tape of a
development of intemational civil air transport. fabric-covered wing that runs diagonally from the top
of one wing rib to the bottom of the next throughout a
ICAO Regions include: truss-type wing to hold the ribs upright and in line until
1. AFT African-Indian Ocean Region the rib-stitching is done.
2. CAR Caribbean Region
3. EUR European Region interrogator - The ground-based surveillance radar
4. MIDIASIA Middle EastJAsia Region beacon transmitter-receiver, which normally scans in
5. NAM North American Region synchronism with a primary radar, transmitting discrete
6. NAT North Atlantic Region radio signals which repetitiously request all
7. PAC Pacific Region transponders on the mode being used to reply. The
8. SAM South American Region replies received are mixed with the primary radar
returns and displayed on the same plan position
international flight information manual - A indicator (radar scope). Also applied to the airborne
publication designed primarily as a pilot's preflight element of the TACANIDME system.
planning guide for flights into foreign airspace and for
flights returning to the U.S. from foreign locations. intersecting runways -Two or more runways that cross
or meet within their lengths. See also intersection.
International Morse Code - Dots and dashes used in
combination for transmitting messages. Each intersection - I . Typically, the point at which two VOR
combination represents a letter of the alphabet or a radial position lines cross on a route, usually
numeral. intersecting at a good angle for positive indication of
position, resulting in a VORNOR fix. 2. A point
international phonetic alphabet - A list of words used defined by any combination of courses, radials or
to denote the letters of the alphabet. Agreed upon by all bearings of two or more navigational aids. 3. Used to
nations, the use minimizes confusion regarding the describe the point where two runways, a runway and a
speaker's intent. taxiway, or two taxiways cross or meet.
international standard atmosphere (ISA) - A intersection departure - A departure from any runway
hypothetical atmosphere based on averages in which intersection except the end of the runway.
the surface temperature is 59°F (lS°C), the surface
pressure is 29.92 in. Hg (1013.2 Mb) at sea level, and intersection takeoff - See intersection departure.

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 interstage transformer IR drop

interstage transformer - A transformer used to prevent inverse voltage - The amount of voltage seen by a
the flow of DC from one stage of a multi-stage rectifier during the half cycle of AC being blocked to
transformer system to the other. Provides the correct create pulsed DC.
amount of impedance for the AC output of one stage
inversion - In meteorology, an increase in temperature
and for the AC input of the following stage.
with height - a reversal of the normal decrease with
interstate air commerce - The carriage by aircraft of height in-the troposphere; may also be applied to other
persons or property for compensation or hire, or the meteorological properties.
carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation
invert - To reverse the position, order, or condition of
ornavigation of aircraft in the conduct or hrtherance of
something.
a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in
any State of the United States, or the ~ i s h c tof inverted engine - A reciprocating engine whose
Columbia, and a place in any other State of the United crankshaft and crankcase are above the cylinders.
States, or the District of Columbia; or between places
in the same State of the United States through the inverted spin - A maneuver having the characteristics
airspace over any place outside thereof; or between of a normal spin except that the airplane is in an
places in the same territory or possession of the United inverted attitude.
States, or the District of Columbia. inverter - An electrical device that changes DC to AC.
interstate air transportation - The carriage by aircraft investment casting - Casting as in a vacuum furnace or
of persons or property as a common carrier for spin chamber to produce a denser, better quality
compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft material. Used to produce some steels in turbine
in commerce: a. Between a place in a State or the engines.
District of Columbia and another place in another State
or the District of Columbia, b. Between places in the iodine -A poisonous element with a symbol of I and an
same State through the airspace over any place outside atomic number of 53.
that State; or c. Between places in the same possession ion - An atom that has either gained or lost an electron.
of the United States; Whether that commerce moves If an atom has a shortage of electrons, it is a positive
wholly by aircraft of partly by aircraft and partly by ion. If it possesses an excess of electrons, it is a
other forms of transportation. Intrastate air negative ion.
transportation means the carriage of persons or
property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, ion engine - A reaction engine that ejects a stream of
by turbojet-powered aircraft capable of carrying thirty ionized particles to produce a forward thrust.
or more persons, wholly within the same State of the ionic charges - The charges in solid-state junctions
United States. caused by the dissimilarity of the junction materials.
intertropical convergence zone - The boundary zone The charges create "barrier voltages." In order for a
between the trade wind system of the Northern and diode to rectify, it must be presented with an AC
Southern Hemispheres; it is characterized in maritime voltage whose peak value exceeds its barrier voltage.
climates by showery precipitation with cumulonimbus ionize - To convert totally or partially into ions.
clouds sometimes extending to great heights.
ionosphere - A series of atmospheric layers of ions that
introduction - The first element of an instructional begins approximately 25 miles above the surface of the
lesson that sets the stage for the rest of the lesson by Earth.
relating the coverage of the material to the entire
course. The introduction itself is typically composed of IR - 1. Voltage. Since E (voltage) = I (current) times R
three elements: attention, motivation, and an overview (resistance), IR is another way of stating E, or voltage.
of what is to be covered. 2. Routes used by the Department of Defense and
associated Reserve and Air Guard units for the purpose
Invar - A nickel-iron alloy with an extremely small of conducting low-altitude navigation and tactical
temperature coefficient of expansion. training in both IFR and VFR weather conditions
inverse peak voltage - The amount of inverse voltage a below 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds in excess of 250
device can withstand without breakdown. knots IAS. [Jeppesen does not chart these routes.]

inverse square law - In physics, a given physical IR drop - The amount voltage drops in a given
quantity varies inversely with the square of another conductor due to the resistance of the conductor. The
physical quantity (usually distance). For example, if the IR drop is found by the formula: I x R=E (voltage), or
distance fiom a magnet doubles, the strength of by multiplying the amount of current (I) in amps, by
magnetism decreases to one fourth of its original value. the amount of resistance (R) in ohms.

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IRAN isotach

IRAN -An acronym used by the military services for a isobaric range - That range of cabin pressurization in
form of maintenance known as Inspect and Repair As which the cabin maintains a constant pressure, or cabin
Necessary. altitude, as the flight
altitude changes.
iridium - An extremely hard and brittle metallic
element of the platinum group, with a symbol of Ir and
an atomic number of 77. Used for electrodes of
Fine-wire spark plugs that must operate in extreme
isogonic lines - Lines on
an aeronautical chart
connecting points of
-
lead-fouling conditions. equal
declination (angle
iris exhaust nozzle - In turbine engines, a nozzle design
between magnetic
similar to a camera shutter. It can be a two-position,
North and true North). This angle is known as compass
partially-open/fully-open or a variable opening type.
variation.
The widest opening is for afterburner mode. The
variable opening type is controlled to continuously isogonic Lines -Lines on charts that connect points of
seek the optimum position for existing conditions. equal magnetic variation.
Irish linen - A strong fabric made from flax used to isoheight - A line that shows contours of equal height
cover many of the older aircraft. It is still popular in on a constant-pressure weather chart.
Europe, but it is no longer readily available in the
isohumes -Lines of equal relative humidity.
United States. It may be used as a direct replacement
for grade-A cotton. isolation mount -A rubber and metal composite used to
prevent vibration transfer from one component to
iron - A heavy, malleable, ductile, magnetic,
another.
silver-white metallic element with a symbol of Fe and
an atomic number of 26. It is used in the production of isolation transformer - An electrical transformer with
steel and all ferrous metals. equal numbers of turns in the primary and secondary
coils. This type transformer is used to isolate a piece of
iron-constantan thermocouple - A low temperature
equipment from its power source.
thermocouple that operates up to about 800" C. Used in
aviation primarily to measure cylinder head isolation valve - A valve in an aircraft pneumatic
temperature. system that can be shut off to isolate the components
from the source of air pressure so maintenance can be
iron-core coil - An inductor that consists of a soft
performed without discharging the system.
laminated iron core around which wire is wound.
isoline - A line on a weather chart showing contours of
iron-core transformer - An electrical transformer that
equal values of some quantity. It could be equal height
has coils wound around soft iron cores. The cores cut
(isoheight), barometric pressure (isobar), temperature
down on eddy-current losses but limit the use of the
(isotherm), wind (isotach), etc.
transformer to lower frequencies.
isometric drawing The representation of an object in
iron-vane movement - An AC electric measuring
-

isometric projection in which the lines parallel to the

instrument that depends upon a soft-iron vane or
edges of the object are drawn to true length.
movable core operating with a coil to produce an
indication of AC current flow. isometric projection - A three-dimensional projection
irrelevant questions - A question that has no in which the three faces of an object are equally
inclined to the surface of the drawing, and all of the
relationship with the subject matter being tested.
edges are equally foreshortened.
Serves only to disrupt the orderly learning process.
irreversible controls - Hydraulically-controlled iso-octane - A hydrocarbon (CsHls) that has a very high
critical pressure and temperature. It is used as a
surfaces on an aircrafi that do not provide aerodynamic
reference for measuring the anti-detonation
feedback to the cockpit controls.
characteristics of a fuel.
isobar - A line on a meteorological chart that connects
points on the Earth's surface having equal barometric isopleth - A line connecting points of constant or equal
value.
pressure.
isopropyl alcohol - Fluid that prevents the formation of
isobar -A line of equal or constant barometric pressure.
ice on the blades during flight. Used in anti-icing
isobaric metering valve - A metering valve in a cabin systems for propeller blades.
pressurization system that maintains a constant cabin
isostatic forging - A similar process to isothermal
altitude.
forging.
isotach -A line of equal or constant wind speed.
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 isotherm. isotopes

isotherm A line on a meteorological chart that denotes

-

locations having the same temperature.

isothermal forging - A hot forging method that uses
super alloy production. Materials and dies are heated to
the same temperature usually in a vacuum or highly
controlled atmosphere to prevent oxidation. One such
process utilizes an alloy in powder form, which when
compressed, results in closer, near-net-shape than older
methods. This results in the production of hot section
parts with less waste during final machining.
isothermal layers - A layer in the atmosphere where the
temperature is the same from the bottom of the layer to
the top of the layer.
isotopes - An atom that has the same atomic number as
a chemical element, but a different atomic mass and
different physical properties.

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J -jet thrust

small rockets attached to the aircraft and provides the

required additional thrust needed for takeoff.
jack pads - Structural locations capable of supporting Jet B -A wide-cut blend of hydrocarbon fuels for use in
the weight of an aircraft when being jacked from the turbine engines. Used primarily in the military as JP-4
ground. fuel.
jacket - A metal blanket or shroud used to insulate a jet blast -Jet engine exhaust (thrust stream turbulence).
portion of a turbine engine. jet emux - The gas flowing from the exhaust nozzle.
jacks - The hydraulic or mechanical devices used to lift jet engine - A reaction engine that derives its thrust
an aircraft off of the ground for testing or servicing. from the acceleration of an air mass through an orifice.
jackscrew - A threaded, hardened steel rod that can be There are four common types: rocket, ramjet, pulsejet,
rotated to lift an object or to apply a force. and turbojet.
jagged edge - An irregularly shaped edge on a piece of jet fuel control (JFC) - The fuel metering system for a
metal, wood, or plastic material. turbine engine. Measures the operating conditions of
the engine and meters into the burners the correct
jam acceleration - The rapid movement of the power amount of fuel for the condition.
control lever of a gas turbine engine. Done when
measuring the RPM acceleration rate. jet nozzle - A specially designed device shaped to
produce a jet stream.
jam nut - A thin check-nut screwed down against a
regular nut to lock it in place. jet nozzle area - The area in square feet of the opening
through which the engine exhaust gases pass to the
jamming - Electronic or mechanical interference that atmosphere.
can disrupt the display of aircraft on radar or the
transmission/reception of radio jet propulsion - The propulsion produced when a
communications/navigation. relatively small mass of air is given a large amount of
acceleration
J-block - A precision block ground to an accuracy of
approximately 0.00001", used as a reference in jet pump - A pump that operates by producing a low
precision machining operations. pressure through a venturi. Seen in oil scavenge
systems as oil pumps and fuel systems as vapor
Jeppesen Information Services - A subscription eliminators.
service, for pilots, which provides revisions for several
flight information publications including the Jeppesen jet route - A route designed to serve aircraft operations
AIM, Jeppesen FARs for Pilots, the Jeppesen Airport from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including flight level
Directory, JeppGuide, and the GPSILORAN 450. The routes are referred to as "J" routes with
Coordinate Directory numbering to identify the designated route; e.g., J 105.
jerry can - A specially designed five gallon container jet silencer - A device used to reduce and modify the
used for carrying fuel. lower frequency sound waves emitting from an
engine's exhaust nozzle, and thus reducing the noise
jet - 1. A calibrated, restricted orifice in the fuel passage factor.
of a carburetor used to control the amount of fuel that
can flow under a given pressure. The size of the hole jet streak - A portion of the jet stream where wind
(jet) determines the amount of flow through the jet. 2. speeds are greater than in regions up- or downstream.
A forceful stream of fluid discharged from a small Jet streaks are several hundred to 1,000 miles long.
nozzle. 3. An aircraft powered by a turbojet engine. 4. jet stream - A narrow band of high speed winds (speeds
The hot, high velocity gas stream issuing from the exceed 60 knots). Normally found near the tropopause.
tailpipe of a gas turbine engine.
jet stream axis - The line of maximum winds (>60
Jet A - A kerosene-type turbine engine fuel similar to knots) on a constant pressure chart.
the military JP-5. It has a very low vapor pressure and
a relatively high flash point. jet stream cirrus - Associated with an extratropical
cyclone, these anticyclonically curved bands of cirrus
Jet A-1 - A kerosene-type turbine engine fuel similar to clouds are usually located just downstream of the upper
the military JP-8 fuel with additives to make it usable trough.
at very low temperatures of approximately -58°F.
jet stream front - High-level frontal zone marked by a
Jet Assist Takeoff (JATO) - An auxiliary means of sloping layer below the jet core.
assisting a heavily loaded aircraft to takeoff,
particularly on a short runway. The JATO consists of jet thrust -The thrust produced by a jet.

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 Jetcal analyzer jury strut

Jetcal analyzer - A trade name for an electronic test JP-7 - A gas turbine engine kerosene-type fuel with
apparatus for checking the calibration of the EGT additives for use at extremely high altitudes.
system, the RPM system, and the accuracy of their
judgment - Process of recognizing and analyzing
associated instruments.
information, evaluating alternative actions, and making
jettison -To cast off or drop from an aircraft in flight. a timely decision on action to take.
jettisoning of external stores - Airborne release of jumbo jets - The name given to wide-body airplanes
external stores; e.g., tiptanks, ordnance. such as the Boeing 747, 757, 767, 777, McDonald
Douglas DC-10, Lockheed L-1011, A-300 Airbus, etc.
jewel bearing - A cup-type bearing surface that rides on
a hardened steel pivot used extensively in many types jump seat - A compact portable seat positioned slightly
of indicating instruments. behind the pilot's and copilot's seats in an airplane
where a flight engineef sits to monitor certain
jeweler's rouge - A very fine femc oxide abrasive used
engine-operating instruments and operate some of the
for polishing hard metal surfaces.
auxiliary controls.
jig - The framework or alignment structure used in the
jumper - A temporary electrical lead wire used to
construction or repair of an aircraft to hold all the parts
bypass a circuit for purposes of troubleshooting.
in proper alignment while they are fastened together.
junction -The point at which two conductors or circuits
jigsaw - An electric or pneumatically operated saw tool
join.
that uses a variety of narrow blades to cut small curves
in wood. metal.. or plastic.
A
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - A
semiconductor device that uses voltage to control
Jo-bolts - An internally
conductivity instead of current as in the normal
threaded three-piece
transistor.
rivet.
junction box -A metal or fiberglass box for holding the
joggle - A small offset in
electrical terminal strips to which wire bundles are
sheet metal formed to
\J attached.
allow one part to overlap
another. junction
- transistor - A transistor consisting of a single
crystal of P- or N-type germanium between G o
Johnson bar - A brake control found on some early
electrodes of opposite types. The center layer is the
airplanes. A Johnson bar consisted of a long bar
base and forms junctions with the emitter and collector.
mounted between the seats in the cockpit that, when
pulled rearward, applied both main wheel brakes and, jury strut - A small strut extending from approximately
when pulled diagonally rearward, applied one of the the mid-point of a wing strut to the spar of the wing. Its
brakes. purpose is to stabilize the main strut against vibrations.
joint use restricted area - See restricted area.
jointer - An electrically powered woodworking
machine used to smooth the edges of wood.
joule - The international system unit of energy equal to
the work done when a current of 1 ampere is passed
through a resistance of 1 ohm for 1 second.
joule rating -A turbine engine's ignition system.
journal - The polished surface of a crankshaft on which
the bearings ride.
joystick - A slang term used for the control stick that
controls an airplanes ailerons and elevator. Moving the
joystick fore and aft moves the elevators, and moving
the joystick side to side moves the ailerons.
JP-4 - A gas turbine engine kerosene-type fie1 made up
of approximately 65% gasoline and 35% distillates.
Also referred to as Jet B.
JP-5 - A highly refined gas turbine kerosene-type
engine fuel. Also referred to as Jet A.

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 .
K kirksite

keyway - A slot or groove machined into a hole or a

shaft onto which a key is fitted.
K - The abbreviated use for kilo or one thousand. An kHz - Abbreviation for kilohertz (1,000 CPS).
item that weighs 3 Kg (kilograms) weighs 3,000 grams. kickback - The reverse rotation of a reciprocating
K index - A stability index used to determine the engine due to premature ignition during starting.
percentage probability of the occurrence of an airmass Kidde - A manufacturer of fire detection systems.
thunderstorm.
kilo (K) - A metric term used to indicate one thousand.
K monel - A high-strength, non-magnetic, Kilo is also used as the prefix for kilogram, kilometer,
heat-treatable, corrosion resistant alloy made up of and kilohertz.
nickel, copper, and aluminum.
kilogram (kg) - One thousand grams. 1 kg = 1,000
katabatic -Any wind blowing down slope. grams.
katabatic wind -Any wind blowing down slope. kilohertz -A frequency of 1,000 cycles per second.
K-band -A radar wavelength kilomega - An outdated term for one thousand million
K-chart - A sheet metal fabrication chart providing the (i.e., a billion or 1,000,000,000). Giga is now used.
multiplier to use when determining the setback for kilovolt - 1,000 volts.
bends of other than 90".
kilovolt amperes reactive (KVAR) - A measure of
keel - A longitudinal member or ridge along the center reactive power.
bottom of a seaplane float or hull.
kindling point - That temperature at which combustion
keeper - A soft iron bar or plate placed across the poles can take place for a particular fuelioxygen
of a magnet when the magnet is not being used in order combination.
to keep the magnet from losing any of its magnetism.
kindling temperature - The temperature required for a
Kelvin (K) - The absolute temperature scale with minus material to bum when combined with oxygen.
273°C as absolute zero. Used in many engine
performance calculations. kinds of operations list - A list found in the pilot's
operating handbook (POH) of an aircraft that includes
Kelvin bridge -A resistance-measuring instrument used all equipment originally installed in the aircraft at the
for accurate measurements of low resistances. time of certification. It also includes notations on
Kennelly-Heaviside layer - An ionized layer in the which equipment must be operational for various types
upper atmosphere that reflects radio waves to Earth. of flight including day and night VFR.
Also referred to as E-layer or ionosphere. kinematic viscosity -The ratio of absolute viscosity and
kerf - The slot or groove left by a cutting tool as it cuts density, expressed in units of centistokes.
through a material. kinesthetic learners - People who prefer to be doing
kerosene - A thin, colorless, flammable hydrocarbon something and primarily absorb information through
material distilled fiom crude oil and used as a base for actual hands-on experience. Kinesthetic learners
turbine engine fuel and as a solvent for cleaning parts. ascertain more from performing a preflight inspection
than from studying a checklist.
Kett saw - A metal cutting, hand-held, power-operated
tool. The head can be turned to any desired angle for kinetic energy - Energy due to motion, defined as one
cutting sheet stock aluminum. Uses various sizes of half mass times velocity squared.
blades. kink - A sharp twist or bend in a piece of wire, sheet
KevlarB - Trademark of DuPont. A strong, lightweight metal, or a piece of tubing.
aramid fiber used as a reinforcement fiber. Kirchhoff 's current law - "The algebraic sum of the
keyhole saw - A small U-shaped hand saw with a stiff, currents entering and leaving any junction of
narrow blade used to cut a larger hole from a small conductors is equal to zero." Simply stated, this means
drilled hole. that all of the current that arrives at a point must leave
that point.
keying - The process of modulating a continuous carrier
wave (cw) with a key circuit to provide intemptions in Kirchhoff's voltage law - The law of electrical circuits
the carrier in the form of dots and dashes for code that states the sum of voltage that drops around a series
transmission. circuit is equal to the applied voltage.
kirksite A n alloy of aluminum and zinc.

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 kite Kreuger flap

kite - A framework covered with paper, cloth, metal, or Kreuger flap - A leading edge wing flap hinged at the
other material, intended to be flown at the end of a rope bottom side of an airfoil. When it is actuated, the
or cable, and having as its only support the force of the leading edge bends downward, increasing the overall
wind moving past its surfaces. wing camber and allowing the wing to develop
additional lift at lower airspeeds.
Klyston tube - An electron tube in which modulation is
accomplished by varying the velocity of the electrons
flowing through the tube.
knife edge - A sharp-edged piece of steel or other hard
material used as a balance point or fulcrum for
precision balance of a control surface or a propeller.
knife edge fdter - A piece of metal shaped like a
cylinder whose surface is cut with incoming and
outgoing sharp cut grooves. When inserted in an oil
passageway, contaminants remain in the incoming
groove and clean oil squeezes between the knife edge
and the casing and through the outgoing groove to the
oil jet.
knife edge tip - Thin metal rims on a shrouded-tip
turbine blade. These sealing tips establish their own
clearance to the shroud ring by contact loading and
wear.
knife switch - A switch that uses a blade that fits
between two spring-loaded contacts to complete a
circuit. When the blade is rotated out of the slot
between the contacts, the circuit is opened.
knock - A loud knocking or banging noise made inside
a reciprocating engine cylinder during the compression
stroke. The knock is an explosion rather than a smooth
burning process and is caused by the almost
instantaneous release of heat energy from fuel in an
aircraft engine caused by the fuel air mixture reaching
its critical pressure and temperature.
knot - 1. One nautical mile per hour, or 1.1508 statute
miles per hour. 2. A round, hard section of a tree
branch embedded in a board and that weakens the
overall strength of the board.
known traflic - With respect to ATC clearances,
aircraft whose altitude, position and intentions are
known to ATC.
knuckle pin - The hardened steel pin that holds an
articulating rod in the master rod of a radial engine.
knurl - A series of small ridges on the surface of a
material to aid in gripping.
Kollsman window - Registered trade name for the
altimeter setting window of a Kollsman altimeter.
Sometimes erroneously used to describe the altimeter
setting window of any altimeter.
Koroseal - Plastic lacing used for support and anti-
chafing protection of wires and lines.
Kraft paper - Strong brown paper such as the material
of which grocery sacks are made.

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L . landing area [ICAOl

laminate ply - In composites, one fabric-resin or fiber-

resin layer that is bonded to adjacent layers in the
curing process.
LIDmax - The maximum ratio between total lift (L) and
total drag (D). This point provides the best glide speed. laminated - Composed of thin layers of material firmly
Any deviation from the best glide speed increases drag bonded or united together.
and reduces the distance of the glide. laminated core - The core of a coil, transformer, or
labyrinth air seal - The thin sheet metal rims on turbine other electrical device consisting of a stack of thin, soft
blades, either rotating or stationary, that control air iron sheets insulated from each other by a film oxide or
leakage from the gas path to the inner portions of the varnish. Laminated cores are used to minimize eddy
engine. Same as knife edge air seal. currents.

labyrinth oil seal - A main bearing oil seal. It is laminated plastic material - A reinforced plastic resin
configured with thread-type grooves that allow gas made up of layers of material such as cloth, paper, or
path air to leak inward to the bearing sump and keep oil wood bonded with plastic resin to form complex
mist from escaping. Unlike the carbon seal, which rides shapes or to produce a material with high strength for
on a surface, the labyrinth oil seal has a small clearance its weight.
between its sealing lands and the rotating shaft. laminated structure - An element or part of an aircraft
lacing cord - A strong cotton, linen, or synthetic fiber made up of layers of material bonded together to form
cord used to rib stitch fabric covering to an aircraft complex shapes or to produce a material with high
structure. Also referred to as rib-stitching cord. strength for its weight.
lack of common experience -In communication, a laminated wood - Layers of wood bonded together to
difficulty that arises because words have different make a stronger material.
meanings for the source and the receiver of information lampblack - The black soot from incompletely burned
due to their differing backgrounds. carbonaceous materials used for making generator
lacquer - The pigments dissolved in a volatile base brushes. Lampblack is used as a pigment when mixed
(solvents, plasticizers, and thinners) in preparation for with rubber for making tires.
spraying as a liquid. Cures to a durable surface when land and hold short operations (LAHSO) -
the solvent evaporates. Operations that include simultaneous takeoffs and
lag - 1. A delay in time. 2. To fall behind. landings andlor simultaneous landings when a landing
aircraft is able and is instructed by the controller to
lagging current An occurrence in an AC inductive
-
hold-short of the intersecting runwayltaxiway or
reactance circuit whereby changes in the voltage occur designated hold-short point. Pilots are expected to
before changes in the current. Current, therefore, lags promptly inform the controller if the hold short
the voltage. clearance cannot be accepted.
lagging material - An insulating material wrapped land breeze - A coastal breeze blowing from land to
around aircraft plumbing to prevent the unwanted loss sea, caused by temperature difference when the sea
of heat to the outside air. surface is warmer than the adjacent land. Therefore, it
LAHSO - An acronym for "Land and Hold Short usually blows at night and alternates with a sea breeze,
Operation." These operations include landing and which blows in the opposite direction by day.
holding short of an intersecting runway, a taxiway, a land plane - An airplane designed to operate from the
predetermined point, or an approachldeparture surface of land using wheeled landing gear rather than
flightpath. pontoons or skis for landing on water or snow.
LAHSO-dry - Land and hold short operations on lander - A space vehicle designed for landing on a
runways that are dry. celestial body.
LAHSO-wet - Land and hold short operations on landing area - Any locality either on land, water, or
runways that are wet (but not contaminated). structures, including airportsheliports and intermediate
laminar - Arranged in or consisting of thin layers. landing fields, used or intended to be used, for the
landing and takeoff of aircraft whether or not facilities
laminar flow The nonturbulent flow of air or viscous
-
are provided for the shelter, servicing, or for receiving
fluid over a surface. or discharging passengers or cargo.
laminate -A structure made by bonding together two or landing area [ICAO] That part of the movement area
-

more layers of material with resin. It contains no core intended for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
material.

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 landing direction indicator . large scale integration

landing direction indicator - A device that visually Note: Descent below the established MDA or DH is not
indicates the direction in which landings and takeoffs authorized during an approach unless the aircraft is in a
should be made. position from which a normal approach to the runway
bf intended landing can be made and adequate visual
landing distance available - The length of runway
reference to required visual cues is maintained.
declared available and suitable for the -ground run of an
aeroplane landing. landing roll - The distance from the point of touchdown
to the point where the aircraft can be brought to a stop
landing flaps - A secondary control surface that
or exit the runway.
-
- area or chanees the camber
increases the overall wine,
of the wing. The increased wing area permits a lower landing sequence - The order in which aircraft are
landing speed. Increased camber increases the lift and positioned for landing.
allows lower landing speeds and shorter landing
landing weight - The weight of the aircraft at
distances.
touchdown. Often limited by the manufacturer to less
landing gear - The wheels, floats, skis, and all of the than takeoff weight for structural reasons.
attachments that support an airplane when it is resting
landing wires - The streamlined wires attached to the
on a landing surface.
upper wing above the fuselage and extending to near
landing gear door warning system - A group of the outboard end of the lower wing in a biplane. These
components that warn of an unsafe landing gear door wires brace the wings against the forces that affect the
condition by the use of a horn, indicators, or red wings during landing. These forces are opposite those
warning lights. Used on aircraft with retractable encountered during flight.
landing gear.
lap belt - A seat belt or safety belt that crosses a
landing gear extended speed - The maximum speed at person's lap while seated in an aircraft.
which an aircraft can be safely flown with the landing
lap joint - A joint in a sheet metal structure where the
gear extended.
edge of one sheet overlaps the other. Welding, riveting,
landing gear operating speed - The maximum speed at or bolting fastens the lap joints together.
which the landing gear can be safely extended or
lap winding - A method of manufacturing the armature
retracted.
of a DC generator by connecting the ends of each coil
landing gear position indicating system - A group of wound on the armature to the next adjacent
components that shows the position of the landing gear commutator segment with the coils lapping over each
though the use of lights or instruments. Used on other.
aircraft with retractable landing gear.
lapping - To rub two surfaces together with a very fine
landing gear warning system - A group - .of components abrasive between them in order to produce an
incorporated on allretractable gear aircraft to warn of extremely close fit.
an unsafe landing gear condition. The pilot is warned
lapping compound - An abrasive paste used to polish
of an unsafe condition by a warning light and aural
device. The horn blows and the light comes on when surfaces.
one or more throttles are retarded and the landing gear laps - The surface defects in sheet metal caused by the
is in any position other than down and locked. folding over of fins or sharp comers into the surface of
the material. Occurs during the rolling process.
landing lights - The high-intensity lights located on the
wing or fuselage used to illuminate the runway for lapse rate - The rate of decrease of an atmospheric
landing and taking off at night. These lights also make variable with altitude; commonly refers to a decrease
an aircraft more visible to other aircraft during the day. of temperature or pressure with altitude.
landing minimums - The minimum visibility lapse rate - The rate of decrease of an atmospheric
prescribed for landing a civil aircraft while using an variable with height; commonly refers to decrease of
instrument approach procedure. The minimum applies temperature with height.
with other limitations set forth in FAR 91 with respect
to the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) or Decision large aircraft - Aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds,
Height (DH) prescribed in the instrument approach maximum certificated takeoff weight.
procedures as follows: large calorie (Cal.) - A unit of heat energy. It is the
a. Straight-in landing minimums - A statement of MDA amount of heat energy necessary to raise the
and visibility, or DH and visibility, required for temperature of 1 kg of water 1 "C.
straight-in landing on a specified runway, or
b. Circling minimums - A statement of MDA and large scale integration - A method of fabricating
visibility required for the circle-to-land maneuver. integrated circuit (IC) chips to place multiple
transistors or logic circuits on one small IC. Large
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laser LCR electrical circuit

scale integration was an early version that placed lateral - The span of an' airplane from wingtip to
hundreds of logic circuits on one chip. Very large scale wingtip.
integration (VLSI) places thousands of logic circuits on
lateral axis - An imaginary straight line drawn
a chip and most recently, millions are placed on a
perpendicularly (laterally) across the fuselage and
single chip.
through the center of gravity. Pitch movement occurs
laser - A device that emits coherent light (light that around the lateral axis, and is controlled by the
vibrates in phase) used in many applications, from CD elevator.
players to powerful metal cutting devices. Acronym for
lateral navigation (LNAV) - A function of area
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
navigation (RNAV) equipment that calculates,
Radiation.
displays, and provides lateral guidance to a profile or
laser beam welding - The use of laser beam heat for path.
welding engine &s. Currently used to weld titanium
lateral separation - The lateral spacing of aircraft at the
fan blades, which could not be welded by conventional
same altitude by requiring operation on different routes
methods.
or in different geographical locations.
laser memory - A method of storing billions of bits of
lateral stability - The stability about the longitudinal
digital information on a disk such as a CD or DVD.
axis of an aircraft. Rolling stability or the ability of an
laser printer - A printer that prints a high quality copy airplane to return to level flight due to a disturbance
of the information being processed by a computer. that causes one of the wings to drop.
last assigned altitude - The last altitudelflight level lateral vibration - An unwanted lateral or side-to-side
assigned by ATC and acknowledged by the pilot. movement in a helicopter. The cause of lateral
vibration is normally an unbalanced main rotor.
last chance filter - The final filter located just before
the spray nozzle of a turbine lubrication system. Used lathe - A wood or metal-working tool in which the
to prevent foreign matter from clogging the spray material is turned about its longitudinal axis and
nozzle. cutting tools are fed into its outer circumference in
order to change its shape.
latch -A fastening- device used to hold a door closed.
latitude - Measurement north or south of the equator in
latching relay -An electrically operated relay that, once
degrees, minutes, and seconds. Lines of latitude are
energized, holds the contacts in the energized position
also referred to as parallels.
by a mechanical latch and can only be released by
some mechanical means. launch -The release of an aircraft or rocket for flight.
late timing - On a reciprocating engine, the condition launching pad - A specially designed platform from
where the timing is late (retarded). That is, the ignition which rockets can be fired to launch them.
occurs very near top dead center (TDC) on the
law of conservation of energy - The law that states that
compression stroke or even after TDC. Late timing is
the internal energy of an isolated system remains
an inefficient fuel condition and the causes the engine
constant; only forms of energy can be changed.
to develop less than optimum power.
lay of a control cable - The twist of the strands of a
latent heat - The amount of heat required to change the
wire cable.
state of a material without changing its temperature
(eg., The amount of heat absorbedor;eleased during a layer - 1. A single thickness. 2. In reference to sky
change of state from ice to water.) cover, clouds or other obscuring phenomena whose
bases are approximately at the same level. The layer
latent heat of condensation - The amount of heat given
can be continuous or composed of detached elements.
off when a substance changes from a vapor to a liquid
without changing its temperature. layout - A drawing, pattern, or format of a piece of
sheet metal in whiih the locations for all of the bends
latent heat of evaporation - The amount of heat
and drilled holes are indicated.
absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid
to a vapor without changing its temperature. lay-up - In composites, reinforcing material that is
placed in position in the mold.
latent heat of fusion - The amount of heat that must be
removed from a substance to change it from a liquid to L-band radar -An airborne radar.
a solid without changing its temperature.
LC circuit - A circuit network containing inductance
latent heat of vaporization - The amount of heat that and cavacitance.
must be absorbed by a liquid to change it into a vapor
without changing its temperature. LCR electrical circuit An AC circuit that has
--

inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R).

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 -
lead lee wave

The total opposition to the flow of current in an LCR amount of a liquid or gas that leaks into or out of
circuit is the vector sum of resistance and the something.
difference between inductive and capacitive reactances.
leakage current - The amount of current that flows
lead - A heavy, pliant, silvery metallic element with a from the battery terminals to the battery case through
symbol of Pb and an atomic weight of 82. any moisture or contamination on top of the battery.
lead and lag - In rotorcraft, the fore (lead) and aft (lag) leakage flux - The magnetic flux that does not follow a
movement of the rotor blade in the plane of rotation. direct path between the poles of a magnet and which
does not provide any useful work.
lead of screw thread - The distance a nut will move
forward on a screw if it is turned one revolution. lean blow out - A condition in jet engine fuel
combustion during which the fuel supply is decreased
lead-acid battery - A commonly used secondary cell
to maintain or reduce engine speed. During this
having lead as its negative plate and lead peroxide as
condition the burning can be so slow that the flame is
its positive plate. Sulfuric acid and water serve as the
carried out of the combustion chamber and
electrolyte.
extinguished.
leading current - An AC electrical circuit in which the
lean flame out - A condition of turbine engine
current that flows in the circuit has more capacitive
operation in which the fire goes out in the engine
reactance than it has inductive reactance.
because the fuel-air mixture is too lean to support
leading edge - The foremost edge of an airfoil section. combustion.
leading edge flap - A portion of the leading edge of an lean mixture - A fuel-air mixture in which there is an
airplane wing that folds downward to increase the excess amount of air in the mixture.
camber, lift, and drag of the wing. The leading-edge
learning - A change in behavior as a result of
flaps are extended for takeoffs and landings to increase
experience.
the amount of aerodynamic lift that is produced at any
given airspeed. learning plateau - A learning phenomenon where
progress appears to cease or slow down for a time
leading edge mean aerodynamic chord (LEMAC) -
before once again increasing.
The leading edge of the mean aerodynamic chord often
used as a location or reference for many aerodynamic learning style - The concept that how a person learns is
measurements in aircraft operations and designs. dependent on that person's background and
personality, as well as the instructional methods used.
lead-lag hinge - A hinge at the root of a helicopter rotor
blade with its axis perpendicular to the plane of least significant bit - A bit in a binary number that has
rotation. Also referred to as the alpha, drag, or hunting the lowest value. It is the bit on the far right of a binary
hinge. number.
lead-off question - A question used by an instructor to least significant digit -A digit in a decimal number that
open up an area for discussion. The purpose is to get is the least meaningful for accuracy. It is the digit on
the discussion started. the far right of a decimal number.
leaf brake - A bending u
Leclanche cell battery - A name for a common
tool used to form carbon-zinc cell flashlight battery.
straight bends in sheet
lecture method - An educational presentation usually
metal. The material is
delivered by an instructor to a group of students with
clamped in the tool, and
the use of instructional aids and training devices.
a heavy leaf folds the
Lectures are useful for the presentation of new
metal back over a radius
material, summarizing ideas, and showing relationships
block to form the
between theory and practice.
desired bend. Also
referred to as a cornice brake. lee side - The downwind side of a mountain range,
building, island, etc.
leaf spring assembly - A series of flat springs hinged at
one end and arched in the center. When a load is lee wave -Any stationary wave disturbance caused by a
applied to the center of the arch it is absorbed as the barrier in a fluid flow. In the atmosphere when
spring alternately straightens out and returns to its sufficient moisture is present, this wave will be
arched shape. evidenced by lenticular clouds to the lee of mountain
barriers. Also referred to as a mountain wave or
leakage - 1. The breakdown of the dielectric strength of
standing wave.
an insulator that allows current to pass through it. 2. An

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lee wave region lift fan
a

lee wave region - The upper layer of a two-layer lee- instructor in that it tells what to do, in what order to do
wave system where smooth wave flow dominates and it, and what procedure to use in teaching the material of
microscale turbulence occasionally occurs. a lesson.
lee wave system - A system marked by two distinct letter of authorization (LOA) - A letter from the FAA
layers. The upper layer is the lee wave region, which authorizing use of a Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
begins just above mountain to level, and the lower for a specific airplane. The letter and the MEL together
layer is the lower turbulent zone. are considered a supplemental type certificate.
left brain -A concept that each hemisphere of the brain level - 1. The horizontal condition of a body: A flat
processes information differently. People with left- horizontal surface of an object is level when no part of
brain dominance are more verbal, analytical, and the object is higher than another. 2. A spirit or bubble
objective. level: An indicating device that has a curved glass tube
filled with a slightly colored liquid, except f i r a small
left-hand rule - 1. The left-hand generator rule: The
air bubble. The tube is mounted in a housing so when it
fingers of the left hand are arranged in such a way that
is place in a parallel position to the ground the bubble
the thumb, first finger, and second finger point 90" to
will move to the center of the tube indicating a level
each other. If the thumb points in the direction of
condition.
-
movement of the conductor. the first finger will ~ o i n t
in the direction of the lines of flux (north to south), and leveling lugs - The points on an aircraft on which a
the second finger will point in the direction of the level can be placed for leveling- the aircraft.
induced voltage (back- voltage, from positive to
leveling means - A method of checking an aircraft for
negative). 2. The direction of magnetic flux: If the
level flight attitude as specified by the aircraft
fingers of the left hand encircle a conductor in the
manufacturer. This can be longitudinal, lateral, andlor
direction of the lines of magnetic flux, the thumb will
both.
point in the direction of electron flow. 3. The polarity
of an electromagnet: If the coil of an electromagnet is leveling scale - A scale built into the aircraft for
grasped in such a way that the fingers encircle the coil checking the leveling of the aircraft in conjunction with
in the same way the electrons are flowing, the thumb a plumb bob.
will point to the north pole of the electromagnet that is
formed by the coil. lever - 1. A device such as a bar used for prying. 2. A
- on a fulcrum.
flat bar ~ivoting
left-hand thread - A thread that winds in a
counterclockwise direction. All left-hand threads are Leyden j a r -- A primitive capacitor. In effect, an
designated LH. apparatus for storing an electric charge on the inside
- of a glass jar.
foil lining - <

leg - 1. One side of a formed angle. 2. One portion of a

trip made with dead reckoning navigation (the distance L-filter - An inductor-input filter consisting of an
between turn points.) 3. The portion of a trip between inductor and a capacitor used to smooth the ripple from
stops. the output of a rectifier.

legs of a right triangle - The sides of a right triangle licensed empty weight - The empty weight that consists
of the airframe, engine(s), unusable fuel, and
joined by the right angle (90').
- *
. standard and ovtional equivment
undrainable oil.. vlus
LEMAC - The leading- edge. of the mean aerodynamic as specified in the equipment
- list.
chord. Often used as a reference location for
aerodynamic measurements in aircraft operations and life-limited part - A part with a specified number of
designs. operating hours or operating cycles before it must be
removed for overhaul.
lenticular cloud - A cloud shaped like a lens that forms
on the downwind side of a mountain. It usually life-support systems - The oxygen and pressurization
indicates severe air turbulence and should be avoided. systems in an aircraft that make it possible for the
occupants to function at high altitudes.
-
They can extend the entire length of the mountain
range producing the wave and are called wave clouds lift - One of the four main forces acting on an aircraft.
or lennies by glider pilots. On a fixed-wing aircraft, an upward force created by
Lenz's law - The law of induced current that says the the effect of airflow as it passes over and under thk
current induced in a conductor will produce a magnetic wing.
field that opposes the field producing the original lift fan - A turbofan engine with an exhaust duct that
current. can be pointed down to provide upward thrust for
lesson plan - An organized outline for a single v e r t i c a l or short takebff. used in VSTOL
instructional period. It is a necessary guide for the (VerticalIShort Takeoff and Land) aircraft.

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 .
lift wires line of sieht radio rece~tion

lift wires - The biplane wing support wires installed light-activated silicon control rectifier -In electronics,
between the wings of a biplane to hold the wings in a semiconductor device that conducts when exposed to
alignment against the forces of lift. Lift wires extend light.
from the inboard end of the lower wing to the
lighted airport - An airport where runway and
interplane struts on the upper wing.
obstruction lighting is available.
lift-drag ratio - The efficiency of an airfoil section. It is
the ratio of .the coeff~cientof lift to the coefficient of lightening hole - A hole cut in a structural part to
decrease weight. Strength is often maintained by
drag for any given angle of attack.
flanging the area around the hole.
lifted index - The common approach to the evaluation
lighter-than-air aircraft - An aircraft that can rise and
of potential instability requirement for thunderstorm
remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less
formation. It is the difference between the observed
than the air that is displaced by the gas.
500 mb temperature and the temperature the parcel of
air would have if lifted from the boundary layer to the lightning - An immense discharge of static electricity in
500 mb level. resDonse to the build-up of electrical ~otentialbetween
cloud and ground, between clouds, within a single
lifting body - A wingless aircraft developed by NASA
cloud, or between a cloud and the surrounding air.
where lift is created by the shape of the craft itself.
light-up - The point at which combustion occurs in a
light - The electromagnetic radiations of a frequency
turbine engine as indicated by an exhaust temperature
range visible to the human eye.
rise on the cockpit indicator.
light aircraft - An aircraft having a total gross weight
lime grease - A grease made up of oil and calcium
of 12,500 Ibs. or less. See also light plane.
hydroxide. It does not emulsify in water and is highly
light emitting diode (LED) - A semiconductor diode resistant to washout in wet environments.
that emits light when current flows through it.
limit load - The maximum load, expressed as multiples
light ends - The products of petroleum that boil off first of positive and negative G (force of gravity), that an
in the process of fractional distillation. aircraft can sustain before structural damage becomes
possible. The load limit varies from aircraft to aircraft.
light gun -A handheld directional light signaling device
that emits a brilliant narrow beam of white, green, or limit switch - A switch designed to stop an actuator at
red light as selected by the tower controller. The color the limit of its movement.
and type of light transmitted can be used to approve or
limiter -A stage in a frequency modulated receiver that
disapprove anticipated pilot actions where radio
limits the amplitude of the signal and thus removes
communication is not available. The light gun is used
static.
for controlling traffic operating in the vicinity of the
airport and on the airport movement area. limits - The bounds of travel or size allowed for a
component.
light plane - An aircraft having a total gross weight of
12,500 lbs. or less. Light plane is also used as a limits of size - The applicable maximum and minimum
colloquial term to mean a small, single-engine airplane. dimensions of a part.
light sport aircraft -An aircraft, other than a helicopter Lindberg fire detection system - A
or powered-lift that, since its original certificate, has continuous-element-type fire detector consisting of a
continued to meet the following:
- stainless steel tube containing a discrete element that
has been processed to absorbgas in proportion to the
I. A maximum takeoff weight of not more than 660
operating temperature. As the temperature rises, gas is
pounds (300 kilograms) for lighter-than-air aircraft;
released, causing the pressure in the stainless steel tube
1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for aircraft not intended
to increase to the operating temperature set point. This
for operation on water; or 1,430 pounds (650
closes a switch that actuates the warning light and bell.
kilograms) for an aircraft intended for operation on
water. line loss - The voltage loss in a conductor. The amount
of loss is related to its length.
2. A maximum airspeed in level light, with maximum
continuous power (VH), of not more than 120 knots line maintenance - The inspection and repairs
CAS under standard atmospheric conditions at sea accomplished on the flight line as opposed to shop
level. maintenance.
light year - The distance light travels in one year. Unit line of sight radio reception - The clear path between
of measurement in astronomy equal to 5.88 X 1012 the transmitting and receiving antennas of high-
miles. frequency radio signals.

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 -
line voltage lithium cell

line voltage - The main power line voltage that operates linseed oil - A solvent used in some aircraft finishes.
a system. Also used to coat the inside of steel tubing to prevent
rusting. Linseed oil is obtained from flaxseed.
line voltage regulator -The device used to stabilize the
line voltage by sensing and regulating the voltage liquid -A fluid that assumes the shape of the container
demands supplied to a piece of electrical or electronic in which it is held.
equipment.
liquid air -A slightly bluish, transparent liquid that has
linear accelerometer - A device that measures been changed into a liquid by lowering its temperature
acceleration of a body in a straight line. to -31Z°F (-191" C, 81" Kelvin). It is used chiefly as a
refrigerant.
linear actuator - An actuator that changes hydraulic or
pneumatic pressure into linear motion. liquid crystal - A liquid whose reflectivity varies
according to the voltage applied to it.
linear amplification - In electronics, an amplifier in
which the change in output is proportional to the liquid crystal display - A constantly activated display
change in input. that consists of segments of a liquid crystal. Uses very
low current levels, making it more suitable for displays
linear control - In electronics, a control device in which
than light emitting diodes (LED'S).
the change in output is proportional to the amount the
control's adjustment is changed. liquid lock - A condition that occurs in reciprocating
engines that have the cylinders below the crankcase.
linear integrated circuit - In electronics, an integrated
Oil leaks past the piston rings and tills the cylinder.
circuit (IC) in which the change in output is
The engine cannot be rotated without damage. Also
proportional to the change in input.
referred to as a hydraulic lock.
linear movement - A movement or progression in
liquid nitrogen - Nitrogen that has been changed into
which the output or result is directly proportional to the
its liquid state by lowering its temperature to -195°C
input.
(78" Kelvin) or lower.
linear operation - The operation in which the output of
liquid oxygen (LOX) - Oxygen that has been changed
a device is directly proportional to its input. If the input
into its liquid state by lowering its temperature to -
increases by 10 percent, the output will also be
113°C (160" Kelvin) or lower.
increased by 10 percent.
liquid-cooled - A device or machine that is cooled by
linear resistance curve - The characteristic illustrated
the use of liquid.
by a load when any increase or decrease in the voltage
across the load results in a proportional change in the liquid-cooled engine - A reciprocating engine that uses
current through the load. a mixture of water and ethylene glycol to remove
excess heat. This mixture flows around the cylinders in
linen - A fabric made from flax that was a favorite
jackets and absorbs the heat created by the combustion
covering material for truss-type airplanes. In the United
in the cylinders. This heat is released to the outside air
States, it has been almost totally replaced by grade-A
through a radiator.
cotton and synthetic fiber.
listening - Hearing your students talk and listening to
lines of flux - The lines of magnetic force connecting
what they are saying are two different things.
the poles of a magnet.
Instructors can use a variety of techniques or tools to
link - 1. A short connecting rod used for transmitting become better listeners, including do n i t interrupt, do
power and/or force. 2. On the Internet, an identifier not judge, think before answering, be close enough to
indicating connection with another similarly identified hear, watch nonverbal behavior, be aware of biases,
element. Links are usually identified by a different look for underlying feelings, concentrate, avoid
color of text, underlining, or button and can be rehearsing answers while listening, do not insist on the
accessed merely by clicking on them with a mouse. last word.
The mouse pointer also will usually change from an
liter - A metric unit of volume (1.0567 qt.) used for
arrow to a hand when it hovers over a link.
gaseous or liquid measurement.
link rod -An articulated rod that connects the pistons in
Uthium - An alkaline-metal element with a symbol of Li
a radial engine to the master rod. There is one less
and an atomic number of 3. The lightest metallic
articulated rod than there are cylinders in each row of
element known.
cylinders in a radial engine
- since one piston is attached
t i the master rod. lithium cell - One of a family of chemical cell types
incorporating lithium in one pole.

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 lithium grease localizer usable distance

lithium grease - A water-resistant, low operating LOC mode - The operating position of an automatic
temperature grease made of lithium salts and fatty pilot when it is receiving its signals from the localizer
acids. portion of an instrument landing system.
lithometeor - In meteorology, dry particles suspended local action - The formation of tiny chemical cells in
in the atmosphere such as dust, smoke, and haze. one or both of the poles of a chemical cell (battery) due
to impurities in the material. Local action can result in
lithosphere - The Earth's most outer area consisting of
the exhausting of the service capacity of a cell or
the Earth's crust and the upper mantle. The lithosphere
corrosion of the pole pieces.
extends downward toward the center of the Earth
approximately 50 to 60 miles. local airport advisory (LAA) - A service provided by
flight service stations or the military at &ports not
litmus - A water-soluble powder that turns red in acid
serviced by an operating control tower. This service
solutions and blue in alkaline solutions.
consists of providing information to arriving and
litmus paper - An indicator paper that changes color departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed,
when it comes in contact with an acid or an alkali. It favored runway, altimeter setting, pertinent known
turns red when wet with an acid, and blue when wet traffic, pertinent known field conditions, airport taxi
with an alkali. routes and traffic patterns, and authorized instrument
approach procedures. This information is advisory in
live center - A lathe component with a sharp-pointed nature and does not constitute an ATC clearance.
center that fits into the headstock of a lathe and turns
with it. Used to locate the exact center of the local Mach number - In aerodynamics, the speed of air
headstock. flow (Mach number) at a specified location. Because of
the aerodynamic shape of an aircraft, the speed of
load - An energy-absorbing or energy-using device of airflow at any point can be greater than the air speed of
any sort connected to a current. the aircraft as a whole.
load bank - A resistor used to discharge a local oscillator - The internal oscillator section of a
storage battery.
superhetrodyne circuit.
load - An weighing 'ystem component local tramc - Aircraft operating in the trafic or
that contains the strain gauges. It is placed between an within sight of the tower, or aircraft known to be
aircraft jack pad and the jack to measure the weight of departing or arriving from flight in local practice areas,
the aircraft load.
or aircraft executing practice instrument approaches at
load chart - A chart used for weight and balance the airport.
purposes that specifies the location and distribution of localher - The component of an ILS that provides
weights. It aids the pilot in determining the loaded course guidance to the runway.
center of gravity condition.
localiuer course [ICAO] - The locus of points, in any
load factor - The ratio of the load supported by the given horizontal plane, at which the DDM (difference
airplane's wings to the actual weight of the aircraft and in depth of modulation) is zero.
its contents. Also referred to as G-loadine.
.
2

localizer offset - An angular offset of the localizer from

load manifest - An itemized list of weights and the runway extended centerline in a direction away
moments of a particular load taken on a specific flight. from the no transgression zone (NTZ) that increases
Used by FAR Part 121 and 135 operators. the normal operating zone (NOZ) width. An offset
load, electrical - Any apparatus that uses electrical requires a 50 foot increase in DH and is not authorized
power to perform a hnction such as operating a motor. for CAT I1 and CAT 111 approaches.
loading graph - A method of computing the loaded localizer performance with vertical guidance (LPV) --

weight and center of gravity of an aircraft. An instrument approach that takes advantage of WAAS
to provide electronic lateral and vertical guidance.
loading schedule - A document showing where cargo
should be stowed and in what weights at specified localizer type directional aid - A NAVAID used for
locations. nonprecision instrument approaches with utility and
accuracy comparable to a localizer but that is not a part
loadmeter - A current measuring instrument calibrated of a complete ILS and is not aligned with the runway.
in terms of the percentage of the total rated current of
the power source. localizer usable distance - The maximum distance
from the localizer transmitter at a specified altitude, as
lobes -The eccentric portions of a cam or camshaft. verified by flight inspection, at which reliable course
information is continuously received.

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locator longeron

locator - An L/MF NDB used as an aid to final (volume increases) logarithmically as the control shaft
approach. Note: A locator usually has an average is rotated in a clockwise direction.
radius of rated coverage of between 18.5 and 46.3 km
logbooks, mechanical - The journals containing records
(10 and 25 NM)
of the total operating time, repairs, alterations or
lock tabs -A washer with tabs that are bent to prevent a inspections performed, and all AD notes complied
nut from loosening. with. A mechanical logbook should be kept for the
airframe, for each engine, and for each propeller.
locked-rotor current - The amount of current flowing
through the windings of an electric motor when the logic -Valid reasoning through facts and actuality.
motor is prevented from turning. This is the highest
logic circuit -A circuit designed to operate according to
current draw of the motor since once the motor starts
the fundamental laws of logic.
rotating, counter electromotive force (CEMF) is
generated in the windings that opposes voltage and, in logic flowchart - A flowchart that resembles a pert
turn, current flow through the windings. chart, which graphically shows the flow of information
through a computer program, and the decisions that
lockout debooster - A hydraulic component that
must be made at various points. Boxes show
decreases the pressure applied to aircraft brakes. Its
information, a diamond shaped figure is a logical
lockout function shuts off all flow of fluid to the brake
decision point, and a parallelogram is a point where
in the event of a rupture of the brake line below the
data is either put into or taken out of the program.
debooster.
logic functions - Statements of logic conditions used in
lockring - A horseshoe-shaped ring that snaps into a
digital computers. Usually associated with logic gates
groove on a shaft in order to hold the shaft in position.
such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and exclusive
lockstitch - A modified seine knot used to lock the OR. See also AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and
stitches when hand sewing aircraft fabric. The baseball exclusive OR.
stitch is used for sewing and it is locked with the seine
logic gate - See logic functions.
knot every eight to ten stitches to prevent loosening.
logic one - In logic functions, the ON, YES, or TRUE
locktab - A mechanical lock used to prevent a nut from
choices that correspond to a binary "1 ."
coming loose. Its appearance is similar to a washer but
with notches cut from the periphery. When a locktab is logic state - The state or condition (logic one or zero) of
ulaced under a nut on the shaft of a bolt. one or more of a digital
u electronic conductor.
the external locking tabs are bent up against the flats of
the nut to keep it from backing off and becoming loose. logic zero - In logic functions, the OFF, NO, or FALSE
choices that correspond to a binary "0."
lockwire - A stainless steel, brass, or galvanized steel
wire used to exert a pulling motion on the head of logical one - A YES or a TRUE condition in digital
screws or bolts to prevent them from loosening. Also electronics. It is produced by a closed switch or the
referred to as safetywire. presence of a voltage.

lockwiring - A method of tying two or more screws or logical zero - A NO or a FALSE condition in digital
bolts together by twisting lockwire between them in electronics. It is produced by an open switch or the
such a way that tension is held on the head of each absence of a voltage.
fastener in the direction of tightening. long duct turbofan - A design that ducts the cold
lodestone - A natural rock having magnetic stream to the rear of the engine and to the atmosphere.
characteristics. The cold and hot streams mix on some engines.

log - A journal containing a record of activities. Pilots long range navigation (LORAN) - An electronic
keep a log of their flight time, and ground crews keep navigational system by which lines of position are
logs on the mechanical operating components of the determined by measuring the difference in the time of
aircraft, airframe, engine, propeller, and rotor to show reception of synchronized pulse signals from fixed
transmitters
the amount of time in service, and to record all the
maintenance that has been completed on each device. long waves In meteorology, the wave-like structure in
-

logarithm - The exponent that indicates the power to the contour and westerly wind patterns in the mid- and
which a number is raised to produce a given number. upper troposphere. Marked by long, (5,000 miles) slow
For 5' = 25, the logarithm of 25 to the base 5 is 2. moving wave troughs located frequently along the east
coasts of both Asia and North America.
logarithmic or audio taper potentiometer - A volume
control potentiometer whose resistance decreases longeron - The main longitudinal strength-canying
member of an aircraft fuselage or engine nacelle.

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 longitude low approach

longitude - Measurement east or west of the Prime electronic circuit including a feedback signal that is
Meridian in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The Prime compared with the reference signal to maintain a
Meridian is 0 degrees longitude and runs through desired condition. 2. A flight maneuver executed in
Greenwich, England. Lines of longitude are also such a manner that the airplane follows a closed 360"
referred to as meridians. circle in a vertical plane.
longitudinal -Of or pertaining to length. loop antenna - A highly directional sensitive antenna
wound in the form of a coil used to find the direction
longitudinal axis - The axis of an airplane that extends
between the loop and the station transmitting the
through the fuselage from the nose to the tail, passing
received signal.
through the center of gravity. Longitudinal axis is also
referred to as the roll axis, which is controlled by the loopstick antenna - An antenna with a large number of
movement of the ailerons. turns of wire wound on a powdered iron (ferrite) rod to
increase the radio signal the coil receives. Loopsticks
longitudinal separation - The longitudinal spacing of
are particularly useful in small portable radio receivers.
aircraft at the same altitude by a minimum distance
expressed in units of time or miles. LORAN - An electronic navigational system by which
hyperbolic lines of position are determined by
longitudinal stability - Stability about the lateral axis.
measuring the difference in the time of reception of
A desirable characteristic of an airplane whereby it
synchronized pulse signals from two fixed transmitters.
tends to return to its trimmed angle of attack after
Loran A operates in the 1750-1950 kHz frequency
displacement.
band. Loran C and D operate in the 100-110 kHz
longitudinal wave - A wave in which the particles frequency band.
vibrate in the same direction as the wave as a whole is
lost communications - Loss of the ability to
moving..
communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes referred
long-range communication system (LRCS) - A to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot procedures
system that uses satellite relay, data link, high are specified in FAR 91. Radar controllers issue
frequency, or another approved communication system procedures for pilots to follow in the event of lost
that extends beyond line of sight. communications during a radar approach when weather
reports indicate that an aircraft will likely encounter
long-range navigation (LORAN) - A radio navigation IFR weather conditions during the approach.
system that utilizes the master and slave stations
transmitting timed pulses. The time difference in louver - An opening with fixed or movable slanted slats.
reception of pulses from several stations establishes a Also spelled louvre.
hyperbolic line of position, which can be identified on
low - In meteorology, an area of low barometric
a loran chart. A fix in position is obtained by utilizing
pressure, with its attendant system of winds. Also
signals from two or more stations.
referred to as a cyclone.
long-range navigation system (LRNS) - An electronic
low altitude airway structure - The network of
navigation unit that is approved for use under
airways serving aircraft operations up to but not
instrument flight rules as a primary means of
including 18,000 feet MSL.
navigation, and has at least one source of navigational
input, such as inertial navigation system, global low altitude airway structure / federal airways (USA)
positioning system, Omegalvery low frequency, or - The network of airways serving aircraft operations
Loran C. up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL.
long-term memory - The portion of the brain that low altitude alert system - An automated function of
stores information which has been determined to be of the TPX-42 that alerts the controller when a Mode C
sufficient value to be retained. In order for it to be transponder-equipped aircraft on an IFR flight plan is
retained in long-term memory, it must have been below a predetermined minimum safe altitude. If
processed or coded in the working- memory. requested by the pilot, LAAS monitoring is also
available t i VFR- Mode C transponder~equipped
long-wire antenna - A radio energy antenna with a
aircraft.
length greater than one-half the wavelength of the
frequency
- - of the energy
-- being
- transmitted or received. low altitude alert, check your altitude immediately -
A safety alert issued b; ATC to aircraft under their
loom - A tubular flexible insulating material used for
control if ATC is aware the aircraft is at an altitude
wire protection.
which, in the controller's iudgment, places the aircraft
loop - 1. A control circuit consisting of a sensor, a in unsafe proximity to terr&&bstruc;ions.
controller, an actuator, a controll& unit, and a
low approach - An approach over an airport or runway
follow-up or feedback to the sensor. Also, any closed
following an instrument approach or a VFR approach
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low blower . Ive

including the go-around maneuver where the pilot oxygen is stored under pressures of approximately 450
intentionally does not make contact with the runway. PSI.
low blower - The lower speed setting of a two-speed low-tension ignition system - A magneto system used
internal supercharger. for reciprocating engine airplanes that fly at high
altitudes. It consists of a rotating magnet, a cam,
low bypass turbofan - An engine with a one-to-one breaker points, a condenser, a coil with only the
bypass ratio. Approximately the same air mass flows
primary winding, and a carbon brush-type distributor.
across the fan as across the core engine.
The primary current is directed through the distributor
low frequency (LF) - The frequency band between 30 to a coil for each individual spark plug. These coils
and 300 kHz. have a primary and a secondary winding that generate
the high voltage at the spark plug.
low IFR (LIFR) - Weather characterized by ceilings
lower than 500 feet AGL andlor visibility less than one low-tension magneto - An ignition system used for
statute mile. reciprocating engine airplanes that fly at high altitudes.
It consists of a rotating magnet, a cam, breaker points,
low pitch, high RPM setting - The setting of a condenser, a coil with only the primary winding, and a
controllable-pitch propeller that allows the engine to carbon brush-type distributor. The primary current is
produce its highest RPM with the propeller at its lowest directed through the distributor to a coil for each
pitch. individual spark plug. These coils have a primary and a
low pressure turbine - The turbine rotor that drives the secondary winding that generate the high voltage at the
low pressure compressor in a dual or triple spool axial spark plug.
flow gas turbine engine.
low-voltage ignition system - A main ignition system
lower turbulent zone - The portion of the lee wave used on turbine engines with a voltage output in the
system, starting at ground level extending to just above range of approximately 1,000 to 5,000 volts delivered
the mountaintop, and marked by turbulence. to the igniter plug.
low-frequency radio waves - Radio waves of low-wing airplane - An airplane having one main
frequency lower than the bottom of the commercial supporting aerodynamic surface flush with the bottom
AM broadcast radio band. of the fuselage.
low-lead 100-octane aviation gasoline (100 LL) - lubber line - The reference line on a magnetic compass
Gasoline that contains a maximum of 2 ml. of or directional gyro that represents the heading of a ship
tetraethyl lead per gallon. Normal 100-octane avgas is or aircraft.
allowed to contain 4.6 ml. of tetraethyl lead per gallon. lubricant - A natural or artificial substance used to
low-level wind shear - Wind shear below 2,000 feet reduce friction, heat, and wear between moving parts.
AGL along the final approach path or along the takeoff It also can be used to prevent corrosion on metallic
and initial climb out path. surfaces.
low-level wind shear alert system (LLWAS) - A lubricating - The process of applying a lubricant.
'ystem at many large that Lucite - A transparent, thermoplastic resin used for
monitors surface winds at remote sites on the airport. A
windshields and side windows of small aircraft. A
computer evaluates the wind differences from the trademark of the DuPont company.
remote sites to determine if a wind shear problem
exists. lug - A projection from a structural member used as an
attachment point.
low-pass filter - A filter circuit designed to pass
low-frequency signals and attenuate high-frequency luminance - The intensity of light emitted or scattered
signals. from a surface area in a given direction.
low-pressure compressor - The front section of a dual luminescence - The emission of light from essentially
compressor gas turbine engine Also referred to as the nonthermal sources such as phosphorescence.
N i compressor or low-speed compressor.
luminous paint - A paint that glows in the dark. Used
low-pressure compressor gas turbine engine - The for marking aircraft instrument dials and pointers.
front section of B dual c&npressor driven by the last
lye - An alkaline solution consisting of potassium
stages of the turbine. Also referred to as the N1
hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
compressor or low-speed compressor.
low-pressure oxygen system - A gaseous oxygen
system formerly used in military aircraft in which the

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 .
M magnetic bearing

machmeter - A direct-reading indicator installed in the

instrument panel of high-speed aircraft that gives the
pilot an indication of his flight Mach number. The
mach - The ratio of the aircraft's true airspeed to the internal mechanism of a machmeter includes a bellows
speed of sound. for measuring the difference between pitot pressure and
mach cone - The cone-shaped shock wave produced by static pressure, and includes an aneroid that modifies
an object exceeding the speed of sound. the output from this differential pressure bellows to
correct for the changes in altitude.
mach number - The ratio of the weed of an aimlane to
the speed of sound in the same atmospheric conditions; mackerel sky - A meteorological condition of clouds
e.g., MACH.82, MACH 1.6. that resemble the scales on a mackerel fish. The clouds
consist of rows of altocumulus or cirrocumulus clouds.
mach technique [ICAO] - Describes a control
technique used by air traffic control whereby turbojet macroscale - Spatial scales of 1,000 NM or more.
aircraft operating successively along suitable routes are magamp - A contraction of magnetic amplified. An
cleared to maintain appropriate MACH numbers for a amplifier system using saturable reactors to control an
relevant portion of the enroute phase of flight. The output to obtain amplification. See also magnetic
principle objective is to achieve improved utilization of amplifier.
the airspace and to ensure that separation between
successive aircraft does not decrease below the magnesium - A silver-white, malleable, ductile metallic
established minima. element with a symbol of Mg and an atomic number of
12. Used to produce light alloys for aircraft
mach tuck - A condition that can occur when operating construction.
a swept-wing airplane in the transonic speed range. A
shock wave could form in the root portion of the wing Magnesyn system -An AC remote indicating system in
and cause the air behind it to separate. This shock- which a permanent magnet is used as the rotor. Based
induced separation causes the center of pressure to upon the synchronous-motor principle, in which the
move aft. This, combined with the increasing amount angular position of the rotor of one motor at the
of nose down force at higher speeds to maintain level measuring source is duplicated by the rotor of the
flight, causes the nose to "tuck." If not corrected, the indicator motor. Used in fuel-quantity or hel-flow
airplane could enter a steep, sometimes unrecoverable measuring systems, position-indicating systems, etc.
dive. magnet - A device or material that has the property of
machine bolt - The common name for a hex head bolt attracting or repelling other magnetic materials. Lines
with uniform threads. of magnetic flux link its external poles, and a
conductor cutting across the flux will have a voltage
machine language - A language used in a computer induced into it.
system made up of zeros and ones. A special program
called a compiler converts a programming language magnet keeper - A soft iron bar placed across the north
into machine language that can be used by the and south poles of a U-shaped magnet. The iron bar
commter. produces a closed path through which magnetic lines of
force pass.
machine screw - A screw fastener with uniform threads
that can be screwed into a tapped hole or into a nut. magnet wire - A small-diameter, varnish-insulated
The head of a machine screw can be round, flat, truss, copper wire used in coil windings for electromagnets,
oval, or a fillister-type. transformers, motors, and generators.
machine-sewn fabric seams - Machine-sewn aircraft magnetic amplifier - An electronic control device that
fabric seams. The most common types of machine- uses a saturable reactor. The condition of saturation is
sewn fabric seams include the French fell, folded fell, controlled by the input signal to modulate the flow of a
and plain overlap. much larger current in the output circuit. It is
essentially a multi-coil transformer that controls the
machining - The process of forming the surface by amount of load current allowed to flow in the load
cutting away material by turning, planing, shaping, and winding by a small amount of current in the magnetic
milling. Normally accomplished with machine - core. Changing the amount of DC flowing in the
opcratcd tools such as lathes, milling machines, magnetic core changes the permeability of the core.
shapers, and planers. This, in turn, changes the amount of inductive
machinist - A skilled person in the operation of reactance that opposes the AC flowing in the load
metal-working machine tools such as lathes, shapers, winding.
planers, and milling machines. magnetic bearing - The magnetic course to go direct to
an NDB station.
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magnetic brake magnetic particle inspection

magnetic brake - 1. A friction brake controlled by an magnetic drag cup - The aluminum or copper cup
electromagnetic solenoid. The brake can be either surrounding the rotating magnet in a simple mechanical
actuated or released by electromagnetic action (usually tachometer. Eddy currents are generated in this cup by
on or off). 2. A brake that uses magnetism to oppose the rotating magnetic field, resulting in eddy currents
rotation of a disc or drum without any physical contact and attendant magnetic fields. This resultant magnetic
to create the slowing force. Often used in motor driven field interacts with those of the rotating magnet and the
devices and in effect reverses the rotational forces on cup then is displaced axially by the rotation.
the motor until the motor comes to a stop. If the reverse
magnetic drain plug - Similar to a chip detector, except
forces were not removed when the motor stops, the
some types cannot be powered to show contamination
motor would start to turn the opposite direction.
on a warning light in the cockpit. The drain plug
magnetic bubble memory - The memory stored in the consists of two small permanent magnets built into it to
form of bubbles or circular areas on a thin film of attract and hold any ferrous metal particles that can be
magnetic media. Used on early digital computers as in the lubricating oil system. Ferrous metal chips on the
non-volatile memory, but no longer widely used. drain plug indicate the possibility of internal engine
failure. Usually located in the lower portion of a sump
magnetic chuck - A metal machining tool that consists
in the scavenge oil subsystem.
of a special work surface that uses electromagnetism to
hold the material being machined. magnetic field - The space around a magnet or
conductor where magnetic flux is found.
magnetic circuit - Any complete path of magnetic lines
of flux that leaves the north magnet pole of an magnetic flux - The invisible lines of magnetic force
electrical machine such as a motor or generator and that exist between the poles of a magnet, and which
enters the magnetic south pole. follow the path of least resistance. Traditionally, they
are given the direction from north pole to south pole.
magnetic circuit breaker - A circuit breaker that opens
When an electrical conductor cuts across the lines of
a circuit whenever there is an excess of current flow in
magnetic flux, a voltage is produced in the conductor.
the circuit. It works on the principle of
One line of magnetic force is called one maxwell.
electromagnetism. When rated current flow is
exceeded, the magnetic field develops enough strength magnetic flux density - The unit of field intensity is the
to open a set of contacts and deenergize the circuit. gauss. An individual line of force, called a maxwell, in
an area of one square centimeter produces a field
magnetic compass error -Acceleration error, magnetic
intensity of one gauss.
dip, and turning error. Acceleration error is inherent in
magnetic compasses, caused by the force of magnetic heading - The angle between the longitudinal
acceleration acting on the dip compensating weight axis of an aircraft and magnetic north.
when the aircraft accelerates or decelerates on an
magnetic hysteresis - The tendency of a material to
easterly or westerly heading. In compasses
retain magnetism after the magnetizing influence has
compensated for flight in the Northern Hemisphere,
been removed. Hysteresis loops are graphs that indicate
when the aircraft accelerates on an easterly or westerly
heading, the compass gives the indication that the the magnetic properties of different materials.
aircraft is turning to the North. When the aircraft magnetic north - True north direction corrected for
decelerates on either of these headings, the compass variation error.
is
gives the indication that the aircraft turning to- the
magnetic north pole - The point on the Earth's surface
South. Magnetic dip is an error as the result of the
north end of the compass trying to dip toward the in the Northern Hemisphere where isolines of the
magnetic poles in the North and South Hemispheres. Earth's magnetic field converge. Compasses align with
This is compensated for by adding weights on the south the lines of magnetic flux that connect the north and
end of the bar magnet in the Northern Hemisphere, and south magnetic poles, with the north-facing pointer
the north end in the Southern Hemisphere. Turning directed toward the magnetic north pole. The pole's
error is caused by the dip compensating weight. It location is not co-located with the north axis of rotation
shows up mostly on turns to or from north or south of the Earth known as true north.
hcadings and causes the compass to lead or lag the magnetic particle inspection - A nondestructive
actual turn. inspection for ferrous metal parts in which the part is
magnetic course - The path of an airplane as measured magnetized, producing north and south poles across
from magnetic north. any discontinuity, either on the surface or subsurface.
. . is
Iron oxide, sometimes mixed with a fluorescent dye.
magnetic deviation - A compass error caused by attracted and held over the discontinuity. The
localized magnetic fields in the airplane attracting the discontinuity shows up as a line of iron oxide. If using
floating magnets in the magnetic compass and fluorescent dye, an ultraviolet light (a black light)
deflecting it away from magnetic north.
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 magnetic pickup RPM system maintenance release

shined on the part shows the discontinuity as an switch is placed in the OFF position with the engine
incandescent line. idling to ascertain that the switch actually does ground
out both magnetos.
magnetic pickup RPM system - A newer fan speed
indicating system that uses a magnetic pickup in the magnetometer - An instrument used to measure the
fan case. Blade motion produces eddy currents that are intensity of a magnetic field. Also used detect the
measured and interpreted electronically and displayed presence of a metallic object.
as RPM on a cockpit indicator.
magnetomotive force (MMF) - The magnetizing force
magnetic poles - A suspended magnet swinging freely in a magnetic field. Measured in gilberts or
will align itself with the Earth's magnetic poles. One ampere-turns.
end is labeled "N," meaning north-seeking. The
magnetosphere - The magnetic field surrounding a
opposite end of the magnet is labeled "S," meaning
celestial object (Earth , Moon, stars, etc.). Charged
south-seeking.
particles are trapped within the magnetosphere.
magnetic saturation A magnet's saturated condition
magnetron - A vacuum tube that generates power at
-

in which all of the magnetic domains are lined up in the

microwave frequencies. The flow of electrons is
same direction, and any increase in the magnetic field
controlled by an externally applied magnetic field.
is not possible.
magnitude - A condition of size, quantity, or number.
magnetic shunt -A piece of soft iron shunted across the
air gap of a magnet used in an electrical measuring main bus - A common voltage tie point for electrical
instrument. The position of the magnetic shunt can be circuits.
changed to calibrate the instrument by varying the
amount of magnetic flux that crosses the air gap. main fuel system - The fuel distribution system used
for all normal engine operating conditions.
magnetic variation - The angular difference between
the geographic north pole and the magnetic north pole. main rotor - The rotor that supplies the principal lift to
The exact value of variation depends on the position on a rotorcraft.
the Earth where the measurement is taken. main wheels - The wheels of an aircraft landing gear
magnetic wave - The component of a radio wave that support the major part of the aircraft weight.
perpendicular to the antenna. maintain - 1. Concerning altitudelflight level, the term
magnetic yoke - The mechanical support that completes means to remain at the altitudelflight level specified.
The phrase "climb and" or "descend and" normally
the magnetic circuit between the poles of a generator.
Also used to describe any ferrous material within the precedes "maintain" and the altitude assignment; e.g.,
magnetic field of a magnet. This material serves as a "descend and maintain 5,000." 2. Concerning other
low impedance "path of least resistance" route for ATC instructions, the term is used in its literal sense;
magnetic lines of flux. e.g., maintain VFR.
maintenance - The inspection, overhaul, repair,
magnetic-drag tachometer - A simple mechanical
tachometer that contains an aluminum or copper drag preservation, and replacement of parts, excluding
cup surrounding a rotating magnet. The magnet is preventive maintenance.
connected to the equipment whose RPM is to be maintenance manual - A manual produced by the
measured and the drag cup is attached to the pointer in manufacturer of an aircraft, aircraft engine, or
the tachometer instrument. Eddy currents are generated component, which details the approved methods of
in this cup by the rotating magnetic field, resulting in maintenance.
eddy currents and attendant magnetic fields. This
resultant magnetic field interacts with those of the maintenance planning friction level - The fiiction
rotating magnet and the cup is then displaced axially by level specified in AC 15015320-12, Measurement,
the rotation. Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant
Airport Pavement Surfaces that represents the friction
magnetism - The ability to attract certain materials value below which the runway pavement surface
containing iron and to influence moving electrons. remains acceptable for any category or class of aircraft
operations but that is beginning to show signs of
magneto - A self-contained, permanent-magnet AC
deterioration. This value will vary depending on the
generator with a set of current interrupter contacts and
particular fiiction measurement equipment used.
a ste~-ur,
A * transformer. It is used to suvvlyA. - the high
-
voltage required for ignition in an aircraft reciprocating maintenance release - A return to service approval of
engine. an aircraft by an authorized A&P technician or IA.
Logged in the appropriate maintenance record.
magneto safety check - An operational check on an
aircraft reciprocating engine in which the magneto
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major alteration manufactured rivet head

major alteration - An alteration not listed in the mandatory altitude - An altitude depicted on an
aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller specification, and instrument Approach Procedure Chart requiring the
one which might . appreciably affect weight, balance,
- -
aircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
structural strength, performance, powerplait operation,
mandatory altitude - An altitude depicted on an
flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting
instrument Approach Procedure Chart requiring the
airworthiness.
aircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.
major axis of an ellipse - The longer axis passing
mandrel - 1. Lathe: A tapered shaft that fits into a hole
through one focus of an ellipse. See also ellipse.
used to support and center a device or piece of material
major diameter - The diameter of a bolt or a screw to so that it can be machined. 2. Tube bending: A long
the tip of the threads. steel rod with a rounded end inserted into a piece of
metal tubing in order to keep the tubing from flattening
major overhaul - The complete disassembly, cleaning,
while it is being bent.
inspection, repair, and reassembly of an aircraft,
engine, or other aircraft component in accordance with maneuverability - The ability of an aircraft to change
the manufacturer's specifications, and which will directions along a flight path and withstand the stresses
return the device to a serviceable condition. imposed upon it.
major repair - A repair that, if improperly done, might maneuvering - In aviation, to move through a specific
appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, series of changes in direction, speed and position for a
performance, powerplant operation, flight specific purpose. Often used in regards to positioning
characteristics, or other qualities affecting an aircraft in the landing- pattern.
A

airworthiness. FAR 43, Appendix A provides guidance

manganese - A non-magnetic chemical element of
on what constitutes major repairs and alterations.
grayish white with a symbol of Mn and an atomic
major structural damage - Damage to a structure that number of 25. Used in the manufacturing of iron,
requires a major repair in order to return it to proper aluminum, and copper alloys.
working or operating condition.
manganese dioxide - A chemical compound used in
make short approach - Used by ATC to inform a pilot carbon-zinc batteries to absorb the hydrogen gas that
to alter his traffic pattern so as to make a short final would otherwise insulate the carbon rod when electrons
approach. flow from the zinc can to the carbon.
make-and-break ignition One of the earliest forms of
- Manganin -An alloy of copper, manganese, and nickel.
electrical ignitions for internal combustion engines. It
manifest - A list of passengers and cargo carried on any
produced an arc when two contacts carrying low-
one flight.
voltage current within the cylinder were separated.
manifold - A chamber having several outlets through
male electrical connector The pin contact that
--

which a liquid or gas is distributed or gathered.

completes a circuit by sliding inside a socket (the
female connector). manifold absolute pressure (MAP) - The absolute
pressure, measured in inches of mercury, existing in
male fitting - A fitting designed to be placed, screwed,
the intake manifold of an engine. This is the pressure
or bolted into another unit.
that forces the fuel-air mixture into the cylinders.
malfunction - The failure of a part of a component to
manifold pressure - The absolute pressure, measured in
function; a deviation in the operation of a unit from its
inches of mercury, existing in the intake manifold of an
intended purpose or design.
engine. This is the pressure that forces the fuel-air
malleability - The measure of a material's ability to be m&re into the cylinder.
stretched or shaped by beating it with a hammer or
manometer - An instrument consisting of a glass tube
passing through rollers without breaking.
filled with a liquid for measuring the pressure of gases
malleable - The ability to be stretched or shaped by or vapors either above or below atmospheric pressure.
beating with a hammer or passing through rollers
manual depressurization valve -A back-up valve used
without breaking.
to control cabin pressurization by manually controlling
mallet - A hammer with a heavy wood, plastic, rubber, the outflow of -air from the cabin if the automatic
or leather head. system malfunctions.
mammatus - Bulges or pouches that appear under the manufactured rivet head - The preformed head of an
anvil of a mature cumulonimbus cloud. aircraft rivet when it is manufactured at the factory.
Also referred to as a shop head.

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 manufacturer matrix

manufacturer - In aviation, a person or a company who mass production - The production of objects in very
manufactures aircraft, aircraft engines, or aircraft large quantities in a relatively short time period by the
components. use of complex, and often computerized, equipment.
manufacturing - The process of taking raw materials massive-electrode spark plug - Spark plugs using two,
and changing them into finished and usable products. three, or four, large nickel-alloy ground electrodes.
Marconi antenna - A non-directional, quarter-wave mass-type fuel flowmeter - A fuel-flow measurement
antenna utilizing a ground plane that serves as a system used with turbine engines that indicates the
quarter-wave reflector. Used for transmitting
- and mass flow rather than the volume flow.
receiving radio communications in the higher
mast - In rotorcraft, the component that supports the
frequency bands.
main rotor.
marginal VFR (MVFR) - Weather characterized by
mast bumping - In rotorcraft, the action of the rotor
ceilings 1,000 to 3,000 feet AGL and/or visibility three
head striking the mast, occurring on underslung rotors
to five statute miles.
only.
marine grommet - A plastic or metal reinforcement
master cylinder - A combination cylinder, piston, and
ring designed with a special shield used to keep water
reservoir used in an aircraft brake system. Fluid is
spray caused by takeoff and landings from entering the
stored when the brakes are not applied and is then
structure. It is normally attached to the underside of
forced into the system for braking.
wings and control surfaces of fabric-covered aircraft
and-used to reinforce drain holes that are cut into the master minimum equipment list (MMEL) - A master
fabric. list developed by the Federal Aviation Administration
for an aircraft by make and model delineating the
marker beacon (MB) - An electronic navigation
specific equipment allowed to be inoperative during
facility transmitting a 75 MHz vertical fan or
various types of flight operations. The
boneshaped radiation pattern. Marker beacons are
MMEL is the basis for the development
identified by their modulation frequency and keying
of an MEL.
code, and when received by compatible airborne
equipment, indicate to the pilot, both aurally and master rod -The only connecting rod in a
visually, that he is passing over the facility. radial engine attached directly to the
crankshaft. All of the other rods connect
married needles - A term used regarding an
to the master rod rather than the
engine-rotor tachometer when the hands are
superimposed. One hand indicates engine RPM and the crankshaft.
other hand indicates the main rotor RPM. master switch - A single switch designed to control
electric power to all circuits in a system.
Marvel balancer - A universal balancer commonly
used throughout the helicopter industry. mat - In composites, typically used in the mold making
process. Chopped fibers are held together with a
masking material - Aluminum foil or special paper
binder. When the resin matrix is applied, the binder
used during painting to cover areas of an aircraft
melts. Typically used with polyester resin systems.
- or on which a finish
surface that are not to be sprayed
is not to be applied. matched gears - Two gears used in a set and only
replaced in a set.
masking tape - Paper tape that has a sticky surface on
one side and generally comes in rolls of varying matching transformer - An electronic device used to
widths. Used for masking
- areas during
- -painting. connect a load and a source of electrical power that
differ in their impedance. It consists of a &ansformer
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs - A listing by
with a primary winding that matches the impedance of
Abraham Maslow of needs from the most basic to the
the source and a secondary winding that matches the
most fulfilling. These range from physical through
load.
safety, social, and ego to self-fulfillment.
mathematics - That branch of science dealing with
Masonite -A type of fiberboard.
numbers and their operation.
mass - A measure of the amount of material or matter
mating surfaces - Two surfaces that come together to
contained in a body. It is the property of a body that
form a seal.
causes the force of gravity to give a body weight.
matrix - In composite construction, the material that
mass flow rate - The result of a fluid's density and its
bonds the fibers together, and distributes the stress to
linear velocity.
the fibers. Typically in advanced composites, the
matrix is a resin.
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matter. medium bypass turbofan

matter - Any substance that has weight and occupies measured ceiling - In weather, a classification where
space. the height of the ceiling has been determined (by one
of several measures) as opposed to estimated.
mature stage In meteorology, the most intense stage
-

of a thunderstorm. Begins when the precipitation- measuring circuit - Any combination of resistors,
induced downdraft reaches the ground. usually lasts batteries, and meters that-make it possible to measure
about 20 minutes. electrical values.
maximum allowable zero-fuel weight - The maximum mechanic - In aviation, a person certificated by the
weight authorized for an aircraft excluding its he1 FAA as an Airframe and Powerplant (A & P)
load. mechanic. (Mechanics can be certified as either a
Powerplant and/or Airframe mechanic.) Aviation
maximum authorized altitude ( M U ) - A published
Maintenance Technician (AMT) has become the
altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or
preferred term.
flight level for an airspace structure or route segment.
It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway, jet route, mechanical advantage - The increase in force or speed
area navigation low or high route, or other direct route gained by using such devices as levers, pulleys, gears,
for which an MEA is designated in FAR 95 at which or hydraulic cylinders.
adequate reception of navigation aid signals is assured.
mechanical blockage thrust reverser - A thrust
maximum except takeoff power (METO) - The reverser usually of the post exit-type (clamshell) used
maximum continuous power an engine is allowed to to reverse the hot exhaust stream of a gas turbine
develop without any time restrictions. engine to help slow the airplane during landings.
maximum landing weight - The maximum authorized mechanical bond - The joining of two or more parts or
weight of the aircraft for landing. pieces by mechanical methods such as bolts, rivets, or
pins.
maximum range - The maximum distance an aircraft
can travel by flying at the most economical speed and mechanical efficiency - The ratio of the brake
altitude during all stages of flight. horsepower delivered to the output shaft of an engine
to its indicated horsepower.
maximum takeoff power - The maximum power an
engine is allowed to develop for a limited period of mechanical energy - Energy that expresses itself in
time, usually about one minute. mechanical movement or the physical production of
work.
maximum takeoff weight - The maximum design
weight of any aircraft for takeoff. mechanical linkage - A direct connection between a
control and a unit. No remote actuator.
maximum weight - The maximum allowable weight for
an aircraft under anv conditions. mechanical mixture - A mixture of two or more
elements or compounds that can be identified by
maxwell - A unit of magnetic flux. One magnetic line of
microscopic examination.
force.
mechanical properties - Those properties that involve a
may - As related to aircraft maintenance, means that
relationship between strain and stress.
such an item is allowed, but not required.
mechanical turbulence - The turbulence that results
mayday - The international radiotelephony distress
when airflow is slowed by surface friction.
signal. When reveated three times. it indicates
inkinent and g;ave danger and that immediate median - In mathematics, the number in an ordered set
assistance is requested. of values below and above which there is an equal
number of values. In the list 1,2,3,7,15,16, and 23, the
mean - The average of a number of factors. Often used
median is seven since there are three numbers smaller
to indicate the mid-point between two extremes.
and three numbers greater than seven. Note that this
mean aerodynamic chord (MAC) - The chord of an differs from the mathematical mean.
having the same medical certificate Short for FAA Aiman Medical
aerodynamic characteristics as that of the actual wing.
Certificate. Obtained by passing a physical
mean sea level (MSL) - The reference used for measur- examination administered by a doctorwho is an FAA-
ing altitude above sea level. Mean sea level is the authorized Aviation Medical Examiner (AME).
average height of the surface of the sea.
medium bypass turbofan - Engines with 2:1 or 3:l
mean solar day - The average time it takes the Earth to bypass ratios, which is the ratio of the amount of air the
rotate about its axis in one day. fan moves (or bypasses) in relation to the core engine.
Also referred to as moderate bypass.
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 .
medium frequency (MF) mesoscale

medium frequency (MF) - The band of material greater strength and luster and is stronger and
electromagnetic radiation frequencies that lie between more pliable than untreated fabric.
300 kHz and 3 MHz.
mercury - A heavy, silver-colored, toxic, liquid,
medium-frequency radio transmission - An outgoing metallic chemical element with a symbol of Hg and an
signal from a transmitter broadcasting an atomic number of 80. Mercury remains in a liquid state
electromagnetic radiation frequency between 300 kHz under standard conditions of pressure and temperature.
and 3 MHz. Mercury is approximately 13 times as heavy as water.
medium-scale integration - A method of fabricating mercury barometer - A closed glass tube partially
integrated circuit (IC) chips to place multiple filled with mercury, used to determine the pressure
transistors or logic circuits on one small IC. Medium- exerted by the atmosphere. The standard atmospheric
scale integration places 10 to 100 circuits on one pressure at sea level will hold the mercury in the tube
integrated circuit. to a height of 760 mm or 29.92".
megahertz (MHz) - 1,000,000 cycles per second. mercury cell - A primary cell using zinc for the
negative electrode, mercuric oxide for the positive
megger - A high-voltage, high-range ohmmeter that has
electrode, and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte.
a built-in (often hand-turned) generator for producing
the voltage needed to measure insulation resistance and mercury clutch - A centrihgal clutch in which mercury
the resistance between a component and electrical is used to engage the clutch.
ground. Also referred to as a megohmmeter.
mercury oxide cell - A chemical cell using powdered
megohmmeter - High-resistance measuring instrument mercuric oxide and powdered zinc as its p i e pieces.
incorporating a high-voltage DC generator in the The electrolyte is a liquid solution of potassium
instrument case. Not only does this measure high hydroxide.
resistance, it does it with a high enough voltage t o
mercury switch - A switch that makes and breaks the
cause insulation breakdown if it has been weakened.
circuit by way of mercury in a glass tube bridging the
Also referred to as a megger.
contacts as the tube is rocked back and forth.
melt - A change in the physical state of a material when
mercury thermometer - A thermometer consisting of a
it goes from a solid to a liquid as a result of absorbing
glass tube with an extremely small inside diameter to
sufficient heat to produce the change.
which is attached a small reservoir containing mercury.
melting - The change of state of a solid to a liquid, as A temperature scale marked alongside the tube is used
ice to water. to indicate the temperature when the mercury expands
up the tube due to a rise in temperature.
melting point - A temperature at which a solid becomes
a liquid. mercury trap - A container in the pick-up tube of a
vacuum cleaner used to retrieve spilled mercury. The
member - Any portion of the aircraft structure essential
mercury is sucked up by the cleaner and deposited in
to the whole.
the bottle that prevents it from being sprayed out by the
memory effect - A reduction in the service capacity of discharge of the cleaner.
nickel-cadmium cells that occurs when cells on standby mercury vapor lamp - A lamp that glows from the
service are regularly recharged after being discharged
excitation of mercury vapor atoms by an electric arc.
to only a small fraction of their full service capacity.
mercury-vapor rectifier - A rectifier tube containing
meniscus - The curved upper surface of a column of mercury, which vaporizes during operation and
liquid in a tube. If the liquid wets the tube, the curve
increases the current-canying capacity of the tube.
will be concave: if the liauid does not wet the tube. the
curve will be convex. mesh - The engagement of the teeth of gears.
mensuration -The act or process of measuring.
- mesh rating - A U.S. sieve number and filtration rating
commonto fuel filters. Similar to a micron rating, e.g.
Mercator projection - A map projection where parallel
a 74 micron filter canies an equivalent U.S. sieve
meridians and lines of latitude are straight lines at right
number 0f 200 and has 200 openings per linear inch.
angles to the meridians. The distance between lines of
latitude increases as they move farther away from the mesopause - The outer extent of the mesosphere,
equator. slightly more than 280,000 feet MSL, the boundary
between the mesosphere and thermosphere.
mercerize - See mercerizing.
-
mesoscale - Spatial scales from 1 to 1,000 nautical
mercerizing - The process of dipping cotton yam or
miles.
fabric into a hot solution of caustic soda. It gives the

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mesoscale convective complex (MCC) meteorological visibility

mesoscale convective complex (MCC) - The nearly metal spinning - A process of metal forming in which
circular clusters of thunderstorms 300 NM or more in sheet metal is clamped into a lathe along with the male
diameter. MCC develops primarily between the die. A shaping tool is used to force the spinning metal
Rockies and the Appalachians during the warmer part against the die.
of the year.
metal spraying - A method of covering or repairing a
mesoscale convective systems (MCS) - A large cluster material with a coating of metal. The metal to be used
of thunderstorms with horizontal dimensions on the for the coating is melted and sprayed out with hot,
order of 100 miles. MCSs are sometimes organized in a high-velocity compressed air.
long line of thunderstorms (e.g., a squall line) or as a
metal-film resistor - A resistor in which an oxide of
random grouping of thunderstorms. Individual
metal is deposited as a film onto a base material. The
thunderstorms within the MCS may be severe.
type of metal and the thickness determine the
mesosphere - A layer of the atmosphere between the resistance of the device.
top of the stratosphere or the ionosphere and the
metallic - Having the nature of metal or containing
exosphere (about 250-600 miles above the Earth).
metal.
metal - A chemical possessing most of the following
metallic ion concentration cell corrosion - Corrosion
characteristics: usually rather heavy, with a bright and
that results from a concentration of metallic ions in the
shining surface, malleable, ductile, and a good
electrolyte. The area of high concentration of metallic
electrical conductor.
ions is the cathode.
metal chip detector (MCD) - An electrical device for
metallic pigment - Extremely tiny flakes of metal
warning the aircrew of ferrous particles in the oil.
suspended in paint to produce a sheen.
Consists of two magnets separated by a narrow gap or
insulator. The detector is found in the bottom of the oil metallic ring test - A test for delaminations in a bonded
sump. When ferrous particles from the oil are attracted structure in which a coin or similar object is used to tap
to the magnets and bridge the gap, a circuit is on the surface. If the bond is good, a metallic ringing
completed and a warning lamp illuminates in the sound will be produced, however, if it is delaminated, a
cockpit. dull thud will be heard.
metal fatigue - A method of work hardening or cold metallizing - 1. To replace the fabric covering on an
working of a metal that results from flexing or aircraft structure with sheet metal. 2. A method of
vibration and which increases the brittleness of the metal overlay or metal bonding to repair worn parts
material to its breaking point.
metallurgy - The science and technology dealing with
metal foil - A very thin sheet of metal such as metals and their use.
aluminum foil.
metalworking tools - Machines and tools used in the
metal-matrix composites (MMC) - In composites, construction and repair of sheet metal structures.
fibers bonded together with a metal as the bonding
material. metamerism index - A measurement used for scientific
color matching. It indicates the way- a pigment
- - will
metal oxide rectifier -An electronic device that enables look under varying light conditions.
one-way flow of current through the flow of electrons
METAR - The international weather reporting code that
from the base material to an oxide layer, but not from
the oxide layer to the base material. will be introduced in the U.S., after June 1, 1996.

metal oxide semiconductor capacitor - An electronic metastable compound - A chemical compound that has
device that utilizes metal oxide as a dielectric to create only a slight margin of stability.
capacitance. meteor - A small particle of matter in the solar system
metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor visible only as i i burns due to the high temperature
(MOSFET) - A semiconductor whose gate is caused by friction as the meteor falls through the
insulated from the channel. The MOSFET was Earth's atmosphere.
originally called the insulated-gate FET (IGFET). The meteorological impact statement - An unscheduled
MOSFET has an extremely large input impedance. planning forecast describing conditions expected to
Because the insulating oxide layer is extremely thin, begin within 4 to 12 hours that can impact the flow of
the MOSFET is susceptible to destruction by air traffic in a specific center's (ARTCC) area.
electrostatic charges. Special precautions are necessary
when handling or transporting MOS devices. meteorological visibility - A measure of horizontal
visibility in a given direction near the Earth's surface,
metal sheath - A close-fitting metal cover. based bn sighting of objects in the daytime or
unfocused lights of moderate intensity at night.
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 .
meteorology microbes

meteorology - The study of weather and atmospheric methyl bromide - A fire extinguishing agent (CH3Br).
phenomena. More effective than C02 from a standpoint of weight,
but more toxic than COz. It will seriously corrode
meter - 1. A device used to measure, indicate, or record.
aluminum alloy, zinc, and magnesium. Methyl bromide
2. The basic unit of length measurement in the metric
cannot be used in areas where harmful concentrations
system equal to approximately 39.37".
can enter personnel compartments.
meter fix timetslot time - A calculated time to depart
methylene chloride - A liquid solvent (CH2CL2)used
the meter fix in order to cross the vertex at the ACLT.
as the active agent in many paint strippers.
This time reflects descent speed adjustment and any
applicable time that must be absorbed prior to crossing methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) - A low-cost solvent
the meter fix. similar to acetone. Used as a cleaning agent to prepare
a surface for painting and as a stripper for certain
meter list display interval - A dynamic parameter that
finishes. Should be used only in well-ventilated areas.
controls the number of minutes prior to the flight plan
calculated time of arrival at the meter fix for each metric horsepower -A measurement of power in the
aircraft, at which time the TCLT is frozen and becomes metric system of measurement. One metric horsepower
an ACLT; i.e., the VTA is updated and consequently is equal to 1.0139 mechanical horsepower in the
the TCLT modified as appropriate until frozen at which system of measurement used in the United States.
time updating is suspended and an ACLT is assigned.
metric prefiges - A system of prefixes that indicate
When frozen, the flight entry is inserted into the arrival
multiples and submultiples of ten. Some of the more
sector's meter list for display on the sector PVDNDM.
common prefixes used are:
MLDI is used if filed true airspeed is less than or equal
to freeze speed parameters (FSPD). Tera 1012
Giga lo9
metering - A method of time-regulating arrival traffic ~ e lo6 ~ a
flow into a terminal area so as not to exceed a Kilo lo3
predetermined terminal acceptance rate. milli 10"
micro 10.~
metering airports - Airports adapted for metering and
nano
for which optimum flight paths are defined. A
pic0 lo-''
maximum of 15 airports can be adapted.
mho - A unit of electrical conductance; the reciprocal of
metering device - -A device used to measure or control
ohm.
the amount of fluid flow.
mica - A transparent silicate mineral. It is used as an
metering fn - A fix along an established route from
electrical insulator in capacitors and as an insulator for
over which aircraft will be metered prior to entering
electric irons and heaters.
terminal airspace. Normallv, this fix should be
established at' a distance from the airport that will Micarta - A phenolic-type thermosetting resin
facilitate a profile descent 10,000 feet above airport impregnated cloth. It is used as an electrical insulator
elevation (AAE) or above. and for the manufacturing of control pulleys.
metering jet - The calibrated orifice in a fluid-flow mice - Small sheet metal, wedge-shaped tabs inserted
system used to control the amount of flow for a given into the tail pipe of some older turbine engines to
pressure drop across the iet. - and increase thrust. Used to
reduce the nozzle opening
"trim" a turbine engine. Also referred to as tail pipe
metering pin - A flow control device such as a tapered
inserts.
pin in an oleo shock absorber used to progressively
restrict the passage of fluid from one chamber into the micro - One millionth (0.000001) of a unit.
other, cush:loning the landing impact. The shape or
microammeter - An electrical current measuring
contour of the metering pin determines the amount of
instrument capable of measuring current flow in
fluid that can flow with the pin in any position other
millionths of an ampere.
than full in or f i l l out.
microballoons - Microscopic-size phenolic or glass
metering valve - A valve used to control the flow of a
spheres used to add body with very little weight to a
fluid.
resin when used as a filler or potting compound.
meter-kilogram - The amount of work produced when
microbarograph - An instrument used in meteorology
one kilogram of force acts through a distance of one
to measure very small changes in pressure.
meter.
microbes -Microscopic forms of animal life. They exist
methanol wood alcohol - A liquid alcohol produced by
in water and feed on hydrocarbon aircraft fuel.
the distillation of wood pulp.
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 -
microbioloeical corrosion middle comDass locator

Microbes form a water-entrapping scum on the bottom micro-microfarad - A unit of capacitance equal to one
of jet aircraft fuel tanks. millionth of a millionth of a farad. Also referred to as
picofarad.
microbiological corrosion - The deterioration of
materials caused directly or indirectly by bacteria, micron - 1. One millionth (0.000001) of a meter, or one
algae, molds, or fungi, either alone or in combination. thousandth (0.001) of a millimeter (0.000001 meter or
Microbiological corrosion is significant to aviation 1 x lo6 meter). Also referred to as a micrometer. 2. The
when linked to corrosion of airframe components, pressure measurement in a column of mercury: One
particularly in fuel tanks and related systems. micron of pressure is equal to 0.001 millimeter of
mercury (1 x lo6 meter of mercury) at O°C. 3. One
microburst - A small downburst with outbursts of
micron is normally used to denote the effectiveness of
damaging winds extending 2.5 miles or less. In spite of
a filter.
its small horizontal scale, an intense microburst could
induce wind speeds as high as 150 knots. micronic filter - A disposable element filter used in
hydraulic or pneumatic systems that filters particles as
microcircuit - An extremely small electronic
small as one micron.
component that has a large number of circuit elements
combined into a single unit. microorganism - An organism of microscopic size,
normally bacteria or fungus.
microelectronics - The branch of electronics that deals
with integrated circuits and other small electronic microphone - A device for converting sound waves to
devices. electric signals.
micro-en route automated radar tracking system (M- microprocessor - A small central processing unit
EARTS) - An automated radar and radar beacon (CPU) for a microcomputer.
tracking system capable of employing both short-range
microscale - Spatial scales of I n.m. or less.
(ASR) and long-range (ARSR) radars. This
microcomputer driven system provides improved microscope - An optical instrument used to magnify
tracking, continuous data recording, and use of full extremely small objects so they can be seen by the
digital radar displays. human eye.
microfarad (pF ) -One millionth (0.000001) of a farad. microsecond -One millionth (0.000001) of a second
microfiche - Sheets of film that store reduced-size microshaver - An adjustable metal-cutting tool used for
printed and graphic information. One sheet of shaving the heads of countersunk rivets so they are
microfiche can stores between 24 and 288 individual flush with the surface.
frames or pages of material on a single 4" x 6" sheet of
photographic film. The microfiche film is read on a microshaving - A process in sheet metalwork in which
reader that enlarges the image and can often make a the head of the countersunk rivet is shaved to absolute
printed copy of the desired page(s), if needed. smoothness with the surface of the skin.

microfilm - Reproduction of printed material on 35 mm microswitch - An electrical switch used to open or

or 16 mm photographic film; used to store vast close a circuit with an extremely small movement of
quantities of written material in a small space. The the actuator.
microfilm is read on a reader that enlarges the image microwave landing system - A precision instrument
and can make a full size printed copy of the desired approach system operating in the microwave spectrum
page(s), if needed. that normally consists of the following components:
microinch - One millionth (0.000001) of an inch. a. Azimuth Station.
b. Elevation Station.
micrometer - One millionth (0.000001) of a meter. A c. Precision Distance Measuring Equipment.
micrometer is also referred to as a micron.
microwaves - Electromagnetic radiation with a
micrometer caliper - A precision measuring device wavelength between infrared and short-wave radio
having a single movable jaw, advanced by a screw. wavelengths (frequency higher than 1 gigahertz and a
One revolution of the screw advances the jaw 0.025". wavelength shorter than 30 centimeters).
micrometer setting torque wrench - A hand-operated mid RVR - The RVR (runway visual range ) readout
torque wrench in which a preset torque is adjusted with values obtained from RVR equipment located midfield
a micrometer-type scale. When torque is reached, the of the runway.
handle of the wrench breaks over, indicating the torque
to the operator. middle compass locator -A low power, low or medium
frequency (LNF) radio beacon installed at the site of
the middle marker of an instrument landing system
(ILS).
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--- -
middle marker. minidisk

middle marker - A marker beacon that defines a point agreement or other appropriate FAA or military
along the glide slope of an ILS normally located at or documents.
near the point of decision height (ILS Category I). It is
military operations area (MOA) - Airspace
keyed to transmit alternate dots and dashes, with the
established outside of a Class A airspace area to
alternate dots and dashes keyed at the rate of 95
separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military
dotldash combinations per minute on a 1300 Hz tone,
activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR
which is received aurally and visually by compatible
traffic where these activities are conducted.
airborne equipment.
. .

Military Standards (MS) - The standards used for

mid-flap - The middle flap on a triple-slotted segmented
aircraft hardware in order to maintain a high degree of
flap.
quality standards in the manufacturing, repair, and
mid-span shrouds - The lugs on fan blades that contact maintenance of aircraft. Originated by the U.S. military
each other to provide a circular support ring. Mid-span services.
shrouds provide strength and reduce vibration.
military training route (MTR) - Airspace of defined
mid-span weight - A weight placed in the mid-span vertical and lateral dimensions established for the
area of a helicopter rotor blade to add inertia to the conduct of military flight training at airspeeds in excess
blade. of 250 knots IAS.
mid-wing airplane - An airplane having its main mill bit - A tool used with a router to remove metal and
aerodynamic surface located in the center of the honeycomb core for repairs to bonded structure.
fuselage.
mill file -A single-cut file, tapered slightly in thickness
migrate - To move from one place to another. During and in width for about one-third of its length.
an inspection, a technician might discover a fastener
milli -One one-thousandth (0.00 1) of a unit.
-
has moved or migrated from its intended location to
another location due to vibration or jostling. milliameter - An electrical current measuring device
calibrated to read in milliamperes. 1000 milliamperes =
migration - See migrate.
1 ampere.
mil - Commonly used to represent one one-thousandth
milliampere -One-thousandth (0.001) of an ampere.
(0.001) of an inch.
millibar - A unit of barometric pressure equal to
mild steel - Steel that contains between 0.05 and 0.25%
approximately 0.75 millimeters of mercury. Standard
carbon.
sea level atmospheric pressure is equal to 1,013.2
mildew - A gray colored parasitic fungus growth that
- -
millibars.
forms on organic matter. -
milling machine -A metal-working machine tool with a
mildewcide - An additive to dope or sealers used when movable table that feeds the work into a rotating
covering organic materials to inhibit the growth of milling cutter.
mildew.
millivolt - One-thousandth (0.001) of a volt.
mile (mi) - One statute mile. Equal to 5,280 ft.
MILSPEC - A term used to identify military
mileage break point - On IFR charts, points other than specifications.
intersections b r navaids where the mileage is broken
mineral-based hydraulic fluid - A petroleum-based
down for reasons such as reception distance. The
hydraulic fluid consisting essentially of kerosene and
distances between navaids is in a box. A number
additives to inhibit corrosion and minimize foaming. It
without an outlined box indicates mileage between any
is dyed red and is identified as MIL-H-5606.
combination of intersections, navaids, or mileage
- break
points. All distances are in Nautical Miles. miniature screw - A screw less than 0.06" in diameter,
having a slotted head and threaded for assembly with a
miles-in-trail - A specified distance between aircraft,
preformed internal thread.
normally, in the same stratum associated with the same
destination or route of flight. minicomputer -A small digital computer.
military authority assumes responsibility for minidisk - A mass storage medium used in digital
separation of aircraft (MARSA) - A condition computers. Most common is the 3-112-inch diskette,
whereby the military services involved assume also known as a floppy. Older computers used 8-inch
responsibility for separation between participating and 5-114-inch minidisks. Most modem personal
military aircraft in the ATC system. It is used only for computers use CD ROM disks as well as 3-112-inch
required IFR operations that are specified in letters of diskettes.

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 .
minima minimum off-route altitude (MORA)

minima - Weather condition requirements established navigational signal coverage, communications, and I

for a particular operation or type of operation; e.g., IFR meets obstacle clearance requirements.
takeoff or landing, alternate airport fir IFR flighiplans,
minimum IFR altitudes - Minimum altitudes for IFR
VFR flight, etc. See minimums.
operations as prescribed in FAR 9 1. These altitudes are
minimum crossing altitude - The lowest altitude at on aeronautical charts and prescribed in FAR
certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when 95 for airways and routes, and in FAR 97 for standard
proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum instrument approach procedures. If no applicable
enroute IFR altitude (MEA). minimum altitude is prescribed in FAR 95 or FAR 97,
the following minimum IFR altitude applies:
minimum descent altitude - The lowest altitude,
a. In designated mountainous areas, 2,000 feet above the
expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which
highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4
descent is authorized on final approach or during
nautical miles from the course to be flown; or
circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard
b. Other than mountainous areas, 1,000 feet above the
instrument approach procedure where no electronic
highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4
glide slope is provided.
nautical miles from the course to be flown; or
minimum enroute altitude (MEA) - Typically the c. As otherwise authorized by the Administrator or
lowest published altitude between radio fixes that assigned by ATC.
guarantees adequate navigation signal reception and
minimum level flight speed - The speed below which a
obstruction clearance (2,000 feet in mountainous areas
gyroplane, the propeller of which is producing
and 1,000 feet elsewhere).
maximum thrust, loses altitude.
minimum enroute IFR altitude - The lowest published
minimum navigation performance specification - A
altitude between radio fixes that assures acceptable
set of standards that require aircraft to have a minimum
navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle
navigation performance capability in order to operate
clearance requirements between those fixes. The MEA
in MNPS designated airspace. In addition, aircraft must
prescribed for a Federal airway or segment thereof,
be certified by their State of Registry for MNPS
area navigation low or high route, or other direct route
operation.
applies to the entire width of the airway, segment, or
r%te between the radio fixes defining the airway, minimum navigation performance specification
segment,
- or route. (MNPS) airspace - Designated airspace in which
minimum equipment list (MEL) - A list developed for
IPS procedures are applied between ~ P certified
S
and equ~ppedaircraft. Under certain conditions, non-
larger aircraft that outlines equipment that can be
MNPS aircraft can operate in MNPSA. However,
inoperative for various types of flight including IFR
standard oceanic separation minima is provided
and icing conditions. This list is based on the MMEL
between the non-MNPS aircraft and other traffic.
(master minimum equipment list) developed by the
Currently, the only designated MNPSA i s described as
FAA and must be approved by the FAA for use. It is
follows:
specific to an individual aircraft make and model.
a. Between FL 285 and FL 420;
minimum friction level - The friction level specified in b. Between latitudes 27" N and the North Pole;
AC 15015320-12, Measurement, Construction, and c. In the east, the eastern boundaries of the CTA's
Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Santa Maria Oceanic, Shanwick Oceanic, and
Surfaces, that represents the minimum recommended Reykjavik;
wet pavement surface friction value for any turbojet d. In the west, the western boundaries of CTA's
aircraft engaged in LAHSO. This value will vary with Reykjavik and Gander Oceanic and New York
the particular friction measurement equipment used. Oceanic excluding the area west of 60" W and south
minimum fuel - 1. The minimum fuel specified for
weight and balance purposes when computing an minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA) -
adverse loaded center of gravity. It is the quantity of The lowest published altitude in effect between radio
fuel necessary for one half hour of operation at rated fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route
maximum continuous power. 2. Indicates that an segments that meets obstacle clearance requirements
aircraft's fie1 supply has reached a state where, upon for the entire route segment and that assures acceptable
reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute (22
This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates nautical) miles of a VOR.
an emergency situation is possible should any undue
minimum off-route altitude (MORA) - On Jeppesen
delay occur.
Enroute charts, provides clearance from known
minimum holding altitude - The lowest altitude obstructions within 10 NM of the route centerline.
prescribed for a holding pattern that assures

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 .
minimum rece~tionaltitude miscible

minimum reception altitude - The lowest altitude at depicting minimum vectoring altitudes are normally
which an intersection can be determined. available only to the controllers and not to pilots.
minimum safe altitude (MSA) - I. The minimum minimum-flow stop - Refers to a he1 control design
altitude specified in FAR 91 for various aircraft that prevents the power lever from shutting off fuel. A
operations. 2. Altitudes depicted on approach charts separate shutoff is provided in this case.
that provide at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance for
minimums - Weather condition requirements
emergency use within a specified distance from the
established for a particular operation or type of
navigation facility upon which a procedure is
operation; e.g., IFR takeoff or landing, alternate airport
predicated. These altitudes will be identified as
for IFR flight plans, VFR flight, etc.
Minimum Sector Altitudes or Emergency - . Safe
Altitudes and are established as follows: minor alteration -Any alteration not considered to be a
major alteration.
minimum sector altitudes - Altitudes depicted on
approach charts that provide at least 1,000 feet of minor axis of an ellipse - A straight line that passes
obstacle clearance within a 25-mile radius of the through the center of the ellipse and is perpendicular to
navigation facility upon which the procedure is the major axis.
predicated. Sectors depicted on approach charts must
be at least 90 degrees in scope. These altitudes are for minor fastener diameter - The diameter of a threaded
emergency use only and do not necessarily assure fastener measured at the thread root.
acceptable navigational signal coverage. minor repair - Any. repair not considered a major repair
Emergency Safe Altitudes - Altitudes depicted on or maintenance. FAR 43, ~ ~ i e n d A ix
approach charts that provide at least 1,000 feet of provides guidance on what constitutes a major repair or
obstacle clearance in nonmountainous areas and 2,000 alteration and preventive maintenance..
feet of obstacle clearance in designated mountainous minority carriers - A term used in reference to
areas within a 100-mile radius of the navigation facility semiconductor electronic devices. Both electrons and
upon which the procedure is predicated and normally holes are present in a semiconductor. The more
used only in military procedures. These altitudes are abundant charge carriers are called majority carriers;
identified on published procedures as "Emergency Safe the less abundant are called minority carriers. In N-
Altitudes." type semiconductor material, electrons are the majority
minimum safe altitude warning - A function of the carriers and holes are the minority carriers. In P-type
ARTS I11 computer that aids the controller by alerting semiconductor material, the reverse is true. Current
him when a tracked Mode C equipped aircraft is below leakage in a reverse-bias direction is flow of the
or is predicted by the computer to go below a minority carriers.
predetermined minimum safe altitude. minuend - The number from which the subtrahend is
minimum sector altitude [ICAO] - The lowest altitude subtracted.
that can be used under emergency conditions to minus -A negative value. Minus values are indicated by
provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1,000 feet) using a short dash in front of the value (-4). A minus
above all obstacles located in an area contained within sign is used in electricity to indicate a negative
a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered condition.
on a radio aid to navigation.
minute - 1. Measurement: An angular measurement
minimum sink airspeed - In gliders, the airspeed, as equal to of a degree in a 360" circle (21,600
determined by the performance polar, at which the minutes of angle in a circle.) 2. Time: A unit of time
glider will achieve the lowest sink rate. That is, the that is equal to of an hour or 60 seconds.
glider will lose the least amount of altitude per unit of
time at minimum sink airspeed. minutes-in-trail - A specified interval between aircraft
expressed in time. This method would more likely be
minimum vectoring altitude (MVA) - The lowest utilized regardless of altitude.
MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will be vectored
by a radar controller, except as otherwise authorized mirror image - An object that is an exact duplicate of
for radar approaches, departures, and missed the original but reversed as if the object were viewed
approaches. The altitude meets IFR obstacle clearance through a mirror.
criteria. It may be lower than the published MEA along misalignment - A condition that exists when two
an airway or J-route segment. It may be utilized for mating surfaces do not meet or match as they should.
radar vectoring only upon the controller's
determination that an adequate radar return is being miscible - The ability of a material to combine or mix
received from the aircraft being controlled. Charts with another material.

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misfire. mode C intruder alert

misfire - The failure of an explosive charge, as in the mixture control - The primary carburetor control for
misfire of a rocket or an engine. adjusting the fuel-air mixture ratio. It can be either a
manual or automatic control, or it can be a combination
misfiring - The interruption of even firing of a
of both. In the case of the combination, the pilot adjusts
reciprocating engine's cylinders.
for a particular ratio and the automatic control
missed approach - 1. A maneuver conducted by a pilot maintains that ratio by compensating for temperature
when an instrument approach cannot be completed to a and pressure variations of the atmosphere.
landing. The route of flight and altitude are shown on
MLS categories - 1. MLS Category I - An MLS
instrument approach procedure charts. A pilot
approach procedure that provides for an approach to a
executing a missed approach prior to the Missed
height above touchdown of not less than 200 feet and a
Approach Point (MAP) must continue along the final
runway visual range of not less than 1,800 feet. 2. MLS
approach to the MAP. The pilot can climb immediately
Category 11 -Undefined until data gathering/ analysis
to the altitude specified in the missed approach
completion. 3. MLS Category I11 - Undefined until
procedure. 2. A term used by the pilot to inform ATC
data gathering1 analysis completion.
that he is executing the missed approach. 3. At
locations where ATC radar service is provided, the MMM (manufacturers maintenance manual) - A
pilot should conform to radar vectors when provided manual developed by the aircraft manufacturer that
by ATC in lieu of the published missed approach includes information prepared for the AMT or
procedure. technician who performs work on units, components,
and systems while they are installed on the airplane. It
missed approach point - A point prescribed in each
is normally supplied by the manufacturer and approved
instrument approach procedure at which a missed
by the FAA as part of the original process of
approach procedure shall be executed if the required
certification. It will contain the required instructions
visual reference does not exist.
for continued airworthiness that must accompany each
missed approach procedure [ICAOI - The procedure aircraft when it leaves the factory.
to be followed if the approach cannot be continued.
mobile charges - Electrons in a semiconductor material
missed approach segment - See segments of an that drift within the material from one electrically
instrument approach procedure. charged region to another.
mist -Tiny droplets of water suspended in the air. mobile test stand - An engine run-in stand that is
portable and can be used at multiple locations.
mist coat - A very light spray coat of thinner or other
volatile solvent with little or no color in it. Mobius loop - A continuous loop with one surface and
one edge. Made by twisting one end of a long, thin
miter -A cut to the edges of a board or surface in such a strip one half turn and attaching this end to the other
way that they will match or fit together. end of the strip. This creates a loop with one edge and
miter box - A device used to guide a hand saw at the one surface.
proper angle to cut wood or metal in order to form a mock-up - A full-size reproduction of a part or
miter joint. assembly used to determine whether or not all of the
miter square - A small square used for marking the components will fit as they are designed. It is also used
ends of wood or metal for other than right angle cuts. for instruction when the real object is impractical to
use.
mixed exhaust - On a turbofan, a design that allows the
primary and secondary airstreams to mix prior to mode - 1. The manner of doing some operation. 2. The
leaving the engine. A sound attenuation feature of more letter or number assigned to a specific pulse spacing of
modem engines. Same as forced exhaust mixer. radio signals transmitted or received by ground
interrogator or airborne transponder components of the
mixed icing - A combination of clear and rime icing. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS).
See also clear ice and rime ice. Mode A (military Mode 3) and Mode C (altitude
mixer - 1. A system of bellcranks that prevents the reporting) are used in air traffic control.
cyclic inputs from changing the collective inputs on a mode (SSR mode) [ICAO] - The letter or number
helicopter control system. 2. A circuit in which two assigned to a specific pulse spacing of the interrogation
frequencies are combined to produce sum and signals transmitted by an interrogator. There are 4
difference frequencies. modes, A, B, C and D corresponding to four different
mixing ratio - The ratio of the mass of water vapor to interrogation pulse spacings.
the mass of dry air. mode C intruder alert -A function of certain air traffic
mixture - A combination of matter composed of two or control automated systems designed to alert radar
more components that retain their own properties. controllers to existing or pending situations between a
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 model. monitor alert (MA)

tracked target (known IFR or VFR aircraft) and an which is the gain in weight due to the absorption of
untracked target (unknown IFR or VFR aircraft) that water by immersion.
requires immediate attentionlaction.
moisture separator - A device used in a vneumatic
model - A copy of a real object, which can be life-size, system to separate moisture from the air.
smaller, or larger than the original.
moisture-proof - The - property
. . of an object that resists
model number - A manufacturer's designation of a absorption of moisture.
particular piece of equipment.
mold - The hollow form used to give shape to a
modem - A modulator-demodulator device used to laminate part while curing.
-
connect two computers and allow them to
communicate. mold Line - In metal layout, a line used in the develop-
ment of the Dattern used for forming a niece of sheet
modification - The change in the design or metal. It is that part of the formed that remains flat
configuration of an original unit. and is formed by the intersection of the flat surfaces of
two sides of a sheet metal part.
modify - 1. To change something such as an alteration
or redesign of an original unit. 2. To change a schedule mold line dimension - The distance from the edge of
from the original date or time. metal to a mold point or between mold points.
modular maintenance - A maintenance procedure that mold release agent - A material applied to the surface
allows replacement of major assemblies, called of a mold that prevents the molded product from
modules, in a minimum amount of time and expense. sticking to the mold. Also referred to as a parting
The removed module is returned to a repair facility, agent.
bench tested, and repaired as needed.
molecule - The smallest particle of an element or
modular structure - Standardized units built up as compound that retains all the properties of the
modules. substance. Composed of one or more atoms.
modulate - To change. This normally refers to a radio molybdenum - A metallic element similar to chromium
carrier wave being modulated to transmit audio with a symbol of Mo and an atomic number of 42.
information. Used as an alloying agent in most aircraft alloys.
modulated anti-skid system - An anti-skid brake moment - The product of the weight of an object in
system that senses the rate of deceleration of the pounds and the distance from the center of gravity of
wheels. The system maintains just enough pressure in the object to the datum or hlcrum (the point about
the brakes to hold the tire in a slip condition, yet not which a lever rotates) in inches. Moment is used in
allow a skid to develop. It does this by modulating, or weight and balance computations and is expressed in
continually changing, the pressure in the brake system. pound-inches. The formula used is: Moment = distance
x force.
modulated continuous wave - A radio code
transmission that consists of a carrier wave modulated moment index - The moment divided by a constant
with a series of short and long bursts. such as 200, 1,000, or 10,000. Its use is to simplify
weight and balance computations by eliminating large
modulated light - Light that is modulated by audio
and unwieldy numbers.
frequency AC voltage. Such light can be received by a
photo electric cell i d fed intoan amplifier to recreate momentum - The tendency of a body to continue in
the original audio qualities. motion after being placed in motion.
modulation - The changing of frequency or amplitude moment-weight number - An identification number or
by superimposing an audio frequency on a carrier letter indicating a measurement of both weight and
frequency. center of gravity and used on rotating airfoils for
balancing purposes.
modulator - That portion of a transmitter circuit that
modulates the canier wave. Monel - A nickel-copper alloy that is extremely
resistant to corrosion.
modulus - The ratio of a stress load applied to the
deformation of a material. monitor - (When used with communication transfer)
moisture - An all-inclusive term denoting water in any
listen on a
specific frequency and stand by for
instructions. Under normal circumstances do not
or all of its three states.
establish communications.
moisture absorption - The pickup of water vapor from
monitor alert (MA) - A function of the ETMS that
air by a material, in reference to vapor withdrawn from
provides traffic management personnel with a tool for
the air only, as distinguished from water absorption,
predicting potential capacity problems in individual
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monitor alert parameter (MAP) . moving target indicator

operational sectors. The MA is an indication that traffic mothball - To preserve and store surplus airplanes,
management personnel need to analyze a particular parts, or equipment for hture use.
sector for actual activity and to determine the required
mothballed - Parts, machinery, or equipment that has
action(s), if any, needed to control the demand.
been preserved and placed in storage.
-
monitor alert parameter (MAP) - The number
mother board - The primary printed circuit board in an
designated for use in monitor alert processing by the
electronic device into which all other components are
ETMS (enhanced traffic management system). The
connected.
MAP is designated
- for each operational sector for
increments of 15 minutes. motion -The act of changing place or position.
monkey wrench --A slang name for an adjustable motivation - A need or desire that causes a person to
wrench that has one fixed jaw and one movable jaw. act. Motivation can be positive or negative, tangible or
intangible, subtle or obvious.
monocoque - A stressed-skin type of construction in
which the stiffness of the skin provides a large measure motor bypass - A device in a hydraulic system that
of the strength of the structure. No truss or substructure prevents a hydraulic motor from receiving excessive
is required. fluid. The fluid bypasses the motor.
monolithic casting A casting formed as a single piece. motor over The process of rotating the engine with the
-

starter for reasons other than for starting.

monomer - A chemical compound that can be
polymerized. (Polymerization is a chemical reaction in motoring - Rotating a turbine engine with the starter for
which two or more molecules are combined to form a reasons other than starting.
larger molecule that contains repeating structural
motorization - The adding of an electric motor to
units.)
equipment normally operated manually or by
monoplane - An airplane with one main supporting mechanical means other than electric motors.
wing sometimes divided into two parts by the fuselage.
mountain breeze - Occurring on a larger scale than
monopropellant - A rocket engine propellant in which downslope winds, it blows down the valley with a
the fuel and the oxidizer are both part of a single return flow, or anti-mountain wind, above the
substance. mountaintops.
monorail - A single rail used to cany cars or objects. mountain wave - An atmospheric gravity wave that
forms in the lee of a mountain barrier. See lee wave.
monospar wing - A fundamental wing design that
incorporates only one main longitudinal member in its mountain wave turbulence (MWT) - Turbulence
construction. produced in conjunction with the mountain lee wave.
monostable - The condition of a device that has one mounting lug - A lug used to secure an accessory,
stable condition. When disturbed from this, it will cylinder, etc.
attempt to return to its original state.
mounting pad A provision made on the accessory
-

monostable multivibrator - An electronic circuit that section of an aircraft engine for attaching such
tries to maintain a condition of on or off. When it is accessories as magnetos, generators or alternators, and
disturbed from this position, it will automatically return fluid pumps.
to its stable condition.
movement - The moving parts of a device that move in
monsoon - A wind that blows in the summer from the a defined manner, i.e., the inner workings of a watch.
sea to a continental interior, bringing copious rain, and
in winter blows from the interior to the sea, resulting in movement area - The runways, taxiways, and other
sustained dry weather. areas of an airpodheliport utilized for taxiinghover
taxiing, air taxiing, takeoff, and landing of aircraft,
Morse code A system of dots and dashes used for exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. At those
a
-

transmitting messages by audible or visual signals. airportsheliports with tower, specific approval for
Used in aviation to identify radio navigation facilities. entry onto the movement area must be obtained from
ATC.
most significant bit - A bit in a binary number that has
the highest value. It is the bit on the far left of a binary movement area [JCAOJ- That part of an aerodrome to
number. be used for the takeoff, landing and taxiing of aircraft,
consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s).
most significant digit - A digit in a decimal number
that is the most meaningful. It is the digit on the far left moving target indicator - An electronic device that
of a decimal number. permits radar scope presentation only from targets in
motion. A partial remedy for ground clutter.
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 .
moving-coil meter Mylar ca~acitor

moving-coil meter - A d'Arsonva1 meter movement. multiple-spar (multi-spar) wing - An airplane wing
Most commonly used meter movement in DC structure that uses several spanwise structural members
measuring instruments. A movable coil on which a to give the wing its strength.
pointer is mounted rotates in the field of a permanent
multiplex communications - A method of two-way
magnet. The amount of current in the coil determines
communication in which two sites can transmit and
the strength of the coil's electromagnetic field and the
receive on the same frequency and at the same time.
amount the pointer is deflected by the magnetic field of
the permanent magnet. multiplicand -Any number to be multiplied by another.
moving-iron meter movement - A d'Arsonval meter multiplier - A number by which another number is
movement where the coil is fixed and the magnet (iron) multiplied. The factor by which something is
is free to move. multiplied or extended.
muff - A shroud placed around a section of the exhaust multiplier resistor - The resistor in series with a
pipe. The shroud is open at the ends to permit air to voltmeter movement used to multiply or extend the
flow into the space between the exhaust pipe and the range of the meter.
wall of the shroud and be heated. This heated air can be
used for carburetor heat or cockpit and cabin heat. multiplier tube - An electron tube designed to amplify
or multiply very weak electron currents by means of
mule - An auxiliary hydraulic power supply that can secondary emission.
supply fluid under pressure to the aircraft hydraulic
system when the engines are not running. The mule is multi-spar wing - A hndamental wing design that
normally used to test the landing gear and flight control incorporates more than one spanwise structural
systems. member for support.

multicell thunderstorm - A group of thunderstorm multivibrator An oscillator that produces its output by
-

cells at various stages of development. The proximity having two transistors or vacuum tubes alternately
of the cells allows interaction that prolongs the lifetime conduct current. When one conducts, the other is shut
of the group beyond that of a single cell. off. Conduction alternates between the two.

multicom - A mobile service not open to public Mumetal - A nickel alloy of iron, nickel, chromium,
correspondence used to provide communications molybdenum, and copper. Used in transformer cores
essential to conduct the activities being performed by and for shielding electronic devices fkom external
or directed from private aircraft. magnetic fields.

multi-engine -An aircraft having more than one engine. muriatic acid - Commercial hydrochloric acid (HCl).

multimedia - A combination of more than one mushroom head - A flared

instructional medium. This format can include audio, head that forms on a pounding
text, graphics, animations, and video. Recently, tool such as a punch or chisel
multimedia implies a computer-based presentation. when it is hammered. This is a
dangerous condition, and it
multimeter - A piece of electrical test equipment must be ground away.
consisting of one meter movement and several shunts,
multipliers, and other circuit elements to allow the mutual inductance - The inductance of a voltage in one
meter to be used as a voltmeter, ohmmeter, coil due to the magnetic field produced by an adjacent
milliammeter, and ammeter. Rectifiers make it usable coil. Inductive coupling is accomplished through the
mutual inductance of two adjacent coils.
for AC and well as DC.
Mylar -A polyester film.
multiple runways - The utilization of a dedicated
anival runway(s) for departures and a dedicated Mylar capacitor -A capacitor that uses Mylar film as a
departure runway(s) for arrivals when feasible to dielectric.
reduce delays and enhance capacity.
multiple-choice -A test item consisting of a question or
statement followed by a list of alternative answers.
multiple-disk brake - An aircraft brake in which a
series of discs, keyed to the wheel, mesh and rotate
between a series of stationary discs keyed to the axle.
The brakes are applied by hydraulically clamping the
discs together.

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 .
N NAVAID classes

support of the activities of government, industry, and

the aviation community. The information is published
in the National Flight Data Digest.
N3 - The speed of high pressure compressor in a triple-
spool turbine engine. National Flight Data Digest - A daily (except
weekends and Federal holidays) publication of flight
nacelle - The streamlined enclosure on the wing or information appropriate to aeronautical charts,
fuselage of an aircraft that houses the engine. aeronautical publications, Notices to Airmen, or other
NAND gate - A "not and" logic device, which will not media serving the purpose of providing operational
have a voltage at its output only when a voltage flight data essential to safe and efficient aircraft
appears at all of the inputs. Opposite to an "and" gate. operations.

nano - One billionth (0.000000001) of a unit. national route program (NRP) - The NRP is a set of
rules and procedures designed to increase the flexibility
nanovoltmeter - A sensitive voltmeter that measures of user flightplanning within published guidelines.
voltages as low as one nanovolt.
national search and rescue plan - An interagency
nap The short fiber ends that protrude from the surface
-
agreement that provides for the effective utilization of
of a fabric. When the fabric is doped, these fibers all available facilities in all types of search and rescue
become stiff and must be sanded off. missions.
naphtha - A volatile and flammable hydrocarbon liquid natural aging - The aging of solution, heat-treated
used chiefly as a solvent or cleaning agent. aluminum alloy material. It is allowed to harden at
narrowing grinding - The removable part of the valve room temperature following heat treatment.
seat's top edge in the cylinder of a reciprocating natural numbers - Positive integers such as 1,2,8, and
engine. 9. Negative numbers, zero and fractions are NOT
NAS drawings and specifications - Dimensional and natural numbers.
material standards for aircraft fasteners developed by naturally aspirated engine - A reciprocating aircraft
the National Aircraft Standards (NAS) Committee. All engine that is not supercharged, but whose induction
drawings and specifications are prefixed by NAS. air is forced into the cylinders by atmospheric pressure
NAS stage A - The enroute ATC system's radar, only.
computers and computer programs, controller plan nautical mile -A measure of distance used primarily in
view displays (PVDs/Radar Scopes), inputloutput navigation. It is equal to 6,076 feet and is one minute
devices, and the related communications equipment of latitude at the equator.
that are integrated to form the heart of the automated
IFR air traffic control system. This equipment performs nautical twilight - The periods before sunrise and after
Flight Data Processing (FDP) and Radar Data sunset when the sun is not more than 12" below the
Processing (RDP). It interfaces with automated horizon.
terminal systems and is used in the control of enroute NAVAID - Any visual or electronic device, airborne or
IFR aircraft. on the surface, that provides point-to-point guidance
National Airspace System - The common network of information, or position data, to aircraft in flight.
United States airspace, air navigation facilities, NAVAIDs include VORs, ILSs, and DMEs.
equipment and services, airports or landing areas, NAVAID classes - VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN aids
aeronautical charts, information and services, rules, are classed according to their operational use. The three
regulations and procedures, technical information, and classes of NAVAIDs are:
manpower and material. Included are system a. T -Terminal
components shared jointly with the military. b. L -Low altitude
National Beacon Code Allocation Plan (NBCAP) c. H - High altitude
airspace--Airspace over United States territory Note: The normal service range for T, L, and H class aids
located within the North American continent between is found in the AIM. Certain operational requirements
Canada and Mexico, including adjacent territorial make it necessary to use some of these aids at greater
waters outward to about boundaries of oceanic control service ranges than specified. Extended range is made
areas (CTA)/Flight Information Regions (FIR). possible through flight inspection determinations.
Some aids also have lesser service range due to
National Flight Data Center -A facility in Washington location, terrain, frequency protection, etc. Restrictions
D.C., established by FAA to operate a central to service range are listed in the AirportRacility
aeronautical information service for the collection, Directory.
validation, and dissemination of aeronautical data in

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 .
navigable airspace negative feedback

navigable airspace - Airspace at and above the needle valve - A tapered

minimum flight altitudes prescribed in the FARs end fluid control needle
including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing. valve that fits into a seat or
recess to control or restrict
navigate - To move between sites on the Internet. Often
a flow of fluid through an
done by means of links or connections between sites.
orifice.
navigation lights - Lights on an aircraft consisting of a
negative - 1. A condition in
red light on the left wing, a green light on the right
which there is an excess of
wing, and a white light on the tail. FARs require that
electrons. 2. An accepted
these lights be displayed in flight during the hours of
name for the terminal of a
darkness.
battery or power source from which the electrons flow.
navigational aid (NAVAID) - Any visual or electronic 3. During communications, this indicates: "No,"
device, airborne or on the surface, that provides point- "Permission not granted," or "That is not correct."
to-point guidance information, or data, to
negative acceleration - Deceleration; slowing down.
aircraft in flight.
- NAVAIDs include VORs, ILSs, and
DMEs. negative angle of
attack - A flight
NBCAP (National Beacon Code Allocation Plan)
condition where the
airspace - Airspace over United States territory
angle of attack
located within the North American continent between
formed between the relative wind and the chord line of
Canada and Mexico, including adjacent territorial
the airfoil is formed with the relative wind being the
waters outward to about boundaries of oceanic control
top leg in relation to the chord line and the so-called
areas (CTA)/Flight Information Regions (FIR).
top surface of the aircraft. An aircraft in inverted, level
N-channel field effect transistor (FET) - A device flight would have a negative angle of attack.
with a conducting channel of N-type material that is on
negative battery terminal - The terminal of a battery
a P-type substrate. It can conduct in either direction,
from which the electrons leave and enter the circuit.
thus it can Dass AC. One end of the channel is called a
"drain" and the other a "source." These are brought out negative buoyancy - The tendency of an object, when
to pins for connection into an external circuit. A third placed in a fluid, to sink because it is heavier than the
connection is to the "gate." The gate can be P-type fluid it displaces.
material. When the gate is made negative in respect to
negative condition - One in which there is an excess of
the channel, a depletion area is formed that reduces the
electrons.
channel current and allows control of it. The input
impedance of any FET is very high. negative contact -Used by pilots to inform ATC one of
two things. Either that previously issued traffic is not in
neck - 1. A portion of a fastener's body near the head
sight or that they were unable to contact ATC on a
that performs a definite function such as preventing
particular frequency. The first instance might be
rotation, etc. 2. A reduced diameter of a portion of a
followed by the pilot's request for the controller to
fastener's shank required for design or manufacturing
provide assistance in avoiding the traffic.
reasons.
negative dihedral - A downward inclination of a wing
needle and ball indicator - A flight instrument
or other surface. It is the downward angle that is
consisting of a rate gyro that indicates the rate of yaw
formed between the wings and the lateral axis of the
and a curved glass clinometer that indicates the
airplane.
relationshiv between gravity and centrifuna1 force. It
indicates the relationship bktween angle i f bank and negative electrical charge - An unbalanced electrical
rate of yaw. Also referred to as a turn and slip condition caused by an atom having more electrons
indicator. than protons.
needle bearings - An anti-friction bearing made of negative electrical condition A condition in which
-

hardened steel. The bearing consists of a series of small there are more negative charges than there are positive
diameter rollers that ride between two hardened and charges.
polished steel races. One race is pressed into the
housing, and the other race is pressed onto the rotating negative electrical resistance - A decrease in current
through a device when there is an increase in voltage.
shaft.
negative feedback - Information or a signal that is fed
back into a circuit or device that tends to cause a
decrease in the output.

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negative ion .Newton's second law

negative ion - An atom that has more electrons than neutral - 1. The condition in which a gear, lever, or
protons spinning around its nucleus. other mechanism is not engaged. 2. An electrical
condition that is neither positive nor negative.
negative moment - In aircraft weight and balance
calculations, a moment resulting from an arm being neutral axis - An imaginary line through the length of a
forward of the datum. loaded beam where the forces of compression and
tension are neutral.
negative pressure - Pressure that is less than
atmospheric pressure. neutral conductor - The conductor of a 3-phase circuit
or a single-phase three wire circuit that is of a ground
negative pressure relief valve - A valve in an aircraft
potential. The potential between the neutral and each of
pressurization system that prevents the outside air
the other conductors is equal in magnitude and phase.
pressure from becoming greater than the pressure
inside the cabin neutral flame - A flame used in oxyacetylene welding
that is neither carburizing nor oxidizing and that uses
negative resistance - A condition in which the normal
the correct ratio of acetylene gas and oxygen.
direct relationship between voltage and current is
reversed. neutral line - In sheet metal bending. the line near the
middle of the sheet that is unaffected by either
negative stagger - The placement of the wings of a
compression on the inside of the curve, or by stretching
biplane in which the leading edge of the lower wing is
on the outside of the curve.
ahead of the leading edge of the upper wing.
neutral plane - An
negative static stability - A condition in which an
imaginary line drawn
object disturbed from a condition of rest will tend to
perpendicular to the
move further away from its condition of rest.
resultant flux in a
negative temperature coefficient - A condition where generator. For arcless
a conductor or device decreases in resistance as the commutation, the
temperature increases. neutral plane should lie directly over the plane of the
brushes.
negative thrust - The thrust produced when a propeller
is moved into the beta range. neutral position - The position of the rotating magnet
of a magneto between the pole shoes. In the neutral
negative torque system (NTS) - A system in a
position, no lines of flux flow in the magneto frame.
turboprop engine that prevents the engine from being
overdriven by the propeller. The NTS increases the neutral stability - A system is characterized by neutral
blade angle when the propellers try to overdrive the stability if, when displaced, it accelerates neither
engine. toward nor away from its original position. The
atmosphere displays neutral stability when lapse rate is
negative transfer of learning - Students interpret new equal to the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
things in terms of what they already know. Some
degree of transfer is involved in all learning. Previous neutral static stability - The condition of an object in
learning interferes with students' understanding of the which, when once disturbed from a condition of rest, it
current task. has neither the tendency to return to a condition of rest
nor to depart further from it. It continues in equilibrium
negative vacuum relief valve - A relief valve used on in the direction of disturbance.
pressurized aircraft that opens when outside air
pressure is greater than cabin pressure. neutralize - To make balanced or inert by combining
equal positive and negative quantities.
negative value -A value less than zero.
neutron - An uncharged particle in the nucleus of an
neon - A gaseous element with a symbol of Ne and an atom. Its mass is essentially equal to that of a proton.
atomic number of 10.
never exceed speed - The speed beyond which an
neon bulb - A bulb that glows when neon vapor atoms aircraft should never be operated.
are excited by an electric arc.
newton - The unit of force in the meter-kilogram-
neoprene - An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by second system equal to the force required to impart an
polymerizing chloroprene. Used in items such as seals
acceleration of one meter per second squared to a mass
and locknuts.
of one kilogram.
net thrust (Fn) -The effective thrust developed by ajet The law of physics that states:
second law
engine during flight, taking into consideration the
"The acceleration produced in a mass by the addition
initial momentum of the air mass prior to entering the
of a given force is directly proportional to the force,
engine. and inversely proportional to the mass."
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 .
Newton's third law no-load current

Newton's third law - The law of physics that states: nipple pipe fitting - A short piece of pipe fitting
"For every action, there is an equal and opposite threaded on both ends.
reaction."
nitrate - A salt or ester of nitric acid (HN03). Used in
Newton's first law of motion - The law of physics that some dopes to protect fabric-covered aircraft.
describes inertia. "A body at rest tends to remain at rest
nitrate dope - A finish for aircraft fabric, consisting of
and a body in motion tends to continue to move at
a film base of cellulose fibers dissolved in nitric acid
constant speed, along a straight line, unless it is acted
with the necessary plasticizers, solvents, and thinners.
upon by an external force."
nitric acid - A colorless or yellowish flowing,
Newton's second law of motion - "The greater the
suffocating, caustic, corrosive, water-soluble liquid
force acting on an object, the greater the acceleration.
(FINO3)with powerful oxidizing properties.
And the greater the mass, the less the object will
accelerate." nitriding - A case hardening in which a steel part is
heated in an atmosphere of ammonia (NH~.)The
Newton's third law of motion - The law of physics that
ammonia breaks down, freeing the nitrogen to combine
describes action and reaction. "For every action, there
with aluminum in the steel to form an extremely hard
is an equal and opposite reaction."
abrasive-resistant aluminum nitride surface. Cvlinder
nibble - To take small bites or quantity. walls and crankshaft journals can be nitrided.
nibbler - A sheet metal cutting tool that cuts the metal nitrite -A salt or ester of nitrous acid (FINO2).
by a series of small nibbles or bites.
nitrogen - A colorless, tasteless, odorless, gaseous
nichrome - An alloy of nickel and chromium. It is used element forming
- nearly 4/5 of the Earth's atmosphere.
for making precision wire-wound resistors.
no gyro approach - A radar approachlvector provided
nick - A sharp-sided gouge or depression with a V- in case of a malfunctioning gyro-compass or
shaped bottom that is generally the result of careless directional gyro. Instead of providing the pilot with
handling. headings to be flown, the controller observes the radar
track and issues control instructions "turn rightlleft" or
nickel - A silver-white, hard, malleable, metallic
"stop turn" as appropriate.
chemical element with a symbol of Ni and an atomic
number of 28. Used for plating because of its high no gyro vector - See no gyro approach.
resistance to oxidation.
no procedure turn (NOPT) - No procedure turn is
nickel silver -A metal alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. required nor authorized.
nickel-cadmium battery (Nicad) - A battery made up no transgression zone (NTZ) - The NTZ is a 2,000
of alkaline secondary cells. The positive plates are foot wide zone, located equidistant between parallel
nickel hydroxide, the negative plates are cadmium runway final approach courses in which flight is not
hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide is used as the allowed.
electrolyte.
noble - Chemically inert or inactive,. esvecially toward
A

night - The time between the end of evening civil oxygen.

twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as
noble gas - An inert gas such as neon, argon, krypton,
published in the American Air Almanac, converted to
and xenon.
local time.
nocturnal inversion - A surface-based stable layer that
night [ICAO] - The hours between the end of evening
occurs due to nighttime radiational cooling.
civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil
twilight or such other period between sunset and nodal system - A vibration dampening system used by
sunrise as can be specified by the appropriate authority. Bell Helicopter to reduce main rotor vibration.
Note: Civil twilight ends in the evening when the center noise - 1. A general term for any loud or unusual sound
of the sun's disk is 6 degrees below the horizon and that is annoying or excessive. 2. Undesired signals
begins in the morning when the center of the sun's disk within an electronic circuit.
is 6 degrees below the horizon.
noise suppressor -A device installed in the tailpipe of a
nimbostratus - A dark gray cloud layer that produces turbojet engine to slow the mixing of the exhaust gases
rain or snow. with the surrounding air, thus decreasing the intensity
of the sound.
Nimonicm alloy - A nickel-chromium alloy used for
sheet-metal fabrications in gas-turbine engines. no-load current - The electrical current draw of a
device when the device is not under load.

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 .
Nomex nonprecision approach (NPA)

Nomexm - Trademark of DuPont. A nylon paper treated or destroy the physical or material properties and/or
material that is made into a honeycomb core material. integrity of the part. It is used to determine the
continued serviceability. Also referred to as
nominal rating - The stated value of a quantity or
nondestructive testing.
component, which might not be the actual value
measured. nondestructive testing (NDT) - See nondestructive
inspection (NDI).
nominal resistance of a thermistor - The true
resistance of a thermistor at a particular reference nondimensional number - A number that does not
temperature. Most manufacturers use 20°C as the have a dimensional value such as a Mach speed.
reference temperature.
nondirectional antenna - An antenna that has the
nominal size - The designation used for the purpose of ability to receive or transmit equal signals in all
general identification. directions.
nominal value - A stated value that has a tolerance that nondirectional beacon - An L/MF or UHF radio
would allow the actual value to be somewhat different. beacon transmitting nondirectional signals whereby the
pilot of an aircraft equipped with hirection finding
nomograph-viscosity index - An ASTM-produced
equipment can determine his bearing to or from the
chart used to plot the viscosity change of turbine oils
radio beacon and "home" on or track to or from the
with temperature change.
station. When the radio beacon is installed in
nonabrasive - Material that will not scratch or scar conjunction with the Instrument Landing System
when rubbed on another surface. marker, it is normally called a Compass Locator.
nonabrasive scraper - A scraper that has no abrasive nonferrous metal -A metal that contains no iron.
materials attached to it.
nonflexible control cable - A grouping of seven or 19
non-airworthiness item - An inspection item that if strands of solid wire preformed into a helical or spiral
broken or inoperative does not affect the airworthiness shape. Can be used for straight runs where it does not
of the aircraft. pass over any pulleys.
nonapproach control tower - Authorizes aircraft to noninductive winding - A winding consisting of two
land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower, or parts wound in such a way that the magnetic field from
to transit the airport Class D airspace. The primary one cancels the other. The result is no inductive load.
function of a nonapproach control tower is the
noninductlve load - An electrical load with no
sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and on the
inductance. The entire load is due to resistance and
landing area. Nonapproach control towers also separate
capacitance.
aircraft operating- under instrument flight - rules
clearances from approach controls and centers. They nonlinear output - Any output not directly proportional
provide ground control services to aircraft, vehicles, to the input.
personnel, and equipment on the airport movement
nonlinear scale - The scale of an indicating instrument
area.
in which the numbers are spread out at one end and are
non-aqueous developer - In dye-penetrant inspections, bunched up at the other.
a material that causes a crack to show up. Non-aqueous
nonlinear system - Nonuniform in length, width, or
developer is not water based and is less corrosive to the
output.
part.
nonmagnetic - Metal that does not have the properties
non-atomizing spray - The application of a material to
of a magnet and/or that cannot be magnetized or
a surface by a spray gun in which the material is fed in
attracted by a magnet.
a solid stream rather than in tiny droplets.
nonmovement areas - Taxiways and apron (ramp)
non-atomizing spray gun - A spray gun that propels a
solid stream from the spray nozzle. areas not under the control of air traffic.
non-owner liability coverage - An insurance policy
noncommon routelportion - That segment of a North
against claims arising from bodily injury or damage
American Route between the inland navigation facility
caused to others or their property while using an
and a designated North American terminal.
aircraft that one does not own.
noncomposite separation - Separation in accordance
with minima other than the composite separation nonporous - Any material that does not allow a liquid
to pass through it.
minimum specified for the area concerned.
nonprecision approach (NPA) - An instrument
nondestructive inspection (NDI) - An inspection of
approach based on a navigation system which provides
aircraft parts, units, components, etc., that doesn't alter
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 nonprecision approach procedure . normal refraction

course deviation information, but no glidepath nonskid brakes - A feature found in high performance
deviation information.VOR, NDB, and LNAV are aircraft braking systems that provides wheel antiskid
nonprecision approaches. Vertical Descent Angle protection. A skid control generator unit measures the
(VDA) on some nonprecision approaches may provide wheel rotational speed. As the wheel rotates, the
a Vertical Descent Angle as an aid in flying a stabilized generator develops a voltage and current signal. The
approach, without requiring its use in order to fly the signal strength indicates the wheel rotational speed.
procedure. This does not make the approach an APV This signal is fed to the skid control box though the
(Approach With Vertical Guidance), since it still must harness. The box interprets the signal and if the wheel
be flown to an MDA and has not been evaluated with a is slowing too quickly, it signals a solenoid in the skid
glidepath. control valve to release the brake pressure until the
wheel begins to speed up allowing the wheel to
nonprecision approach procedure - A standard
continue to rotate without skidding.
instrument approach procedure in which no electronic
glideslope is provided; e.g., VOR, TACAN, NDB, nonstandard fastener - A fastener that differs in size,
LOC, ASR, LDA, or SDF approaches. length, material, or finish from established and
published standards.
nonradar - Precedes other terms and generally means
without the use of radar, such as: nonstructural- The portion of an aircrafi that does not
a. Nonradar Approach - Used to describe instrument carry any aerodynamic loads.
approaches for which course guidance on final
nontautening dope - A special formulation of aircraft
approach is not provided by ground based precision or
dope used on heat-shrunk polyester fabric. It provides
surveillance radar. Radar vectors to the final approach
the necessary fill for the fabric, but produces a
course may or may not be provided by ATC. Examples
minimum of shrinkage.
of nonradar approaches are VOR, NDB, TACAN, and
ILSMLS approaches. NOR gate - A "not or" logic device that will produce a
b. Nonradar Approach Control - An ATC facility voltage at its output only when there is no voltage on
providing approach control service without the use of any input.
radar.
c. Nonradar Arrival - An aircraft arriving at an airport NORDO (No Radio). -Loss of the ability to
without radar service, or at an airport served by a radar communicate by radio. Standard pilot procedures are
facility and radar contact has not been established or specified in FAR 91. Radar controllers issue
has been terminated due to a lack of radar service to the procedures for pilots to follow in the event of lost
airport. communications during a radar approach when weather
d. Nonradar Route - A flight path or route over which reports indicate that an aircraft will likely encounter
the pilot is performing his own navigation. The pilot IFR weather conditions during the approach.
can be receiving radar separation, radar monitoring, or norm reference testing (NRT) - System of testing
other ATC services while on a nonradar route. where students are rank ordered in accomplishment of
e. Nonradar Separation - The spacing of aircraft in objectives.
accordance with established minima without the use of
radar; e.g., vertical, lateral, or longitudinal separation. normal category airplane - An airplane certificated for
nonacrobatic operation.
nonradar separation [ICAO] - The separation used
when aircraft position infomation is derived from normal h e ~ t a n e- A liquid
sources other than radar. (C7HI7)having a low critical pressure and temperature
and whose detonation characteristics are used in
nonrepairable - Something that cannot be repaired and determining the octane rating of aviation gasoline.
which, therefore, renders the part nonserviceable.
normal operating speed - The velocity obtained in
nonrepairable damage - Damage that requires the level flight at design altitude of the airplane at no more
aircraft or aircraft component to be replaced. than 70% of normal rated engine power.
nonrigid airship - An engine-driven, lighter-than-air normal operating zone (NOZ) - The NOZ is the
aircraft such as a blimp that uses gas pressure to operating zone within which aircraft flight remains
maintain the shape of the craft. during normal independent simultaneous parallel ILS
nonscheduled airline - An airline that does not operate approaches.
according to a regularly published schedule. normal rated power - The highest power at which an
nonservo brakes - Brakes that do not use the engine can be operated continuously without damage.
momentum of the aircraft to assist in the application of normal refraction - The refraction of a radar beam as it
the brakes. passes through the atmosphere due to changes in air
density with height. Usually, because the atmosphere's
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normal shock wave notice to airmen (NOTAM)

density decreases rapidly with height, the radar beam north pole -The north-seeking pole of a magnet.
will be deflected downward.
northerly turning error - In the Northern Hemisphere,
normal shock wave - A a weight is placed on the south-facing end of the
shock wave formed ahead 1 compass needle to compensate for dip (See dip). When
of an airfoil approaching a turn is made toward the north from a westerly or
the speed of sound. It is easterly heading the dip weight causes the compass to
perpendicular to the path overshoot the actual heading. When turning toward the
of the airfoil. south, the heading is undershot. The effects are
reversed in the Southern Hemisphere if the compass is
normalizing - A heat treatment in which a metal is
compensated with a weight on the north-facing end of
heated to its critical temperature and allowed to cool
the compass needle.
slowly in still air. Normalizing relieves stresses in the
metal. nose cone - A conical-shaped dome usually attached to
the front portion of a fuselage to house the radar
normally aspirated engine - An engine that does not
antenna or other electronic equipment. A nose cone can
compensate for decreases in atmospheric pressure
also be described as the front cover of propellers,
through turbocharging or other means.
intakes for jet engines, etc., for streamlining and
normally closed relay - A relay switch consisting of a directing the airflow.
coil or solenoid, an iron core, and movable contacts
nose gear - The forward gear on an aircraft equipped
controlled by a spring. Normally closed relay contacts
with tricycle landing gear.
are held closed by the spring. When current flows
through the solenoid, the contacts are opened by the nose heavy - A condition that exists on an aircraft in
magnetic pull of the electromagnetic coil. which the center of gravity is ahead of the forward
limit.
normally open relay - A relay switch consisting of a
coil or solenoid, an iron core, and movable contacts nose rib - A false, or partial, wing rib extending back
controlled by a spring. Normally open relay contacts from the leading edge only to the main spar. Its
are held open by the spring. When current flows purpose is to add smoothness to the leading edge of a
through the solenoid, the contacts are closed by the wing.
magnetic pull of the electromagnetic coil.
nose section - The forward section of an aircraft.
norm-referenced testing (NRT) - System of testing
NOT gate - A logic device having one input and one
where students are ranked against the performance of
output. There will be no voltage on the output when a
other students.
voltage
- appears
.. at the input.
North American route - A numerically coded route
NOTAM [ICAO] - A notice, containing information
preplanned over existing airway and route systems to
concerning the establishment, condition or change in
and from specific coastal fixes serving the North
any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard,
Atlantic. North American Routes consist of the
the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel
following:
concerned with flight operations.
a. Common RoutePortion - That segment of a North
a. I Distribution. Distribution by means of
American Route between the inland navigation facility
telecommunication.
and the coastal fix.
b. I1 Distribution. Distribution by mean other than
b. Non-Common Route/Portion - That segment of a
telecommunications.
North American Route between the inland navigation
facility and a designated North American terminal. NOTAM(D) - A (distant) NOTAM that is disseminated
c. Inland Navigation Facility - A navigation aid on a for all navigational facilities which are part of the U.S.
North American Route at which the common route airspace system, all public use airports, seaplane bases,
and/or the noncommon route begins- or ends. and heli~ortslisted in the A/FD.
d. Coastal Fix - A navigation aid or intersection where
an aircraft transitions between the domestic route NOTAM(L) - A (local) NOTAM that is distributed
structure and the oceanic route structure. locally only and is not attached to an hourly weather
reoort.
north mark - A beacon data block sent by the host
computer to be displayed by the ARTS on a 360 degree notes - Specific instructions on an aircraft drawing.
bearing at a loEally selected radar azimuth and notice to airmen (NOTAM) - A notice containing
distance. The North Mark is used to ensure correct information (not known sufficiently in advance to
range/azimuth orientation during periods of CENRAP. publicize by other means) concerning- the
north pacific - An organized route system between the establishment, condition, or change in any component
Alaskan west coast and Japan. (facility, service, or procedure of, or hazard in the

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 Notices To Airmen Publication (NOTAM) nvlon .
National Airspace System) the timely knowledge of nucleonics - The branch of science that deals with
which is essential to personnel concerned with flight atomic nuclei and nuclear energy.
operations.
nucleus - 1. The center or core around which other parts
a. NOTAM(D) - A NOTAM given (in addition to local
are grouped. 2. The center or c o ~ eof an atom
dissemination) distant dissemination beyond the area of
consisting of positively charged protons and uncharged
responsibility of the Flight Service Station. These
neutrons.
NOTAMs will be stored and available until cancelled.
b. NOTAM(L) - A NOTAM given local dissemination nucleus of an atom - In chemistry, the central portion
by voice and other means, such as telautograph and of an atom.
telephone, to satisfy local user requirements.
c. FDC NOTAM - A NOTAM regulatory in nature, null -An indicated low or zero point in a radio signal.
transmitted by USNOF and given system wide null balance - An electrical circuit in which two
dissemination. voltages have cancelled each other out.
Notices To Airmen Publication (NOTAM) - A null detector - An electrical instrument that determines
publication issued every 28 days, designed primarily values by adjusting a known quantity until it is
for the pilot, which contains current NOTAM identical with the quantity to be measured. Often
information considered essential to the safety of flight utilizes a Wheatstone bridge.
as well as supplemental data to other aeronautical
publications. The contraction NTAP is used in numbers - A symbol used to assign a value of quantity
NOTAM text. or placement in a sequence.

nozzle -The tapered end of a duct. numerator - The part of a fraction that illustrates a
portion of something that makes up a whole. In
nozzle blades - Any of the blades of a nozzle decimals, the numerator is the number to the right of
diaphragm. the decimal point. In a fraction, it is the number above
nozzle diaphragm - A ring of stationary blades in a the line and signifies the number of parts of the
turbine engine ahead of the turbine wheel. Used to denominator used.
direct the flow of hot gases into the turbine for numerical control - Allows more precise control of
maximum efficiency. operations than analog control. Also referred to as
nozzle, fuel - The pressure-atomizing unit that receives digital control.
fuel under high pressure from the fuel manifold and numerical weather prediction - Meteorological
delivers it to the combustor in a highly atomized, forecasting using digital computers to solve
precisely patterned spray. mathematical equations that describe the physics of the
NPN transistor - A three-element semiconductor made atmosphere; used extensively in weather services
up of a sandwich of P-type silicon or germanium throughout the world.
between two pieces of N-type material. numerous targets vicinity (location) - A traffic
advisory issued by ATC to advise pilots that targets on
N-strut - Struts of a biplane near the wing tips shaped in
the form of the letter N. the radar scope are too numerous to issue individually.

N-type semiconductor material - A semiconductor nut - An internally threaded collar used to screw onto
material that has been doped (an impurity added) that bolts or screws to form a complete fastening device.
leaves the outer ring of the valence shells with nutation - The wobbling of the axis of a spinning body
electrons that are readily given up. such as the Earth, or a gyroscope.
N-type silicon - Silicon that has been doped with an nutplate - A nut that can be riveted to the inside of a
impurity having five valence electrons. structure. Bolts and screws can be screwed into the
nuclear energy - Energy released as a result of either nutplate without a wrench to hold the nut in place.
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or radioactive decay. nylon -A tough, lightweight, elastic polyarnide material
Nuclear fusion is not yet commercially feasible. used especially in fabrics and plastics.
nuclear fission - The splitting of an atomic nucleus
resulting in the release of energy.
nuclear fusion - The union of atomic nuclei of certain
light elements to form heavier nuclei resulting in the
release of energy.
nuclei -Plural of nucleus.

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 -
0 obtuse angle

OFZ, and the inner-transitional OFZ, comprise the

OFZ.
a. Runway OFZ - The runway OFZ is a defined volume
objectivity - Characteristic of a measuring instrument of airspace centered above the runway. The runway
when it is free of any personal bias by the person OFZ is the airspace above a surface whose elevation at
grading the test. any point is the same as the elevation of the nearest
oblique angle - An angle other than a right angle. A point on the runway centerline. The runway OFZ
view on a mechanical drawing at other than normal extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. The
front, rear, top, bottom, and side angles. width is as follows:
1) For runways serving large airplanes, the greater o f
oblique photography - An aerial photograph taken with (a) 400 feet, or
a camera pointed at an angle other than straight down. (b) 180 feet, plus the wingspan of the most demanding
oblique shock wave - A shock wave attached to the airplane, plus 20 feet per 1,000 feet of airport
bow and tail of an aircraft flying at a speed greater than elevation.
the speed of sound. The sides of the oblique shock 2). For runways serving only small airplanes:
wave form the Mach cone. (a) 300 feet for precision instrument runways.
(b) 250 feet for other runways serving small airplanes
oblique triangle - A three-sided, closed figure that does with approach speeds of 50 knots, or more.
not contain a right angle. (c) 120 feet for other runways serving small airplanes
oblong shape - An object that is longer than it is broad. with approach speeds of less than 50 knots.
An elongated circle or square. b. Inner-approach OFZ - The inner-approach OFZ is a
defined volume of airspace centered on the approach
obscuration - Denotes sky hidden by surface-based area. The inner-approach OFZ applies only to runways
obscuring phenomena and vertical visibility restricted with an approach lighting system. The inner-approach
overhead. OFZ begins 200 feet from the runway threshold at the
observation aircraft - Military aircraft that fly behind same elevation as the runway threshold and extends
enemy lines and observe the movement of troops or 200 feet beyond the last light unit in the approach
supplies. lighting system. The width of the inner-approach OFZ
is the same as the runway OFZ and rises at a slope of
obsolete - Something no longer in use or in practice. 50 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) from the beginning.
obstacle - Something that impedes progress or c. Inner-transitional OFZ - The inner transitional surface
achievement. In avation, an object or terrain at a fixed OFZ is a defined volume of airspace along the sides of
geographical location (or which is expected to be at a the runway and inner-approach OFZ and applies only
fixed location) within a prescribed area with reference to precision instrument runways. The inner-transitional
to which vertical clearance is or must be provided surface OFZ slopes 3 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical) out
during flight operation. from the edges of the runway OFZ and inner-approach
OFZ to a height - of I50 feet above the established
obstacle clearance altitude (height) OCA(H) (ICAO) airport elevation.
- The lowest altitude (OCA), or alternatively the
lowest height above the elevation of the relevant obstruction - Any objectfobstacle exceeding the
runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation as obstruction standards specified by FAR 77, Subpart C.
applicable (OCH), used in establishing compliance obstruction clearance limit (OCL) (ICAO) - The
with the appropriate obstacle clearance criteria. height above aerodrome elevation below which the
obstacle departure procedure (ODP) - A departure minimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot be
procedure that simply provides obstacle clearance and maintained either on approach or in the event of a
does not include ATC related climb requirements. missed approach.

obstacle free zone (OFZ) A three dimensional volume 'Iearance 'IWface (OCS) - An Or

of airspace that protects for the transition of aircraft to level surface associated with a defined area for
and from the runway. The OFZ clearing standard obstruction evaluation.
precludes taxiing and parked airplanes and object obstruction light - A light, or one of a group of lights,
penetrations, except for frangible NAVAID locations usually red or white, mounted on a surface structure or
that are fixed by function. Additionally, vehicles, natural terrain to warn pilots of the presence of a flight
equipment, and personnel may be authorized by air hazard.
traffic control to enter the area using the provisions of
FAAO 71 3-1-5, VECHILES, obtuse angle - An angle greater than 90". Also referred
EQLIlPMENT/PERSONNEL ON RUNWAYS. The to as an open angle.
runway OFZ and, when applicable, the inner-approach

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 obtuse triangle ohms-~er-volt

obtuse triangle - A triangle that contains an angle off course - A term used to describe a situation where
greater than 90". an aircraft has reported a position fix or is observed on
radar at a point not on the ATC-approved route of
occluded front - The surface front after a cold front
flight.
overtakes a warm front.
off-idle mixture - The fuel-air mixture ratio of an
occlusion process - The process by which a cold front
aircraft engine in the transition period between idle
overtakes the warm front in a wave cyclone, pushing
RPM utilizing the idle jets and higher power settings
the warm sector air aloft.
using the main metering- system.
.
oceanic airspace - Airspace over the oceans of the
off-route vector - A vector by ATC which takes an
world, considered international airspace, where oceanic
aircraft off a previously assigned route. Altitudes
separation and procedures per the International Civil
assigned by ATC during such vectors provide required
Aviation Organization are applied. Responsibility for
obstacle clearance.
the provisions of air traffic control service in this
airspace is delegated to various countries, based offset parallel runways - Staggered runways having
generally upon geographic proximity and the parallel centerlines.
availability of the required resources.
offset
. ~
rivet set - A
oceanic display and planning system - An automated rivet set used in a
digital display system that provides flight data hand-held pneumatic
processing, conflict probe, and situation display for riveting gun in which
oceanic air traffic control. the head is offset from
the center line of the
oceanic navigational error report - A report filed
shank. Offset rivet sets are used in locations where a
when an aircraft exiting oceanic airspace has been
straight set cannot be used.
observed by radar to be off course. ONER reporting
parameters and procedures are contained in FAA0 offset screwdriver - A screwdriver in which the blades
71 10.82, Monitoring of Navigational Performance In are oriented at 90" to the shank. An offset screwdriver
Oceanic Areas. is used to turn screws when there is not enough
clearance in line with the screw to allow a regular
oceanic published route - A route established in
screwdriver to be used.
international airspace and charted or described in flight
information publications, such as Route Charts, DOD offshore control airspace area - That portion of
[and Jeppesen] Enroute Charts, Chart Supplements, airspace between the U.S. 12 NM limit and the oceanic
NOTAMs, and Track Messages. CTAJFIR boundary within which air traffic control is
exercised. These areas are established to provide air
oceanic transition route -An ATS route established for
traffic control services. OffshoreiControl Airspace
the purpose of transitioning aircraft toifrom an
Areas can be classsified as either Class A airspace or
organized track system.
Class E airspace.
0-condition - A temper designation. The soft or
off-the-shelf item -Any standard item, part, or program
annealed temper condition of a wrought metal product.
that can be used in place of a custom part.
octagon - An eight-sided figure with each side having
ohm (2) - The unit of electrical opposition equal to the
the same length.
resistance of a circuit in which an electromotive force
octahedron - A solid design or figure with eight plane of one volt will maintain a current of one ampere.
surfaces.
ohmmeter - An electrical measuring instrument used to
octal number system - In digital electronics, the measure resistance in a circuit. An ohmmeter measures
number system based on eight
- units (0-7).
. , resistance by calculating the amount of current that
flows when a known ;oltage is applied across an
octane rating - The rating system of aviation gasoline
unknown resistance.
with reeard to its antidetonatine aualities. Fuel with an
u u .

octane rating of 87 is made up of a mixture of 87% Ohm's law The law that establishes the relationship
-

isooctane and 13% heptane. between current, voltage, and resistance in an electrical
circuit. The current in a circuit is directly proportional
octave - Musical interval of eight tones or notes. The
to the voltage causing it and inversely proportional to
interval between two frequencies having a ratio of 2 to the resistance of the circuit.
1.
ohms-per-volt - The measure of a voltmeter's
odd harmonics - The odd multiples of a frequency. sensitivity. It is found by dividing the number one by
oersted - A magnetomotive force of 1 gilbert per square the amo;nt of current -needed to deflect the meter
centimeter or 79.577 ampere-turns per meter. pointer full scale.
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 -
oil canning omni

oil canning - A condition of the sheet metal skin of an or away from the oil control ring depending on the
aircraft that is slightly bulged or stretched between design of the engine.
rows of rivets. This bulge will pop back and forth in
oil screen - A fine mesh screen in the engine lubrication
the same way the bottom of an oil can pops back and
system used to stop and hold impurities, preventing
forth.
their passage through the engine and causing damage.
oil circuit breaker - A circuit breaker used in high
oil seal - A device used to prevent engine oil from
amperage circuits such as municipal power plants and
distribution grids. Oil is used to quench the arcs that leaking past a moving shaft.
form when connecting and disconnecting such circuits. oil separator - A device used to separate oil from the
discharge air of a wet-type air pump.
oil control ring - The piston ring below the
compression rings used to control the amount of oil oil slinger - A rotating device used as a centrifugal
between the piston and the cylinder wall of an aircraft impeller to direct oil flow, usually away from a bearing
reciprocating engine. It is usually a multi-piece ring sump and toward a scavenge pump.
- -

and normally fits into a groove with holes to drain part

of the oil back to the inside of the piston. oil sump - A container built into the lower part of an
aircraft engine that holds the supply of lubricating oil.
oil cooler - 1. A heat exchanger used to cool the oil. 2.
oil tank pressurizing valve -A check valve used to trap
A radiator used to maintain normal operating
temperature of lubricating oil. Some coolers utilize air oil vapors in the expansion space above the oil surface
as a cooling agent; others use fuel. to provide a pressurization effect of approximately 3 to
5 PSI within the oil tank.
oil dilution - The process of thinning engine oil by
oil temperature indicator - Indicates oil temperature of
adding fuel to it at shutdown to make starting easier in
the inlet oil to the engine. System usually is of the
cold weather.
ratiometer type. Normal temperature is a good signal to
oil film - A light coating of oil sufficient to prevent the pilot that the engine is warmed up for takeoff.
metal-to-metal contact or to protect metal parts from
oil temperature regulator - A control device that
corrosion.
maintains the oil temperature within the desired
oil filter - A device for removing impurities and foreign operating range by either passing the oil through the
matter from the lubricating oil used in an aircraft core of the cooler or around the jacket of the cooler.
engine.
oil wiper ring - The bottom ring on a piston used to
oil hardening -A process of hardening steel using oil as direct oil up between the piston and the cylinder wall
a quenching agent. When red hot steel is immersed in a for lubrication and sealing.
-
bath of oil, the steel cools more slowly than by other
methods and gives the steel a more uniform hardness. oil-cooled transformer - Transformers that use oil to
cool the coils during the transforming of very high
oil inlet - The fitting on an aircraft engine through voltages in municipal power grids.
which the lubricating oil enters the oil system.
Oilite bushing - A friction bushing made of a bronze
oil jet- A small nozzle opening that directs a stream of material impregnated with oil. Friction of the moving
oil onto an area to be lubricated such as bearings, parts generates enough heat to bring the oil to the
gears, etc. surface and provide the needed lubrication.
oil outlet - The fitting on an aircraft engine from which oleo strut - An aircraft landing gear shock strut that
the lubricating oil leaves the engine to return to the absorbs the initial landing impact by the transfer of oil
external reservoir. from one chamber to another through a restricting
orifice. Taxi shocks are absorbed with compressed a s
oil pan - The removable part of the crankcase where
or by a spring.
engine lubricating oil is collected by gravity and stored.
Oil in the pan is forced through passages in the engine Omega - An RNAV system designed for long-range
by a pressure pump. navigation based upon ground-based electronic
navigational aid signals.
oil passages -Channels or holes in an engine through
which lubricating oil flows to lubricate, seal, or cool Omega navigation system - An RNAV system
the engine. designed for long-range navigation based upon ground-
oil pressure indicator -An instrument that indicates the based electronic navigational aid signals.
pressure of the oil in the engine lubricating system. omni - Variable Omni Range (VOR). A navigation
system that uses phase comp&ison of two navigational
oil scraper ring - A piston ring located at the bottom or
skirt end of a piston used to wipe the oil either toward signals transmitted from ground stations. The signals
are in phase when they are received at a location
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 .
ornni bearing selector (OBS) operate

directly magnetic north of the station. An instrument by ordinary rivet guns that deliver a continuous series
tells the pilot when the needle is off center from the of blows as long as the trigger is held.
pre-selected radial. If the aircraft gets away from the
one-to-one vibration - In rotorcraft, a low frequency
pre-selected radial, the needle moves out of center to
vibration having one beat per revolution of the rotor.
show the pilot which direction to turn in order to bring
This vibration can be lateral, vertical, or horizontal.
the aircraft back to the selected radial.
omni bearing selector (OBS) - On a VOR indicator, on-speed - The condition in which the actual engine
speed is equal to the desired engine speed as set on the
the course selector. The knob a pilot uses to select the
radial from the VOR station along which to fly. The propeller control by the pilot.
OBS shifts the phase of the course deviation indicator on-speed condition - A condition of a propeller
reference signal so the needle will center when the governor system that maintains the selected RPM by
aircraft is on the selected radial. metering to or draining from the propeller piston the
exact quantity of oil necessary to maintain the proper
omni station -The ground station of a VOR.
blade angle for that RPM.
omnidirectional microphone - A non-directional
microphone that picks up sounds equally from all open angle - The angle through which metal has been
bent that is greater than 90". Produces a "V" with less
directions.
than 90" between the sides.
omnidirectional radio antenna - A non-directional
open circuit -An incomplete electrical circuit. Does not
radio antenna that transmits or receives signals equally
provide a continuous path for electrons to flow.
well in all horizontal directions.
open wiring - A wire, wire group, or wire bundle not
omnirange navigation equipment (VOR) - A phase
enclosed in conduit.
comparison type of electronic navigation equipment
that provides a directional reference (measured from open-assembly time - The assigned time between the
magnetic north) between the airplane and the ground time when an adhesive is spread on to two surfaces to
station. be joined and the time the surfaces are clamped
on course - 1. Used to indicate that an aircraft is together.
established on the route centerline. 2. Used by ATC to open-center selector valve - A hydraulic selector valve
advise a pilot making a radar approach that his aircraft used in open-center hydraulic systems that allows fluid
is lined up on the final approach course. to flow from the pump to the reservoir when the
selector valve is placed in neutral (when none of the
on-condition maintenance - A maintenance concept
actuating cylinders are receiving fluid under pressure).
whereby some components of the engine remain in
service as long as they appear airworthy at each open-circuit voltage - The measured voltage of a
inspection. The replace-on-condition concept is battery or generator when there is no load or flow of
opposed to the concept of replacing a component after electrons in the circuit.
a "life-limited" time interval. In the case of engines
themselves, this means no TBO (time between open-end wrench - A solid, nonadjustable wrench with
overhaul) is required. open parallel jaws on one or both ends.

on-course indication - An indication on an instrument, open-tip turbine blades - A blade with no shroud
which provides the pilot a visual means of determining attached at the tip. This blade can withstand higher
that the aircraft is located on the centerline of a given speed-induced tip loading than the shrouded tip blade.
navigational track, or an indication on a radar scope Also referred to as an open perimeter tip.
that an aircraft is on a given track. operant conditioning - Behavior initiated voluntarily
one hundred and eighty degree ambiguity - An error by the individual, such as turning on a he1 pump,
reading a checklist, or initiating a go-around. Operant
inherent in radio direction finding systems, in which
the system is unable to determine whether the bearing behavior is the target of learning and the most
to the station is as indicated or 180" different than important to a flight instructor. It generally consists of
indicated, for example, whether the station is in front of three phases: cues are provided to initiate the behavior,
or behind the aircraft. the behavior is performed, and consequences
associated with that performance are received.
one-minute weather - The most recent one minute
updated weather broadcast received by a pilot from an operate - To use, cause to be used, or authorize the use
uncontrolled airport ASOS/AWOS. of an aircraft for the purpose of air navigation.

one-shot rivet gun - A rivet gun that hits the rivet with operate - With respect to aircraft, means use, cause to
a single hard blow for each pull of the trigger. It is used use or authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except
for rivets that are subject to becoming brittle if driven as provided in FAR 9 1.13) of air navigation including
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 .
operating center of gravity range optional equipment

the piloting of aircraft, with or without the right of operating without adequate fuel reserves, flying outside
legal control (as owner, lessee, or otherwise). the envelope, neglect of flight planning, preflight
inspections and checklists, getting behind the aircraft,
operating center of gravity range - The distance
peer pressure, get-there-itis, duck-under syndrome, and
between the forward and rearward center of gravity
descent below minimum enroute altitude.
limits as specified in the Aircraft Specifications or
Type Certificate Data Sheets. Operations Limitations Manual - Approved
information that must be carried in an airplane,
operating pressures - The hydraulic or pneumatic
including the speeds, engine operating limits, and any
pressures to which an object or system is subjected in
other information vital to the pilot. Also referred to as a
normal operation. flight manual.
operating relay time - The measured time fiom when a
opposed-type engine - A reciprocating engine with the
relay control switch is closed until the relay contacts
cylinders arranged in two horizontal rows, one on
are completely closed.
either side of the crankshaft. The cylinders are slightly
operating time - The time measured from when an staggered, with the cylinders in one bank slightly ahead
engine, component, or unit begins to operate until the of those in the other bank. Staggering the cylinders
operating
- unit completes its operation or movement. allows each piston to be connected to a separate throw
of the crankshaft. Also referred - t o as a
operating weight - The empty weight of the aircraft horizontally-opposed engine.
along with items carried in the aircraft during flight
such as crew, water, food, etc. opposite direction aircraft - Aircraft are operating in
opposite directions when:
o~eratio" raincheck -- A Program designed '0 a ~h~~ are following the same track in reciprocal
familiarize pilots with the ATC system, its functions, directions; or
responsibilities and benefits. Visiting facilities such as Their tracks are parallel and the aircraft are
b.
control towers, approach control, or air route traffic in reciprocal directions; or
control centers can expand an aviation professional's c. Their tracks intersect at an angle of more than
knowledge of ATC services.
135".
operation takeoff - A program that educates pilots on
opposite side - The leg of a right triangle opposite the
how best to utilize the FSS modernization efforts and
reference angle.
services that are available in automated flight service
stations (AFSS), as stated in FAA Order 7230.17. One optical coupler - An optoelectronic device that
can interact with weather briefers at a local flight connects circuits together with no physical electrical
service station and learn tips and techniques to get the connection. Usually consists of a light emitting diode
most out of the services they provide. (LED) on the input side connected optically to a light-
sensitive electronic device on the output side to
operational - A phase of flight wherein an aircraft
reconstruct the electronic input.
commander of a State-operated aircraft assumes
responsibility to separate his aircraft from all other optical micrometer - A precision measuring device
aircraft. used to measure the depth of scratches or fissures in the
surface of a material by measuring the change in focus
operational amplifier - A DC amplifier with a high
of a complex lens. The lens is focused on an
input impedance and a low output impedance. Most
undamaged surface of the material that is used as a
basic type of integrated circuits. Also referred to as an
reference, and then it is focused at the base of the
op-amp.
damage. The amount of change in the lens focus is
operational checks - The inspection of a unit done to converted into a measure of the depth of the damage.
determine if it is operating properly within the
manufacturer's specifications. optical pyrometer - A temperature measuring
instrument used to indicate the temperature of molten
operational control - With respect to a flight, means metal inside a furnace.
the exercise of authority over initiating, conducting or
option approach - An approach requested and
terminating a flight.
conducted by a pilot that will result in either a touch-
operational pitfalls - The desire to complete a flight as and-go, missed approach, low approach, stop-and-go,
planned, please passengers, meet schedules, and or full stop landing.
demonstrate that they have the right stuff can all have
optional equipment - Aircraft equipment approved for
an adverse effect on safety by causing pilots to
installation in an aircraft, but which is not required for
overestimate their piloting skills under stressful
airworthiness.
conditions. The operational pitfalls are as follows:
mind set, scud running, continuing VFR into IMC,

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 OR gate Otto cycle

OR gate - A logic device that will have a voltage on its O-ring - A sealing device used in a pneumatic or
output any time a voltage appears at any one or more. of hydraulic system that has a circular cross section and is
its inputs. made in the form of a ring.
oral quizzing - The most common means of evaluating ornithopter -An aircraft designed to produce lift by the
a student's knowledge. Proper oral quizzing during a flapping of its wings.
lesson promotes active student participation, identifies
OROCA (off--route obstruction clearance altitude) -
points that need more emphasis, and reveals the
An ofioute altitude that provides obstruction clearance
effectiveness of training procedures.
with a 1,000 foot buffer in nonmountainous terrain
orange peel - A defect in a painted surface that areas i d a 2,000 foot buffer in designated
resembles the skin of an orange. It can be caused by mountainous areas within the United States. This
errors in paint viscosity, air pressure, spray gun altitude may not provide signal coverage from
settings, or an improper distance between the spray gun groundbased navigational aids, air traffic control radar,
and the surface. or communications coverage.
orbital electron - An electron spinning around the orographic - Relating to mountains. In weather, refers
nucleus of an atom; different from free electrons, to phenomena caused by mountains, i.e., orographic
which are able to move from one atom to another. clouds.
ordinate - A line parallel to the Y-axis of a graph. A orographic lifting - The lifting of an airmass when it
specified distance from the X-axis, used to fix a point. encounters a barrier, for example, mountains or a hill.
organic brake linings - Organic material reinforced oronasal oxygen mask - An oxygen mask covering
with brass wool and attached to solid metal backings. only the mouth and the nose of the wearer.
Used for single-disk brakes.
orphaned airplane - Slang, for an aircraft that is
organic
- fabric - A woven material made of natural frequently non-airworthy and spends a lot of time in
origin fibers such as cotton or linen. Used in the the-hangar. In the military o; commercial aviation,
manufacturing of aircraft fabric covering materials. these aircraft are frequently robbed of parts to keep
other aircraft airworthy, thus prolonging the status of
organic fibers - Fibers of natural origin such as cotton
the hangar queen. Also referred to as a hangar queen.
or linen. Used in the manufacture of aircraft fabric
covering materials. orthographic projection - In mechanical drawing, six
different views of an object are possible through
organic Lining - The friction material used in spot-type,
orthographic projection: front, rear, top, bottom, left
single disk brakes. It is a composition material in
side, and right side. Each view is drawn as if the object
which brass- or copper-wool or particles of brass are
were placed in a box and only one side of the box
embedded to control the coefficient of friction.
opened to reveal one view (either front, rear, top,
organized track system - 1. A movable system of bottom, left side, or right side) of the object.
oceanic tracks that traverses the North Atlantic
oscillate - To swing back and forth with a consistent
between Europe and North America the physical
force or rhythm.
position of which is determined twice daily taking the
best advantage of the winds aloft. 2. A series of fixed oscillator - 1. An electronic device that converts DC
and charted ATS (Air Traffic Services) routes; i.e., into AC. 2. An electronic circuit that produces AC with
CEP, NOPAC; or flexible and described by NOTAM; frequencies determined by the inductance and
i.e., NAT Track Message capacitance in the circuit.
orientation - In composites, the alignment of the fibers oscillograph - A device for mechanically or
(0°, 45", 90") to the baseline set by the manufacturer for photographically producing a graphical representation
a particular component. of an electric signal.
orifice- A small hole of a specific size that meters or oscilloscope - An electrical measuring instrument with
controls the flow of a fluid. which repeating voltage and current changes can be
observed on a cathode-ray tube similar to a small
orifice check valve - A component in a hydraulic or
television tube.
pneumatic system that allows unrestricted flow in one
direction and restricted flow in the opposite direction.
- -
Otto cycle - A constant-volume cycle of events used to
explain the energy transformation that takes place in a
original skin - The skin or metal covering originally
reciprocating engine. In this type of engine, four
used in the manufacturing of an airplane.
strokes are required to complete the required series of
events or opkrating cycle of each cylinder. Two
complete revolutions of the crankshaft (720") are
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out. outside air temuerature (OAT)

required for the four strokes and the spark plug in each outer fix time -A calculated time to depart the outer fix
cylinder fires once for every two revolutions of the in order to cross the vertex at the ACLT. The time
crankshaft. reflects descent speed adjustments and any applicable
delay time that must be absorbed prior to crossing the
out - The conversation is ended and no response is
meter fix.
expected.
outer flame - The enveloping, almost transparent flame
out of ground effect (OGE) hover - In rotorcraft,
that surrounds the bluish-white inner flame or cone in
hovering greater than one rotor diameter distance
oxyacetylene welding.
above the surface. Because induced drag- is greater
-
while hovering out of ground effect, it takes more outer liner - The annular and can-annular combustion
power to achieve a hover out of ground effect. liner outer shell as opposed to its inner shell. Formerly
used to refer to the outer case of a can-type combustion
out of phase - A condition in which two cyclic waves
chamber.
such as voltage and current do not pass through the
same point at the same time. outer marker - A marker beacon at or near the glide
slope intercept altitude of an ILS approach. It is keyed
out time - In composites, the time a pre-preg is exposed
to transmit two dashes per second on a 400 Hz tone,
to ambient temperature, namely, the total amount of
which is received aurally and visually by compatible
time the pre-preg is out of the freezer. This can include
airborne equipment. The OM is normally located four
shipping time as well as the time it takes to cut off a
to seven miles from the runway threshold on the
small piece from the roll.
extended centerline of the runway.
outer area - Airspace surrounding a Class C airspace
outflow boundary - The remnant of a gust front that
area, extending out to a radius of 20 NM ATC provides
continues to exist long after the thunderstorms that
radar vectoring and sequencing for all IFR aircraft and
created it dissipates.
participating VFR aircraft.
outflow valve - The valve in a pressurized aircraft cabin
outer area (associated with class C airspace) -
that maintains the desired pressure level inside the
Nonregulatory airspace surrounding designated Class C
cabin by controlling the amount of air allowed to flow
airspace airports wherein ATC provides radar
out of the cabin.
vectoring and sequencing on a full-time basis for all
IFR and participating VFR aircraft. The service outlook briefing - A general overview forecast of the
provided in the outer area is called Class C service and weather for a period 6 to 12 hours in advance.
includes: IFW IFR-standard IFR separation; IFRNFR-
out-of-rig - A condition of aircraft flight control rigging
traffic advisories and conflict resolution; and
in which the controls are not properly adjusted, thus
VFFUVFR-traffic advisories and, as appropriate, safety
preventing the aircraft from being flown without the
alerts. The normal radius will be 20 nautical miles,
aid of the pilot touching the controls.
with some variations based on site-specific
requirements. The outer area extends outward from the out-of-round - Eccentrically shaped because of damage
primary Class C airspace airport and extends from the or wear.
lower limits of radarlradio coverage up to the ceiling of
the approach control's delegated airspace excluding the out-of-track - A condition of a helicopter rotor or the
Class C charted area and other airspace as appropriate. propeller of an airplane in which the tips of the blades
do not follow the same path in their rotation.
outer compass locator - A low power, low or medium
frequency (LMF) radio beacon installed at the site of out-of-trim - A condition in an aircraft in which
the outer marker of an instrument landing system straight-and-level, hands-off flying is impossible due to
(ILS). It can be used for navigation at distances of an aerodynamic load caused by an improperly adjusted
approximately 15 miles or as authorized in the trim device.
approach procedure. output - The power or energy a device delivers or
outer fix - 1. A general term used within ATC to produces.
describe fixes in the terminal area, other than the final output transformer - A transformer used to match the
approach fix. Aircraft are normally cleared to these high impedance of an electronic circuit to the low
fixes by an Air Route Traffic Control Center or an impedance of the output device, usually a speaker.
Approach Control Facility. Aircraft are normally
cleared from these fixes to the final approach fix or outside air temperature (OAT) - The measured or
final approach course. 2. An adapted fix along the indicated air temperature (IAT) corrected for
converted route of flight, prior to the meter fix, for compression and friction heating. Also referred to as
which crossing times are calculated and displayed in true air temperature.
the metering position list.

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 outside caliper overseas air transportation

outside caliper - A measuring device having two f. The direction of turns.

movable legs. Used to determine the distance across an g. Altitude (at least 500 feet above the conventional
object. Once the distance has been established, the pattern).
actual dimension can be made using a steel scale or a h. A "Roll-out'' on final approach not less than 114
vernier caliper. mile from the landing threshold and not less than 300
feet above the ground.
outside skin - The outer surface of an aircraft.
overhead question - In the guided discussion method, a
over -My transmission is ended; I expect a response.
question directed to the entire group to stimulate
overall efficiency - In turbine engines, the product of thought and discussion. An overhead question can be
multiplying propulsive efficiency and thermal used by an instructor as the lead-off question.
efficiency.
overhead valve - A valve located in the upper part of an
overbalance - The adding of counterbalancing weight aircraft reciprocating engine cylinder head.
to the extent that the trailing edge of a control surface
overheat warning system - A system that warns of an
is above the horizontal position when performing a
overheat condition that could lead to a fire.
static balance test. In a balanced condition, the control
surface would rest in the neutral position. overinflation valve -A relief valve that opens to relieve
excessive air pressure. Used in some of the larger
overboost - A condition in which the manifold pressure
aircraft wheels that mount tubeless tires.
of a reciprocating engine has exceeded the maximum
specified by the manufacturer. Can cause damage to overlapping - To lap over or extend beyond.
internal engine components.
overload - To apply a load in excess of that for which a
overcompounded motor - A compound-wound motor device or structure is designed.
with more series windings than parallel windings.
overlying center - The ARTCC facility that is
Tends to try to speed up under increased loads.
responsible for arrivavdeparture operations at a
overcontrol - Any movement of a control device in specific terminal.
excess of that needed for a given condition.
overrunning - In meteorology, when a warm, moist,
overcurrent protection device - An electronic device stable airmass moves over a warm front or a stationary
that protects a circuit against abnormally high currents. front.
overhang - In meteorology, the anvil of a thunderstorm, overrunning clutch - Generally, a pawl and ratchet
under which hail can occur and a turbulent wake can arrangement used on various types of starters. It
create severe turbulence. permits the starter to drive the engine but not allow the
engine to drive the starter. The ratchet on the engine
overhaul - To restore an aircraft, engine, or component
side will slip around within the pawls if normal
to a condition of airworthiness.
disengagement does not occur.
overhead cam - The cam of an aircraft reciprocating
overseas air commerce - The carriage by aircraft of
engine located above the cylinder head. The overhead
persons or property for compensation or hire, or the
cam operates the valves directly without the aid of
carriage of mail by aircraft, or the operation or
pushrods.
navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a
overhead maneuver - A series of predetermined business or vocation, in commerce between a place in
maneuvers prescribed for aircraft (often in formation) any State of the United States, or the District of
for entry into the visual flight rules (VFR) traffic Columbia, and any place in a territory or possession of
pattern and to proceed to a landing. An overhead the United States; or between a place in a territory or
maneuver is not an instrument flight rules (IFR) possession of the United States, and a place in any
approach procedure. An aircraft executing an overhead other territory or possession of the United States.
i k e u v e r i s considered VFR and the IFR flight plan is
overseas air transportation - The carriage by aircraft
cancelled when the aircraft reaches the "initial point"
of persons or property as a common carrier for
on the initial approach portion of the maneuver. The
compensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by
pattern usually specifies the following:
aircraft, in commerce:
a. The radio contact required of the pilot.
a. Between a place in a State or the District of
b. The speed to be maintained.
Columbia and a place in a possession of the United
c. An initial approach 3 to 5 miles in length.
States; or
d. An elliptical pattern consisting of two 180 degree
b. Between a place in a possession of the United
turns.
States and a place in another possession of the United
e. A break point at which the first 180 degree turn is
States; whether that commerce moves wholly by
started.
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overshootmozone

aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms oxidation - A chemical action in which a metallic
of transportation. element is combined with oxygen. Electrons are
removed from the metal in this process.
overshoot - Overshoot is caused by rapid increase in
throttle, which causes the controller to overshoot the oxide - A chemical combination in which oxygen is
requirement for the engine boost, resulting in combined with another element.
overboost.
oxide film - A layer, coating, or metallic oxide on the
overshooting tops - In thunderstorms, very strong surface of a material.
updrafts that penetrate the otherwise smooth top of the
oxidized - 1. Combined with oxygen. 2. A substance
anvil cloud.
that causes another to combine with oxygen.
oversize - A question with many possible correct
oxidizing flame - An oxyacetylene welding flame in
answers.
which there is an excess of oxygen
- - -passing through the
oversized stud - A stud having a greater diameter than torch. An oxidizing flame can be recognized by its
standard for the portion that is or threaded into sharp-pointed inner-cone and a hissing noise made by
the stud boss. The external diameter and thread pitch the torch.
are the same as original standard stud.
oxyacetylene - Gas welding that uses oxygen and
overspeed - 1. A condition in which an engine has acetylene.
produced more RPM than the manufacturer
oxy-gas welding - Gas welding that uses oxygen and a
recommends. 2. The condition in which the actual
gas such as acetylene.
engine speed is higher than the desired engine speed as
seton the propeller control. oxygen
.- - One of the basic elements with a symbol of 0
and an atomic weight of 8. In the free gas state, it is
overspeed condition - A condition of the propeller
always O2 because two atoms of oxygen must combine
operating system in which the propeller is operating
to form one molecule of oxygen gas. Oxygen is a
above the RPM for which the governor control is set.
colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous chemical element
This causes the propeller blades to be at a lower angle
that makes up about 21% of the Earth's atmosphere. It
than that required for the desired speed.
will not bum but suvvorts combustion and is essential
overspeed governor - A speed-limiting device. to life processes.
Governors regulate speed through the fuel control.
oxygen bottle - Special, high-strength steel cylinder
overspeeding - Exceeding the maximum RPM limits of used to store gaseous oxygen under pressure.
the engine. Adjusting pitch stops in the prop governor
oxygen cell corrosion - Corrosion that results from a
allow RPM limits to be set.
deficiency of oxygen in the electrolyte.
overtemperature - 1. A condition in which a device has
reached a temperature above that approved by the oxygen concentration cell corrosion - Corrosion that
forms between the lap joints of metal where moisture
manufacturer. 2. Any exhaust temperature that exceeds
gets trapped.
the maximum allowable for a given operating condition
or time limit. oxygen manifold - A device for connecting several
oxygen masks into one oxygen supply or several
overtemperature warning system - A warning system
oxygen sources into a master manifold.
that warns the pilot of an overheat condition. If the
temperature rises above a set value in any one section oxygen mask - A small face mask with special
of the overheat sensing circuit, the sensing device turns attachments for breathing oxygen.
on a cockpit light indicating the location of the
overtemperature. oxygen plumbing - Tubing and fittings used in the
oxygen system to connect the various components.
over-the-top - Above the layer of clouds or other
obscuring phenomena forming the ceiling. oxyhydrogen - Gas welding that uses oxygen and
hydrogen.
overview - A concise presentation of the objective and
key ideas, supplemented with appropriate visual aids, ozone -A variety of oxygen that contains three atoms of
to give students a clear picture of what is to come. oxygen per molecule rather than the usual two. The
major portion of ozone in the atmosphere is formed by
overvoltage protector - An electrical circuit protection the interaction of oxygen with the sun's rays near the
device used to protect components from damage top of the ozone layer. It is also produced by electrical
caused by high voltage surges. If the voltage is discharges (lightning storms). Ozone is important to
excessive, the overvoltage protector opens and protects living organisms because it filters out most of the sun's
the component. ultraviolet radiation.

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 ozone hole . ozonosphere

ozone hole - The region of the ozone layer that has a

lower than normal concentration of 03.
ozone layer - A layer of O3 found in the lower
stratosphere. Characterized by a relatively high
concentration of ozone, this layer is responsible for the
increase of temperature in the stratosphere.
ozonosphere - The stratum of the Earth's atmosphere
that has a high concentration of ozone and absorbs
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The ozonosphere is
approximately 20 to 30 miles above the Earth.

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 .
P parallel MLS approaches

pan-pan-pan - The international radio-telephony

P urgency signal. When repeated three times, indicates
uncertainty or alert followed by the nature of the
P factor - A tendency for an aircraft to yaw to the left urgency.
due to the descending propeller blade on the right
producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the pants - Streamlined airplane wheel covers.
left. This occurs when the aircraft's longitudinal axis is

:I<:%
paper electrical capacitor - An electrical component
in a climbing attitude in relation to the relative wind. that uses two strips of metal foil for its plates and strips
The P factor would be to the right if the aircraft had a of waxed paper as its dielectric.
counter-clockwise rotating propeller.
parabola - A plane curve equally
P time - Proposed Departure Time. The time a distant from a fixed point and a
II

scheduled flight will depart the gate (scheduled fixed line.

operators) or the actual runway off time for
nonscheduled operators. For EDCT purposes, the parabolic light reflector - A light
0
ATCSCC adjusts the "P" time for scheduled operators reflector, such as a light bulb, with
to reflect the runway off times. a curved or parabolic surface.
v, ----'Xs
W
pack carburizing - A heat treatment method for parabolic microphone -
A
case-hardening steel parts in which the parts are packed sensitive, highly directional B
in the carburizing compound, placed into a drum, and microphone mounted at the focal
heated to a temperature of about 1500" F. point of a parabolic dish capable of picking up sound
from long distances.
package - A complete assembly unit.
parachute - A large cloth device shaped like an
packing - The hydraulic seal that prevents fluids from umbrella used to retard the fall of a body or object
leaking between two surfaces that move in relation to through the air.
each other.
parachute - A device used or intended to be used to
packing ring - An O-ring used to confine liquids or retard the fall of a body or object through the air.
gases, preventing their passing between a fixed body
and a movable shaft. par-al-ketone - A heavy, waxy grease used to protect
control cables and hardware fittings from corrosion on
paint - An aircraft finish that consists of pigments seaplanes.
suspended in a solvent-type vehicle. The paint protects
and improves the appearance of the aircraft. parallax - The apparent change in relationship of two
objects when viewed from different locations not in
paint drier - Any substance added to paint to improve line with the objects.
its drying properties.
parallax - Apparent displacement of an object if first
paint stripper - A chemical material that softens the viewed from one position and then from another.
paint film and loosens its bond to the metal, thus
enabling the paint to be easily wiped or washed away. parallel - 1. Lines that run in the same direction and
will never meet or cross because the distance between
pal nut - A thin, pressed-steel check nut screwed down them is constant. 2. Having more than one path for
over an ordinary nut to prevent it from coming loose or electron flow between the two sides of the electron
backing off. source.
palladium A with a of Pd parallel access - In computers, a term used to describe a
and an atomic number of 46. method of accessing data simultaneously, or all data at
pan - A hollow depression or shallow metal object used the same time.
to hold oil. parallel circuits - Two or more complete circuits
pancake landing - An aircraft landing procedure in connected to the same two power terminals.
which the aircraft is on an even plane with the runway. parallel ILS approaches - Approaches to parallel
As the aircraft reduces speed and lift, it drops to the runways by IFR aircraft that, when established inbound
ground in a flat or prone attitude. toward the airport on the adjacent final approach
panel - Any separate or distinct portion of an aircraft courses, are radar separated by at least 2 miles.
surface. parallel lines -Two or more lines extending in the same
pan-head screw - A machine screw or sheet metal direction and at the same distance apart at all points.
screw that has a large, slightly domed head. parallel MLS approaches - See parallel ILS
approaches.
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 parallel of latitude. parting agent

parallel of latitude - Any of the imaginary lines on the parcel - A volume of air, small enough to contain
surface of the Earth parallel to the equator and uniform distribution of its meteorological properties,
representing degrees of latitude on the Earth's surface. but large enough to remain relatively self-contained
and respond to all meteorological processes.
parallel offset route - A parallel track to the left or
right of the designated or established ainvaylroute. Parco lubrizing - Anti-friction coatings that contain
Normally associated with Area Navigation (RNAV) solvent-based suspensions of solid lubricants instead of
operations. a coloring pigment.
parallel operation - In computers, an operation that Parkerizing - A method of treating metal parts by
moves information simultaneously over several lines as immersing them in a solution of phosphoric acid and
opposed to serially, which moves information one bit at manganese dioxide. Used to protect the surface from
a time over a single line. Also used to describe an rusting.
-
operation using more than one processor
Parker-Kalon (PK) screws - Self-tapping sheet metal
simultaneously.
screws. PK screws are made of hardened steel. and
parallel resonant electrical circuit - A circuit made up have sharp, coarse threads that combine drilling,
of an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel. If tapping and fastening.
a circuit is resonant, the inductive reactance and the
parking brake - A mechanical or hydraulic brake
capacitive reactance are equal at a particular frequency.
system used to prevent an aircraft from moving from
Also referred to as a tank circuit
its parked position.
parallel runways - Two or more runways at the same
part number - An identification number assigned to a
airport whose centerlines are parallel. In addition to
particular part or assembly by the manufacturer.
runway number, parallel runways are designated as L
(left) and R (right) or, if three parallel runways exist, L part power trim check -The act of trimming the
(left), C (center), and R (right). engine with the power lever against a trim stop or rig
pin, then checking the EPR or N, speed against a trim
paralleling - Controlling the output of more than one
curve for ambient conditions. If the correct values are
generator in order to share a load equally. This
not present, adjustment of the fuel control, referred to
involves matching the voltage outputs, the frequency
as trimming, is required.
(of AC generators) and the phase relationship of the
AC current (of AC generators). partial obscuration - Denotes that 118th or more of the
sky, but not all of the sky, is hidden by surface-based
paralleling generators - An operational procedure in
(excluding precipitation) phenomena in the
which the output voltages of multi-engine aircraft
atmosphere.
electrical system generators are adjusted to share the
electrical load equally. This involves matching the partial panel - Controlling the airplane without the
voltage outputs, the frequency (of AC generators) and benefit of all instrumentation due to failure of one or
the phase relationship of the AC current (of AC more instruments in flight. Pilots are required to
generators). demonstrate basic attitude instrument flying on partial
panel and are also required to fly a partial panel
paramagnetic material - A material that becomes
instrument approach during the practical test for the
magnetic when placed in a strong magnetic field and
retains some level of magnetic property as long as the instrument rating.
strong magnetic field is present. However, when the partial pressure - The gases that make up the
strong magnetic field is removed, the material loses its atmosphere each exert a partial pressure. When all of
magnetic properties. the partial pressures are added together, they equal the
total atmospheric pressure.
parameter - A quantity or constant whose value varies
with the circumstances of its application. partial-panel flight -Instrument flight without vacuurn-
powered gyroscopic instruments. Remaining
parasite drag - Drag caused by the friction of the air
instruments would be the altimeter, airspeed indicator,
flowing over a body. Parasite drag increases as
turn coordinator, vertical speed indicator, and magnetic
airspeed increases.
compass.
parasite drag - That part of total drag created by the
particle -A small piece of any substance or matter.
form or shape of airplane parts.
particulates - Very small liquid or solid particles in the
parasol wing airplane - An airplane having one main
atmosphere. When suspended in the atmosphere, they
supporting surface mounted above the fuselage on
are called aerosols.
cabane struts.
parting agent - In composites, a lubricant used to
prevent the part from sticking to the mold.
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 -
parting film pendulum valves

parting film - In composites, a layer of thin plastic to pawl - A pivoted stop in a mechanical device that
prevent bagging materials from sticking to the part. It allows motion one way but prevents it in the opposite
can be perforated to vent excess resin. It is removed direction. It is commonly used in a ratchet mechanism.
after cure. Can be used instead of peel ply.
payload - That part of the useful load of an aircraft that
parts manufacturing approval (PMA) - Approval by is over and above the load necessary for the operation
the Federal Aviation Administration to design and of the vehicle. The term used for passengers, baggage,
manufacture aircraft replacement parts for sale directly and cargo.
to the public.
P-channel field effect transistor (FET) - Similar to an
pascal - A metric unit of pressure. Equals one newton N-channel FET but with the types of material reversed.
per square meter. Control is achieved by the application of positive
voltage to the gate.
Pascal's law -A basic law of fluid power that states that
pressure in an enclosed container is transmitted peak alternating current - The greatest amount of
equally, undiminished to all points of the container, current that flows in one alternation of alternating
and acts at right angles to the enclosing walls. current. The greatest amount of deviation from the zero
line of deviation as measured on an oscilloscope.
passenger mile - An airline statistic used to track
utilization of aircraft. One passenger mile is equal to peak inverse voltage - The maximum voltage that can
one passenger traveling one mile. Five passengers be applied safely to an electron tube in the direction
traveling 100 miles would equal 500 passenger miles. opposite to normal current flow.
passivating - A treatment of corrosion-resistant steels peak value - The maximum value of AC or voltage
after welding. The purpose is to remove iron from the measured from the zero reference line.
surface and expose more chromium, allowing a chrome
peak wind -The maximum wind speed since the last
rich oxide film to form and protect the surface from
hourly observation.
corrosion.
peak-to-peak voltage -Absolute value of the difference
passive electrical circuit - An electrical circuit that
between the maximum positive and maximum negative
does not contain any source of electrical energy such as
values of an AC waveform.
a battery or generator. Such circuits would include only
passive electronic components. One example would be pedestal grinder - A grinder mounted on a pedestal and
a filter (consisting of inductors and capacitors) in a stands on the floor of the shop.
receiver circuit that is powered only by the received
signal. peel ply - In composites, a layer of fabric used in
manufacturing to vent excess resin up into the bleeder
passive electrical component - An electrical material. It prevents bagging materials from sticking to
component, such as resistor, capacitor or inductor, that the part, and it leaves a very finely etched surface for
produces no gain in the circuit. painting. It is removed after cure.
passive satellite - A passive satellite reflects received peel strength In composites, the amount of strength it
-

radio signals back to Earth without amplification. takes a part to resist the stress applied from peeling
passive sonar - A device for detecting the presence of apart of two plies.
an object by the sound it emits in water. Sonar stands peen - To round over or flatten the end of a shaft or
for sound navigation ranging. rivet by light hammer blows.
passive video - Refers to segments of video that are peened surface - A marked surface as from an impact
simply watched by the students. with a blunt instrument. Caused by careless handling or
concentrated load sufficient to deform-the
patch - A small piece of material used for
metal surface.
strengthening, reinforcing, or covering a hole or weak
spot in a structure. pencil compass - A drawing instrument that uses a
pattern - 1 . A model, guide, or plan used to form or pencil to draw circles or arcs.
make things. 2. The flight pattern an aircraft must pendular action - In rotorcraft, the lateral or
follow when approaching the airport for landing and longitudinal oscillation of the fuselage due to it being
when leaving the airport after taking off. Aircraft suspended from the rotor system.
operating from the airport must follow the same flight
pattern in order to reduce the danger of an in-flight pendulum - A body suspended from a fixed point but
collision. that is free to swing back and forth or oscillate.
pendulum valves -Gravity-operated air valves over the
discharge ports of a pneumatic gyro horizon's rotor
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 ~entaeridconverter. ~ersistence

housing. When the gyro tilts, the pendulum valves periodic inspection - Any regularly repeated
change the airflow from the housing and cause a inspection. An annual or 100-hour inspection of an
precessive force that erects the gyro. aircraft is a periodic inspection.
pentagrid converter - A five-grid electron tube that periodic table of chemical elements - A table of
serves as a mixer, local oscillator, and first detector in a chemical elements arranged in the order of their atomic
superheterodyne radio receiver. numbers.
pentode - A five-element vacuum tube or electron tube periodic vibration - A vibration that has a regularly
containing five electrodes: cathode, plate, control grid, recurring resonance.
suppressor grid, and screen grid.
peripheral equipment - Devices that provide support
perceptions - The basis of all learning. Perceptions for primary units of equipment. In computers,
result when a person gives meaning to external stimuli peripheral equipment would include hard disk drives,
or sensations. Meanings, which are derived from floppy drives, modems, and CD ROM drives.
perceptions, are influenced by an individual's
experience and many other factors. periphery - The outside of a circular or curved figure.
Permalloy - An alloy of iron and nickel used in the
percussive welding - A resistance welding process in
manufacture of permanent magnets.
which an electrical arc and pressure are simultaneously
applied across the materials being welded. permamold crankcase - An engine crankcase that has
been pressure molded in a permanent mold. It is
perfect dielectric - A dielectric that has no
thinner and denser than a sand-cast crankcase.
conductivity. A perfect dielectric is an insulator that
returns all of the used energy to establish an electric permanent ballast - A weight that has been
field when the electrical field is removed. permanently installed in an aircraft to bring its center
of gravity into allowable limits
perforate -To create a hole in a material such as paper.
permanent echo - Radar signals reflected from fixed
perforated parting fdm or release fdm - In
objects on the Earth's surface; e.g., buildings, towers,
composites, a thin layer of plastic film used to prevent
terrain. Permanent echoes are distinguished from
bagging materials from sticking to the part. The
"ground clutter" by being definable locations rather
perforations allow some resin to flow through small
than large areas. Under certain conditions they can be
holes in the plastic. Used in the same way as peel ply.
used to check radar alignment.
performance chart - A chart detailing the aircraft
permanent magnet -A ferrous metal or alloy of ferrous
performance that can be expected under specific
metals usually containing nickel and cobalt, in which
conditions.
the magnetic domains are aligned, and tend to remain
performance envelope - A range of flight conditions aligned. Lines of magnetic flux join the poles of the
and performance for which an aircraft has been permanent magnet so that an electrical current can be
designed and tested for. Flying an aircraft outside these generated when these lines of flux are cut by a
parameters is done so at the risk of unknown conductor.
consequences.
permanent magnet speaker - A speaker that uses a
performance number - The anti-detonation rating of a small permanent magnet to provide the magnetic field
fuel that has a higher critical pressure and temperature for the voice coil.
than isooctane. Isooctane is used as the reference.
permanent mold - A mold that can be used repeatedly
performance-based objectives - A statement of to produce molded parts. Usually constructed of metal
purpose for a lesson or instructional period that or ceramic materials.
includes three elements: a description of the skill or
permanent set - A mechanical deformity caused by
behavior desired of the student, a set of conditions
excessive stress placed on a material.
under which the measurement will be taken, and a set
of criteria describing the standard used to measure permeability - The ability of a material to accept and
accomplishment of the objective. concentrate lines of magnetic flux.
period - The time required for one cycle of AC. Perminvar - Special alloy used for permanent magnets.
period oscillation - The amount of time needed to persistence - In cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), the length of
complete one cycle of an oscillation. time the phosphorescent glow remains after the
electron beam has moved on.
periodic event -Any regularly repeated event.

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persistence forecast phosphate ester-base hydraulic fluid

persistence forecast - A weather prediction based on phase angle - The number of degrees of generator
the assumption that fhture weather will be the same as rotation between the time the voltage passes through
current weather. zero and the time the current passes through zero in the
same direction.
person - An individual, firm, partnership, corporation,
company, association, joint-stock association, or phase change - A change of state.
governmental entity. It includes a trustee, receiver,
phase inverter - An electronic device that changes the
assignee, or similar representative of any of them.
phase of a signal by 180".
personal checklists - To help students determine if they
phase lock - A method of modulating the phase,
are prepared for a particular flight, encourage them to
condition, or state of one electronic oscillating device
create personal checklists that state their limitations
so it will exactly follow that of another oscillating
based on such factors as experience, currency, and
device.
comfort level in certain flight conditions.
phase modulation -A method of modulating the carrier
personal computer-based aviation training devices
wave of a radio signal. The phase angle is changed
(PCATDs) - A computer based flight simulator that
relative to voltage changes of the input signal.
has been authorized by the FAA to be used for a small
portion of the instrument time required for instrument phase shift The difference in time between similar
-

ratings. Uses cathode ray tube computer monitor for points of an output and an input electrical wave form.
display.
phenol-formeldehyde resin - A thermosetting plastic
personality - A set of personal traits and characteristics resin reinforced with cloth or paper to make molded
of an individual. plastic objects.
perspective - The technique of representing the spatial phenolic material - A thermosetting resin or plastic
relationship of objects as they appear to the eye. made by condensation of a phenol with an aldehyde
and used for molding and insulating.
petroleum - A substance containing chemical energy
and used as a fuel for most of engines. It is a natural phenolic plastic - Plastic thermosetting
hydrocarbon product that was at one time plant or phenolic-formaldehyde resin material, reinforced with
animal life, but was buried under billions of tons of cloth or paper.
Earth. It is obtained as a liquid from deep wells or from
oil shale. phenolic resin - A thermosetting resin produced by the
condensation of an aromatic alcohol with an aldehyde,
petroleum-zinc-dust compound - A material used particularly of phenol with formaldehyde.
inside an aluminum terminal lug when swaging the lug
onto aluminum wire. The zinc dust abrades the oxides Phillips-head screw - A recessed-head screw designed
from the aluminum, and the petrolatum prevents its to be driven with a cross-pointed screwdriver whose
reformation. point has two distinct tapers and a blunt point. The
Reed and Prince is another cross-point driver but it has
pH - A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution straight sides, only one taper, and tapers to a point.
on a 14 point scale where a value of 7 represents
neutrality. 1 indicates maximum acidity and 14 phonetic alphabet - Standard words (lexicon) and
indicates maximum alkalinity. combinations of words used for each of the letters in
the alphabet during radio transmission. Examples of
phantom line - standard phonetic alphabet now in use are: ALFA,
Thin lines made BRAVO, C H A K I E , DELTA, ECHO, FOXTROT,
up of alternating GOLF, HOTEL, INDIA, LIMA, NOVEMBER,
long dashes and OSCAR, PAPA, ROMEO, SIERRA, TANGO,
two short dashes. UNIFORM, VICTOR, WHISKEY, X-RAY,
Used to show an YANKEE, ZULU.
alternate position
or a missing part phosgene - A colorless gas with an unpleasant odor
in a mechanical
drawing.
-- produced when Refrigerant-12 is passed through an
open flame. Causes severe respiratory irritation.

phase - 1. The time difference between an event in the phosphate ester-base hydraulic fluid - A synthetic,
voltage waveform and the equivalent event in the fire-resistant hydraulic fluid used in high-pressure
current waveform in an AC circuit. 2. A section or a hydraulic systems of modem jet aircraft. It is identified
distinguishable part of a maintenance program or by the specifications MIL-H-8446.
inspection.

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 .
phosphate film pico

phosphate film - A dense, insoluble, inorganic film photosensitive - The property of emitting electrons
deposited on the surface of a metal treated with a when struck by light. See also photoemissive.
conversion coating.
photothyristor - A semiconductor device that is
phosphor coating - A coating for the numerals and responsive to visible or infrared radiant energy. May or
pointers on instrument dials. The coating glows when may not include mounting hardware and/or heat sink.
excited with ultraviolet light rays.
phototransistor - A transistor that can be
phosphorescent paint - A paint that absorbs energy forward-biased into conduction by applying light to its
from natural light or from ultraviolet light and which emitter-base junction.
continues to glow after the natural light is removed.
photovoltaic cell - A solid-state electrical component
phosphoric acid etchant - That constituent of a that produces a voltage when exposed to light.
conversion coating that microscopically roughens the
phugoid oscillations - Long-period oscillations of an
surface of the metal being treated and deposits a
phosphate film. aircraft around its lateral axis. It is a slow change in
pitch accompanied by equally slow changes in
phosphorus - A chemical element with a sign of P and airspeed. Angle of attack remains constant, and the
an atomic number of 15. pilot often corrects for phugoid oscillations without
even being aware of them.
photo cell - An electronic device that becomes
conductive or produces a voltage when struck by light. physical needs - Needs that encompass the necessities
for survival, which include food, rest, exercise, and
photo reconnaissance - Military activity that requires
protection from the elements. Until these requirements
locating individual photo targets and navigating to the
are satisfied, students cannot fully concentrate on
targets at a preplamed angle and altitude. The activity
learning.
normally requires a lateral route width of 16NM and
altitude range of 1,500 feet to 10,000 feet AGL. physical organism - A perception factor that describes
a person's ability to sense the world around them.
photocathodes - An electrode within an electron tube
that releases electrons after it has been exposed to light. physical properties - Those properties of a body that
can be determined by methods other than chemical,
photochemistry - That branch of chemistry having to
including weight, strength, and hardness.
do with the effects of light
- on chemical reactions.
physical tables - Tables that list the physical properties
photoconductive cell - A photoelectric cell that changes
and characteristics of materials.
its resistance according- to the amount of light -
exposure. Photoconductive cells are used in physics - A natural science that deals with matter and
photographic light meters. energy and their interaction in the various fields of
mechanics.
photodiode - A semiconductor diode that can conduct
in its reverse direction when light is shown on its pi (ll ) - A mathematical constant representing the ratio
iunction. between the circumference and diameter of a circle
with a value of approximately 3.14 15927. Represented
photoelectric characteristics - The changes (positive or
by the Greek letter .
negative) produced in the electrical characteristics of a
material when exposed to light. pi fflter - A network consisting of two capacitors and an
inductor net arranged in the form of the Greek letter pi
photoelectric material - Any element that emits
(K). It is essentially a capacitor-input filter followed by
electrons when exposed to light. Elements such as
an L-filter.
alkaline metals, cesium, lithium, and rubidium are
photoelectric. piano hinge - A continuous metal hinge consisting of
hinge bodies attached to both fixed and movable
photoelectricity - Electricity produced by the action of
surfaces. A hard steel wire connects the two bodies and
light on certain photoemissive materials.
serves as the hinge pin.
photoemissive characteristic- The trait of a material to
pickling - 1. The treatment of a metal surface with acid
emit electrons when exposed to light.
to remove surface contamination. 2. Preparing an
photoemissivity - The tendency of a material to emit aircraft engine for longtime storage.
electrons when exposed to light.
pick-off - That portion of a device or system that
photon -A particle of radiant energy. removes a signal from a sensor.
photonegative characteristics - The characteristics of a pico - One-millionth of a millionth (0.000,000,000,001)
material increasing in resistance when exposed to light. of a unit.
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picofarad (pf or ppf) pilot proficiency award program

picofarad (pf or ppf) - One-millionth (0.000001) of a pilot controlled lighting (PCL) - Radio control of
microfarad. lighting is available at selected airports to provide
airborne control of lights by keying the aircraft's
pictorial diagram - A diagram used by maintenance
microphone. The control system consists of a 3-step
technicians. It can be either a line drawing, sometimes
control responsive to 7, 5, and/or 3 microphone clicks.
with shading to emphasize shapes, a picture of a part
The 3-step and 2-step lighting facilities can be altered
enlarged to show detail, or a photograph of a piece of
in intensity. All lighting is illuminated for a period of
equipment, illustrating the overall appearance of a unit,
15 minutes (except for 1-step and 2-step REILs which
its shape, relative sizes and location of components,
can be turned off by keying the mike 5 or 3 times,
interconnecting wires, cables, etc.
respectively).
..

pictorial drawing - A drawing consisting of pictures

Suggested use is to always initially key the mike 7 times;
that shows an object as it appears to the eye.
this assures that all controlled lights are turned on to
pie chart - A graph drawn in the shape of a circle and the maximum available intensity. If desired, adjustment
divided into pieces like a pie to convey data or can then be made, where the capability is provided, to a
proportions.
- Lower intensity (or the REIL turned off) by keying the
mike 5 andfor three times. Approved lighting systems
piezoelectric crystal - A thin crystal that produces a can be activated by keying the mike as indicated
voltage when distorted. Used in strain gauges and below:
vibration detectors. Also produces vibration when a
voltage is applied. Used in ultrasonic transducers. KEY MIKE ( ) times within 5 seconds -FUNCTION:
piezoelectric effect - The property of certain crystals 7 times within 5 seconds - Highest intensity available
that enables them to generate an electrostatic voltage
5 times within 5 seconds - Medium or lower intensity
between opposite faces when subjected to mechanical
(Lower REIL or REIL-Off)
pressure. Conversely, the crystal will expand or
contract if subjected to a strong electrical potential. 3 times within 5 seconds - Lowest intensity available
(Lower REIL or REIL-Off)
piezoelectric transducer - An electrical device that
enables a mechanical movement to generate an Due to the close proximity of airports using the same
electrical signal. frequency, radio controlled lighting receivers can be set
at a low sensitivity requiring the aircraft to be relatively
piezoelectricity - Electricity produced when certain
close to activate the system. Consequently, even when
crystalline materials such as quartz are subjected to
lights are on, always key mike as directed when
mechanical pressure.
overflying an airport of intended landing or just prior to
pig iron - Crude iron, reduced from the iron ore in a entering the final segment of an approach. This will
blast furnace. assure the aircraft is close enough to activate the
system and a full 15 minutes lighting duration is
pigment - A powder or paste mixed with a paint finish available.
to -give the desired color.
pilot error - An action or decision made by the pilot
pigtail- A piece of wire that sticks out of a component
that was the cause of, or contributing factor, which led
and allows the component to be installed or tied.
to an accident or incident. This definition also includes
pilot - 1. A person licensed to operate an airplane, ship, failure of the pilot to make a decision or take action.
or balloon in flight. 2. A Part that guides part in pilot hole - A small hole drilled or punched in sheet
its movement. metal that is smaller than the bolt or rivet to be used.
pilot balloon - In weather, a small balloon that is The pilot hole serves as a guide for final drilling.
released and tracked in order to determine wind pilot in command - The who: (,) Has final
direction and speed.
authority and responsibility for the operation and safety
pilot balloon observation - In weather, a method of of the flight; (2) Has been designated as pilot in
determining wind direction and speed by tracking a command before or during the flight; and (3) Holds the
pilot balloon. Also referred to as a pibal. appropriate category, class, and type rating, if
appropriate, for the conduct of the flight.
pilot briefing - A sewice provided by the FSS to assist
pilots in flight planning. Briefing items can include pilot light - Electrical equipment light indicating power
weather information, NOTAMs, military activities, is on.
flow control information, and other items as requested.
pilot proficiency award program -WINGS is the FAA
pilot chute - A small parachute attached to the canopy Pilot Proficiency Award Program designed to
of the main parachute. The pilot chute pulls the main encourage general aviation pilots to continue their
canopy out of the parachute pack so that it can open. training. The objective is to provide pilots with the
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 pilot weather report (PIREP) piston

opportunity to establish and participate in a personal PIN diode - A junction diode with a region of intrinsic
recurrent training program. WmGS is an excellent semiconductor between layers of n-silicon and p-
opportunity for pilots to reevaluate their flight silicon.
proficiency and knowledge. WINGS is open to all
pin holes - In composites, small holes caused by the
pilots holding a recreational certificate or higher with a
mold used.
current medical certificate, when required. After pilots
log three hours of dual instruction under the program pin jack - A female receptacle that will accept and hold
and attend at least one FAA sanctioned safety seminar, a small metal pin attached to the end of a wire or a test
they are eligible to receive and wear a distinctive set of lead. Pin jacks are used on test equipment such as
WTNGS. They will also receive a certificate of multimeters.
completion. Each twelve-month interval after earning
the first set of WINGS, the pilot will be eligible for pin punch - A long punch with straight sides. Used to
more WINGS. CFIs can substitute completion of a remove bolts and rivets from tight-fitting holes. See
flight instructor refresher clinic or renewal program for also punch.
the safety seminar. In addition, they can satisfy the pin spanner A semi-circular wrench with pins that fit
-

flying portion of the first three phases by providing the into holes around the edge of a circular nut.
instruction for three WINGS candidates - a minimum
of nine hours of instruction. pinch-off voltage - In electronics, the reverse bias that
must be applied to an FET to reduce source-drain
pilot weather report (PIREP) - A report, generated by current to a specific value.
pilots, concerning meteorological phenomena
encountered in flight. pinhole -A tiny defect in a finish caused by a bubble in
the paint film.
pilot's discretion - When used in conjunction with
altitude assignments, pilot discretion means that ATC pinion - A small cogwheel whose teeth fit into a larger
has offered the pilot the option of starting climb or gear.
descent whenever the pilot wishes and conducting the pinion gear - A
climb or descent at any rate. The pilot can temporarily small gear on a
level off at any intermediate altitude. However, once shaft driven by
the pilot has vacated an altitude, the pilot cannot return either a sector gear
to that altitude. or a toothed rack.
pilotage -Navigation by visual reference to landmarks. pinked edge - The
pilot-in-command - The person who has final authority edge of a fabric
and responsibility for the operation and safety of the material that has
flight; has been designated as pilot in command before been cut into a series of small V's to prevent the
or during the flight; and holds the appropriate category, material from unraveling.
class, and type rating, if appropriate, for the conduct of pinked-edge fabric - A fabric material with an edge
the flight. that has been cut into a series of small V's to prevent
pilot-induced oscillation (PIO) - Rapid oscillations the material from unraveling.
caused by the pilot's over-controlled motions. PIOs pinked-edge tape - A surface tape whose edges have
usually occur on takeoff or landings with pitch been cut into small V's.
sensitive gliders and in severe cases can lead to loss of
control or damage. pinking shears - Scissors that cut fabric in a series of
small V's.
pilot's telephone weather answering service
(PATWAS, - A recorded, continuous telephone pinouts - Diagrams that show the positions of and name
briefing, forecast for the local area within a 50 nautical the functions of the connections to the pins of an
mile radius of the station. No longer provided by Flight electronic device.
Service Stations, has been replaced by the Telephone pint - A measure unit of volume equal to quart,
Information Briefing Service (TIBS), an automated gallon, 28.875 cubic inches, or approximately 4.73 x
service. 1o - cubic
~ meter.
pin - A straight cylindrical or tapered fastener designed pipe threads - The tapered threads on a hollow pipe or
to perform an attaching or locating function. a piece of round stock. The taper provides the seal.
pin contacts - Electrical connector contacts, called male piston - 1. A cylindrical member that moves back and
contacts, in the form of a set of metal pins in one-half forth within a steel cylinder. 2. In a reciprocating
of a connector. These pins fit into sockets, called engine, a cylindrical member that moves back and forth
female contacts, in the other half of a connector. in the cylinder. Alternately compresses the fuel-air
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piston displacement . plain nut

mixture and is pushed by the expanding gases to pitch of a propeller - Zero-thrust pitch. The distance a
transfer mechanical power to the crankshaft of the propeller would have to advance in one revolution to
engine. give no thrust. Also referred to as experimental mean
pitch.
piston displacement - The total volume swept by the
piston of an engine in one stroke (one half revolution) pitch of screw thread - The distance from the center of
of the crankshaft. The total displacement of an engine one thread to the center of the next thread.
would be equal to piston displacement multiplied by
pitch ratio of propeller - The ratio of the pitch to the
the number of pistons.
diameter.
piston engine - A reciprocating engine.
pitch setting - The propeller blade setting as determined
piston fuel pump - Sometimes used as a main he1 by the blade angle measured in a manner, and at a
pump in place of the more typical spur gear pump. This radius, specified by the instruction manual for the
pump is capable of delivering fuel at higher pressures propeller.
than other types and can also vary its output per
pitch, bolt threads - The distance from any point on the
revolution. A variable displacement-type pump.
thread of a screw to the corresponding point on an
piston insulator - Composition insulators between the adjacent thread.
- hydraulic actuating pistins and the pressure plate. Used
pitot pressure - Ram or impact pressure used in the
to prevent heat transferring from the pressure plate into
measurement of airspeed.
the piston where it would likely damage the seals and
the fluid. pitot static system - The pressure system for airspeed
indicators, altimeters, and vertical speed indicators. It
piston pin - The hardened steel pin that attaches the
consists of the pitot tube and a static port, along with
small end of a connecting rod into a piston.
all of the necessary tubing and moisture traps.
piston pin boss - The enlarged area on the interior of a
pitot tube - An open-ended tube that faces directly into
piston that provides additional bearing area for the
the relative airstream of an aircraft and picks up the
wrist pin.
ram, or pitot, pressure to be used in an airspeed
piston pump -A pump in a fluid power system used to indicator.
move fluid and apply pressure to the system.
pitot-static tube - A combination tube with the pick-up
piston ring grooves - The grooves in the circumference for the pitot pressure as well as openings that pick up
of a piston into which the piston rings fit. undisturbed, or static, air pressure.
piston rings - Rings made of a special gray cast iron pitting - The formation of small pockets on the surface
that fit into grooves in the periphery of a piston. Piston of a metal.
rings form a seal between the piston and the cylinder
pitting corrosion - A metal corrosion in which small,
wall.
localized pits filled with the corrosive salts form on the
piston skirt - The lower portion of a piston. surface of the metal.
piston-type pump - A hydraulic fluid pressure pump in pivot trunnion - A bearing surface on the top of the
which fluid is moved by pistons that move up and landing gear on which the gear rides when folding into
down in the cylinders of the pump. the aircraft.
pitch - 1. The rotation of an airplane about its lateral placard - Small statement or pictorial sign permanently
axis. 2. The distance between the centers of adjacent fixed in the cockpit and visible to the pilot. Placards are
rivets in the same row. 3. On threaded fasteners, the used for operating limitations (e.g., weight or speeds)
distance measured between corresponding points on or to indicate the position of an operating lever (e.g.,
two adjacent threads. landing gear retracted or down and locked).
pitch angle - In rotorcraft, the angle between the chord plain bearing - A simple bearing used to support an
line of the rotor blade and the reference plane of the aircraft engine crankshaft or camshaft and only
main rotor hub or the rotor plane of rotation. designed to take loads that are perpendicular to its face.
pitch attitude - The angle of the longitudinal axis plain flap - A wing flap in which a portion of the
relative to the horizon. Pitch attitude serves as a visual trailing edge of the wing folds down to increase the
reference for the pilot to maintain or change airspeed. camber of the wing without increasing the wing area.
pitch axis - The lateral axis of an aircraft or the axis plain nut - A simple hex nut that has no provisions for
about which an aircraft pitches in a nose-up or nose- locking.
down attitude.

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 plain overlap seam. platinum

plain overlap seam - A seam used for machine sewing plasma arc welding - A very localized, high
of aircraft fabric in which the edge of one piece of temperature form of welding that minimizes distortion
fabric laps over the edge of the other and one or more of the metal being welded. See also plasma.
rows of stitches hold the pieces together.
plasma coating - The process of applying a thin coating
plain rib - A rib used to give an airfoil its shape. Also of highly wear-resistant material on the surface of
referred to as a former rib. turbine engine
- parts. The process is accomplished by
spraying material under high pressure and-high heat
plain washer - A flat washer used to provide a smooth
onto the surface of the blades.
bearing surface for a nut or to shim between a surface
and a nut. plasma engine -An engine used in outer space that uses
plasma technology for propulsion.
plain weave - A weaving pattern in which the warp and
fill fibers alternate; that is, the repeat is plasma generator - A device that uses electricity,
warp/fill/warp/fill. magnetism, and low pressures to generate ionized
plasma gases. Also, a device that uses plasma gases to
plan position indicator (PPI) scope - A radar indicator
generate electricity.
scope displaying range and azimuth of targets in polar
coordinates. plasma torch - A device that utilizes hot, high velocity,
ionized gases in the cutting and welding of metals.
plan view -The view from the top of an object.
plastic - Any of the thermoplastic or thermosetting
plane of rotation - The plane in which a propeller or a
polymers used in modem aircraft construction.
- .
helicoder rotor rotates. It is ~emendicular to the
crankshaft or the rotor shaft. plastic range -The stress range of a material in which,
though the material does not fail when subjected to
plane of symmetry - A vertical plane that passes
force, the material does not completely return to its
through the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and divides
original shape but is deformed.
the aircraft into two symmetrical sides.
Plastic Wood - A registered trade name for a filler
planetary gears - A reduction gearing arrangement in
consisting of wood fibers and a resin that sets as
which the propeller shaft is attached to an adapter
plasticizing solvents evaporate.
holding several small planetary gears. These gears run
between a sun gear and a ring gear, either of which can plasticizer - A chemical used in a lacquer finish to give
be driven by the crankshaft, while the other is fixed film its flexibilitv and resilience.
into the nose section. planetary gears reduce the
plate - 1. The electrode in a vacuum tube that serves as
propeller speed without reversing the direction of
the anode receiving the electrons from the cathode. 2.
rotation.
The active element in a storage battery. 3. Metal of a
planform - The outline of a wing as viewed fiom thickness greater than '/it. Metal thinner than %" is
above. The shape seen when looking at a top view of a referred to as sheet metal.
blueprint or plan.
plate current - In a vacuum tube, the current that flows
plans display - A display available in URET CCLD between the plate and the cathode.
- (User Request ~valuatibn Tool Core Capability
plate glass - A rolled sheet of glass that is ground and
Limited Deployment ) that provides detailed flight plan
polished to provide an undistorted view.
and predicted conflict information in textual format for
requested Current Plans and all Trial Plans. plate power supply - A high-voltage supply of positive
direct current for use in vacuum tubes.
Plante cell - A secondary cell in which the pole pieces
are formed of sheets of lead and lead dioxide. The plate resistance - In an electron tube, the ratio of a
electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. change in plate voltage to a change in plate current
given a constant grid voltage.
plaque - The base for plates of nickel-cadmium (Nicad)
batteries. Plaque is covered by nickel, formed under plate saturation - The condition in an electron tube
heat and pressure onto a fine mesh nickel screen. when the plate will no longer attract electrons as fast as
they are emitted by the cathode.
plasma -A gas that is sufficiently ionized so as to affect
its electrical properties and behavior. Plasmas are used plating - A process in which one metal is used to cover
in low temperature forms for the construction of another using a process of electrical deposition.
integrated circuits and for providing light in fluorescent Specifically, chromium and cadmium are useful metals
lights. In high temperature applications, they are used for covering steel.
for cutting and welding metals and for propulsion for
platinum - A hard, gray metallic element with a symbol
interplanetary probes.
of Pt and an atomic number of 78. Platinum has an
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platinum spark plug point-to-point wiring

extremely high melting point and is used for the PN Junction - In semiconductor devices, a PN junction
electrodes of fine-wire spark
. plugs.
. - is fabricated from a single slice of semiconductor with
one side doped as p-type and the other side doped as
platinum spark plug - A fine-wire electrode spark plug
N-type. In operation, the migration of electrons to the P
that can operate at very high temperatures.
side and the holes to the N side creates a depletion area
play - The relative movement between parts. Play is the that resists further migration of ions. he flow of
amount of movement that occurs in a cockpit flight current is then controlled by the types of voltage
control before the associated flight surface to move. applied to the ends of the device.
P-lead - The primary lead of an aircraft magneto. pneudraulic - A combination of air and hydraulic
Connected to the ignition switch. pressure.
plenum - An enlargement of a duct or an enclosing pneumatic altimeter - An altimeter that measures
space in an aircraft engine induction system or air height above a given pressure level. Its calibration is
conditioning system. Used to smooth out the pulsations based on a specified lapse rate or change in pressure
in the flow of the air. with height.
plenum chamber An enclosed volume of air in which
- pneumatic drill motor - An air motor equipped with a
the air is held at a slightly higher pressure than that of chuck to hold twist drills.
the surrounding air.
pneumatic fire detection system - A system that uses a
Plexiglas - A transparent acrylic plastic material used gas-filled continuous tube. The gas expands when
for aircraft windshields and side windows. A -
heated and acts on a diaphragm to close an electrical
circuit and show a warning light in the cockpit.
pliers - Small, pincher-like hand tools used for holding
small objects or for bending and cutting wire. pneumatic starter - Starting motor operated by air
pressure.
plies - Sheets of material that are laminated together.
pneumatic system - The power system in an aircraft
plumb - A weight attached to a line or string and used used for operating landing gear, brakes, wing flaps, etc.
to indicate vertical direction. Anything that lines up with compressed air as the operating fluid.
with the plumb line is said to be plumb or in plumb.
pneumatic-mechanical fuel control - A fuel control
plumb bob - A weight attached to a line or string and that utilizes pneumatic and mechanical forces to
used to establish a location directly below the point to operate its fuel scheduling mechanisms.
which the line is attached.
pneumatics - The system of fluid power that transmits
plumb line - The straight line of a string to which a force by the use of a compressible fluid.
plumb bob is attached and hung. Anything that lines up
with the plumb line is said to be plumb or in plumb. PNP transistor - The three-element semiconductor
device made up of a sandwich of N-type silicon or
plumbing - Tubing and fittings or connectors used for germanium between two pieces of P-type material.
transmitting- fluid within a structure or piece of
equipment. pod - An enclosure housing a complete engine
assembly.
plumbing connection - Threaded connections that join
sections of tubing, or which are used to connect the pogonip - A dense winter fog containing frozen
tubing to a component. particles. Forms in deep mountain valleys.
plunger - A part of a machine that works with a point out - An action taken by a controller to transfer
relatively rapid downward motion. the radar identification of an aircraft to another
controller if the aircraft will or can enter the airspace or
plutonium - A radioactive metallic element with the protected airspace of another controller and radio
symbol Pu and an atomic number of 94.
communications will not be transferred. Also referred
ply - In composites, one layer of reinforcement in a to as radar point out.
laminate.
pointer - A thin strip of movable metal moved over a
ply rating - A load rating for aircraft tires that relates to calibrated scale by an analog instrument mechanism.
the strength of cotton plies. For example, a 20-ply Also referred to as hands or needles.
rating nylon tire has the same load rating as a tire with point-to-point wiring - An antiquated method of
20 cotton plies. building electronic units. Electronic components were
plywood - Layers of wood glued together so that the mounted directly on the chassis and interconnected by
grain in each layer is placed 45" or 90" to the others. means of wires that were integral parts of the

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 ~ o l a airmass
r ~olvurethaneenamel

components' leads or by means of insulated hook up poles of a magnet -- The north and south poles of a
wire. magnet where magnetic lines of flux leave the south
pole and reenter at the north pole.
polar airmass - An airmass with characteristics
developed over high latitudes, especially within the sub polishing - The process of producing a smooth surface
polar highs. Continental polar air (cP) has cold surface by rubbing it with fine abrasive wheels, belts, or
temperatures, low moisture content, and, especially in compounds.
its source regions, has great stability in the lower
polyacrylonitrile (PAN) - The base material used in
layers. It is shallow in comparison with Arctic air.
manufacturing some types of carbon fibers.
Maritime polar (mP) initially possesses similar
properties to those of ~ o n t i n e n t a l ~ ~ o air,
l a r but in polyconic projection -- A map projection where the
passing over warmer water it becomes unstable with a parallels of latitude are arcs of a circle centered on the
higher moisture content. See also tropical airmass. north or south pole and the meridians are straight lines
radiating from the poles as in the spokes of a wheel.
polar easterlies - Surface winds generated by polar
highs north of 60" N latitude. polyester fiber - A synthetic fiber noted for its
mechanical strength, chemical stability, and long life. It
polar front - The semi-permanent, semi-continuous
is used to make woven fabric for covering aircraft
front separating airmasses of tropical and polar origins.
structures.
polar front jet stream - One of two jet streams that
polyester resin - A synthetic resin, usually reinforced
commonly occur in the westerlies. Associated with the
with fiberglass cloth or mat, and used to form complex
polar front.
shapes for aircraft structures.
polar front model - An idealized representation of
events that follow the development of a frontal low. polyethylene - A lightweight, thermoplastic resin
material with good chemical resistance. Polyethylene
The surface component of the model describes the
resins are used for making containers for liquids and
structure and behavior of fronts and airmasses in the
sheets of protective covering material.
lower atmosphere. The upper air part of the model
deals with ;he associated~develo~ment of troughs, polyethylene plastic material - A lightweight,
ridges, and jet streams. thermoplastic resin material that has very good
chemical- and moisture-resistant characteristics. It is
polar track structure - A system of organized routes
used for plastic sheeting and containers.
between Iceland and Alaska that overlie Canadian
MNPS Airspace. Poly-Fiber0 -A fabric woven from polyester fibers.
polarity - The property of an electrical device having polymer paint - A fast drying, water-based paint that
two different types of electrical charges: positive contains vinyl or acrylic resins. When the water in the
(deficiency of electrons) or negative (excess of paint evaporates, it leaves a waterproof film of the
electrons). plastic resin.
polarization - A degradation in chemical cell polymerization - The process of joining two or more
performance, particularly in the case of Leclanche chemicals with molecules of similar structure, forming
cells, caused by gas formation and the resulting a more complex molecule with different physical
insulation of portions of the pole area. properties. In this chemical reaction, the material
essentially jells.
polarized capacitor -A capacitor that can only be
hooked up to direct current of the proper polarity. polymid - A translucent plastic material commonly
Electrolytic capacitors are normally polarized, and are referred to as nylon.
labeled for proper polarity connection.
polyphase alternating current - Three-phase AC
polarized light -Light that has all the light waves in the electricity produced by more than one set of generator
same plane. windings.
polarized receptacle - A receptacle that has its sockets polyphase electric motor - An induction motor that
arranged so that the plug can only be inserted one way. operates on two-phase or three-phase AC.
This is done either through the shape of the plugisocket
polystyrene - A transparent plastic used to make cell
in two prong receptacles or by the arrangement of three
or more prongs. cases for some nickel-cadmium batteries.
polyurethane enamel - A two-component, chemically
pole -The designation given to the ends of a magnet.
cured enamel finishing system noted for its hard,
pole shoes - The field assembly part of an electric flexible, high-gloss finish.
generator or motor.

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 -
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) positive temperature coefficient

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - 1. A thermoplastic resin lights be displayed in flight during the hours of
used in the manufacture of transparent tubing for darkness.
electrical insulation and fluid lines that are not subject
position report - A report over a known location as
to any pressure. 2. A popular, low-cost, wire insulating
transmitted by an aircraft to ATC.
material.
pontoon - A float attached to the landing gear of a land position symbol - A computer-generated indication
shown on a radar display to indicate the mode of
airplane to allow it to operate from water.
tracking
poor judgment chain - A series of mistakes that can
positive - Symbol: +. A condition of electrical pressure
lead to an accident or incident. Two basic principles
caused by a deficiency of electrons.
generally associated with the creation of a poor
judgment chain are: (1) one bad decision often leads to positive acceleration - An increase in the rate of change
another; and (2) as a string of bad decisions grows, it of velocity.
reduces the number of sbbsequent alternatives for
continued safe flight. Aeronautical decision making is positive angle of
intended to break the poor judgment chain before it can attack - A flight
cause an accident or incident. condition where
the angle
" of attack
pop-open nozzle - The afterburner nozzle that pops full formed between the relative wind and the chord line of
open at idle for the purpose of efficient engine the airfoil is formed with the relative wind being the
operation at very low thrust. bottom leg in relation to the chord line and the so-
called top surface of the aircraft.
poppet valve -A circular-headed, T-shaped valve. Used
to seal the combustion chamber of a reciprocating positive buoyancy - The tendency of an object, when
engine, and at the proper time, either admit the fuel-air placed in a fluid, to ascend or float because it is lighter
mixture into the cylinder or conduct the burned exhaust than the fluid it displaces.
gases out of the cylinder.
positive control - Control of all air traffic, within
porcelain -A hard, smooth surfaced ceramic material. designated airspace, by air traffic control.
pores - Small holes or openings on the surface of positive control area - An obsolete term that designated
metals. what is now referred to as Class A Airspace.
porosity - The condition of a material having small positive course guidance (PCG) - A continuous
pores or small cavities throughout the material. display of navigational data that enables an aircraft to
be flown along a specific course line, e.g., radar vector,
porous chrome - A plating of hard chromium on
RNAV, ground-based NAVAID.
bearing surfaces. The surface of the plating consists of
tiny ciacks in which lubricant can-adhere to reduce positive electrical charge - An electrical condition
sliding friction. caused by a deficiency of electrons.
porous chrome plating - An electrolytically deposited positive feedback - In electronics, a signal fed from the
coating of chromium on the walls of aircraft engine output section back into the amplifier to reinforce the
cylinders. The surface contains thousands of tiny input signal.
cracks that hold oil to provide for cylinder wall
lubrication. positive ion - An atom that has fewer electrons than
orotons.
porous salt - The residue normally left on the surface of
positive logic - The logic used in binary computers. The
a metal that has been attacked by corrosion.
more positive signal is considered to be equal to a one
porpoising - Hunting, or oscillating, around the lateral and the less positive or more negative signal is
axis of the aircraft normally caused by an incorrectly considered to be equal to a zero.
functioning automatic pilot.
positive static stability - The condition of stability of
port side - The left-hand side of an aircraft or ship as an aircraft that causes it, when disturbed from a
one faces the nose of the aircraft or bow. condition of straight and level flight, to tend to return
to straight and level flight.
position error - The error in an airspeed indicator
caused by the static source not being exposed to positive temperature coefficient - A ratio that shows
absolutely still air. an increase in length, resistance, capacitance, etc. with
an increase in temperature.
position lights - Lights on an aircraft consisting of a red
light on the left wing, a green light on the right wing,
and a white light on the tail. FARs require that these
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 .
positive terminal power amplifier

positive terminal - The terminal of a battery or power has a high moisture content. Potential instability is one
source where electrons enter the source after they have of the two basic requirements for the formation of a
passed through the external source. thunderstorm; the other is initial lift.
positive transfer of learning - Since students interpret potentiometer - 1. A variable resistor having both ends
new things in terms of what they already know, some and its wiper in the circuit. Used as a voltage divider.
degree of transfer is involved in all learning. During a 2. An instrument used for measuring differences in
learning experience, knowledge or skills they have electrical potential by balancing the unknown voltage
gained in the past can aid students. against a known variable voltage.
positive vorticity - In weather, the vertical component potentiometer ohmmeter - An ohmmeter circuit in
of vorticity (i.e., a measure of how rapidly the air is which resistance is measured by placing a known
spinning) leading to cyclonic flow. It is associated voltage across a standard resistor; then the circuit is
with upward air motions. opened and the unknown resistor is placed in series.
The voltage drop across the standard resistor is read
positive-displacement pump - A fluid pump that
and displaced on the meter as ohms.
moves a soecific amount of fluid each time it rotates.
Examples of positive-displacement pumps include gear pot-life -In composites, the length of time that the resin,
pumps, gerotor pumps, and vane pumps. mixed with catalyst, will be in a workable state.
positron - The positive counterpart of an electron, potted circuit connector - An electrical circuit
which has the same mass and spin characteristics as an connector protected by encapsulating it with an
electron, but with a positive electrical charge. insulating potting compound.
post exit thrust reverser - A thrust reverser used to potting compound - 1. A resin having filler capability,
reverse the hot exhaust stream of a gas turbine engine used to fill cells when making minor repairs to
to help slow the airplane during landings. damaged honeycomb panels. 2. A non-hardening,
rubber-like material used to moisture proof and protect
postcure - During the curing cycle of a manufactured
the wires in certain electrical plugs.
composite component, the postcure is an additional
elevated temperature soak to improve the mechanical pound - A measure of mass equal to approximately
properties. 0.454 kg.
pot life - The usable life of a resin. The time before it pour point - 1. The lowest temperature at which a fluid
begins to thicken after the catalyst and accelerator have will pour without disturbance. 2. The lowest
been added. temperature at which oil will gravity flow.
potassium - A metallic element with a symbol of K and powder metallurgy - A development that makes use of
an atomic number of 19. powdered metals rather than ingots. A process used to
produce superalloys for high heat, high strength turbine
potential - The electrical pressure or voltage caused by
components and for bearing material (sintered
dissimilar metals in an acid solution or an electrolyte.
bearings).
-
potential barrier - The difference in forward bias powdered-iron core - A molded, magnetic powdered
potential between the N side and the P side of a
iron mixed with a binder. Used in magnetic
semiconductor. This is the amount of forward voltage
applications when high permeability and low eddy
necessary to begin current flow through a device. The
current losses are desired.
nominal amount of the potential barrier is 0.3 volts for
a germanium device and 0.7 volts for a silicon device. power (P) - 1. The time-rate of doing work. Force times
OK, but fails to mention the effect of temperature. distance, divided by time. Power can be expressed in
terms of f o ~ t - ~ o u i dof
s work per minute, or in
potential difference - The difference in voltage that
horsepower (HP). One HP is 33,000 ft.-lbs. of work per
exists between two terminals or two points of differing minute. 2. The basic unit of electrical power is the watt,
potential. and 746 watts of electrical power is equal to one
potential drop - A drop in voltage in an electrical mechanical horsepower. In electrical problems, power
circuit caused by the resistance of current flow through is the product of voltage (E) times current (I) (P = E X
a resistance. I). Power in watts delivered to a circuit varies directly
with the square of the applied voltage and inversely
potential energy - The energy possessed by an object with the circuit resistance.
because of its ~osition, configuration.
. or chemical
-
arrangement of iis constituents. power amplifier - An electronic device designed to
create an increase in power (voltage times amperage)
potential instability - A layer of air that is not only as opposed to an amplifier designed to create an
potentially unstable, it is conditionally unstable, and increase in voltage.
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power brake control valve prearranged coordination

power brake control valve - A pressure regulator power transformer - An electrical power supply
between the aircraft hydraulic system and the brake transformer that changes voltage to that needed for the
cylinders. The amount of pressure applied to the brakes operating
- unit.
is directly proportional tothe force the pilot puts on the
power turbine - A turbine rotor connected to an output
brake pedals.
shaft but not connected to the comDressor. Also
power control system - A control system in which the referred to as fiee power turbine.
normal movement of the controls iaassisted by the use
powered-lift - A heavier-than-air aircraft capable of
of hydraulic or pneumatic actuators to reduce the
vertical takeoff, vertical landing, and low speed flight
amount of force the pilot must apply.
power density - In radar, the amount of radar energy
. -
that de~endsvrinci~allvon engine-driven lift devices
A

or engine thrust for lift during these flight regimes and

per cross-sectional area. on non-rotating airfoil(s) for lift during horizontal
flight.
power enrichment system -A carburetor subsystem for
a reciprocating engine that increases the fuel mixture powered parachute - A powered aircraft comprised of
when the engine is operating at full power. a flexible or semi-rigid wing connected to a fuselage so
that the wing is not in position for flight until the
power factor - The ratio of the resistance of an
aircraft is in motion. The fuselage of a powered
electrical circuit to the circuit impedance measured by
parachute contains the aircraft engine, a seat for each
a wattmeter.
occupant, and is attached to the aircraft's landing
- gear.
-
power frequency -Frequency of AC electricity used for
powerplant - The complete installation in an aircraft of
heat and light. Commercial power frequency in the
the engine, propeller, and all of the accessories and
U.S. is 60 Hz, and the aircraft power frequency is 400
controls needed for its proper operation.
Hz.
powerplant technician - A person who holds a
power lever The cockpit lever that connects to the fuel
--
certificate from the FAA authorizing him or her to
control unit for scheduling fuel flow to the combustor.
perform maintenance or inspection on the powerplant,
Also referred to as power control lever or throttle.
including the propeller, of certificated aircraft.
power lever angle (PLA) - A protractor on the fuel
practical test standards (PTS) -An FAA published list
control showing movement of the power lever in
of standards that must be met for the issuance of a
degrees.
particular pilot certificate or rating. FAA inspectors
power loading - The ratio of an aircraft's maximum and designated pilot examiners use these standards
gross weight to the brake horsepower produced by the when conducting pilot practical tests and flight
engines. instructors should use the PTS while preparing
applicants for practical tests.
power overlap - The time in which two or more
cylinders of an engine are simultaneously on the power practice instrument approach - An instrument
stroke. The more cylinders an engine can have on the approach procedure conducted by a VFR or an IFR
power stroke at one time, the greater the power overlap aircraft for the purpose of pilot training or proficiency
and the smoother the operation. demonstrations.
power pump - A hydraulic pump driven by the aircraft Pratt truss - A truss
engine or by an electric motor. structure in which the
vertical members
power recovery turbine (PRT) - A power recovery carry only com-
device used on the Wright R-3350 engine. The exhaust
pressive loads, and
gases spin a series of small turbines that are clutched to ihe diagonal
the crankshaft by fluid-coupling devices. members carry only tensile loads. A Pratt truss is used
power section - That portion of a radial engine on for most fabric-covered wings.
which the cylinders are mounted.
preamplifier - An electronic circuit component that
power stroke - The movement of the piston of an amplifies an extremely weak input signal to a value
aircraft reciprocating engine when the piston is forced strong enough to be used in other amplifiers.
down by the expanding gases. This is the only time prearranged coordination - A standardized procedure
work is accomplished by the engine.
that permits an air traffic controller to enter the
power supply - The part of an electronic circuit that airspace assigned to another air traffic controller
supplies the filament and plate voltages for the without verbal coordination. The procedures are
operation of the circuit. defined in a facility directive that ensures standard
separation between aircraft.
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precession preferential routes

precession - One of the characteristics of a gyroscope aircraft's horizontal position relative to the extended
that causes an applied force to be felt, not at the point centerline of the runway, and the other to determine the
of application, but 90' from that point in the direction aircraft's vertical position relative to the glideslope
of rotation. leading to the runway. A ground controller directs the
pilot of the aircraft ho&ontally and vertically to
precious metal - Highly valued metal because of
maintain position on centerline and on glideslope.
scarcity. Examples of precious metals are gold, silver,
and platinum. precision measuring instruments - Instruments
capable of making exact measurements.
precipitable water -The amount of liquid precipitation
that would result if all water vapor were condensed. precision runway monitor (PRM) -Provides air traffic
controllers with high precision secondary surveillance
precipitate - To condense out of, or to separate from, a
data for aircraft on final approach to parallel runways
mixture.
that have extended centerlines separated by less than
precipitation -Any or all forms of water particles (rain, 4,300 feet. High resolution color monitoring displays
sleet, hail, or snow), that fall from the atmosphere and (FMA) are required to present surveillance track data
reach the surface. to controllers along with detailed maps depicting
approaches and no transgression zone.
precipitation attenuation - In radar meteorology, any
process that reduces intensity of radar signals from precision switch - A snap-action switch that actuates at
precipitation. the point when a mechanism reaches a very definite
position. These switches typically have a plunger that
precipitation fog - Fog that develops when rain requires an extremely small movement to trip and close
saturates the air near the ground.
the contacts. When the plunger is released, a spring
precipitation hardening - Hardening caused by the snaps the contacts open.
precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated
predeparture clearance (PDC) - An automated
solid solution. A process of reheating an alloy and
Clearance Delivery system relaying ATC departure
allowing it to cool slowly. Allows crystalline structure
clearances from the FAA to the user network computer
to harden uniformly. for subsequent delivery to the cockpit via ACARS
precipitation heat treatment - A step in the (AirlineIAviation VHF data link) where aircraft are
heat-treating process of aluminum in which the metal, appropriately equipped, or to gate printers for pilot
after having been heated to its critical temperature and pickup.
quenched, k raised to an elevated temperature and held predrilling - The process of drilling a hole that is
for a period of time. This process artificially ages the slightly smaller than required to enable reaming the
metal and increases its strength. hole to the proper size later.
precipitation static - The static heard On pre-exit thrust reverser - A thrust reverser system
communication gear when electricity is discharged
installed forward of the exhaust nozzle.
from radio antennas or other objects on the aircraft as it
flies through clouds containing- ice particles.
-
preferential routes - Preferential routes (PDRs, PARS,
and PDARs) are adapted in ARTCC computers to
precipitation-induced downdraft Downdrafts present
-
accomplish interlintra-facility controller coordination
inside of a thunderstorm that are induced by rainfall and to assure that flight data is posted at the proper
and are much stronger than downdrafts that exist
control positions. Locations having a need for these
outside of the thunderstorm.
specific inbound and outbound routes normally publish
precision approach (PA) - An instrument approach such routes in local facility bulletins, and their use by
based on a navigation system that provides course and pilots minimizes flight plan route amendments. When
glidepath deviation information meeting the precision the workload or traffic situation permits, controllers
standards of ICAO Annex 10. PAR, ILS, and MLS are normally provide radar vectors or assign requested
precision approaches. routes to minimize circuitous routing. Preferential
routes are usually confined to one ARTCC's area and
precision approach procedure - A standard instrument are referred to by the following names or acronyms:
approach procedure in which an electronic a. Preferential Departure Route (PDR) - A specific
glideslopelglidepath is provided; e.g., ILS, MLS, PAR. departure route from an airport or terminal area to an
precision approach procedure - A standard instrument enroute point where there is no further need for flow
approach procedure in which an electronic glide control. It can be included in an Instrument Departure
slopelglide path is provided; e.g., ILSIMLS and PAR.. Procedure (DP) or a Preferred IFR Route.
b. Preferential Arrival Route (PAR) - A specific arrival
precision approach radar (PAR) -A radar system that route from an appropriate enroute point to an airport or
uses two separate antenna. One is used to determine the terminal area. It can be included in a Standard
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 .
ureferred IFR routes pressure carburetor

Terminal Arrival (STAR) or a Preferred IFR Route. not operating and operating the oil pump by itself
The abbreviation "PAR" is used primarily within the before starting.
ARTCC and should not be confused with the
preparation - The first step of the teaching process,
abbreviation for Precision Approach Radar.
consisting of determining the scope of the lesson, the
c. Preferential Departure and Arrival Route (PDAR) - A
objectives, and the goals to be attained. This portion
route between two terminals that are within or
also includes making certain all necessary supplies are
immediately adjacent to one ARTCC's area. PDARs
on hand. In using the telling and doing technique of
are not synonymous with Preferred IFR Routes but can
flight instruction, this step is accomplished prior to the
be listed as such as they do accomplish essentially the
flight lesson.
same purpose.
pre-preg - In composites, reinforcing material that is
preferred IFR routes - Routes established between
pre-impregnated with resinfcatalyst mixture. The resin
busier airports to increase system efficiency and
system is in the B-stage and requires refrigerated
capacity. They normally extend through one or more
storage. When heated, the resins begin to glow and
ARTCC areas and are designed to achieve balanced
will complete the cure when the temperature is
traffic flows among high density terminals. IFR
elevated to its cure temperature for the proper amount
clearances are issued on the basis of these routes except
of time.
when severe weather avoidance procedures or other
factors dictate otherwise. Preferred IFR Routes are prerotation - In a gyroplane, it is the spinning of the
listed in the Enroute Section. If a flight is planned to or rotor to a suficient r.p.m. prior to flight.
from an area having such routes, but the departure or
arrival point is not listed in the Enroute Section, pilots presentation - The second step of the teaching process,
can use that part of a Preferred IFR Route that is consisting of the delivery of the knowledge and skills
appropriate for the departure or arrival point that is that make up the lesson. The delivery would be by
listed. Preferred IFR Routes are correlated with DPs either the lecture method or demonstration-
and STARS and can be defined by airways, jet routes, performance method. In the telling and doing method
direct routes between NAVAIDs, Waypoints, of flight instruction, this is where the instructor both
NAVAID radials/DME, or any combinations thereof. talks about and performs the procedure.
press brake - A sheet metal bending tool in which the
preflight inspection - An aircraft inspection done prior
to takeoff to determine that all systems are functioning sheet is placed on the bed with the sight line directly
properly for the intended flight. under the edge of the clamping bar with the correct
bend radius die. The clamping bar is brought down to
pre-flight pilot briefing - A service provided by the hold the sheet firmly in place and a bending leaf is
FSS to assist pilots in flight planning. Briefing items raised until it bends the metal to the proper angle.
can include weather information, NOTAMs, military
activities, flow control information, and other items as press fit - A tight interference fit between machine
requested. Also referred to as a pilot briefing. parts. Requires one part to be pressed into the other.

preform - In composites, a preshaped fibrous press-to-test light -A light that is tested by pressing the
reinforcement of mat or cloth formed to the desired light fixture to complete the circuit to ground. If the
shape on a mandrel or mock-up before being placed in light illuminates, the bulb is good.
a mold press. pressure -Force per unit area.
preformed control cable - Steel aircraft control cable pressure altimeter - A barometric instrument that
whose individual strands were formed into a spiral indicates altitude. When set to standard sea level
before the cable was woven. This relieves the bending pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury, it indicates
stresses within the cable and prevents the strands from pressure altitude. When set to the local altimeter
spreading out when the cable is cut. setting, it indicates indicated altitude from which true
preignition - Ignition occurring in the cylinder before altitude can be calculated.
the time of normal ignition. Preignition is often caused pressure altitude - The height above the standard
by a local hot spot in the combustion chamber igniting pressure level of 29.92 in. Hg. It is obtained by setting
the fuel-air mixture. 29.92 in the barometric pressure window and reading
pre-installation checks - Checks made on a unit before the altimeter.
installation. pressure capsule - The portion of a structure subjected
pre-oiling - A procedure that ensures oil has reached all to pressurization. Usually consists of the cabin and
critical lubrication points before an engine is started. cockpit.
Methods of pre-oiling include accumulators that pressure carburetor - A fuel metering system that
maintain oil pressure in the system when the engine is senses the relationship between impact air pressure and
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 pressure casting pressurized aircraft

venturi pressure to provide a metering force for the pressure reducing valve - A device that reduces the
fuel. pressure of a liquid or gas fiom a high value to a fixed
lower value.
pressure casting - A method of casting metal parts by
forcing molten metal into permanent molds. pressure regulator - In a hydraulic system, a device
that maintains a constant output pressure from a
pressure controller - That portion of a turbocharger
constant displacement pump by bypassing a portion of
control system that maintains the desired manifold
the fluid back to the inlet side of the pump.
pressure.
pressure relief valve -In a hydraulic system, a pressure
pressure demand oxygen system - A demand oxygen
control valve that bypasses fluid back to the return
system that supplies 100% oxygen at sufficient
manifold or reservoir in the event the pressure rises
pressure above the altitude where normal breathing is
above a predetermined level.
adequate. Also referred to as a pressure breathing
system. pressure seal - A seal installed in a pressure bulkhead
to permit a cable to pass through it.
pressure fed gun - A paint spray gun in which the
material is fed to the gun by air pressure on the pot or pressure sensing switch - An electrical switch that will
cup holding the material. open or close when a predetermined pressure is
reached in a system.
pressure fed spray gun - A paint spray gun that feeds
the material to be sprayed into the gun under pressure. pressure tank -See accumulator.
pressure gauge snubber - A unit installed in the pressure transducer - A mechanical-to-electrical
pressure gauge line that stabilizes pressures and allows device in which an electrical signal is generated
the needle of the pressure gauge to give a steady proportional to the pressure being sensed. The
reading. electrical signal is then transmitted to an instrument on
the instrument panel.
pressure gradient - The rate of change of pressure per
unit distance at a fixed time. pressure transmitter - A mechanical-to-electrical
device in which an electrical signal is generated
pressure gradient force - The force that arises because
proportional to the pressure being sensed. The
of the pressure of a pressure gradient.
electrical signal is then transmitted to an instrument on
pressure jump - In weather, a sudden change in the instrument panel.
pressure reading.
pressure vessel - A pressurized portion of an aircraft
pressure line - Tubing that carries hydraulic fluid under that is sealed and pressurized in flight.
pressure fiom the pump to the selector valve or the
pressure, static - The pressure measured in a duct
control valve.
containing air, a gas or a liquid in which no velocity
pressure plate - A heavy, stationary disc in a multiple (ram) pressure is allowed to enter the measuring
disc brake. It is provided with a wear surface on one device. Symbol Ps.
side only, and the pistons press against its backside to
pressure, total - Static pressure plus ram pressure. Total
force the disk stack over against the back plate.
pressure can be measured by use of a specially shaped
pressure port - The opening in a device through which probe that stops a small portion of the gas or liquid
pressure is introduced. flowing in a duct thereby changing velocity (ram)
energy to pressure energy. Symbol Pt.
pressure pot - A container holding
the material to be sprayed. An pressure-demand oxygen regulator - An oxygen
agitator keeps the material in regulator capable of finishing 100% oxygen under
motion, and a regulator maintains pressure to force the oxygen into the lungs of the user.
the proper air pressure on the
pressurization - A means of increasing the partial
material to feed it to the gun.
pressure of oxygen in the cabin of an airplane flying at
pressure ratio - One pressure high altitude. Accomplished by increasing the air
- divided by another, used to describe certain engine pressure in the cabin to that of an altitude which
functions. See also compressor pressure ratio; engine requires no supplemental oxygen.
pressure ratio. pressurization controUer - A controller that maintains
pressure ratio controller - In turbocharged engines, the pressure in an aircraft cabin at a selected pressure.
controls the maximum turbocharger compressor
pressurized aircraft - Any aircraft in which the cabin
discharge pressure (34 + or - .5 in. Hg to critical
area is sealed off and pressurized with air from a cabin
altitude of 18,000 ft.).
supercharger. The cabin can be pressurized to a
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pressurized ignition system. prime coats
-

pressure that compares with a maximum altitude of term is used to refer to the amount of air flowing
approximately 8,000 ft. through the basic engine portion of a turbofan engine.
pressurized ignition system -An ignition system that is primary airstream - The air that passes through the
pressurized with compressed air (usually from the core of the engine.
turbocharger system) to keep high voltage from arcing
primary cell - An electrical device that generates
between electrodes due to low air density at high
electron flow by converting some of its substance into
altitudes.
ions that free electrons. Some of the material is
pressurizing and dump valve - A valve used with a destroyed in the process. Primary cells are not
dual line duplex fuel manifold and duplex nozzle rechargeable.
system. The pressurizing valve opens atehigher fuel
primary circuit - The main circuit in a magneto
flows to deliver fuel to the secondary manifold. At
ignition system. It consists of turns of wire in which the
engine shutdown, the dump portion opens to drain fuel
primary current flows.
overboard from the manifolds. Also referred to as a
pressurizing and drain valve. primary controls - Movable surfaces that cause an
aircraft to rotate about its three primary axes. The
prestretching - A means of preventing an aircraft
primary controls of an airplane are the ailerons,
control cable from stretching during use by applying a
elevators, and rudder.
load to the cable equal to 60% of its breaking strength
for a specified period of time before installing it in the primary current -The alternating or pulsating current
airplane. that flows in the primary winding of a transformer.
Induces a current in the secondary winding.
pretest - A test used to determine whether a student has
the necessary qualifications to begin a course of study. primary cycle - The most intense portion of a lee wave,
Also used to determine the level of knowledge a located immediately down wind of the mountain.
student has in relation to the material that will be
presented in the course. primary exhaust nozzle - On a turbofan, the hot
exhaust nozzle. On an afterburner, the inner exhaust
pretrack - A method used by some manufacturers to nozzle.
preset the track of a rotor blade prior to installation.
primary fuel - ln a duplex fuel nozzle, the fuel that
The blade is tested at the factory and marked with
appropriate settings so it can be adjusted properly initially flows on starting; usually from the center
during installation. orifice. Also referred to as pilot fuel.

prevailing visibility - In the U.S., the greatest primary instruments - Those instruments that provide
the most essential information during a given flight
horizontal visibility equaled or exceeded throughout
half of the horizon circle; it need not be a continuous condition.
half. primary radar - A radar system using only a
transmitter, receiver, antenna, and cathode-ray tube
prevailing westerlies - The dominant west-to-east
motion of the atmosphere, centered over middle display to indicate radar traffic. No transponder signal
latitudes of both hemispheres. is added. Indication on display is referred to as a
vrimarv return.
prevailing wind - Direction from which the wind blows
most frequently. primary structure - The portions of the airplane that
would seriously endanger the safety of the airplane if
preventive maintenance -Simple or minor preservative they failed. An aircraft's primary structure includes the
operations and the replacement of small standard parts wing structure, controls, engine
- mounts, etc.
not involving compl~xassembly operation as listed in
Appendix A of FAR Part 43. primary winding - The winding in a magneto coil

prick punch - A tool used to place reference marks on

-
through which the current induced bv the rotating"
magnet flows. The breaker points are in series with the
metal. primary winding.
primacy - A principle of learning where the first primarylsupport concept - A method for teaching
experience of something often creates a strong, almost attitude instrument flying, which divides the panel into
unshakable impression. The importance to an instructor pitch instruments, bank instruments, and power
is that the first time something is demonstrated, it must instruments. For a given maneuver, there are specific
be shown correctly since that experience is the one instruments used to control the airplane and obtain the
most likely to be remembered by the student. desired performance.
primary air - That portion of the compressor output air prime coats - The first coats of an aircraft finish. Used
used for actual combustion of h e l . Sometimes this to bond the topcoats to the base material.
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 primer. program

primer - 1. A material applied to a metal before intercept and proceed along the reciprocal of the
applying the topcoats. Used to bond the topcoats to the designated track.
base material. 2. A small hand-operated pump used to NOTE 1: Procedure turns are designated "left" or "right"
spray raw gasoline into an engine cylinder to provide according to the direction of the initial turn.
fuel for starting. NOTE 2: Procedure turns can be designated as being
made either in level flight or while descending,
primer fuel system - A low output system for engine
according to the circumstances of each individual
starting. Used primarily where the main fuel system
approach procedure.
uses vaporizing tube nozzles. Also referred to as a
starting fuel system. procedure turn inbound - That point of a procedure
turn maneuver where course reversal has been
primer surfacer - See prime coats.
completed and an aircraft is established inbound on the
priming a pump - The act of replacing air in a pump intermediate approach segment or final approach
with the liquid to be pumped. course. A report of "procedure turn inbound" is
normally used by ATC as a position report for
Principal Maintenance Inspector (PMI) - An FAA
separation purposes.
employee that is the assigned primary contact between
the FAA and an airline, repair station, maintenance procedures - Step-by-step instructions of how to
school, etc. accomplish something.
principal view - The view in an orthographic drawing process annealing - Heating a ferrous alloy to a
that shows the most detail of the object. temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the
transformation range and then cooling in order to
principles of learning - Concepts that provide insight soften the alloy for further cold working.
- and can provide a foundation for
into effective learning
basic instructional techniques. These principles are process control record - In composites, a record of the
derived from the work of E. L. Thorndike, who first materials and processes used in making the repair.
proposed the principles of effect, exercise, and
Production Certificate - A certificate issued by the
readiness. Three later principles were added: primacy,
FAA to allow the production of a type-certificated
recency, and intensity.
aircraft, aircraft engine, or component.
print -A copy of a formal engineering drawing.
professional - Characterized by or conforming to the
print tolerance - A notation on an aircraft drawing that technical or ethical standards of a profession.
- describes the tolerance allowed on a particular finished Exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally
part. businesslike manner in the workplace.
printed circuit board (PCB) - Modem replacement for profile descent - An uninterrupted descent (except
the electronic component chassis. Consists of a plastic, where level flight is required for speed adjustment;
fiberglass, or other insulating board with bonded e.g., 250 knots at 10,000 feet MSL) from cruising
copper strips for component interconnection. The altitude/ level to interception of a glide slope or to a
components are generally soldered directly on the minimum altitude specified for the initial or
board. intermediate approach segment of a nonprecision
instrument approach. The profile descent normally
priority valve - A pressure-actuated hydraulic valve terminates at the approach gate or where the glide slope
that allows certain actuations before others. One use of or other appropriate minimum altitude is intercepted.
this type of valve is to assure that the gear doors will be
opened before the landing gear extends. profile drag - 1. That portion of an aircraft's drag
caused by the air flowing over the surface of the craft.
PRM (Precision Runway Monitoring) - A system that 2. In rotorcraft, drag incurred from frictional or
permits simultaneous independent ILS approaches. An parasitic resistance of the blades passing through the
instrument landing system (ILS) approach conducted to air. It does not change significantly with the angle of
parallel runways whose extended centerlines are attack of the airfoil section, but it increases moderately
separated by less than 4,300 feet requires the the as airspeed increases.
parallel runways to have a PRM System.
prognostic chart (contracted prog) - A chart of
probe - A sensing device that extends into the air stream
expected or forecast conditions.
or gas stream for measuring pressure, velocity, or
temperature. In the case of pressure, it is used to program - A list of events or procedures. In computers,
measure total pressure a program is a series of instructions that tell the
computer exactly how it is to receive, store, process,
procedure turn (PT) - A maneuver in which a turn is
and deliver data for the user.
made away from a designated track followed by a turn
in the opposite direction to permit the aircraft to
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program flowchart propeller critical range

program flowchart - A chart (such as Pert or Gnatt) prony brake - A device used to measure the usable
that shows the steps to be taken in the execution of a power output of an engine on a test stand. It consists
program. largely of a hinged collar, or brake, that can be
clamped to a drum splined to the propeller shaft. The
programmable calculator - An electronic calculator
collar and drum form a friction brake that can be
that can be programmed by the user. Programming is
adjusted by a wheel. An arm of known length is
usually stored in its memory.
attached to the collar and terminates at a point that
programmable indicator data processor - The PIDP bears on a scale. As the propeller shaft rotates, the
is a modification to the ANITPX-42 interrogator force is measured on the scale. This force multiplied by
system currently installed in fixed RAPCONs. The the lever arm indicates the torque produced by the
PIDP detects, tracks, and predicts secondary radar rotating shaft.
aircraft targets' These are displayed by of
proof load - 1. A load applied to a structure that does
computer-generated syn~bols and alphanumeric
not cause permanent deformation. 2. A testing measure
characters depicting flight identification, aircraft
to insure the structure will be airworthy.
altitude, ground speed, and flight plan data. Although
primary radar targets are not tracked, they are proof pressure test - A series of tests to show that a
displayed coincident with the secondary radar targets pressure capsule will withstand the pressure exerted
as well as with the other symbols and alphanumerics. upon it in service.
The system has the capability of interfacing with
ARTCCs. prop blast - The colloquial term for the rush of air
generated
- by- a -propeller.
-
programmable read-only memory (PROM) - An
propeller - A device for propelling an aircraft that,
integrated circuit memory device for a digital
when rotated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust
computer. Programmable read-only memory can be
approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It
modified once by the user. This is called "burning" the
includes the control components normally supplied by
PROM. Thereafter, the PROM acts the same as read-
its manufacturer.
only memory (ROM). A computer with erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM) or propeller anti-icer - A system within an airplane that
electrically erasable programmable read-only memory meters a flow of alcohol and glycerine along the
(EEPROM) can be modified more than once. leading edge of the propeller blades to prevent the
formation of ice on the blades.
progress report - A report over a known location as
transmitted by an aircraft to ATC. propeller blade - The part of a propeller that forms the
airfoil and converts the torque of the engine into thrust.
progressive inspection - An inspection identical in
scope and detail to an annual inspection, but which propeller blade angle - The acute angle between the
allows the workload to be divided into smaller portions chord of a propeller blade and the plane of rotation.
and performed in shorter time periods. This allows the
aircraft to remain airworthy and in service during the propeller blade pitch - The distance a propeller will
extensive (sometimes up to a year long) inspection advance if there isn't any slip.
period. propeller blade tipping - The thin sheet brass or
progressive taxi - Precise taxi instructions given to a stainless steel covering along the leading edge and
pilot unfamiliar with the airport or issued in stages as around the tip of a wooden propeller that protects the
the aircraft proceeds along the taxi route. blade from erosion.

prohibited area - A prohibited area is airspace propeller boot - A propeller cuff that fits around the
designated under part 73 within which no person can base of the propeller blade and causes increased
operate an aircraft without the permission of the using airflow into the engine air inlet for cooling.
agency. propeller boss - The thick, central portion of a
prohibited area [ICAO] - An airspace of defined fixed-pitch propeller hub.
dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of propeller brake - A friction brake used on
a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. turbopropeller engines to prevent the propeller
projection - A defense mechanism used by students to windmilling in flight after it has been feathered.
relegate blame for their own shortcomings, mistakes, propeller butt - The blade shank or base of the
and transgressions to others, or to attribute their propeller blade that fits into the propeller hub.
motives, desires, characteristics, and impulses to other
people. propeller critical range - An operational range where
engine speed will cause harmonic vibration in the

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 propeller cuff Prussian blue

propeller. Engines are usually placarded against prop-fan - An advanced technology propeller, designed
operation in this speed range. to operate at supersonic tip speeds, Mach 0.8 airspeeds
and-20,000 t o 35,000 k. -altitude. Referred to as
propeller cuff - An airfoil shaped attachment made of
unducted fans, the concept has fallen from favor due to
thin sheets of metal, plastic, or composite material.
excessive noise.
Propeller cuffs are mounted on the blade shanks and
used to increase the flow of cooling air to the propjet - An aircraft having a jet engine in which the
engine nacelle. energy of the jet operates a turbine that drives the
propeller.
propeller diameter -Twice the distance from the center
- of the propeller hub to the blade tip. proportional control - A mechanical control system
that creates an output proportional to input, as opposed
propeller efficiency - Ratio of thrust horsepower to
to a control (such as a switch) that is either off or on.
brake horsepower. On the average, thrust horsepower
constitutes approximately 80% of the brake proposed boundary crossing time (PBCT) - Each
horsepower. The other 20% is lost in friction and center has a PBCT parameter for each internal airport.
slippage. Proposed internal flight plans are transmitted to the
adjacent center if the flight time along the proposed
propeller hub - The central portion of a propeller to
route from the departure airport to the center boundary
which the blades are attached and by which the
is less than or equal to the value of PBCT or if airport
propeller is attached to the engine.
adaptation specifies transmission regardless of PBCT.
propeller pitch - The acute angle between the chord of
proposed departure time - The time a scheduled flight
a propeller and a plane perpendicular to the axis of its
will depart the gate (scheduled operators) or the actual
rotation.
runwav off time for nonscheduled operators. For
propeller protractor - A EDCT(expect departure clearance time)-purposes, the
tool used to measure the ATCSCC (Air Traffic Control System Command
blade angle of a propeller. Center ) adjusts the "P" time for scheduled operators to
It is made of aluminum reflect the runway off times.
alloy with three square
proprietary reducers - Thinners or solvents for paints
sides at 90' angles. A
formulated according to and distributed under a trade
bubble spirit level
name of a chemical manufacturer.
mounted on one corner or
the front of the fiame propulsive efficiency - In gas turbine engines, external
swings out to indicate efficiency of an engine expressed as a percentage.
when the protractor is
propwash - The force of air blown rearward by the
level. A movable ring is located inside the frame and
propeller.
used to set the zero reference angle for the blade angle
measurement. protected airspace - The airspace on either side of an
oceanic routeltrack that is equal to one-half the lateral
propeller slip - A condition of propeller aerodynamics
separation minimum except where reduction of
that equals the difference between the geometric and
protected airspace has been authorized.
the effective pitch.
proton - The positively charged particles in the nucleus
propeller spider - The foundation unit of a controllable
of an atom.
pitch propeller. It attaches to the propeller shaft, and
the propeller blades ride on bearings on the spider. The prototype - The first functional unit built as an example
spider is enclosed in the propeller hub. of a new design or type.
propeller synchronization - In multi engine aircraft, prototype device - A working model of a design used to
adjusting the propeller controls in order to operate the test its concept.
propellers in unison, eliminating the uncomfortable
noise associated with two propellers operating at protractor -A device for measuring angles in degrees.
slightly different rates. This can be done manually or protruding head rivet - An aircraft rivet in which the
automatically~.depending on the installed equipment.
. . head vrotrudes above the surface of the metal.
propeller thrust - The component of the total air force ~xam$esinclude universal-head, round-head, and flat-
head rivets.
on the propeller parallel to the direction of flight.
propeller tipping - The thin sheet brass or stainless Prussian blue - A compound used in checking the
contact of a valve with a valve seat. A thin coating of
steel covering along the leading edge and around the
Prussian blue is applied to the valve and the valve is
tip of a wooden propeller that protects the blade fiom
pressed against the seat. Prussian blue is transferred to
erosion.
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 .
~svchomotordomain push rod

the seat where in order to determine if the contact is pulse - A rhythmic throb in the voltage of an electrical
uniform. circuit.
psychomotor domain -A grouping of levels of learning pulse amplifier - A wide-band electrical amplifier used
associated with physical skill levels that range from to increase the voltage
- of alternating- current.
perception through- set, guided response, mechanism,
pulse counter - A device that measures pulses of
complex overt response, and adaptation to origination.
electrical energy that it receives in a specific interval of
-psychrometer
- - An instrument for determining the time.
relative humidity of the air by measuring both the wet-
pulse generator - An electronic circuit designed to
and dry-bulb temperatures.
produce sharp pulses of voltage.
P-type semiconductor material - A semiconductor
pulse-echo - An ultrasonic non-destructive inspection
material that has been doped (an impurity added) so
used to detect the presence of internal damage or faults
that it leaves the outer ring of the valence shells with
in a construction material.
holes (absence of electrons) that readily accept
electrons. pulse-echo method of ultrasonic inspection - A
method of detecting metal thickness or internal damage
P-type silicon - Silicon doped by an impurity having
by introducing a pulse of ultrasonic energy into a part
three valence electrons.
and timing its travel through the material and back to
public aircraft - An aircraft used only in the service of the point i f injection.
a government or political subdivision. This does not
pultrusion - In composites, a manufacturing process
include any government-owned aircraft engaged in
that pulls the resin impregnated fibers through a
carrying persons or property for commercial purposes.
shaping die to form a shape. The curing process also is
~ublishedroute - A route for which an IFR altitude has done while it is in the die:
been established and published; i.e., Federal Airways,
pumice - An extremely fine natural abrasive powder
Jet Routes, Area Navigation Routes, Specified Direct
used for polishing metal surfaces.
Routes.
pump - A mechanical device used to move a fluid. A
puckers - In composites, local areas on pre-preg
pump is not a pressure producing machine as pressure
material where the material has blistered and pulled
can be produced only when a flow of fluid is restricted.
away from the separator film or release paper.
pump cavitation - The formation of partial vacuums in
pucks - The brake linings used on disc brakes.
a liquid caused by a moving pump rotor. Pump
pull test - A fabric-strength test in which a one-inch cavitation creates turbulence in the pump cavity,
sample strip is pulled until it breaks. The strength of reducing pump efficiency.
the fabric is determined by the force required to break
punch - 1. A short, tapered steel rod used for driving
the strip.
pins, bolts, or rivets from holes. 2. A device used to cut
pulley - A simple machine in the form of a wheel holes in paper, thin metal, or gasket material by
grooved to accommodate a cable. It is used to guide shearing the material between close-fitting male and
cables and change direction. female dies.
pull-through rivet - A blind mechanically expanded punch test - A test of the strength of aircraft fabric
rivet in which the hollow shank is upset by pulling a while it is on the airplane. A pointed, spring-loaded
tapered mandrel through it. plunger is pushed into the fabric, and the amount of
force required to penetrate the fabric indicates its
pull-up resistor - A resistor used to limit the current
strength.
through a two-state device when the device is in its low
resistance state and to develop a potential difference puncture - A hole pierced in a material.
when a two-state device is in its high resistance state.
purge - To cleanse a system by flushing.
pulsate - To expand and contract rhythmically, yet not
push fit - An interference fit in which the parts can be
change direction.
assembled by hand-pushing them together rather than
pulsating direct current - DC that has been chopped having to drive or press them.
by a vibrator or chopper and that changes from zero to
maximum and then back to zero. This produces the push rod - The component in a reciprocating engine
that transmits the movement of the cam to the rocker
changing current required for use in a transformer.
arm to open the valves.
pulsation -A beat or rhythmic throb.

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 push to-test light pyrometer

push to-test light - A light fixture for an indicator light

that can be pressed to complete a circuit. Illumination
of the light indicates the bulb is in operating condition.
push-button electrical switch - An electrical switch
actuated on or off by a push button. Each time the
button is pressed, it opens or closes the circuit.
pusher propeller - A propeller that fits onto an engine
whose shaft points to the rear of the aircraft. The thrust
pushes the aircraft through the air rather than pulling it.
push-pull amplifier - An electronic amplifier that has
two output circuits whose output voltages are equal but
180" out of phase with each other. Also referred to as a
balanced amplifier.
push-pull rod - A rigid control rod used to move a
component by alternately pushing it and pulling it.
puzzle - A question with so many parts that it is difficult
to figure out what is being asked, let alone the answer.
pylon - The structure that holds a turbine engine pod to
the wing or fiselage of the aircraft.
pyrometer - A temperature measuring instrument used
to indicate temperatures that are higher than can be
measured with a mercury thermometer.

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Q queuing

quantum -A quantity or amount.

quantum theory - A branch of physical theory
Q factor - The performance measurement of an involving the transference or transformation of energy
inductance coil. It is the ratio of the inductive reactance in an atomic or molecular scale based on the concept of
to the resistance of a coil. the subdivision of radiant energy into finite quanta.

Q factor of a coil - The performance measurement of an quart - A liquid measurement of volume equal to
inductance coil. It is the ratio of the inductive reactance gallon, 2 pints, or 57.75 cubic inches.
to the resistance of a coil. quarter-sawed wood - Lumber cut at 45O across the
Q-band radar - Radar operating in a frequency range annual rings.
of 36 to 46 gigaherz (wave length of approximately 7 quarter-turn cowl fastener - A quick-release cowling
millimeters). Used primarily in Very Large Array fastener that requires only turn to either fasten or
(VLA) intergalactic research. release. Examples: Dzus or Camloc fasteners.
QEC unit - A completed assembly of a basic engine quarter-wave antenna - The length of a radio antenna
and the necessary components for a particular airframe that is one quarter of the wavelength of the frequency
installation. A quick engine change (QEC) unit consists for which the antenna is used.
of an engine with all of the accessories and propeller
already installed. Minimizes the time it takes to replace quartz - A mineral found in nature in the form of a six-
an engine. Also referred to as a quick engine change sided crystal.
assembly (QECA) or a QEC kit. quartz crystal -A thin slice of quartz used in electronic
QFE - Height above airport elevation (or runway devices to control frequency. A quartz crystal vibrates
threshold elevation) based on local station pressure. when an electrical pulse is applied. The frequency is
dependent on the size, shape, and thickness of the
QNE - Altimeter setting 29.92 inches of mercury, crystal.
1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars.
quartz glass - Glass constructed of pure quartz.
QNH - The barometric pressure as reported by a
particular station. quartz lamp - A lamp constructed with quartz glass.
Quartz glass does not absorb ultraviolet rays as regular
Q-springs A system that provides artificially produced glass does.
feedback of the control surface movement to the pilot.
Necessary because large, high-speed aircraft normally quartz oscillator - An electronic frequency generator
utilize hydraulically actuated controls that provide no that uses a quartz crystal to control frequency.
natural feedback to the pilot. quartz-iodine lamp -Lamps with a tungsten filament in
quad-clamp - A quick-attach-detach clamp used to a nitrogen-argon gaseous medium to which bromine
attach accessories to their gearbox mounting pads. has been added, enclosed in an envelope of quartz.
These lamps have an operating life two to three times
quadrant - 1. The location of an aircraft's pivoting that of standard incandescent lamps and do not blacken
engine control levers. Some aircraft use push-pull with age. Now referred to as tungsten-halogen "quartz"
knobs in the instrument panel. 2. A quarter part of a lamps.
circle, centered on a NAVAID, oriented clockwise
from magnetic north as follows: NE quadrant 000-089, quasi-stationary front - A stationary or nearly
SE quadrant 090-179, SW quadrant 180-269, NW stationary front. Conventionally, a front that is moving
quadrant 270-359. 3. In mathematics, one of four equal at a speed of less than 5 knots is generally considered
segments defined by the intersection of the two main to be quasi-stationary. Commonly referred to as a
axes of the rectangular coordinate system. stationary front.
quadrantal error - In navigation, the angular error in a quench hardening - A ferrous alloy hardened by
measured bearing due to the presence of metal austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough so that
structures and engines in the vicinity of the direction- some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite.
finding antenna. quenching - The rapid cooling of a metal as part of the
quality control (QC) - A management and inspection heat-treating process. The metal is removed from the
function that controls quality, standards, and furnace and submerged in a liquid such as water, oil, or
performance in the manufacturing and repair of brine.
aircraft, aircraft engines, and components. queuing - The placement, integration, and segregation
quantity - An amount or portion. The total amount of a of departure aircraft in designated movement areas of
particular thing. an airport by departure fix, EDCT, and/or restriction.

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 quick engine change assembly (QECA) quotient

quick engine change assembly (QECA) - An assembly

made up of an engine, propeller, all accessories, along
with all of the necessary cowling and engine mounts.
Used to minimize downtime when an engine change is
required. Also referred to as a QEC unit or QEC kit.
quick look - A feature of NAS Stage A and ARTS that
provides the controller the capability to display full
data blocks of tracked aircraft from other control
positions.
quick-break fuse - A fuse that contains a spring that
pulls the fuse link apart earlier and more quickly than a
normal fuse.
quick-break switch - A switch that has spring loaded
contacts that snap open and closed. This helps prevent
arcing during the opening and closing of the circuit.
quick-disconnect coupling - A fluid coupling that
incorporates a check valve to prevent fluid loss upon
connecting or disconnecting.
quicksilver - Mercury. A heavy, silver-colored, toxic,
liquid, metallic chemical element with a symbol of Hg
and an atomic number of 80. Mercury remains in a
liquid state under standard conditions of pressure and
temperature. Mercury is approximately 13 times as
heavy as water.
quill shaft - A hardened steel shaft with a hollow cross
section and splines on each end. Torsional flexing of
the shaft is used to absorb torsional vibrations.
quota flow control - A flow control procedure by
which the Central Flow Control Function (CFCF)
restricts traffic to the ARTC Center area having an
impacted airport, thereby avoiding sectoriarea
saturation.
quotient - The number resulting from the division of
one number by another.

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 .
R radar monitoring

radar altitude - Distance from the ground determined

R by radar altimeter, which makes use of the reflection of
radio waves from the ground.
rabbet - A groove cut into the edge or face of a board
so that another board or panel can be fitted into it. radar approach - An instrument approach procedure
Allows a T- or L-shaped assembly to be constructed. that utilizes Precision Approach Radar (PAR) or
Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR).
rabbet plane - A woodworking tool used to create
rabbets in a surface. radar approach control facility - A terminal ATC
facility that uses radar and nonradar capabilities to
race - A grooved, hardened, and polished steel surface provide approach control services to aircraft arriving,
on which a bearing is supported. departing, or transiting airspace controlled by the
racetrack procedure (ICAO) - A procedure designed facility.
to enable the aircraft to reduce altitude during the a. Provides radar ATC services to aircraft operating
initial approach segment and/or establish the aircraft in the vicinity of one or more civil and/or military
inbound when the entry into a reversal procedure is not airports in a terminal area. The facility can provide
practical. services of a ground controlled approach (GCA); i.e.,
ASR and PAR approaches. A radar approach control
rack - A straight piece of metal that has teeth cut into facility can be operated by FAA, USAF, US Army,
one side. USN, USMC, or jointly by FAA and a military service.
rack and pinion - A set ofgears arranged in a way b. Specific facility nomenclatures are used for
that a rotary motion of the pinion gear is changed into administrative purposes only and are related to the
linear motion of the rack. physical location of the facility and the operating
service generally as follows:
rack and pinion actuator - A rotary actuator in which 1) Army Radar Approach Control (ARAC)
the fluid acts on the rack of gear teeth cut on a piston. (Army).
As the piston moves it rotates a mating pinion gear. 2) Radar Air Traffic Control Facility (RATCF)
radar - A device that, by measuring the time interval (NavyIFAA).
between transmission and reception of radio pulses and 3, Radar Approach Control (RAPCON) (Air
correlating the angular orientation of the radiated ForcefFAA).
antenna beam or beams in azimuth andlor elevation, 4, Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON)
provides information on range, azimuth, and/or (FAA).
elevation of objects in the path of the transmitted ') Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) (FAA).
pulses. (Only those towers delegated approach control
a. Primary Radar - A radar system in which a authority.)
minute portion of a radio pulse transmitted from a site radar beacon transponder - An electronic device that
is reflected by an object and then received back at that receives an interrogation or transmission from ground
site for processing and display at an air traffic control radar and responds with a coded transmission that
facility. appears on the traffic controller's radar scope.
b. Secondary Radarmadar Beacon (Air Traffic
Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)) - A radar m l a r beam - A narrow beam of electromagnetic
system in which the object to be detected is fitted with radiation used in radar units to determine distance,
cooperative equipment in the form of a radio height, size, and composition of desired target items.
receiverltransmitter (transponder). Radar pulses radar contact - Term used by ATC to advise a pilot
transmitted from the searching transmitterlreceiver that the aircraft is identified on radar.
(interrogator) site are received in the cooperative
and used to trigger a distinctive radar echo - The returning radar signal that is reflected
transmission from the transponder. This reply from an object.
transmission, rather than a reflected signal, is then radar identified aircraft - aircraft, the position of
received back at the transmitter/receiver site for which has been correlated with an observed target or
processing and display at an air traffic control facility. symbol on the radar display.
radar advisory - Information or advice provided to radar monitoring - ~h~ radar flight-following of
pilots based on radar observations. aircraft, whose primary navigation is being performed
radar altimeter - Aircraft equipment that makes use of by the pilot, to observe and note deviations from its
the reflection of radio waves from the ground to authorized flight path, airway, or route. When being
determine the height of the aircraft above the surface. applied specifically to radar monitoring of instrument
approaches; i.e., with precision approach radar (PAR)
or radar monitoring of simultaneous ILSIMLS
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 .
radar navigational guidance radarsonde observation

approaches, it includes advice and instructions a. An aircraft cancels its IFR flight plan, except
whenever an aircraft nears or exceeds the prescribed within Class B airspace, Class C airspace, a TRSA, or
PAR safety limit or simultaneous ILS/ MLS no where Basic Radar service is provided.
transgression zone. b. An aircraft conducting an instrument, visual, or
contact approach has landed or has been instructed to
radar navigational guidance - Vectoring aircraft to
change to advisory frequency.
provide course guidance.
c. An arriving VFR aircraft, receiving radar service to
radar point out - An action taken by a controller to a tower-controlled airport within Class B airspace,
transfer the radar identification of an aircraft to another Class C airspace, a TRSA, or where sequencing service
controller if the aircraft will or may enter the airspace is provided, has landed; or to all other airports, is
or protected airspace of another controller and radio instructed to change to tower or advisory frequency.
communications will not be transferred. d. An aircraft completes a radar approach.
radar required - A term displayed on charts and radar summary chart - A weather product derived
approach plates and included in FDC Notams to alert from the national radar network that graphically
pilots that segments of either an instrument approach displays a summary of radar weather reports.
procedure or a route are not navigable because of either
radar surveillance - The radar observation of a given
the absence or unusability of a NAVAID. The pilot can
geographical area for the purpose of performing some
expect to be provided radar navigational guidance
radar function.
while transiting- segments
- labeled with this term.
radar traffic advisories - Advisories issued to alert
radar route - A flight path or route over which an
pilots to knorn or observed radar traffic that can affect
aircraft is vectored. Navigational guidance and altitude
the intended route of flight of their aircraft.
assignments
- are provided by ATC.
radar traffic information service - Advisories issued
radar separation - Radar spacing of aircraft in
to alert pilots to observation of radar identified and
accordance with established minima.
nonidentified aircraft targets on an ATC radar display
radar service - A term that encompasses one or more of that may be in such proximity to the position or
the following services based on the use of radar that intended route of flight of their aircraft as to warrant
can be provided by a controller to a pilot of a radar their attention.
identified aircraft.
radar vector -A heading issued by a radar controller to
a. Radar Monitoring - The radar flight-following of
the pilot of an aircraft to provide navigational
aircraft, whose primary navigation is being performed
guidance.
by the pilot, to observe and note deviations from its
authorized flight path, airway, or route. When being radar vectoring [ICAO] - Provision of navigational
applied specifically to radar monitoring of instrument guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings
approaches; i.e., with precision approach radar (PAR) based on the use of radar.
or radar monitoring of simultaneous ILSfMLS
radar weatber echo intensity levels - Existing radar
approaches, it includes advice and instructions
systems cannot detect turbulence. However, there is a
whenever an aircraft nears or exceeds the prescribed
direct correlation between the degree of turbulence and
PAR safety limit or simultaneous ILSJ MLS no
other weather features associated with thunderstorms
transgression zone.
and the radar weather echo intensity. The National
b. Radar Navigational Guidance - Vectoring aircraft
Weather Service has categorized radar weather echo
to provide course guidance.
intensity for precipitation into six levels. These levels
c. Radar Separation - Radar spacing of aircraft in
are sometimes expressed during communications as
accordance with established minima.
"VIP LEVEL" 1 through 6 (derived from the
radar service [ICAO] - Term used to indicate a service component of the radar that produces the information -
provided directly by means of radar. Video Integrator and Processor). The following list
a. Monitoring - The use of radar for the purpose of gives the "VIP LEVELS" in relation to the
providing aircraft with information and advice relative precipitation intensity within a thunderstorm:
to significant deviations from nominal flight path. Level 1. WEAK
b. Separation - The separation used when aircraft Level 2. MODERATE
position information is derived from radar sources. Level 3. STRONG
Level 4. VERY STRONG
radar service terminated - Used by ATC to inform a
Level 5. INTENSE
pilot that he will no longer be provided any of the
Level 6 . EXTREME
services that could be received while in radar contact.
Radar service is automatically terminated, and the pilot radarsonde observation - An upper air observation
is not advised in the following cases: used to determine winds, and other meteorological
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 .
radial radio marker beacon

data, by tracking the range, elevation, and azimuth of a prevent heat radiating from the engine into the
radar target carried aloft, usually by a balloon. structure.
radial - A navigational signal generated by a VOR or radical sign - The mathematical symbol "4 "placed
VORTAC. . Each VOR station has 360 radials. The before a auantitv to show its root is to be extracted.
radials are assigned numbers that pertain to their
radio - 1. A device used for communication. 2. Used to
position around the magnetic compass card and are
refer to a flight service station; e.g., "Seattle Radio" is
considered being drawn away from the VOR station in
used to call Seattle FSS.
a particular magnetic direction.
radio altimeter (RA) - A device that measures the
radial engine - A reciprocating aircraft engine in which
height of an aircraft above the terrain by means of the
all of the cylinders are arranged radially, or spoke-like,
transmissions of a continuous wave, constant
around a small crankcase.
amplitude, frequency modulated signal. The difference
radial inflow turbine - A turbine wheel that receives its in the frequency of the reflected signals at any time is
gases at the blade tips and guides the air inward and read on the RA indicator in feet above the ground.
outward to the exhaust duct. i t looks similar to a radial
radio beacon - An LMF or UHF radio beacon
outflow compressor and is used extensively in APUs.
transmitting nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of
radial lead - An electrical component lead that an aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment
protrudes from the outside of a component. can determine his bearing to or from the radio beacon
and "home" on or trackto or from the station. When
radial outflow compressor -An impeller-shaped device
the radio beacon is installed in conjunction with the
that receives air at its center and slings it outward at
Instrument Landing System marker, it is normally
high velocity into a diffuser for increased pressure.
referred to as a compass locator.
radial ply tire - A tire in which layers of metal or
radio control - Operating a unit or device by means of
synthetic casing plies are constructed at right angles to
radio transmissions.
the tread. The d i e s are folded around the wire beads
and back against the tire sidewall, completely radio detection and ranging (Radar) - A device that,
encompassing- the tire body. by measuring the time interval between transmission
a i d reception of radio pulses and correlating the
radial velocity - Motion toward or away from Doppler
angular orientation of the radiated antenna beam or
RADAR.
beams in azimuth andlor elevation, provides
radian - A unit of angular measurement equal to the information on range, azimuth, andlor elevation of
angle between two radii, separated by an arc equal to objects in the path of the transmitted pulses.
the length of the radius. Radians are used in the
radio direction finding - A method of determining the
measurement of angular velocity.
direction from which signals are received. When an
radiant energy Energy due to any form of
- aircraft is within reception range of a radio station, a
- radiation, for instance, from the sun.
electromagnetic directional antenna provides a means of fixing a
bearing from the stahon to the aircraft. The bearings
radiant heat - The transfer of heat energy from a heat from two or more receivers are plotted on a chart to
source to the surrounding air. Rooms that have heated determine the position of the aircraft with reasonable
water tubing embedded in the floor use radiant heat. accuracy.
radiation - The emission of energy by a medium and radio frequency - ~h~ electromagnetic waves that
transferred, either through free space or another radiate from the antenna of a radio transmitter. The
medium, in the form of electromagnetic waves. frequency is higher than the audible frequency range
radiation - Energy radiated in the form of andbelow the frequency range of heat andlight:
electromagnetic waves.
radio frequency energy - Electromagnetic energy used
radiation fog - Fog characteristically resulting when for communication. Generally in the frequency range
radiational-cooling o f the Earth's surface lowersthe air of 3 kilohertz to 300 gigahertz.
temperature near the ground to or below its initial
Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) - A movable-card
dewpoint on calm, clear nights. instrument on which the card automatically rotates to
radiation sensing detector - A fire detection system reflect the aircraft's magnetic heading. Two needles
that utilizes heat-sensitive units to complete an display the relative bearing to ADF and VOR stations.
electrical circuit when the temperature rises to a preset radio marker beacon - A low-powered, single-
value.
frequency radio transmitter used to designate specific
radiation shield - An insulation blanket made with navigational points. Marker beacon receivers receive
layers of aluminum foil used around turbine engines to
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 radio transmitter ram ratio

the signal only when flying directly over the radio radius bar - The part of the cornice brake top leaf that
marker beacon. has an accurately ground radius at its edge for bending
sheet metal. It is used to obtain a bend radius
radio transmitter - An electronic device that transmits
appropriate to the alloy and thickness of a material.
electromagnetic waves for the purpose of
communicating with associated receiver(s). radius block A metal block around which sheet metal
-

is bent to obtain a specific bend radius.

radioactivity - The property possessed by some
elements or isotopes of emitting electrons or alpha radius dimpling - A method of preparing thin sheet
particles as their atomic nuclei disintegrate. metal in which a cone-shaped male die is forced into
the recess of a female die with either a hammer or a
radio-frequency cable - A transmission line in which
pneumatic rivet gun. The material can be riveted with
the center conductor is surrounded by an insulator and
flush rivets after the dimpling process is complete.
a braided outer conductor. All of this is enclosed in a
weatherproof outer insulator. radius gauge - A precision gauge with an accurately cut
inside and outside radii, used to measure the radius of a
radio-frequency interference (RFI) - Undesired
bend.
electromagnetic radiation that interferes with radio
communication. Often the result of improperly filtered radius of turn - The amount of horizontal distance an
radio transmitters and other electronic equipment. aircraft uses to complete a turn.
radio-frequency spectrum - The range of frequencies radome - The protective covering of a radar antenna. A
used for radio communication. Commonly used bands radome is constructed of lightweight honeycomb core
are: material electricallv trans~arentso it will not interfere
with the transmitted and received pulses of electrical
BAND FREQUENCY RANGE
energy.
Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz
Low Frequency (LF) 30-300 kHz rag wing - A common slang term for a fabric covered
Medium Frequency (MF) 300-3,000 kHz airplane.
High ~ r e ~ u e(HF)
ic~ ' 3-30 MHz
rain - Precipitation with water drops larger than drizzle
Very High Frequency (VHF) 30-300 MHz
and that fall in relatively straight, although not
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300-3,000 MHz
necessarily vertical, paths as compared to drizzle that
Super High Frequency 3-30 GHz
falls in irregular paths.
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) 30-300 GHz
rain bands - Streaks of rain that spiral into a storm,
radiography - The system of nondestructive inspection
lines of convergence associated with CB's
using X-rays or gamma rays to determine the condition
(cumulonimbus) clouds and shower activity.
of a part without disassembly.
rain gauge - An instrument used to measure the amount
radiosonde - A balloon-borne instrument for measuring
of rain that has fallen in a given locale.
pressure, temperature, and humidity aloft.
rain shadow -The drier downwind side of a mountain.
radiosonde observation - a sounding made by the
instrument. If the balloon is tracked, winds can also be rain shower - Precipitation in the form of rain from a
determined. cumuliform cloud; characterized by sudden onset and
cessation, rapid change of intens&, and usually by
radium - A radioactive element with a symbol of Ra
rapid change in the appearance of the sky.
and an atomic number of 88.
ram air pressure - The air pressure caused by the
radium poisoning - A poisoning associated with the
forward motion of an aircraft. Ram air pressure is
handling of luminous materials used for marking the
slightly above ambient air pressure.
dials on some older aircraft instruments.
ram air temperature rise -The increase in temperature

n
radius - 1. The caused by the ram compression of the air as an aircraft
distance from the passes through the air at a high rate of speed. The rate
center of a circle or of temperature increase is proportional to the square of
sphere to its outer
circumference; one
half the diameter of a
circle. 2. Also, the
radial part of an
object. u the speed of the aircraft.
ram pressure rise -The pressure rise in the inlet due to
the forward speed of the aircraft.
ram ratio

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ram temperature rise rated 30-second OEI (one engine inoperative) power

ram temperature rise - The inlet temperature rise due ratchet handle - A handle with a ratchet coupling used
to inlet ram pressure rise. to turn socket-type wrenches. A ratcheting mechanism
in the handle allows the socket to be turned in one
ramp - The apron or paved surface around a hangar
direction while the handle is moved with a
used for parking aircraft.
back-and-forth movement. By reversing the catch in
ramp and soak - In composites, a curing process in the ratchet body, the same back-and-forth movement of
which the temperature is slowly raised at a given rate the handle will rotate the socket in the opposite
to the final cure temperature and held for a specific direction.
amount of time. ~ f t e rthat time, the temperature is
rate gyro - A device used to measure the rate of an
slowly lowered to room temperature. For example, if
aircraft's rotation about its vertical axis through 360".
the final cure temperature for a part is 250°F, the
A rate gyro is not affected by the roll or pitch of the
temperature would be ramped up to 250" at a rate of 8"
aircraft but aligns itself with the fore and aft line.
per minute. Once it reaches 250°, the temperature is
held there for 1 hour and 30 minutes, and then the rate of burning - The time required for a specific
temperature is lowered to 80" at a rate of 5" per minute. amount of fuel-air mixture to bum or to release its heat
This process is typically done by using a temperature energy.
controller found on hot patch bonding equipment.
rate of climb - The rate, measured in feet per minute, at
ramp weight - The total weight of the aircraft while on which vertical motion occurs.
the ramp. It differs from takeoff weight by the weight
rate of turn - The change of heading per unit of time.
of the fuel that will be consumed in taxiing to the point
For example, 180" per minute, or 3" per second.
of takeoff.
rate of yaw - The rate, in degrees per second, at which
random altitude - An altitude inappropriate for
an aircraft rotates about its vertical axis.
direction of flight andor not in accordance with FAA
Order 71 1 0 . 6 5 , ~ a r a ~ r a4-5-1.
~h rate signal -A signal proportional to a rate of change.
random route - Any route not established or rated 2 112-minute OEI (one engine inoperative)
chartedpublished or not otherwise available to all power - With respect to rotorcraft turbine engines,
users. means the approved brake horsepower developed under
static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
range-height indicator (RHI) scope - A radar display
within the operating limitations established for the
with height as the vertical axis and range as the
engine under FAR Part 33, and limited in use to a
horizontal axis. A vertical cross section of the cloud
period of not more than 2 % minutes after the failure of
masses in a particular azimuth can be determined.
one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
Rankine Temperature - The absolute temperature
scale using degrees Fahrenheit with minus 460°F as rated 2-minute OEI (one engine inoperative) power -
With respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the
absolute zero. It is used in many engine performance
approved brake horsepower developed under static
calculations.
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
rapid decompression - The almost instantaneous loss within the operating limitations established for the
of cabin pressure in aircraft with a pressurized cockpit engine under FAR part 33, for continued one-flight
or cabin. operation after the failure of one engine in multiengine
rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use no longer than
rapid exit taxiway (ICAO) - A taxiway connected to a
2 minutes each in any one flight, and followed by
runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing
mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenance
airplanes to tum off at higher speeds than are achieved
action.
on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway
occupancy times. rated 30-minute OEI (one engine inoperative) power
-With respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the
rarefied air - Of or pertaining to less air. Often used to
approved brake horsepower developed under static
describe the Earth's upper atmosphere.
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
rasp - A coarse file with raised cutting points used for within the operating limitations established for the
scraping soft materials such as wood or plastic. engine under FAR Part 33, and limited in use to a
period of not more than 30 minutes after the failure of
ratchet - A mechanism that consists of a toothed wheel
one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.
and a bar, or pawl, which allows the wheel to rotate in
one direction but prevents its backward motion. rated 30-second OEI (one engine inoperative) power
-With respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the
ratchet coupling - A toothed wheel into which a pawl
approved brake horsepower developed under static
drops so that motion can be imparted to the wheel in
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
only one direction.
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 rated continuous OEI (one engine inoperative) power. reach

within the operating limitations established for the established under Part 33, and limited in use to periods
engine under FAR part 33, for continued one-flight of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
operation after the failure of one engine in multiengine
rotorcraft, limited to three periods of use no longer than rated takeoff thrust - With respect to turbojet engine
type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is
30 seconds each in any one flight, and followed by
developed statically under standard sea level
mandatory inspection and prescribed maintenance
conditions, without fluid injection and without the
action.
burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber,
rated continuous OEI (one engine inoperative) power within the engine operating limitations established
- With respect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to
approved brake horsepower developed under static periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.
conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures
rated thrust - A manufacturer's guaranteed thrust as
within the operating limitations established for the
specified on the Type Certificate.
engine under FAR Part 33, and limited in use to the
time required to complete the flight after the failure of rate-of-climb indicator - A rate of air pressure change
one engine
- of a multiengine
- rotorcraft. device that indicates the rate at which an airplane is
climbing or descending in feet per minute. Also
rated horsepower - The maximum horsepower an
referred to as a vertical speed indicator.
engine is approved to produce under a given set of
circumstances. rate-of-tem~eraturerise indicator - A thermocouple
fire detection system that depends on a rapid rate of
rated maximum continuous power - With respect to
temperature rise in order to operate. It will not indicate
reciprocating, turbopropeller, and turboshaft engines,
an overheat condition that has developed slowly.
means the approved brake horsepower that is
developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere rating - A statement that, as a part of a certificate, sets
at a specified altitude, within the engine operating forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
limitations established under Part 33, and approved for
unrestricted periods of use. ratio - The relationship between one number and
another number expressed as a fraction. A proportion.
-
A

rated maximum continuous thrust - With respect to

turbojet engine type certification, means the approved ratiometer indicator - A DC remote-indicating system
whose pointer movement is determined by the ratio of
jet thrust that is developed statically or in flight, in
standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, without current-flow between two resistors or portions of a
fluid iniection and without the burning special variable resistor.
- of fuel in a
separate combustion chamber, within the engine rationalization - A defense mechanism that students
operating limitations established under Part 33 of this employ when they cannot accept the real reason for
chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use. their behavior. This permits them to substitute excuses
rated maximum continuous augmented thrust - With for reasons; moreover, they can make those excuses
respect to turbojet engine type certification, means the plausible and acceptable to themselves. A subconscious
technique for justifying actions that otherwise would be
approved jet thrust that is developed statically or in
flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, unacceptable.
with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a rattail file - A steel tool that has a circular cross section
separate combustion chamber, within the engine with hardened ridged surfaces, used in smoothing,
operating limitations established under Part 33 of this grinding, or boring. Also referred to as a round file.
chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.
rawhide mallet - A mallet made of rawhide wound into
rated takeoff augmented thrust - With respect to a tight cylinder used to form sheet metal without
turbojet engine type certification, means the approved scratching it.
jet thrust that is developed statically under standard sea
level conditions, with fluid injection or with the RC circuit - A circuit containing both resistance and
burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, capacitance.
within the engine operating limitations established RC time constant - The time required to charge a
under Part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to capacitor to 63.2% of its full-charge state through a
periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation. given resistance.
rated takeoff Power - With respect to reciprocating, reach - The length of the shell thread of a spark plug.
turbopropeller, and turboshaft engine type certification, For 18 mm spark plugs, long-reach plugs are threaded
means the approved brake horsepower that is for l3/,; and short-reach plugs for %".
developed statically under standard sea level
conditions, within the engine operating limitations

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 -
reactance reclaimed oil

reactance - The opposition to the flow of AC made by reamer - A sharp edged cutting tool used for enlarging
an induction coil or a capacitor. Reactance is expressed or tapering drilled holes in preparation for work with
in ohms. close-tolerance parts.
reaction - A response to a stimulus or force. An event rebreather bag - A bag connected to an oxygen mask
or sequence of events caused by another action. that allows expired air to be mixed with a fixed rate of
oxygen. It allows users to rebreath a portion of each
reaction engine - A jet engine that receives thrust only
expired breath.
from the reaction caused by hot gases being- expelled.
-

rebreather oxygen mask - An oxygen mask with a

reaction formation - A defense mechanism where
rebreather bag attached.
students protect themselves from dangerous
- desires by
not only repressing them, but by actually developing receiver - In communication, the listener, reader, or
conscious attitudes and behavior patterns that are just student who takes in a message containing information
the opposite. A student can develop a who-cares-what- from a source, processes it, reacts with understanding,
other-people-think attitude to cover up feelings of and changes behavior in accordance with the message.
loneliness and a hunger for acceptance.
receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) -
reaction turbine - A stator vane and rotor blade A technique whereby a civil GNSS (Global Navigation
arrangement, whereby the vanes form straight ducts Satellite system) ~eceiver/processor determines the
and the blades form convergent ducts. Gases leaving integrity of the GNSS navigation signals without
the trailing edge of the blades turn the rotor. The design reference to sensors or non-DoD integrity systems
is common to turbine-type accessories such as other than the receiver itself. This determination is
air-starters. achieved by a consistency check among redundant
pseudorange measurements.
reactive current - A current in an AC circuit not in
phase with the voltage. receiving controller - A controller/facility receiving
control of an aircraft from another controller/ facility.
reactive metal - A metal such as aluminum or
magnesium, which reacts with oxygen to form receiving facility - See receiving controller,
corrosion.
recency - A principle of learning that things learned
reactive power - The power in a reactive AC circuit today are remembered better than things that were
that subtracts from the power that would be present in a learned some time ago. The longer time that passes, the
purely resistive circuit. This represents energy that is less that will be remembered. Instructors use this
alternately stored and released by the action of principle when summarizing the important points at the
inductors and capacitors. end of a lecture in order that the students will better
remember them.
reactor - 1. A device in an AC circuit used to add
reactance to it. 2. A small coil installed in an reciprocal - A reverse bearing, opposite in direction by
alternating current circuit to furnish inductive reactance 180".
and cancel some of the capacitive reactance in the
circuit. reciprocating engine - An engine that converts the heat
energy from burning fuel into the reciprocating
read back -Repeat my message back to me. movement of the This movement is converted
into a rotary motion by the connecting rods and
reader - A machine that magnifies the information on
crankshaft.
microfilm or microfiche so it can be read. Some
readers can make printed paper copies. reciprocating motion - An alternating back-and-forth
motion.
readiness - A principle of learning that the eagerness
and single-mindedness of a person toward learning reciprocating saw - A power-driven saw that cuts
affect the outcome of the learning experience. material by driving a blade back and forth.
real number - A number that is rational or irrational, recirculating fan - A fan in an aircraft cabin comfort
not imaginary. system that circulates the air in the cabin without
taking in any outside air.
real power - The power in an AC circuit that is the
product of the voltage and the current in phase with reclaimed oil -Lubricating oil that has already been
that voltage. Real power equals the voltage multiplied used and is restored to a useful state by removing
by the current multiplied by the power factor. impurities.
ream - To enlarge and smooth a drilled hole with a reconditioning a cell - Procedure of servicing a nicad
precision cutting tool called a reamer. A hole is reamed battery cell by completely discharging it and then
in preparation for work with close-tolerance parts. bringing it and all other cells in the battery back up to a
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 reconformance . regional checkout

full state of charge. Reconditioning equalizes the cells cross-point screwdriver whose tip has a single taper.
for optimum performance.
reed valve - A thin, leaf-type valve located in the valve
reconformance - The automated process of bringing an plate of a reciprocating-type air conditioning
aircraft's Current Plan Trajectory into conformance compressor to control the inlet and outlet of the
with its track. refrigerant.
rectangle - A closed plane figure with four sides and reface - To resurface an object in order to remove
four right angles. The opposite sides of the figure are imperfections or wear marks.
parallel and equal in length.
reference datum - An imaginary vertical plane at or
rectifier -A device that converts alternating current into near the nose of an aircraft from which all horizontal
direct current. In effect, it is an electron check valve. distances are measured for weight and balance
calculations.
rectifier bridge - A rectifier using four diodes arranged
in a bridge circuit. reference datum - An imaginary vertical plane from
which all horizontal distances are measured for balance
rectify - In electricity, to change alternating current into
purposes.
direct current.
reference designator - A combination of letters and
recurring - Happening again and again at regular or
numbers used to identify a component or assembly.
frequent intervals.
Reference designators are stackable, meaning a full
recurring Airworthiness Directive - An Airworthiness reference designator identifies the major assembly,
Directive that requires compliance at regular hourly or subassemblies, and the actual component.
calendar time periods.
reference dimensions - The dimensions on an
red brass - A copper-zinc alloy containing installation drawing required to illustrate the
approximately 85% copper and 15% zinc. It is relationship between two parts.
somewhat stronger than commercial bronze and is
reference junction - One of the two junctions in a
hardened by cold working.
thermocouple system. The reference junction is held at
red line - A red mark on an aircraft instrument that a constant or stable temperature to serve as a reference
indicates a maximum allowable operating condition. for the measuring junction.
red rust -A nonmagnetic iron oxide. reference pressure - The pressure in the outflow valve
control established by cabin air pressure flowing
red-line condition - The maximum safe condition at through the cabin air filter and orifice. It is metered by
which a unit can operate. Most aircraft instruments are the reference pressure metering valve.
marked with a red line indicating the boundaries of
their operating limits. refining - A petroleum extraction process in which
crude oil is broken down into all of its different parts.
reduce speed to (speed) - An ATC procedure used to
request pilots to adjust aircraft speed to a specific value reflective - A reflective student considers all
for the purpose of providing desired spacing. Pilots are possibilities or alternatives before making a decision.
expected to maintain a speed of plus or minus 10 knots reflector -A surface that reflects light.
or 0.02 mach number of the specified speed.
refrigerant - A fluid used in an air conditioning system
reduction factor - A constant (usually 100 or 1,000) by
to absorb heat from the cabin and carry it to a radiator
which a moment is divided to obtain a moment index.
where it can be transferred to the outside air.
A moment index is used to simplify weight and balance
comvutations. refrigerant
- 12 - Dichlorodifluoromethane, a chemical
compound used in many aircraft air conditioning
reduction gear train - The gear arrangement of an
systems. Also referred to as R- 12.
operating unit in which the output shaft turns slower
than the input shaft. An example of this is a gear regeneration - A process in an electrical circuit in
arrangement in an aircraft engine that allows the engine which part of the output is fed back to the input to
to turn at a faster speed than the propeller. causes amplification.
reduction gears - The gear arrangement in an aircraft regenerative braking - A method of slowing a motor
engine that allows the engine to turn at a faster speed by switching the wiring effectively to make it into a
than the propeller. generator. This applies a load to the rotating mass and
slows the motor.
Reed and Prince screw - A
recessed-head, cross-point regional checkout - A checkout that goes beyond
screw driven by a special learning about a particular airplane and encompasses
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 .
registration certificate remanufactured engine

learning how to fly in a specific region. Before flying relative wind - The airflow caused by the motion of the
or giving flight instruction in any unfamiliar aircraft through the air. Relative wind, also called
environment, obtain a regional checkout from a relative airflow is opposite and parallel to the direction
qualified CFI who is experienced in that geographical of flight.
Gea. For example, mountain flying offers some
relaxation oscillator - An electronic oscillator that
breathtaking scenery and wonderful experiences, but it
produces pulses at an interval dependent on one or
also has some unique challenges and can be extremely
more RC time constants.
dangerous to inexperienced pilots.
relay - An electrically operated remote switch with
registration certificate - The document in an airplane
contacts that are closed or opened by an
that contains the name and address of the person to
electromagnetic field.
whom the airplane is registered.
relay question - Used in response to a student's
regulated power supply - An electrical device that
question. The question is redirected to the group in
converts AC voltage to DC output voltage that remains
order to stimulate discussion.
constant under changing
- - load conditions.
release film - In composites, a layer of plastic material
Reid vapor pressure - The amount of pressure acting
used in the vacuum bagging process that does not allow
on a liquid to hold the vapors in the liquid at a given
resin to bleed through it. It will not bond to the part
temperature.
when the resins cure. Perforated release film will
reinforce - To strengthen by adding extra support or allow some resin to bleed through.
material.
release time - A departure time restriction issued to a
reinforced shell - The outer skin of an aircraft pilot by ATC (either directly or though an authorized
reinforced by a complete framework of structural relay) when necessary to separate a departing aircraft
members. from other traffic.
reinforcement - In composites, material used to release time [ICAO] - Time prior to which an aircraft
strengthen the matrix. Fiber reinforced plastic is an should be given further clearance or prior to which it
example. Fibers are used to reinforce the plastic should not proceed in case of radio failure.
material.
reliability - Producing consistent results on multiple
reinforcing tape - A narrow, woven cotton or polyester tests.
tape used as reinforcement at stitching attachments.
relief - The amount one plane surface is set below or
rejuvenation - The restoring of resilience to a dope film above another plane, usually for clearance or for
by opening up the film with potent solvents and economy in machining.
allowing the plasticizers in the rejuvenator to replace
relief hole - A hole drilled in a flat sheet metal part to
those that have migrated from the dope.
allow intersecting bends to be made. The relief hole
rejuvenator - A finishing material consisting of potent prevents the metal kom buckling.
solvents and plasticizers used to restore resilience to
relief map - A map that shows land forms with contour
weathered and cracked dope film.
lines, shading, or color.
relative bearing - An angular relationship between two
relief tube - A urinal on an aircraft that drains
objects measured in degrees clockwise from the twelve
overboard. The discharge area around these tubes is an
o'clock position of the first object.
area highly susceptible to corrosion.
relative humidity - The ratio of the existing amount of
relief valve - A valve that limits the pressure in a
water vapor in the air at a given temperature to the
maximum amount that could exist at that temperature; system by releasing unwanted pressure at a preset
value.
usually expressed in percent.
reluctance - 1. The relative difficulty with which
relative motion - The motion of one object with
relation to another. magnetic domains can be aligned. 2. The opposition to
magnetic flux. The opposite
.. of permeability.
relative movement - The movement of one object with
remainder - The result of subtracting one number from
relation to another.
another or the amount left when one number does not
relative vorticity - Rotation due entirely to the flow of divide evenly into another.
air at the point being measured. ~ b s o l u t evorticity is
relative vorticity plus rotation imparted by the turning remanufactured engine - An engine assembled by the
manufacturer or his authorized agent using used parts
of the Earth (planetary vorticity).
that are held to the new parts' dimensional limits. A
remanufactured engine is given zero time records and
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 .
remote (slave) scope required navigation performance (RNP

usually the same warranty and guarantee as a new report - Used to instruct pilots to advise ATC of
engine. specified information; e.g., "Report passing Hamilton
VOR."
remote (slave) scope - A cathode-ray tube that
duplicates the display of a primary radar scope. reporting point - A geographical location in relation to
the reported position of an aircraft.
remote communications airlground (RCAG) facility
- An unmanned VHF/UHF transmitter1 receiver repression - A process in which a person
facility used to expand ARTCC air1 ground subconsciously forgets or excludes unpleasant or
communications coverage and to facilitate direct anxiety producing information.
contact between pilots and controllers. RCAG facilities
repression - Theory of forgetting where a person is
are sometimes not equipped with emergency
more likely to forget information that is unpleasant or
frequencies 121.5 MHz and 243.0 MHz.
produces anxiety.
remote communications outlet(RC0) - An unmanned
repulsion - The force that tends to cause objects to
communications facility remotely controlled by air
traffic personnel. RCOs serve FSSs. RTRs (Remote move away from each other.
Transmittermeceivers) serve terminal ATC facilities. repulsion motor - The repulsion motor consists of
An RCO or RTR can be UHF or VHF and will extend stator (field) windings that are powered by input power
the communication range of the air traffic facility. and rotor windings that have current induced by the
There are several classes of RCOs and RTRs. The class magnetic field of the stator windings. The rotor
is determined by the number of transmitters or windings are connected to the commutator and the
receivers. Classes A through G are used primarily for brushes are connected to each other completing a
airlground purposes. RCO and RTR class 0 facilities circuit through windings within the rotor. The closed-
are nonprotected outlets subject to undetected and loop circuits in the rotor are effectively the short-
prolonged outages. RCO (0's) and RTR (0's) were circuited secondaries of a transformer, where the
established for the express purpose of providing motor's field windings are the primary coil. The
ground-to-ground communications between air traffic currents induced in the rotor create a magnetic field
control specialists and pilots located at a satellite that repels that of the field winding (Lenz's law). This
airport for delivering enroute clearances, issuing repulsion causes the rotor to turn because the brushes
departure authorizations, and acknowledging are offset from the field poles, so that the repulsive
instrument flight rules cancellations or forces are pushing on the rotor tangential to the rotation
departwellanding times. As a secondary function, they axis of the rotor. The brushes can be shifted to control
can be used for advisory purposes whenever the the speed and direction of rotation.
aircraft is below the coverage of the primary aidground
request full route clearance Used by pilots to request
-
frequency
that the entire route of flight be read verbatim in an
remote control - The control of an object with radio ATC clearance. Such request should be made to
signals from a remote location. preclude receiving an ATC clearance based on the
original filed flight plan when a filed IFR flight plan
remote transmitterlreceiver - See remote
has been revised by the pilot, company, or operations
communications outlet.
prior to departure.
Rene metal - A nickel chromium alloy used in the
required equipment - Equipment determined by the
manufacturing of gas turbine engines.
FAA to be necessary for an aircraft to be considered
repair - To restore an item to a condition of practical airworthy.
operation or to its original condition.
required inspection item (RII) - A designation of
repairman license - A certificate issued by the FAA to items of maintenance and alteration that could result in
a person employed by a repair station, a certified a failure, malfunction, or defect endangering the safe
commercial operator, or a certified air carrier required operation of the aircraft if an inspection is not properly
to provide a continuous airworthiness maintenance performed or if improper parts or materials are used.
program. The repairman license is valid only as long as
required navigation performance (RNP) - A
the person holding the license is employed by the
statement of the navigational performance necessary
company for which the certificate was issued.
for operation within a defined airspace. The following
repeater indicator - An instrument that repeats the terms are commonly associated with RNP:
information via a master indicator. a. Required Navigation Performance Level or Type
(RNP-X). A value, in nautical miles (NM), from the
repeating decimal -A fraction that cannot be expressed intended horizontal position within which an aircraft
as a definite number. The fraction '13 is a repeating
would be at least 95-percent of the total flying time.
decimal (0.333333333).
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 -
rescue coordination center (RCC) resistance wire

b. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Airspace. remaining magnetic field. It is important that all
A generic term designating airspace, route(s), leg(s), residual magnetism be removed so that ferrous
operation(s), or procedure(s) where minimum required particles are not attracted to it.
navigational performance (RNP) have been
resignation - A negative self-concept is the factor that
established.
contributes most to a student's failure to a remain
c. Actual Navigation Performance (ANP). A measure
receptive to new experience, and which creates a
of the current estimated navigational performance.
tendency to reject additional training.
Also referred to as Estimated Position Error (EPE).
. .
d. Estimated Position Error (EPE). A measure of the resin - A family of natural or synthetic fluids or
current estimated navigational performance. Also semi-solid substances that can be changed into a solid
referred to as Actual Navigation Performance (ANP). such as plastic through the addition of appropriate
e. Lateral Navigation (LNAV). A function of area catalyzers.
navigation (RNAV) equipment that calculates,
displays, and provides lateral guidance to a profile or resin rich - In composites, an area that has an excess
amount of matrix. A resin rich laminate usually is more
path.
f. Vertical Navigation (VNAV). A function of area brittle and weighs more than laminates with the proper
amount of resin.
navigation (RNAV) equipment that calculates,
displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile or resin ridge - In composites, a ridge of excess resin that
path. contains only resin.
rescue coordination center (RCC)- A search and resin starved - In composites, an area deficient in resin.
rescue (SAR) facility equipped and manned to A resin-starved part will not exhibit the structural
coordinate and control SAR operations in an area strength that a part made with the proper amount of
designated by the SAR plan. The U.S. Coast Guard and resin.
the U.S. Air Force have responsibility for the operation
of RCCs. resin system - In composites, a mixture of resin and
ingredients required for the intended processing
rescue co-ordination centre [ICAO] - A unit method and final product.
responsible for promoting efficient organization of
search and rescue service and for co-ordinating the resin transfer molding (RTM) - In composites, a
conduct of search and rescue operations within a search manufacturing process in which the residcatalyst
and rescue region. mixture is pumped into a two-sided mold in which a
fabric reinforcement has been placed. The part is then
reserve - To keep something back or set it apart for use heated and cured.
in an emergency or for a special purpose.
resistance (R) - The opposition to the flow of electrons
reservoir - A place where an extra supply of something offered by a device or material. Opposition by
is kept, for example, a tank in which fluid is stored. resistance causes a loss of power.
residual - The remainder or anything that is left over. resistance decade box - An electrical test device that
residual charge - The remaining electrical charge left provides the capability to insert selected values of
on capacitor plates after they have been discharged. resistance into a circuit.

residual fuel or oil - The fuel or oil that is trapped in resistance furnace - A high-temperature furnace heated
the lines and, therefore, not usable. In weight and by passing current through various high resistance
balance computations, residual fuel and oil are materials.
considered to be part of an aircraft's empty weight. resistance thermometer - A temperature-measuring
residual magnetic flux - The magnetism that remains in device based on the linear change-in resistance of a
the core of an electromagnet after the magnetizing material as temperature varies. This device is
current no longer flows in the coil. Also referred to as connected to a Wheatstone bridge to determine
residual magnetism. resistance and thus temperature.

residual magnetism - The magnetism that remains in resistance welding - The fusion of metals by clamping
the core of an electromagnet after the magnetizing them together and passing a high amperage electrical
current no longer flows in the coil. Also referred to as current through the joint. The resulting heat melts the
residual magnetic flux. metal and the pressure causes the two pieces to h s e
together. Spot and seam welding are forms of electrical
residual magnetism testing inspection - An inspection resistance welding.
for magnetism that might be left in a ferrous part
following magnetic particle inspection. The test is resistance wire - A wire made from a high resistance
conducted with a magnetic indicator that discloses any material, used in wire-wound resistors and heating
elements.
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 resistive circuit restrictor

resistive circuit - In electronics, a circuit constructed internal damage by injecting variable frequency
entirely of resistive elements (no capacitive or ultrasonic energy into a material. A specific frequency
inductive components). In such a circuit, the voltage of energy produces the greatest return in a given
and current are in phase. thickness of material. When the equipment is calibrated
for a specific thickness and this thickness changes, an
resistive current - The current in a circuit where
aural or visual indication is given.
current is in phase with voltage.
resonant circuit - An electrical circuit in which the
resistivity - The ability of a material to resist the flow of
inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance.
electrons. It is the opposite of conductivity.
They will be equal at a particular frequency called the
resistor -An electrical circuit element used to provide a resonant frequency. The circuit can be made resonant
voltage drop by dissipating some of the electrical by either varying the frequency until resonance occurs,
energy in the form of heat. or holding the frequency constant and varying
bsistor color code -
A
marking
color code
system
used to identify the
1-- 1 1
inductance or capacitance to achieve resonance.
resonant frequency - The frequency of a source of
vibration that is exactly the same as the natural
vibration frequency of a structure.
resistance value of
resonate - To vibrate at a certain frequency. A
carbon resistors.
mechanical system is said to resonate when its natural
Measured in ohms.
vibration frequency is the same as that of the force
The resistor is
applied. The level of vibration of an object increases
marked by either
immensely as that frequency is reached and will be less
three or four
on either side of that frequency.
colored bands. The first colored band (nearest the end
of the resistor) indicates the first digit. The second resource use -An essential part of ADM training. Since
colored band indicates the second digit. The third useful tools and sources of information may not always
colored band indicates the number of zeros to be added be readily apparent, it is important to teach students
to the two digits derived from the first and second how to recognize appropriate resources. Resources
bands. If there is a fourth colored band, it is used as an must not only be identified, but students must develop
indication of percentage of tolerance. the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use
a particular resource and the impact its use will have
resistor power dissipation rating - The amount of
upon the safety of flight.
power a resistor can safely dissipate in the form of heat
under controlled conditions. - respirator - A device worn over the mouth and nose to
prevent the harmful inhaling of dangerous substances.
resistor spark plug - A shielded spark plug with a
composition resistor installed in the barrel. The resistor responses - Possible answers to a multiple-choice test
limits the current stored in the capacitive effect of the item. The correct response is often called the keyed
shielding. This minimizes electrode erosion and response, and incorrect responses are called distractors.
increases the life of the spark plug.
restart - The act of starting an engine after it has been
resolution - The ability to distinguish between operating and then shut down.
indications on a display. o n e example would be the
restricted area - Airspace designated under FAR Part
ability to distinguish between two radar returns
73, within which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly
displayed on a cathode-ray tube.
prohibited, is subject to restriction. Most restricted
resolution advisory - A display indication given to the ireas are designated joint use and IFRNFR operations
pilot by the traffic alert and collision avoidance in the area can be authorized by the controlling ATC
systems (TCAS 11) recommending a maneuver to facility when it is not being utilized by the using
increase vertical separation relative to an intruding agency. Restricted areas are depicted on enroute charts.
aircraft. Positive, negative, and vertical speed limit Where joint use is authorized, the name of the ATC
(VSL) advisories constitute the resolution advisories. A controlling facility is also shown.
resolution advisory is also classified as corrective or
restricted area [JCAO] - An airspace of defined
preventive.
dimensions. above the land areas or territorial waters of
resonance -A frequency in any given RLC (Resistance, a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted
Inductance, Capacitance) AC circuit at which the in accordance with certain specified conditions.
capacitive reactance is equal to the inductive reactance.
restrictor - An orifice for reducing or restricting the
resonance method of ultrasonic inspection - A flow of a fluid.
method of detecting material thickness or indications of
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resultant flux . reverse polarity welding

resultant flux - The flux in a magnetic circuit of an retract - To pull in or draw back.
aircraft magneto. Resultant of the flux of the rotating
retractable gear - This is a pilot controllable landing
permanent magnet and the flux that surrounds the
gear system, whereby the gear can be stowed alongside
primary windings when primary current is flowing.
or inside the structure of the airplane during flight.
resultant lift - The vector sum of the magnitude and
retractable landing gear - Landing gear that folds into
direction of all of the lift forces produced by an airfoil.
the aircraft structure to reduce parasite drag.
resultant relative wind - In rotorcraft, airflow from
retraction test - The portion of an aircraft inspection in
rotation that is modified by induced flow.
which the airplane is put on jacks and the landing gear
resume normal speed - Used by ATC to advise a pilot cycled through its retraction and extension sequences.
that previously issued speed control restriction; are
retread - In tire recapping, a tire that has been renewed
deleted. An instruction to "resume normal speed" does
to serviceable condition. Tires that meet injury
not delete speed restrictions that are applicable to
limitations can be recapped. Retreading or recapping
published procedures of upcoming segments of flight,
means reconditioning of a tire by renewing the tread, or
unless specifically stated by ATC. This does not relieve
renewing the tread plus one or both sidewalls.
the pilot of those speed restrictions that are applicable
to FAR91.117. -
retreating blade - In rotorcraff.. any. blade, located in a
semicircular part of the rotor disc, where the blade
resume own navigation - Used by ATC to advise a
direction is opposite to the direction of flight.
pilot to resume his own navigational responsibility. It is
issued after completion of a radar vector or when radar retreating blade stall - In rotorcraft, a stall that begins
contact is lost while the aircraft is being- radar vectored. at or near the tir, of a blade in a helicopter because of
the high anglesAof attack required to compensate for
retard -To slow or delay the progress of something.
dissymmetry of lift. In a gyroplane the stall occurs at
retard breaker points - An auxiliary set of breaker 20 to 40 percent outboard from the hub.
points in a magneto equipped with the Shower of
retrofit - To furnish something with new or modified
Sparks starting system. These points are operative only
parts or equipment not available or considered
during the starting cycle and open later than the run, or
necessary at the time the part was manufactured.
normal, points. This provides a late or retarded spark.
Also referred to as retard points. return flow - The upper branch of a thermal circulation.
retard points - An auxiliary set of breaker points in a return stroke - Lightning that is visible to the eye and
magneto equipped with the Shower of Sparks starting marks the path of the positive charge of the step leader
system. These points are operative only during the back into the clouds.
starting cycle and open later than the run, or normal,
points. This provides a late or retarded spark. Also return to service - The completion of all applicable
referred to as retard breaker points. maintenance records and forms after maintenance has
been verformed on an aircraft that will allow the
retarder - A slow-drying solvent used to prevent aircraft to be legally flown.
blushing or to provide a more glossy finish by allowing
the finish a longer flow-out time. revalidate - To confirm, sanction or make socething
-
valid again.
retention - There are five principles that promote deep
learning and enhance retention of course material: reverse bias - The polarity relationship between a
praise stimulates remembering, recall is promoted by power supply and a semiconductor that does not allow
association, favorable attitudes aid retention, leaming conduction of current.
with all the senses is most effective, and meaningful reverse idle - A power lever position where the thrust
repetition aids recall. reversers are deployed, but engine power is idle.
retentivity - The ability of a material to retain its reverse pitch - An angle to which the propeller blade
magnetic properties. can be turned in order to provide reverse thrust from
retina - The photosensitive portion of the eye, made up the propeller.
of cells called rods and cones, that is connected to the reverse polarity welding - In electric arc welding,
optic nerve. reverse polarity occurs when the electrode is positive
retirement schedule -A list of limited life parts and the and the- work is negative. The opposite is
times when they must be replaced. This list records the called straight polarity. Straight polarity puts more heat
part, serial number, time installed, and removal time. into the work piece, while reverse polarity minimizes
the heat in the work ~ i e c e .
retort - A laboratory vessel with a long tube used to
distill substances by heat.
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 reverse question ridgelridge line

reverse question - A response to a question. Rather fed into an antenna, generates an electromagnetic field
than give a direct answer to the student's query, the suitable for communications. These frequencies range
instructor can redirect the question to another student from nine kilohertz (9 kHz) to thousands of gigahertz
to provide the answer. (GHz).
reverse riveting - A process of driving aircraft rivets in rheostat -A variable resistor having only two terminals.
which the manufactured head is bucked by holding it in It is normally used in a circuit to drop voltage by
a rivet set supported in a bucking bar and upsetting the dissipating some of the energy as heat.
shank with a flush rivet set.
rhetorical question - A question asked to stimulate
reverse-current relay - A relay incorporated into a group thought. Normally answered by the instructor, it
generator circuit to disconnect the generator from the is more commonly used in lecturing rather than in
battery when the battery voltage is greater than guided discussions.
generator voltage.
rhomboid - A parallelogram in which the angles are
reverse-flow annular combustor - A combustor design oblique and the adjacent sides are unequal.
that forms an S-shaped path in which the gases flow
rhumb line - In navigation, a rhumb line crosses all
from the diffuser to the exhaust. This design shortens
lines of longitude at the same angle.
the entire engine length because the liner is coaxial to
the turbines rather than in front of them as in a rib - The structural member of an airfoil that gives it the
conventional annular combustor. desired aerodynamic shape.
reversible-pitch propeller - A propeller system with a rib cap - A thin, narrow strip of material usually glued
pitch change mechanism that includes full reversing to wooden ribs or riveted to metal ribs to enlarge the
capability. When the pilot moves the throttle controls contact surface for the attachment of skin to the wing
to reverse, the blade angle changes to a pitch angle and or flight control surface.
produces a reverse thrust, which slows the airplane
down during a landing. rib lacing - The attachment of fabric to an aircraft
structure with rib stitching cord. A series of loops
reversing mechanism - A linkage that reverses the around the structure and through the fabric are secured
direction of movement between two parts. with seine knots. Also referred to as rib stitching.
review and evaluation - The fourth and last step in the rib stitching - The attachment of fabric to an aircraft
teaching process, which consists of a review of all structure with rib stitching cord. A series of loops
material and an evaluation of the students. In the around the structure and through the fabric are secured
telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction, this with seine knots. Also referred to as rib lacing.
step consists of the instructor evaluating the student's
performance while the student performs the required rib stitching cord -A strong cotton, linen, or polyester
procedure. fiber cord used to stitch or lace fabric to an aircraft
structure.
revision - In mechanical drawings, a change in
dimensions, design, or materials. ribbon direction - In composites, on a honeycomb core,
the way the honeycomb can be separated. The direction
revision block - That portion of an aircraft drawing that of one continuous ribbon.
contains a record of all of the revisions. symbols are
used to indicate changes and their locations. ribbon parachute - A parachute that consists of strips
or ribbons of material instead of a solid fabric. This
revolutions per minute (RPM) - The number of type of chute is used in instances where it is desirable
complete revolutions a body makes in one minute. to have less opening shock, since air escapes between
the ribbons.
revolved section - A detail on an aircraft drawing in
which the external view shows the shape of a part's rich flameout - A condition of turbine engine operation
cross section as though it were cut out and revolved. in which the fire goes out in the engine because the
fuel-air mixture is too rich to support combustion.
Reynolds Number - A dimensionless ratio that relates
how smoothly a fluid flows. At low velocities fluid rich solvent -A slow-drying
- - solvent.
flow is smooth or laminar. As the fluid flows more
rapidly, it reaches a velocity, known as the critical ridgelridge line - In meteorology, an elongated area of
velocity, at which the motion changes from laminar to relatively high atmospheric pressure; usually associated
with and most clearly identified as an area of maximum
turbulent, with the formation of eddy currents and
anticyclonic curvature of the wind flow (isobars,
vortices that disturb the flow.
contours. or streamlines).
RF alternating current - Radio frequency (RF) is a
term that refers to alternating current (AC) that, when
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rigging risk elements

rigging - The final adjustment and alignment of an rigidity in space - The principle that a wheel with a
aircraft and its flight control system that provide the heavily weighted rim spun rapidly will remain in a
proper aerodynamic characteristics. fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning.
rigging fixture - A template designed to measure rime ice - The rough textured ice that forms on a
control surface travel. surface, such as the leading edge of an airplanes wing,
when flown through supercooled fog or certain types of
rigging pins - The pins that can be inserted into control
clouds.
system components to hold the controls in their neutral
position for rigging the control cables and rods. rime icing - The formation of a white or milky and
opaque granular deposit of ice formed by the rapid
right angle - A 90" angle. Formed by the perpendicular
freezing of supercooled water droplets as they impinge
intersection of two straight lines.
upon an exposed aircraft.
right brain - A concept that each hemisphere of the
ring and tube assembly - The ring of outer combustion
brain processes information differently. Students with
chambers on a multiple-can-type combustor engine.
right-brain dominance are characterized as being
spatially oriented, creative, intuitive, and emotional. ring cowl - A streamlined covering over the cylinders of
They can be very good with art or music and can easily a radial engine.
put together the big picture.
ring gear - One of the gears in a turboprop negative
right-hand rule for the direction of magnetic flux -A torque signal and prop reduction gear system. When a
method of determining the relation of the flow of predetermined negative torque is applied to the
magnetic flux to the direction of current flow in a reduction gearbox, the ring gear moves forward against
conductor. The right hand is wrapped around the the spring force due to a torque reaction generated by
conductor with the thumb pointing in the direction of helical splines. In moving forward, the ring gear pushes
current flow (positive to negative), and the fingers will two operating rods through the reduction gear nose.
point in the direction of the flow of magnetic flux from
ring grooves - The grooves in the circumference of a
the north pole to the south pole.
piston into which the piston rings fit.
right-hand rule of electric generators - A method of
ringworms - A circular pattern of cracks in a brittle
determining the relative directions of current flow,
dope finish that results from a blunt object pressing
magnetic flux, and motion of a conductor when the
against the fabric.
conductor is passing through a magnetic field. The
right hand should be held with the thumb pointing rip panel - A fiee floating balloon's air dump panel that
vertically, the first finger pointing away, and the can be opened by pulling a rip-cord. Air is dumped for
second finger pointing to the left (the thumb and two landings or in the event of an emergency.
fingers will be at right angles to each other). The thumb
points in the direction the conductor is moving. The ripple - A small periodic variation in the voltage level
first finger points in the direction of the lines of of a direct current power supply.
magnetic flux (north pole to south pole), and the ripple filter - A filter consisting of capacitors or
second finger points in the direction of current flow inductors, or both, that attenuates the AC component in
(positive to negative) within the conductor. the output of a rectifier circuit. The ripple is the amount
right-hand thread - A thread that, when viewed of AC that remains on the DC.
axially, winds in a clockwise and receding direction. ripple frequency - The frequency of the ripple in DC
All threads are right-hand threads unless otherwise voltage when rectified from an AC current. A full-
designated. wave rectifier produces a ripple frequency of twice the
rigid airship - A dirigible that has a rigid framework input AC frequency while a half-wave rectifier
covered with cloth fabric and a cabin suspended produces a ripple frequency that is the same as the
underneath the frame that houses the crew and engines input frequency.
for driving it through the air. ripsaw - A saw with course teeth used for cutting
rigid rotor - In rotorcraft, a rotor system permitting lumber along the direction of its grain.
blades to feather but not flap or hunt. risk elements - How to assess risk is a skill that
rigid tubing - Fluid lines made of thin wall aluminum students need to learn to make effective decisions.
alloy, copper, or stainless steel used in an aircraft when When students are faced with making a decision
there is no relative movement between the ends of the regarding a flight, ask them to evaluate the status of the
tube. four risk elements: the pilot in command, the aircraft,
the environment, and the operation.
rigidity - The state of being rigid.

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 .
risk elements in ADM role model

risk elements in ADM - In aeronautical decision width of lONM to 30NM and an altitude range of 500
making the four elements considered are the pilot, feet to 10,000 feet AGL.
aircraft, environment, and type of operation.
robot - An automated mechanism built to do fbnctions
risk management - Part of the decision making ordinarily assigned
- to humans.
process. Situational awareness, problem recognition,
robotics - The research and development of technology
and good judgment are used to reduce risks.
that deals with the design, application, construction,
rivet - A small metal pin with a specially formed head and maintenance of automated mechanisms.
on one end used to fasten sheet metal together by
rock wool - A mineral wool made by blowing a jet of
upsetting the shank to form a clamping head.
steam through molten rock and used chiefly for heat
rivet cutter - A tool used to cut rivets to the required and sound insulation
length.
rocker arm - A pivoted arm, as in an aircraft
rivet gauge - The transverse pitch or distance between reciprocating engine, used to transfer pushrod motion
rows of rivets. to a valve stem.
rivet gun - A hand-held pneumatic riveting hammer rocker arm boss - That portion of the cylinder head of
used to vibrate aircraft rivets against a heavy bucking an aircraft engine that provides support for the rocker
bar to form the upset head. arm shaft.
rivet pitch - The distance between the center of rivet rocket - A device propelled by the high-velocity
holes in adjacent rows. Also referred to as rivet ejection of gases produced by internal ignition of solid
spacing. or liquid fuels.
rivet set - A tool that fits into a rivet gun used to rocket assisted takeoff - An auxiliary means of
hammer against the manufactured head of a rivet so the assisting an aircraft when taking off. The system
bucking bar can form the upset head on the opposite consists of small rockets fastened to the aft structure.
side of the skin. Also referred to as a rivet snap. When a heavily loaded aircraft rotates for takeoff, the
jets are fired. he added boost provides extra thrust
rivet spacing - The distance between the center of rivet
needed for takeoff. Once airborne the rockets are
holes in adjacent rows. Also referred to as rivet pitch.
jettisoned. Often abbreviated as JATO.
rivet squeezer - A heavy, tong-like clamping machine
rocket fuel - Any fuel specifically developed for rocket
used to squeeze the ends of a rivet to form an upset
engines.
head.
rocket ship - Any spacecraft that uses rocket engines
riveting burr - A small plain washer placed on a rivet
for propulsion.
before the rivet is upset. Provides a larger area of
contact on the part than would have been provided with rocketry - The study, theory, and development of
the rivet alone. rockets.
Rivnut - A patented, hollow, blind rivet manufactured rocking shaft - A shaft or rod in an instrument that
by the B.F Goodrich Company, in which the inside of oscillates or rocks upon its bearings, but does not
the shank is threaded. The upset rivet can be used as a revolve.
blind nut.
Rockwell hardness tester - A machine used to
RNAV approach - An instrument approach procedure determine the hardness of a material by using a
that relies on aircraft area navigation equipment for calibrated weight to press either a diamond pyramid or
navigational guidance. a hardened steel ball into the material. A dial indicator
measures the depth of penetration and specifies it with
RNAV DP - A departure procedure developed for
a Rockwell number.
RNAV-equipped aircraft whose ground track is based
on satellite GDMEDME navigation systems. rods - The cells concentrated on the outside of the
foveal area of the eye that are sensitive to low light and
RNAV way point (WIP) - A predetermined
not to color.
geographical
- - - position used for route or instrument
approach definition or progress reporting purposes that roger - During communications, this indicates: I have
is defined relative to a VORTAC station position. received all of your last transmission. "Roger" should
not be used to answer a question requiring a yes or no
road reconnaissance - Military activity requiring
answer.
navigation
- along roads, railroads, and rivers.
Reconnaissance routelroute segments are seldom along role model - A person whose behavior in a particular
a straight line and normally require a lateral route role is imitated by others.

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 .
roll rotor streaming

roll - The motion of an aircraft about its longitudinal cylinders, crankcase, and propeller all rotated and the
axis. This motion is controlled by the ailerons. crankshaft remained stationary.
roll cloud - The dense and horizontal cloud band rotary solenoid - An electromagnet whose movable
occasionally found parallel to gust fronts. Also used to core is rotated by current through the coil.
describe the rotor clouds associated with mountain lee
rotary switch -A switch that consists of one or more
waves.
circular wafers, each with multiple contacts. A central
roll pin -A pressed-fit pin made of a roll of spring steel. shaft rotates a wiper from contact to contact, switching
The spring force tending to unroll the pin holds it tight connection from one circuit to another. When multiple
in the hole. wafers are stacked on the shaft, multiple circuits can be
selected simultaneously.
roll threading - Applying a thread to a bolt or screw by
rolling the piece between two grooved die plates, one rotating wing - The rotors of a helicopter.
of which is in motion, or between rotating grooved
rotation - The act of turning about an axis.
circular rolls.
rotational velocity - In rotorcraft, the component of
roller bearing - An antihiction bearing with hardened
relative wind produced by the rotation of the rotor
steel rollers between two hardened steel races.
blades.
rollout RVR - The RVR (Runway Visual Range)
rote learning - A basic level of learning where the
readout values obtained from RVR equipment located
student has the ability to repeat back something
nearest the rollout end of the runway.
learned, with no understanding or ability to apply what
root - The supporting base or structure, as in the wing was learned.
root, connected to the fuselage.
rotor - 1. The rotating
root mean square (RMS) - The value of direct current element in an
equivalent to an alternating current sine wave. The alternator. It is excited
value is 0.707 times the peak value of one alternation. by direct current, and
the interlacing fingers
rosette weld - A weld made through a small hole in a
on the faces of the
piece of steel tubing to weld an inner tube to the outer
rotor form the
tube to prevent relative movement. alternating north and
rosin -A light yellow-colored resin. Rosin remains after south poles. 2. The rotating blades of a helicopter. 3.
oil of turpentine has been distilled from the oleoresin of The portion of a turbine compressor that spins. 4.
pine trees. Either compressor or turbine. A rotating disk or drum
to which a series of blades is attached. 5. In
rosin core solder - A soft solder made chiefly of tin and meteorology, a turbulent circulation under mountain-
lead alloys used primarily for bonding copper, brass, wave crests, to the lee and parallel to the mountains
and coated iron. Rosin core solder is a hollow wire creating the wave. Glider pilots use the term rotor to
filled with rosin. During the soldering process the rosin describe any low-level turbulent flow associated with
serves to clean corrosion from the components being mountain waves.
soldered in order to make a sound bond.
rotor brake -A device used to stop the rotor blades of a
rosin joint - A soldered electrical connection in which rotorcraft on shutdown. This can be either a hydraulic
the rosin, not the solder, holds the connection. Rosin or mechanical mechanism.
joints are not considered to be airworthy connections.
rotor disc - The area within the tip path plane of a
rotary breather - A rotating set of vanes or a centrifuge helicopter's rotor. Also referred to as the disc area.
device through which oil laden air from the vent
subsystem Deaeration takes place and the oil is rotor disc area - In rotorcraft, the area swept by the
returned to the sump while the air exits back to the blades of the rotor. It is a circle with its center at the
atmosphere. hub and has a radius of one blade length.
rotary pick-off - A device attached to a rotating object rotor force - The force produced by the rotor in a
that generates a signal proportional to the amount of gyroplane. It is comprised of rotor lift and rotor drag.
rotation.
rotor streaming - In meteorology, a phenomenon that
rotary radial engine - An aircraft engine popular in occurs when the air flow at mountain levels can be
World War I, in which the propeller was attached to the sufficient for wave formation, but begins to decrease
crankcase and the pistons were attached to a crankshaft with altitude above the mountain. In this case, the air
mounted on the airframe. When the engine ran, the downstream of the mountain breaks up and becomes
turbulent, similar to rotor, with no lee waves above.
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 rotorcraft . runout check

rotorcraft - A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends route segment [ICAO] - A portion of a route to be
principally for its support in flight on the lift generated flown, as defined by two consecutive significant points
by one or more rotors. specified in a flight plan.
rotorcraft-load combination - The combination of a router - An electric machine that uses a high-speed,
rotorcraft and an external-load, including the external- rotary cutting tool. In aircraft maintenance, routers are
load attaching means. often used to remove damaged honeycomb core from a
bonded aircraft structure.
rotorcraft-load combinations - Class A, Class B, Class
C, and Class D rotorcraft-load combinations, as routine service items - The items in a progressive
follows: inspection that consists of a thorough check of the
Class A- one in which the external load cannot move aircraft, engines, appliances, components, and systems
freely, cannot be jettisoned, and does not extend below normally without disassembly.
the landing gear.
roving - A bundle of filaments that are twisted together
Class B- one in which the external load is jettisonable
for weaving into fabric.
and is lifted free of land or water during the rotorcraft
operation. rubber cement - An adhesive made from rubber that
Class C- one in which the external load is jettisonable has not gone through the vulcanization process but has
and remains in contact with land or water during the been dissolved in solvent.
rotorcraft operation.
Class D- one in which the external-load is other than a rudder - The vertically hinged control surface used to
Class A, B, or C and has been specifically approved by effect horizontal changes in course or rotate an aircraft
the Administrator for that operation. about its vertical axis. The pilot operates the rudder by
the movement of the foot pedals in the cockpit.
round fde - A steel tool that has a circular cross section
with hardened ridged surfaces, used for smoothing, rudder pedals - The foot-operated controls in an
grinding, or boring. Also referred to as a rattail file. airplane that move the rudder.

round head - A fastener with a semi-elliptical top ruddervator - A pair of control surfaces on the tail of
surface and a flat bearing surface. an aircraft arranged in the form of a "V." These
surfaces, when moved in the same direction vertically
round off - 1. To make an edge round as by filing. 2. In by the control wheel, serve as elevators. When moved
mathematics, to change a fraction to the closest whole in the same direction horizontally by the rudder pedals,
number. they serve as a rudder.
round-nose pliers - Pliers with round jaws. Used to rule - A straightedge usually with etched, calibrated,
form loops in wire and thin strips of sheet metal. dimensional markings.
route - A defined path, consisting of one or more rumble - A combustor noise caused by choking and
courses in a horizontal plane, which aircraft traverse unchoking of the turbine nozzle. Caused by improper
over the surface of the Earth. fie1 scheduling.
route minimum off-route altitude (route MORA) - run - 1. A defect in a painted surface caused by too
This is an altitude derived by Jeppesen. The Route much finish being applied. The material gathers and
MORA altitude provides reference point clearance attempts to flow off the surface. 2. To set something in
within 10 NM of the route centerline (regardless of the motion, such as running an engine.
route width) and end fixes. Route MORA values clear
run-in - The period of time an aircraft engine is
all reference points by 1000 feet in areas where the
highest reference points are 5000 feet MSL or lower. operated to seat the moving parts after an overhaul.
Route MORA values clear all reference points by 2000 running fit - A fit between moving parts that allows
feet in areas where the highest reference points are them to move freely.
5001 feet MSL or higher. When a Route MORA is
shown along a route as ''unknown,, it is due to runout - A term frequently used interchangeable with
incomplete or insufficient information. eccentricity but which normally refers to the amount
which the outside surface of one component moves
route segment - 1. A part of a route. Each end of that with respect to the outside surface of another
part is identified by: a. A continental or insular component. As such, it includes eccentricity, angularity
geographical location; or b. A point at which a definite and bow. The amount of runout is usually expressed in
radio fix can be established. 2. As used in Air Traffic terms of Total Indicator Reading- (TIR).
Control, a part of a route that can be defined by two
navigational fixes, two NAVAIDs, or a fix and a runout check -A dial indicator check for measuring the
NAVAID. plane of rotation of a rotor shaft or disc.

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runwav runwav safetv area

runway - A defined rectangular area on a land airport maintain runway heading," pilots are expected to fly or
prepared for the landing and takeoff run of aircraft maintain the heading that corresponds with the
along its length. Runways are normally numbered in extended centerline of the departure runway. Drift
relation to their magnetic direction rounded off to the correction shall not be applied; e.g., if the actual
nearest 10 degrees; e.g., Runway 1 (010°), and Runway magnetic heading of the runway centerline of Runway
25 (250"). 4 is 044", a heading of 044" should be flown..
runway centerline lighting - Flush centerline lights runway in uselactive runwaylduty runway - Any
spaced at 50-foot intervals beginning 75 feet from the runway or runways currently being used for takeoff or
landing threshold and extending to within 75 feet of the landing. When multiple runways are used, they are all
opposite
. -
end of the runway. considered active runways. In the metering sense, a
selectable adapted item that specifies the landing
runway condition reading - Numerical decelerometer
runway configuration or direction of traffic flow. The
readings relayed by air traffic controllers at USAF and
adapted optimum flight plan from each transition fix to
certain civil bases for use by the pilot in determining
the vertex is determined by the runway configuration
runway braking action. These readings are routinely
for arrival metering processing purposes.
relayed only to USAF and Air National Guard Aircraft.
runway incursion - Any occurrence at an airport
runway edge lights (ICAO) - Are provided for a
involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the
runway intended for use at night or for a precision
ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss
approach runway intended for use by day or night.
of separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to
Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing
takeoff, landing, or intending to land.
variable white, except that:
a. in the case o f ' a displaced threshold, the lights runway lights - Lights having a prescribed angle of
between the beginning of the runway and the displaced emission used to define the lateral limits of a runway.
threshold shall show red in the approach direction; and Runway lights are uniformly spaced at intervals of
b. a section of the lights 600m or one-third of the approximately 200 feet, and the intensity can be
runway. length,
- whichever is the less, at the remote end controlled or preset.
of the runway from the end at which the take-off run is
runway markings - 1. Basic marking - Markings on
started, may show yellow.
runways used for operations under visual flight rules
runway edge lights (USA) - Lights used to outline the consisting of centerline markings and runway direction
edges of runways during periods of darkness or numbers and, if required, letters. 2. Instrument marking
restricted visibility conditions. The light systems are - Markings on runways served by nonvisual
classified according to the intensity or brightness they navigation aids and intended for landings under
are capable of producing: they are the High Intensity instrument weather conditions, consisting of basic
Runway Lights (HIRL), Medium Intensity Runway marking plus threshold markings. 3. All-weather
Lights (MIRL), and the Low Intensity Runway Lights (precision instrument) marking -Marking on runways
(RL). The HIRL and MIRL systems have variable served by nonvisual precision approach aids and on
intensity controls, where the RLs normally have one runways having special operational requirements,
intensity setting. consisting of instrument markings plus landing zone
a. The runway edge lights are white, except on markings and side strips.
instrument runways amber replaces white on the last
runway overrun - In military aviation exclusively, a
2,000 feet or half of the runway length, whichever is
stabilized or paved area beyond the end of a runway, of
less, to form a caution zone for landings.
the same width as the runway plus shoulders, centered
b. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit red
on the extended runway centerline.
light toward the runway to indicate the end of runwav
to-a departing aircraft a i d emit green outward from thk runway profde descent - An instrument flight rules
runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft. (IFR) air traffic control arrival procedure to a runway
published for pilot use in graphic andlor textual form
runway end identifier lights - Two synchronized
and may be associated with a STAR. Runway Profile
flashing lights, one on each side of the runway
Descents provide routing and may depict crossing
threshold, which provide rapid and positive
altitudes, speed restrictions, and headings to be flown
identification of the approach end of a particular
from the enroute structure to the point where the pilot
runway.
will receive clearance for and execute an instrument
runway gradient - The average slope, measured in approach procedure. A Runway Profile Descent can
percent, between two ends or points on a runway. apply to more than one runway if so stated on the chart.
runway heading - The magnetic direction that runway safety area -A defined surface surrounding the
corresponds with the runway centerline extended, not runway prepared, or suitable, for reducing the risk of
the painted runway number. When cleared to "fly or damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot,
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 runway temperature rust

overshoot, or excursion from the runway. The the runway from the approach end. It is based on the
dimensions of the RSA vary and can be determined by sighting of either high intensity runway lights or on the
using the criteria contained within Advisory Circular visual contrast of other targets whichever yields the
15015300-13, Chapter 3. The design standards dictate greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to prevailing or
that the RSA shall be: runway visibility, is based on what a pilot in a moving
a. Cleared, graded, and have no potentially hazardous aircraft should see looking down the runway. RVR is
ruts, humps, depressions, or other surface variations; horizontal visual range, not slant visual range. It is
b. Drained by grading or storm sewers to prevent based on the measurement of a transmissometer made
water accumulation; near the touchdown point of the instrument runway and
c. Capable, under dry conditions, of supporting snow is reported in hundreds of feet. RVR is used in lieu of
removal equipment, aircraft rescue and fire fighting R W and/or prevailing visibility in determining
equipment, and the occasional passage of aircraft minimums for a particular runway.
without causing structural damage to the aircraft; and, a. Touchdown RVR - The RVR visibility readout
d. Free of objects, except for objects that need to be values obtained from RVR equipment serving the
located in the runway safety area because of their runway touchdown zone.
function. These objects shall be constructed on low b. Mid RVR - The RVR readout values obtained
impact resistant supports (frangible mounted from RVR equipment located midfield of the runway.
structures) to the lowest practical height with the c. Rollout RVR - The RVR readout values obtained
frangible point no higher than 3 inches above grade. from RVR equipment located nearest the rollout end of
the runway.
runway temperature - The air temperature
immediately above a runway at approximately wing runway visual range (RVR) - An instrumentally
level. derived horizontal distance a pilot should see down the
runway from the approach end; based on the sighting
runway use program - A noise abatement runway
of high intensity runway lights.
selection plan designed to enhance noise abatement
efforts with regard to airport communities for arriving rust -A reddish brown, crusty coating of hydrated ferric
and departing aircraft. These plans are developed into oxide that forms on iron and iron-containing materials
runway use programs and apply to all turbojet aircraft when the material is exposed to moist air.
12,500 pounds or heavier; turbojet aircraft less than
12,500 pounds are included only if the airport
proprietor determines that the aircraft creates a noise
problem. Runway use programs are coordinated with
FAA offices, and safety criteria used in these programs
are developed by the Office of Flight Operations.
Runway use programs are administered by the Air
Traffic Service as "Formal" or "Informal" programs.
a. Formal Runway Use Program - An approved
noise abatement program defined and acknowledged in
a Letter of Understanding between Flight Operations,
Air Traffic Service, the airport proprietor, and the
users. Once established, participation in the program is
mandatory for aircraft operators and pilots as provided
for in FAR 91.129.
b. Informal Runway Use Program - An approved
noise abatement program that does not require a Letter
of Understanding, and participation in the program is
voluntary for aircraft operatorslpilots.
runway visibility value (RW) - The visibility
determined for a particular runway by a
transmissometer. A meter provides a continuous
indication of the visibility (reported in miles or
fractions of miles) for the runway. RVV is used in lieu
of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a
particular runway.
runway visual range (RVR) - An instrumentally
derived value, based on standard calibrations, that
represents the horizontal distance a pilot will see down
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 -
S sand casting

can occur in the event that the spark plug lead is

disconnected from the spark plug.
S.A.E. - Society of Automotive Engineers. safety glass - A glass that does not leave potentially
dangerous jagged fragments when it is broken. Some
saber saw - A hand-held, electrically operated jigsaw safety glass is laminated with a tough plastic
that uses a short, stiff blade. It operates using membrane between layers of glass, while others consist
reciprocating motion. of tempered glass.
sacrificial corrosion - A method of corrosion protection safety needs - A level of Maslow's Hierarchy of human
in which a surface is plated with a metal less noble than needs, which includes protection against danger,
itself. Any corrosion will attack the plating rather than threats, and deprivation.
the base metal.
safety program manager - An FAA employee who
saddle-mount oil tank - An externally mounted sheet designs, implements, and evaluates the Aviation Safety
metal tank with a contour, which allows the tank to Program within the FAA Flight Standards District
mount around the curvature of a turbine engine Office (FSDO) area of responsibility.
compressor case.
safety valve - A relief valve that opens to relieve
safety alert - A safety alert issued by ATC to aircraft pressure in a container if the pressure rises above a
under their control if ATC is aware the aircraft is at an predetermined value.
altitude that, in the controller's judgment, places the
aircraft in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or safety wire - Soft wire made of galvanized low-carbon
other aircraft. The controller can discontinue the steel, annealed stainless steel, or brass, used to prevent
issuance of further alerts if the pilot advises he is nuts and bolts from vibrating loose.
taking action to correct the situation or has the other safety wiring - A method of fastening bolts or
aircraft in sight. screw-heads together with soft wire to help prevent
a. Terraidobstruction Alert - A safety alert issued loosening.
by ATC to aircraft under their control if ATC is aware
the aircraft is at an altitude that, in the controller's safetying - Installing a device in order to help prevent
judgment, places the aircraft in unsafe proximity to an attachment from loosening.
terraidobstructions; e.g., "Low Altitude Alert, check sail back - A maneuver during high wind conditions
your altitude immediately." (usually with power off) where float plane movement
b. Aircraft Conflict Alert - A safety alert issued by is controlled by water rudders, opening and closing
ATC to aircraft under their control if ATC is aware of cabin doors, etc.
an aircraft that is not under their control at an altitude
that, in the controller's judgment, places both aircraft sailplane - A high performance glider.
in unsafe proximity to each other. With the alert, ATC sal ammoniac -Ammonium chloride.
will offer the vilot an alternate course of action when
feasible; e.g., "Traffic Alert, advise you turn right salient pole - The field pole of a motor or generator that
heading zero niner zero or climb to eight thousand extends out from the field frame toward the armature.
immediately."
salt - The result of the combination of an alkali with an
The issuance of a safety alert is contingent upon the
acid. Salts are generally porous and powdery in
capability of the controller to have an awareness of an appearance and are the visible evidence of corrosion in
unsafe condition. The course of action provided will be
a metal.
predicated on other traffic under ATC control. Once
the alert is issued, it is solely the pilot's prerogative to samarium - A metallic element with a symbol of Sm
determine what course of action, if any, he will take. and an atomic number of 62.
safety belt - A belt designed specifically to fasten a same direction aircraft - Aircraft are operating in the
person to an object such as an aircraft seat to prevent same direction when:
injury or falling. a. They are following the same track in the same
direction; or
safety factor A structural design feature. Safety factor
-
b. Their tracks are parallel and the aircraft are flying
is the ratio of the maximum load a structural member is
in the same direction; or
designed 'Ompared to the c. Their tracks intersect at an angle of less than 45
probable load to which it will be subjected.
degrees.
safety gap - A specifically designed space in a
sand casting - A casting in which the mold is made by
high-tension magneto that allows a spark to jump
shaping special casting sand around a pattern. The
without damaging the magneto's internal parts. This
pattern is removed, and molten metal is poured into the

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 sandbag. scavenge

mold. When the molten metal has hardened, the mold transistor or vacuum tube has been reached. The
is broken away. application of additional current to the base or gate has
no effect on the output.
sandbag - A heavy canvas or leather bag filled with
coarse sand. It is used as a surface to form sheet metal sawtooth wave - The waveform produced by a
by the bumping process. A bag filled with lead shot is relaxation oscillator in which the voltage rises slowly
referred to as a shot bag. and drops rapidly.
sanding coat - A coat of surfacer or heavy bodied say again - Used to request a repeat of the last
material that is applied to a material and then sanded transmission. Usually specifies transmission or portion
off to fill small surface imperfections resulting in a thereof not understood or received; e.g., "Say again all
smoother surface for subsequent coats. after ABRAM VOR."
sandpaper - An abrasive paper made by bonding grains say altitude - Used by ATC to ascertain an aircraft's
of sand to the surface. specific altitudelflight level. When the aircraft is
ciimbing or descenhing, the pilot should state the
sandwich construction -A bonded structure in which a
indicated altitude rounded to the nearest 100 feet.
core of material is inserted between two face sheets of
metal or fiberglass cloth. Core materials include say heading - Used by ATC to request an aircraft
metallic or plastic honeycomb and end-grain balsa heading. The pilot should state the actual heading of
wood. Sandwich construction is used when high the aircraft.
strength, light weight materials are required.
Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) Viscosimeter - A
sandwich structure - In composites, a thick, low device that measures the viscosity of lubricating oils by
density, core (Usually foam or honeycomb) between giving the time in seconds it takes for 60 cu. cm of oil
thin faces of high strength material. to flow through its calibrating orifice. Aviation 80
engine oil has an SSU viscosity of 79.2, and Aviation
satellite - A man-made object that rotates around the
100 oil has an SSU viscosity of 103.0.
Earth. A small object that rotates around a larger
object. S-band radar - Radar frequency range between 1,550
and 5,200 MHz.
saturate - A material that is thoroughly soaked, or
penetrated, to the extent that it cannot absorb any more scalar - A variable that only has magnitude such as
liquid. temperature and pressure compared to vector.
saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR) - The rate of scale - 1. A graduated measure. 2. An oxide of iron
decrease of temperature with height as saturated air is sometimes formed on the surfaces of hot forged
lifted with no -
gain or loss of heat from outside sources. fasteners.
the adiabatic lapse rate (DALR), the SALR
seale eneel The change in any force coefficient such
is not a constant numerical value but varies with
as the drag coefficient due to a change in the value of
temperature, being greatest at low temperatures.
Reynold's number.
saturated adiabatic process - The rate at which
scale model - A smaller version of the original model
saturated air cools as it ascends. It is less than the dry
made in the same proportions.
adiabatic lapse rate because adiabatic cooling is offset
partially byAtherelease of latent heat. The difference is scalene triangle - A three-sided form in which all sides
larger at higher temperatures. and angles are unequal.
saturated air - Air containing the maximum amount of scales of circulations - The typical horizontal
water vapor it can hold at a given temperature (100% dimension size and lifetime of an individual
relative humidity). circulation. See also macroscale, mesoscale, and
microscale.
saturated vapor - The vapor state above a liquid in
which no further vaporization can take place without scarf joint - A joint used for the construction or repair
an increase in temperature. of a wooden aircraft or component. The two parts to be
joined are cut with a shallow taper and glued together.
saturated vapor pressure - The partial pressure of
water vapor at saturation. scarf patch -A flush repair to plywood skins where the
slope must be shallower than 1 in 12, or about 12 times
saturation - A state of equilibrium where the same
the thickness of the plywood.
amount of molecules are leaving a water surface as are
returning and the vapor pressures are balanced. scavenge - To remove an undesirable material from an
area.
saturation current - In electronics, the condition where
the maximum amount of current able to flow in a
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scavenger pump .sea lane

scavenger pump - A constant displacement pump in an screen - A frame covered with a netting or mesh
engine that picks up oil after it has passed through the material used to cover an opening to prevent the entry
engine and returns it to the oil reservoir. of foreign objects.
scheduled maintenance - The inspection and screen grid - The electrode in a four-element vacuum
replacement of components that are planned in advance tube used to minimize the interelectrode capacitance
on a day, month, or operating hour basis. between the plate and the control grid.
schematic diagram - A graphical presentation used to screen-type frlter - A fluid filter with an element that
explain the operation of a system without showing its consists of a wire screen.
mechanical details or physical layout. Also referred to
screw dowel - A dowel pin provided with a straight or
as a schematic drawing.
tapered thread for threading into a material.
schematic drawing - A graphical presentation or
screw pitch gauge - A gauge with a series of V-notches
diagram used to explain the operation of a system
cut along one edge. Used to check the number of
without showing its mechanical details or physical
threads, or pitch, of a screw or bolt.
layout. Also referred to as a schematic diagram.
screwdriver -A hand tool used for turning screws.
scientific notation - In mathematics, a form of
shorthand. Numbers are displayed by using powers of scriber - A hardened steel or carbide-tipped, pointed
ten to indicate very large or very small numbers. For tool used to scratch lines on metal for cutting.
example, 4,000,000 would be written as 4 X lo6 and
0.000004 would be written as 4 X scribing - The process of marking a line on metal with
the use of a scriber.
Scintilla magneto - A Swiss-designed and built
magneto. It is the forerunner of the current Bendix scroll combustor - Used widely on auxiliary power
units in conjunction with a radial inflow turbine, a
magneto.
scroll combustor fits around the turbine nozzle that has
scoop - An air inlet that projects beyond the immediate vane openings at its inner perimeter. The vanes direct
surface of an aircraft structure. the gases inward onto the turbine.
scope - 1. A contraction of oscilloscope. 2. Extent and scroll shear - A floor- or bench-mounted sheet metal
detail of an inspection or repair. cutting tool used to cut irregular lines in a piece of
sheet metal without having to cut to the edge of the
score -A deep scratch mark or line made across a piece
sheet.
of material making it possible to break the material
along the line. scud - Small patches of low clouds that usually form
below heavier overcast clouds.
scoring - Deep scratches on the surface of a material
caused by foreign particles between moving parts. scuffing surface - A dulling or moderate wear of a
surface resulting from a slight amount of rubbing.
scraper ring - The bottom ring on a piston whose
Usually caused by improper clearance and insufficient
function is to scrape the lubricating oil away from the
lubrication. Parts affected are rollers, rings, and steel
cylinder wall. This prevents oil from getting into the
combustion chamber of the cylinder. parts bolted together.
scupper - A recess around the filler neck of a h e 1 tank.
scratching surface - Narrow, sharp, shallow markings
It collects any fuel spilled during the fueling operation
or lines resulting from the movement of a particle or
and drains it overboard rather than allowing it to enter
sharp pointed object across a surface. The most
the aircraft structure.
common cause is carelessness in handling and any part
can be so affected. Note: To distinguish it from sea anchor -An apparatus towed in the water to retard a
scoring, scratching is not considered to be caused by ship's drift and to keep the vessel facing into the wind.
engine operation.
sea breeze - A coastal breeze blowing from sea to land.
screech liner - A perforated liner within an afterburner, It occurs in the daytime when the land surface is
designed to combat destructive vibrations that cause warmer than the sea surface.
metal fatigue and noise emissions.
sea breeze front - The boundary between the cool,
screeching - A shrill, high-pitch noise that comes from inflowing marine air in the sea breeze and the warmer
a gas turbine engine caused by the instability of air over land.
combustion in the engine.
sea lane - A designated portion of water outlined by
screeding tool - A tool used to smooth out or level visual surface markers for and intended to be used by
plastic resins used in bonded structure manufacturing aircraft designed to operate on water.
or repair.
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 sea level second-class lever

sea level - A reference height used to determine second in command --A pilot who is designated to be
standard atmospheric conditions and altitude second in command of an aircraft during flight time.
measurements.
secondary - Something at a second level of importance,
sea level engine - A reciprocating aircraft engine having rank or value.
a rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea
level. secondary air - That portion of compressor output air
used for cooling engine parts and combustion gases.
sea level pressure - The atmospheric pressure at mean
secondary airstream - The air that passes through the
sea level.
fan portion of a turbofan engine.
sea smoke - Steam fog, evaporation fog.
secondary cell - A storage cell or an electrical device in
seal - A component or material used to prevent fluid which electrical energy is converted into chemical
leakage between two surfaces. energy and stored until needed then converted back
into electrical energy. Secondary cells do not produce
sealant - A material used to form a seal between
electricity; they merely store it.
surfaces. Sealants differ from gaskets in that they are
usually liquid or semi-solid. secondary coil - The secondary winding of a
transformer.
sealed compartments -The compartments in an aircraft
structure that are sealed off and used as fuel tanks. secondary control surfaces - Control surfaces, such as
trim tabs, servo tabs, and spring tabs, that reduce the
seam welding - A method of electrical resistance
force required to actuate the primary controls.
welding that forms a continuous line of weld instead of
individual spots. See also spot welding. secondary current - The current that flows in the
secondary winding of a transformer. Secondary current
seaplane - An airplane designed to land and take off
is induced in the secondary winding of a coil by the
from the surface of water.
collapse of the primary coil circuit current.
search and rescue - A service that seeks missing
secondary emission - In electron tubes, the emission of
aircraft and assists those found to be in need of
electrons from a surface when struck by high-velocity
assistance. It is a cooperative effort using the facilities
electrons from the cathode.
and services of available Federal, state and local
agencies. The U.S. Coast Guard is responsible for secondary exhaust nozzle - On a turbofan, the cold
coordination of search and rescue for the Maritime exhaust fan nozzle. On an afterburner, the aft or outer
Region, and the U.S. Air Force is responsible for exhaust nozzle. In this instance, it is made up of
search and rescue for the Inland Region. Information moveable flaps that change the geometry of the nozzle
pertinent to search and rescue should be passed through in different modes of engine operation.
any air traffic facility or be transmitted directly to the
secondary fuel - Refers to the duplex fuel nozzle and
Rescue Coordination Center by telephone.
the fuel that flows at higher power settings from the
search and rescue facility - A facility responsible for secondary orifice. Also referred to as the main fuel.
maintaining and operating a search and rescue (SAR)
secondary stall - A demonstration that a flight
service to render aid to persons and property in
instructor shows a student pilot. It is normally caused
distress. It is any SAR unit, station, NET, or other
by poor stall recovery technique, such as attempting to
operational activity that can be usefully employed
climb prior to attaining sufficient flying speed. A
during an SAR Mission; e.g., a Civil Air Patrol Wing,
secondary stall can occur as a result of increasing angle
or a Coast Guard Station.
of attack beyond the critical angle during recovery
search engine - Software that reviews a database to find from a preceding stall.
and display information. Used to find information on
secondary structure - In aircraft and aerospace
the Internet.
applications, a structure that is not critical to flight
seasoned lumber - Lumber that has been dried or had safety.
its moisture content reduced to a specified amount.
secondary voltage - The voltage in a circuit produced
seat -A place or space on which something sits. across the secondary winding of a transformer.
seat belt - A belt designed specifically to fasten a secondary winding -Output winding of a transformer.
person to an object such as an aircraft seat to prevent
second-class lever - A lever commonly used to help in
injury or falling.
overcoming - larger
- resistance with relatively small
seated - A condition in which moving parts have worn effort. The second-class lever has the fulcrum at one
together until they are fitted together and a minimum of end while the effort is applied at the other end. The
leakage exists between them.
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 .
section line selected ground delays

resistance is somewhere between these points. A around the periphery of a circle that indicate pattern
wheelbarrow is an example of a second-class lever. direction on various runways. Often includes a
tetrahedron or wind sock in the center to indicate wind
section line - The crosshatching used in a cutaway
direction.
section of an aircraft drawing to identify a type of
material. segmented rotor brake - A heavy-duty - - multiple disc
brake used on large, high speed aircraft. stators are
Sectional Aeronautical Chart - Chart designed for
keyed to the axle and contain high-temperature lining
visual navigation of slow or medium speed aircraft.
material. The rotors, keyed into the wheel, are made in
Topographic information on these charts features the
segments to allow for cooling and the large amounts of
portrayal of relief, and a judicious selection of visual
expansion encountered.
check points for VFR flight. Aeronautical information
includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, segments of an instrument approach procedure - An
controlled airspace, restricted areas, obstructions, and instrument approach procedure can have as many as
related data. Each chart covers 6" to 8' of longitude four separate segments depending on how the approach
and approximately 4" of latitude. With a scale of procedure is structured.
1:500,000 the resolution of terrain features is very ICAO
good. Also refereed to as a sectional chart. a. Initial Approach That segment of an instrument
-

approach procedure between the initial approach fix

sectional view - Drawing details obtained by cutting
and the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable,
away part of an object to show the shape and
the final approach fix or point.
construction of the object at the cutting line.
b. Intermediate Approach - That segment of an
sectioning - Marking a drawing by suitable instrument approach procedure between either the
crosshatching or other symbols to indicate the material intermediate approach fix and the final approach fix or
in the cutaway view of a part. point, or between the end of a reversal, race track or
dead reckoning track procedure and the final approach
sector - A part of a circle bounded by any two radii and fix or point, as appropriate.
the arc included between the two radii. c. Final Approach That segment of an instrument
-

sector gear - A portion of a gear that appears to have approach procedure in which alignment and descent for
been purposely cut from a whole gear wheel. It consists landing are accomplished.
of the hub as a pivot point and a portion of the rim with d. Missed Approach Procedure - The procedure to be
the teeth. Sector gears generally drive a smaller pinion followed if the approach cannot be continued.
gear for small angular movements.
USA
sector list drop interval - A parameter number of a. Initial Approach - The segment between the initial
minutes after the meter fix time when arrival aircraft approach fix and the intermediate fix or the point
will be deleted from the amval sector list. where the aircraft is established on the intermediate
course or final course.
sector visibility - Meteorological visibility within a b. Approach - The segment between the
specified sector of the horizon circle. intermediate fix or point and the final approach fix.
securing strap - A strap used to secure an oil or fuel c. Final ro roach - The segment between the final

tank to the airframe or engine.

- approach fix or point and the runway, ai~portor missed
approach point.
sediment - Any matter that settles to the bottom of a d, ~ i ~~~~~~~h
~ ~ ~h~ ~ segmentd beheen the
liquid or container.
.
missed amroach ~ o i n t .or ~ o i n of
t arrival at decision
see and avoid - When weather conditions permit, pilots height, and the missed approach fix at the prescribed
operating IFR or VFR are required to observe and altitude.
maneuver to avoid other aircraft. Right-of-way rules seize - Equipment failure in which moving parts fuse or
are contained in FAR 9 1. bind because of friction, pressure, or excessive
seesaw rotor -A term used for a semi-rigid rotor. temperature.
seesaw rotor system - A rotor system using a semi- SELCAL - A contraction of selective calling referring
rigid rotor to an automatic signaling system used in aircraft to
notify a particular aircraft of an incoming call.
segment - A division or a section. A part of a figure.
selected ground delays - A traffic management
segmented circle - An on- procedure whereby selected flights are issued ground
ground visual indicator delays to better regulate traffic flows over a particular
that provides traffic pattern fix or area.
information. It consists of
"L" shaped indicators
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 .
selection-type test items semi-monocoque

selection-type test items - Questions where the student residual magnetism, it would be impossible to start a
chooses from two or more alternatives provided. True- self-excited generator once stopped.
false, matching, and multiple-choice type questions are
self-extinguishing - The ability of a material to
examples of selection-type test items.
automatically stop burning as soon as the outside
selective call system (SELCAL) - A system that source of the flame is remo;ed.
permits the selective calling of individual aircraft over
self-fulfdment needs - Occupy the highest level of
radiotelephone channels linking a ground station with
Maslow's pyramid. They include realizing one's own
the aircraft.
potential for continued development, and for being
selective plating - A process of electroplating only a creative in the broadest sense. Maslow included
section of a metal part. various cognitive and aesthetic goals in this echelon.
selectivity - The ability to select or choose from among self-healing capacitor - In electronics, an electrolytic
several choices. capacitor that restores the dielectric film if it is
damaged by over-voltage.
selector switch - A multi-pole switch that takes the
place of several switches. It is used to connect a single self-induction - The generation of back voltage in a
conductor to one of several other conductors. conductor. This occurs when lines of flux created by
the AC current in the conductor alternately expand and
selector valve - A hydraulic flow control valve that
contract across the conductor. The moving lines of flux
directs hydraulic pressure to one side of an actuator and
create a back voltage opposite in direction to the
connects the other side to the system return line.
original voltage.
selenium - A chemical element in the sulfur family with
self-launch glider - A glider equipped with an engine,
a symbol of Se and an atomic number of 34. Used in
allowing it to be launched under its own power. When
photoelectric devices because it changes its
the engine is shut down, a self-launch glider displays
conductivity with a change in temperature.
the same characteristics as a non-powered glider.
selenium rectifier - A rectifier using laminated plates of
self-locking nut -A nut designed with a built-in locking
metal, usually iron, that have been coated with
device that grips the threads of a bolt when the nut is
selenium on one side. It is designed to develop a
tightened. This prevents the nut from loosening
unidirectional current-carrying characteristic. The flow
because of vibration. Locking devices can be fiber or
of electrons from the conductive metal to the selenium
non-fiber depending on their intended purpose.
occurs more readily than the flow in the opposite..
direction. self-tapping screw - A wood or metal screw that cuts its
own threads as it is screwed into sheet metal or wood.
self concept -A perception factor that ties together how
people feel about themselves with how well they will Selsyn system - A DC-type of synchro remote indicator
receive further experiences. system.
self-accelerating - The ability of a turbine engine to selvage edge - A manufactured woven edge on fabric
produce enough
- power
. to accelerate. that runs the length of the fabric or in the warp
direction. It is removed for all fabrication and repair
self-aligning bearing - A rod end bearing consisting of
work.
a ball fitted into a socket that maintains alignment
between the operating control and the unit- being semi -A prefix meaning a half or part of something.
controlled.
semiautomatic operation -A device that is partially
self-centering- chuck - A drill motor chuck with automatic and partially manual in its operation.
interconnecting jaws. They move at the same time to
semi-cantilever -An externally braced wing.
hold a drill bit when loosening or tightening.
semicircular -In the form of a half circle.
self-concept -A perception factor that ties together how
people feel about themselves with how well they will semiconductor - An insulating material treated with
receive further experiences. certain impurities that add free electrons to act as
current carriers, carrying the flow of current in one
self-demagnetization - The process in which a magnet
direction and blocking it in the other.
loses its magnetism if allowed to sit for long periods
- -

without a keeper bar. semiconductor diodes - A semiconductor type of

electron check valve. A device that allows the flow of
self-excited generator - A generator whose field
electrons in one direction but not the opposite.
excitation is taken directly from the armature rather
than from an outside source. A self-excited DC semi-monocoque -A stressed-skin structure in which
generator depends on residual magnetism. Without the skin is supported by a lightweight framework to
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semirigid rotor serrations

provide extra rigidity. Most of the larger modem separator - 1. In composites, a permeable layer that
aircraft are of semi-monocoque construction. also acts as a release film. This could be in the form of
a peel ply or a porous Teflon@-coated fiberglass. Often
semirigid rotor - In rotorcraft, a rotor system in which
placed between lay-up and bleeder to facilitate the
the blades are fixed to the hub but are free to flap and
excess resin wicking into the bleeder. It is removed
feather.
from the laminate after cure. 2. In batteries, a porous
semispherical - In the shape of half a sphere. Dome- material that keeps the positive and negative plates
shaped. apart and prevents them from shorting.
sender - In a fuel quantity system, a measuring device sequence valve - A mechanically actuated hydraulic
located in a reservoir or fuel tank. The sender consists valve causing a sequential action of certain actuators.
of a float mounted on an arm that rides on the top of Wheel-well doors, for example, must open and contact
the liquid. The arm is free to float and is connected to a a sequence valve before the landing gear can extend.
variable resistor. Any change in the fluid level sends a
sequential logic devices - A digital memory device
signal to an indicator on the pilot's instrument panel
whose output depends not only on current input but on
showing the amount of fluid in the tank.
past inputs as well.
sense antenna - A non-directional radio antenna that
serial number - A number indicating placement within
picks up a signal with equal strength from all
a series and used as a means of identification.
directions.
serial operation - In computers, operations are
sensible heat - Heat added to a substance that causes a
conducted one at a time rather than several operations
change in the temperature without changing the
occurring simultaneously (parallel operation).
substance's physical condition. Can be felt and
measured. opposite of latent heat
- -
serialists - A learning style that starts with the
components and pieces them together to understand the
sensitive altimeter - A pneumatic altimeter in which a
whole. Serialists prefer to start at the beginning and
pointer makes a complete revolution every thousand
examine the material in order.
feet. It also has an ad-justablebarometric scale allowing-
it to be adjusted to the existing barometric pressure. series circuit - A circuit allowing only one path for
electron flow from the source through the load back to
sensitive relays - A relay that operates
the source.
electromagnetically with very small current. When the
relay closes it controls a larger current to operate other series ohmmeter - An ohmmeter circuit where
devices. resistance is measured by determining the amount of
current flow through the unknown resistor by placing a
sensitivity - A measure of the ability of something to be known voltage in series with the meter and the
sensitive or responsive to very small changes in
unknown resistor.
external conditions.
series resonant circuit - An AC circuit that has a
sensitized paper - Chemically treated paper used for
capacitor and an inductor connected in series. The
making photographic prints of drawings.
cavacitive reactance and the inductive reactance are
sensor - A device used to actuate signal-producing equal at the specific frequency of the circuit.
devices in response to changes in physical conditions.
series RLC circuit - An AC circuit where resistance,
sensory register -That portion of the brain that receives capacitance, and inductance are arranged so that all
inuut from the five senses. The individual's - all three elements.
current must flow through
preconceived concept of what is important will
series wound generator - A generator where the field
determine how much priority the register will give in
and armature are connected in series.
passing the information on to the rest of the brain for
action. series-parallel circuit - A circuit consisting of groups
- - A

of parallel components connected in series with other

separation - 1. Phenomenon occurring when a moving
components.
stream of fluid flowing past a body separates from the
surface of that body. 2. Spacing between aircraft, levels series-wound motor - An electric motor with
or tracks. electromagnetic field coils connected in series with the
armature. Series-wound motors are used as starter
separation minima - The minimum longitudinal,
motors because of their high starting torque.
lateral, or vertical distances by which aircraft are
spaced through the application of air traffic control serrations - A formation resembling the teeth along the
procedures. cutting edge of a saw.

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 .
service severe weather forecast alerts

service - A generic term that designates functions or direction of the control and aids the pilot in moving the
assistance available from or rendered by air traffic control.
control. For example, Class C service would denote the
servomechanism - Automatic device controlling large
ATC services provided within a Class C airspace area.
amounts of power using small inputs. A feedback
service bulletin - Information issued by the system allows it to produce only the required amount
manufacturer of an aircraft, aircraft engine, or of control.
component that detail maintenance procedures to
servomotor -A motor that receives a signal due to the
enhance safety or improve performance of the product.
action of the control system causing a mechanical
service capacity - A measurement of the amount of movement of a primary control. Servomotors have the
electrical energy that can be obtained from a chemical ability to move in either direction when the current of
cell. Measured under controlled conditions and given the correct polarity is sent to the servomotor.
in ampere-hours.
servo-type carburetor - A carburetor using pressure
service ceiling - The height above standard sea level drops across a servo metering jet to control the amount
beyond which an airplane can no longer climb more of metered fuel. It is proportional to the amount of air
than 100 feet per minute. allowed to flow to the cylinders.
service life - The expected length of time a unit, part, sesquiplane - A biplane where the area of one of the
component, or piece of equipment is expected to wings is less than one half the area of the other. The
operate satisfactorily. smaller wing is usually the lower wing.
service manual - A manual issued by the manufacturer set screw - A small headless screw used to secure a
of an aircraft, aircraft engine, or component and wheel, pulley, or knob onto a shaft.
approved by the FAA. It describes the approved
setback - The distance
methods of servicing and repairing the component.
between the mold line and
serviceable - Equipment or parts in a condition that the bend tangent line on a
allows them to be returned to operational status on an sheet metal layout. For
aircraft. 90" bends, setback is
equal to the inside radius
servicing diagram - Information furnished by the
of the bend plus the
manufacturer of an aircraft showing the proper access
thickness of the metal
to all of the items or components requiring servicing.
being bent.
servo - A motor or other form of actuator, that after settling with power - In helicopters, a transient
receiving a small signal from the control device, exerts
condition of downward flight (descending through air
a large force to accomplish the desired work.
that has just been accelerated downward by the rotor)
servo altimeter - An altimeter where the aneroid during which an appreciable portion of the main rotor
mechanism moves a rotary pick-off. Its signal is system is being forced to operate at angles of attack
amplified to drive a servomotor moving the drums and above maximum. Blade stall starts near the hub and
pointers. progresses outward as the rate of descent increases.
servo brake - A self-energizing drum brake that severe thunderstorm - A thunderstorm having a much
increases braking action above that which would be greater intensity, larger size, and longer lifetime than
applied without any assistance. an airmass thunderstorm. Associated weather includes
wind gusts of 50 knots or more, andlor hail three-
servo fuel -An intermediate metered fuel in the Bendix quarters of an inch diameter or larger andfor strong
RS fuel injection system controlling the opening of the tornadoes.
flow control valve based on the airflow into the engine.
severe weather avoidance plan - An approved plan to
servo loop - An automatic control system that sends a minimize the effect of severe weather on traffic flows
signal to a servomotor to move a control device. The in impacted terminal and/or ARTCC areas. SWAP is
loop signal to a servomotor stops the servomotor when normally implemented to provide the least disruption to
the control is moved the appropriate amount. the ATC system when flight through portions of
servo system - An automatic control system that senses airspace is difficult or impossible due to severe
changes in movement such as lowering the flaps. It weather.
sends a feedback signal to the control motor to stop severe weather forecast alerts - Preliminary messages
moving the flaps when the correct position is obtained. issued in order to alert users that a Severe Weather
servo tab - An adjustable tab attached to the trailing Watch Bulletin (WW) is being issued. These messages
edge of a control surface. The tab moves opposite the define areas of possible severe thunderstorms or
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sewed seam. sheet metal drawing

tornado activity. The messages are unscheduled and shaping - A primary method of teaching that involves
issued as required by the National Severe Storm the use of carefully designed stimuli and the correct
Forecast Center at Kansas City, Missouri. reinforcers for appropriate behavior. An instructor
should decide what behavior is desired fiom the
sewed seam - A seam in aircraft fabric made with a
students. Each time they demonstrate the correct
series of stitches joining two or more pieces of
behavior, provide positive reinforcement to help shape
material.
or develop this behavior.
sewed-in panel repair - A repair to fabric aircraft
shaving - A cutting operation in which thin layers of
covering with a panel extending from the leading edge
material are removed from the outer surfaces of the
to the trailing edge and from rib to rib sewn in place.
product.
All of the seams are suitably reinforced with surface
tape. shear -A stress exerted on a material that tends to slide
it apart.
sewed-patch repair - A repair to aircraft fabric
covering where a patch is sewed into place and the shear failure - The failure of a riveted or bolted joint
seams are covered with surface tape. caused by the rivets shearing rather than the sheet
tearing.
sextant - An instrument used to measure the angular
distance between the horizon and a navigational star to shear nut - A thin nut used on clevis bolts to prevent
determine geographic position or location. the bolt from falling out. Shear nuts are only suitable
for use in shear applications and must never be used in
Seyboth fabric tester - A patented, hand-operated
tensile applications.
precision device for testing the relative strength of
installed aircraft fabric. It measures the amount of force shear pin - A specially designed pin used in the drive
required to punch a hole in the fabric with a specially shaft of engine driven pumps to protect the accessory
shaped punch. drive train if the pump should seize.
S-glass - In composites, the S stands for structural shear point - An intentionally weakened point on a
fiberglass. This type of fiberglass is for much of the shafi such as in a dual element fuel pump. The shear
structural use in advanced composite structures. A point is designed to break away if one element
magnesium aluminosilicate composition that is becomes jammed and leaves the other element still
especially designed to provide very high tensile functioning.
strength glass filaments.
shear section - A narrow portion of a drive coupling
shaded-pole motor - A low-torque AC induction motor. designed to shear in case of pump seizure and prevent
The rotating field is provided by the inductive action of damage to either the pump or to the engine.
shaded poles on diametrically opposed pole pieces.
shear strength - The amount of force required to shear
shaft horsepower (SHP) - Turboshaft engines are rated a pin, bolt, or rivet.
in shaft horsepower and calculated by use of a
shear stress - Stress exerted on a material that tends to
dynamometer device. Shaft horsepower is exhaust
slide it apart.
thrust converted to a rotating- shaft.
shear wave - A wave in which the particles vibrate at
shaft runout - An inspection performed on a rotating
right angles to the direction of the wave. Also referred
shaft or component to determine the straightness of the
to as a transverse wave.
item.
shearing gravity waves - Short atmospheric gravity
shaft turbine - A turbine engine used to drive an output
wave disturbances that develop on the edges of stable
shaft commonly used in helicopters.
lavers in the presence of vertical shears. Wave
shall - As related to aircraft maintennace, means that the amplitudes can grow and overturn causing turbulence.
item is required, by the FAA, to be accomplished.
shears - A cutting tool similar to scissors used to cut
shank - A straight, sheet metal.
narrow, essential part --
sheave - A wheel with a grooved center used as a
of a rotating body. 4 pulley.
An example would
be the of a twist drill beyond the flutes. (portion sheet m e t a l Metal of any thickness up to '14'1Metal of
held by the drill chuck.) a greater thickness is referred to as metal plate.
shank of a drill - The part of the body of the twist drill sheet metal drawing - A forming process where sheet
that is round and smooth, not including the tip and metal is pressed between dies to form the desired
flutes. The portion secured in the chuck of the drill compound-curved shape.
motor.
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 sheet metal layout short takeoff and landing aircraft

sheet metal layout - The pattern of a sheet metal part shock loading - Stress loading for an extremely short
before forming, cutting, or drilling. Patterns allow a duration.
great degree oiaccuracy in laying out the finished part.
shock mounted - Any device attached to the airframe
Sheet metal layout consists of flat layout, duplication
with shock mounts to minimize the transmission of
of patterns, or projection through a set of points.
vibration or shock from one unit into another.
shelf cloud - A cloud that indicates the rising air over
shock mounts - A shock absorbing attachment used to
the gust front. Associated with the updraft of a
multicell thunderstorm it is 'located just above the gust mount an engine or instrument panel to an airframe to
minimize vibration.
front at low levels.
shock stall - Turbulent airflow on an airfoil that occurs
shelf life - The period of time a material can be stored
when the speed of sound is reached. The shock wave
and remain suitable for use. In composites, the time
span that a product will remain useful. This should be distorts aerodynamic airflow causing loss of lift and
stall.
listed on the label. Temperature during storage will
affect the shelf life. shock strut - An aircraft landing - -gear shock strut that
shell - The outer structure of an atom formed by the absorbs the initial landing impact by the transfer of oil
rotating electrons around the nucleus. from one chamber to another through a restricting
orifice. Taxi shocks are absorbed with comvressed air
shell-type transformer - A transformer encased in steel or by a spring.
containing the magnetic lines of flux.
shock wave -A compression wave formed when a body
shielded cable - An electrical conductor encased inside moves through the air at a speed greater than the speed
a braided metal shielding. The shielding intercepts of sound.
radiated electrical energy-and conducts it to
shop head -The upset head of an aircraft rivet.
rather than allowing it to cause radio interference.
shielded ignition cable -An electrical cable enclosed in shop head rivet - The head formed on a rivet when it is
driven.
a metal braid. Used to carry high voltage from the
distributor of the magneto to the spark plug. Its purpose Shore scleroscope - A hardness tester used for metal,
is to prevent radio interference caused by plastic, and rubber.
electromagnetic radiation.
short circuit - A path for electrons to flow from one
shielded spark plug - A spark plug completely encased electrical potential to another without completing a
in a steel shell. The radiated energy from the spark is usefbl circuit.
conducted to ground through the shielding and helps
prevent radio interference. short range clearance - A clearance issued to a
departing IFR flight that authorizes IFR flight to a
shielded-arc welding - A method of gas welding in specific fix short of the destination while air traffic
which an inert gas such as argon, helium, or carbon- control facilities are coordinating and obtaining the
dioxide is used as a covering shield around the arc. com~leteclearance.
Preventing the atmosphere from contaminating the
weld results in a stronger, more ductile, and more short stack - An exhaust system for aircraft
corrosion resistant weld. reciprocating engines consisting of a short exhaust pipe
attached to the exhaust port of the cylinder. Short
shielding - Metal covers placed around electric and stacks use no collector system.
electronic devices to prevent the intrusion of external
electrostatic and electromagnetic fields. short take off and vertical landing (STOVL) - A
fixed-wing aircraft capable landing vertically and of
shim - A thin piece of metal used to fill in a space clearing a15-meter (50-foot) obstacle within 450
between two objects in order to adjust a preload or the meters (1500 feet) of commencing- takeoff run.
clearance between bearing parts.
short takeoff and landing (STOL) - The ability of an
shimmy - A rapid and violent oscillation of a nose aircraft to take off and land in a distance of 1,000 feet
wheel or tail wheel of an airplane often caused by (sometimes 1,500 ft.) or less while clearing 50-foot
excessive wear in the support bearings. obstacles. These obstacles are located just after takeoff
or just prior to landing.
shimmy damper - A hydraulic snubbing cylinder
installed between the nose wheel fork and the landing short takeoff and landing aircraft -An aircraft that, at
gear structure. It is used to minimize shimmying of thk some weight within its-approved operating weight, is
nose wheel during takeoffs and landings. capable of operating from a STOL runway in
compliance with the applicable STOL characteristics,
shock absorber -A device built into the landing gear of
an aircraft to absorb the energy of the landing impact.
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 .
short wave trough side stick

airworthiness, operations, noise, and pollution be shrink-wrapped is covered with a film of transparent
standards. thermoplastic material. When heat is applied to the
film, the film shrinks to encase the part.
short wave trough - Troughs in the mid- and upper
troposphere and lower stratosphere that correspond to shroud - A cover or housing used to aid in confining an
de;eliping frontal lows. short wave troughs are air or gas flow to a desired path.
smaller in scale than long waves. They move toward
shroud ring - A stationary sealing ring positioned just
the east, averaging 600 nautical miles per day.
outside the tip plane of rotating airfoils. Sometimes it is
shorting switch -A multi-pole switch where one circuit the inner part of an outer casing.
is completed before another circuit is opened.
shrouded-tip turbine blade - A blade with tip
shot peening - A process used to strengthen metal parts platforms that fit one to another to form a circular
by blasting its surface with steel shot. support ring. Often, the shrouds have thin abradable
rims attached at their outer edge to act as air seals.
shoulder bolts - A bolt where the threaded portion is
smaller than the shank. It is often used for the shunt - An accurately calibrated resistor placed in
installation of plastic materials to prevent over parallel with a meter movement for measuring current.
tightening. Current flows through the shunt and produces a voltage
drop proportional to the amount of current. The
shoulder-wing airplane - An airplane having one main
ammeter movement measures this voltage drop and
supporting wing surface mounted near the top but not
displays it in amperes.
directly on top of the fuselage. Also referred to as the
mid wing. shunt circuit - A circuit that has several paths for
electrons to flow.
show - Unless the context otherwise requires, means to
show to the satisfaction of the Administrator. shunt ohmmeter - An ohmmeter circuit used for
measuring low resistances. The unknown resistor is
shower - Precipitation from a cumuliform cloud;
placed in parallel (shunt) with the meter and resistance
characterized by sudden onset and cessation, rapid
is measured by the amount of current the unknown
change of intensity, and usually by rapid change in the
resistor takes from the meter.
appearance of the sky; showery precipitation can be in
the form of rain, ice pellets, or snow. shunt-wound generator - A generator in which the
field and armature are connected in parallel.
shower of sparks - The induction-vibrator-type starting
system used in some Bendix magnetos. A vibrator shunt-wound motor - A motor in which
directs pulsating direct current into the primary circuit electromagnetic field windings are connected in
of one of the magnetos when the points are closed. parallel with the armature.
When the retard points open, pulsating current flows to
shut-off valve -A flow-control valve used to shut off or
ground through the primary coil and induces a high
stop a flow of fluid.
voltage into the secondary winding. As long as both
sets of points remain open, a shower of sparks occurs at shuttle valve -A valve, mounted on critical
the spark plug. components, that directs system pressure into the
show-type finish - A glass-like aircraft finish achieved actuator for normal operation but switches to
emergency fluid when the emergency system is
by applying many coats of dope and repeated sanding
actuated.
and polishing.
-
side bands - The frequency bands on each side of a
shrink fit - Interference fit between parts when the
carrier frequency produced by modulation.
female part is heated and the male part is chilled before
they are assembled. When they reach the same sideslip - An uncoordinated flight condition in which
temperature, they are essentially locked together. the aircraft moves downward and toward the inside of
the turn. Sideslip can also result from the use of rudder
shrinking - The act of compressing a material into a
to maintain heading in an engine-out situation.
smaller volume or area.
sidestep maneuver - A visual maneuver accomplished
shrinking block - A sheet
by a pilot at the completion of an instrument approach.
metal forming tool that
It permits a straight-in landing on a parallel runway,
clamps metal to prevent it
which must not be more than 1200 feet to either side of
from buckling while ham-
the approach runway.
mering its edge to shrink
it. side stick - A primary flight control input located to the
side of the pilot.
shrink-wrap - A method used to protect products from
dirt and dust while they are held in storage. The part to
Aircraft Technical Book Company
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 sight gauge simple machine

sight gauge - A glass tube or window attached to a silica gel - A desiccant used as a drying or moisture
reservoir or tank that shows the quantity of fluid in the absorbing agent. Silica gel is often used to package
container. products that can be damaged by excess moisture.
sight glass - A liquid level indicator located on the silicon - A natural element with a symbol of Si and an
outside of a reservoir that provides a visual indication atomic number of 14. Used to produce N- and P-type
of the level of liquid in the reservoir. semiconductor devices having excellent thermal
characteristics. 1. N-Type: silicon doped with an
sight line -A mark on a flat sheet of metal set even with
impurity having five valence electrons. 2. P-Type:
the nose of the radius bar of a cornice or leaf brake.
Silicon doped with an impurity having three valence
This placement puts the bend tangent line at the
electrons.
beginning of the bend.
silicon carbide - An abrasive used in the manufacture
SIGMET (WS) - This advisory describes conditions of
of grinding stones and abrasive papers.
higher intensity, which pose hazards to all aircraft,
including: silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) - A gated rectifier
a, severe icing not associated with thunderstorms, that allows current to flow' only.during that portion of
b. severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence the cycle when the gate has been triggered by a
not associated with thunderstorms, positive pulse.
c, dust storms, sand storms, or volcanic ash lowering
silicon glaze - A shiny, brown, glass-like deposit on the
surface visibilities to below three miles, and
nose insulator of a spark plug resulting from use in
d. volcanic eruptions.
sandy or dusty conditions. This glaze - is non-
sigmet information [ICAO] - Information issued by a conductive at low temperatures, but at high
meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence temperatures it becomes conductive and causes the
or expected occurrence of specified enroute weather plug- to short.
that can affect the safety of aircraft
silicon solar cell - A semiconductor device that
operations.
develops a voltage when struck by light.
signal - The intelligence or directive portion of a radio
silicon steel - A steel alloy that contains silicon.
wave.
silicone rubber - An elastic material made from
signal generator - A test unit designed to produce
silicone elastomers. Silicone rubber is used with fluids
reference electric signals that can be applied to
that attack other natural or synthetic rubbers.
electronic circuits for testing purposes.
- - -

silver -A white, precious, metallic chemical element

signal-strength meter - In electronics, an instrument
with a symbol of Ag and an atomic number of 47. Very
that indicates the signal strength being received.
malleable and a good
- conductor of electricity.
significant digits - Significant digits are those that are
silver brazing - Brazing (connecting two close fitting
statistically significant. In measurements, the last
parts by the use of molten metal being drawn into the
significant digit is the first one estimated (interpolated
joint by capillary action) using a silver alloy.
between two measured markings). For computations, a
set of rules determines the number of significant digits. silver solder - An alloy of silver, copper, and nickel
All non-zero digits are counted as significant. Zeroes used for hard soldering. It produces a joint that is
that have non-zero digits to the left of them are stronger than soft solder, but not as strong as some
significant zeroes. Examples: 0.005140 has four forms of brazing.
significant digits. 3 1.000 has five significant digits.
silvered-mica capacitor - A capacitor made up of a
significant meteorological information - See SIGMET mica dielectric coated with silver that makes up the
plates of the capacitor.
significant point - A point, whether a named
intersection, a NAVAID, a fix derived from a simple flaps - Wing flaps lowered by pivoting them
NAVAID(s), or geographical coordinate expressed in about a point near their leading edge. They change the
degrees of latitude and longitude. Established for the airfoil section of the wing but do not affect the wing
purpose of providing separation, as a reporting point, area.
or to delineate a route of flight.
simple fraction - A fraction in which both the
silencer - A device used in cabin air distribution numerator and the denominator are whole numbers.
systems designed to minimize the noise created by
pulsations in the air delivered from the cabin simple machine - A device that transforms energy or
changes the direction of a force. The six simple
supercharger.
machines include the lever, pulley, wheel and axle,
inclined plane, screw, and gear.
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 -
simple motion single-engine absolute ceiling

simple motion Newton's law of motion, which states

- sine wave The wave form of alternating current
-

that objects in motion tend to stay in motion. produced by a rotary generator. Its amplitude at any
time is proportional to the sine of the angle through
simplex communications - A method of
which the generator has turned.
communication where only one transmitter location
can transmit at a time while the other receives. single direction routes - Preferred IFR Routes that are
sometimes depicted on high altitude enroute charts and
simplex fuel nozzle - A nozzle with one spray orifice
which are normally flown in one direction only.
and one spray pattern.
single flare - A flare
simplex nozzle - A fuel discharge nozzle for turbine
used for aircraft rigid
engines fed from a single fuel manifold.
tubing with a flange at
simplified directional facility (SDF) - A NAVAID the end of the tube.
used for nonprecision instrument approaches. The final When a single flare is
approach course is similar to that of an ILS localizer folded back over itself,
except that the SDF course can be offset from the it is referred to as a
runway, generally not more than 3 degrees, and the double flare.
course can be wider than the localizer, resulting in a
single frequency
lower degree of accuracy.
approach - A service provided under a letter of
simulate - To have the characteristics or appearance of agreement to military single-piloted turbojet aircraft
something that is real. that permits use of a single UHF frequency during
approach for landing. Pilots will not normally be
simulated flameout - A practice approach by a jet required to change frequency from the beginning of the
aircraft (normally military) at idle thrust to a runway.
approach to touchdown except that pilots conducting
The approach can start at a runway (high key) and can an enroute descent are required to change frequency
continue on a relatively high and wide downwind leg when control is transferred from the air route traffic
with a high rate of descent and a continuous turn to
control center to the terminal facility.
final. It terminates in a landing or low approach. The
purpose of this approach is to simulate a flameout. single sideband - Radio communications in which one
of the two sidebands used in amplitude modulation is
simulator - An enclosed housing that duplicates all of suppressed.
the controls, instruments, furnishings, and environment
of an actual airplane cockpit. The simulated single spread - A method of applying adhesive to only
environment reproduces the same sensations and one surface of a bonded joint.
indications found in actual flight.
single-acting actuator - A linear hydraulic or
simultaneous ILS approaches - An approach system pneumatic actuator that uses fluid power for movement
permitting simultaneous ILSMLS approaches to in one direction and a spring force for its return.
airports having parallel runways separated by at least
single-axis autopilot - An automatic flight control
4,300 feet between centerlines. Integral parts of a total
device that controls the airplane only around the roll
system are ILSIMLS, radar, communications, ATC
axis.
procedures, and appropriate airborne equipment.
single-crystal turbine blade - A high temperature
simultaneous MLS approaches - See simultaneous ILS
strength blade with no grain boundaries. It is
approaches.
manufactured by an advanced casting process that
sine - A trigonometric function found in a 90" triangle. produces the blade from a single crystal of metal.
It is defined as the ratio of the length of the side
single-cut file - A hand file with a single row of teeth
opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse.
extending across the piece at an angle.
sine curve - 1. A
single-engine absolute ceiling -In multi engine aircraft,
graphic representation
the density altitude an airplane is capable of reaching
of the relationship be-
and maintaining with the critical engine feathered and
tween an angle and its
the other at maximum power. This assumes the
sine. 2. The curve
airplane is at maximum weight and in the clean
showing the relation-
configuration, flying in smooth air. This is also the
ship between the
density altitude at which VXsEand VYsEare the same
voltage or current and
airspeed. If flying above this altitude and the engine
the angle through
fails, the plane will inevitably descend until it reaches
which the related rotary generator has turned.
the single-engine absolute ceiling.

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 .
single-engine service ceiling skills and procedures

single-engine service ceiling - The maximum density sintered metal - A porous material made by fusing
altitude at which the single-engine best rate-of-climb powdered metal under heat and pressure.
airspeed (VYSE)produces a 50 f.p.m. rate of climb. The
sinusoidal curve - In mathematics, a curve with angle
ability to climb 50 f.p.m. in calm air is necessary
degrees along the horizontal axis and sines of the
simply to maintain level flight for long periods in
angles along the vertical axis. This curve generally
turbulent air. This ceiling assumes the airplane is at
illustrates the varying output voltage values of an AC
maximum gross weight in the clean configuration, the
generator as it turns through 360".
critical engine (if appropriate) is inoperative, and the
propeller is feathered. I n comparison,-the multi-engine siphon - A device that moves liquid from one container
service ceiling is the density altitude at which the best to a lower point. It consists of a flex tube in the liquid
rate-of-climb airspeed (VY) will produce a 100 f.p.m. and a suction device to start the flow of liquid. Gravity
rate of climb at maximum gross weight in the clean and atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid
configuration. carry the liquid from the container to a point below the
container.
single-face repair - A repair to a bonded structure in
which the damage extends through one face sheet and siphon tube -A tube installed in a C 0 2 fire extinguisher
into the core material. cylinder assuring that C 0 2 directed to the discharge
nozzle remains in its liquid state.
single-loop rib-stitching - A method of attaching fabric
covering to the ribs of an aircraft using- only
. one loop sites - Internet addresses that provide information and
of ribstitch cord per stitch. often are linked to other similar sites.
single-piloted aircraft - A military turbojet aircraft Sitka spruce - A tall spruce tree that has needle-shaped
possessing one set of flight controls, tandem cockpits, leaves, drooping cones, and berry-like fruit. In the
or two sets of flight controls but operated by one pilot. selection of wood for aircraft repairs, spruce is
C-onsidered single-piloted by ATC when determining considered the standard to which other woods are
the appropriate air traffic service to be applied. compared.
single-point fueling - A method of fueling the aircraft situational awareness - The accurate perception and
from a single point. It consists of a pressure fueling understanding of all the factors and conditions within
hose and a panel of controls and gauges that permit one the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety
person to load or unload any of the fuel tanks of an before, during, and after the flight.
aircraft. The panel has valves connecting the various
tanks to the main heling manifold. Fuel flows to each suing - Material used in the manufacture of some
tank until the tank has reached the desired level. Also fabrics to stiffen the yarn for ease of weaving. Aircraft
referred to as pressure fueling. fabric should not contain sizing.

single-point grounding - A method of electrically suing up a situation - A colloquial term used to denote
grounding a circuit by connecting all of the ground the process of analyzing a situation and deciding what
wires to a single point. should be done.

single-servo brakes - Brakes that use the momentum of sketch - A simple drawing made without the use of
the aircraft to wedge the lining against the drum and drafting instruments. It usually shows a minimum of
assist in braking when the aircraft is rolling forward. detail and lacks precision.

single-sideband - A radio transmission in which only ski plane - An airplane whose wheels have been
one of the sidebands in a signal is used. replaced with skis for operation in snow or ice.

single-spool compressor - An axial flow compressor skid - In a skid, the rate of turn is too great for the angle
with a single rotating mass. of bank, and the ball moves to the outside of the turn.

single-spool turbine engine -A jet engine that has only skid fin - A longitudinal vertical airfoil usually placed
one turbine section connected to the compressor above the upper wing of a biplane to increase its lateral
section. Twin-spool turbines have two sections of each, stability.
operating at different speeds. skid shoes -Plates attached to the bottom of a helicopter
single-throw switch - In electricity, a switch that has skid-type landing gear to protect the skid.
two positions, ON and OFF. Can have multiple poles to skills and procedures - The procedural, psychomotor,
turn ON and OFF multiple circuits simultaneously. and perceptual skills used to control a specific aircraft
or its systems. They are the stick and rudder or
sintered material -A heated material that has become a
airmanship abilities that are gained through
coherent mass without melting. Used as an alternative
conventional training, are perfected, and become
to casting for small parts.
almost automatic through experience.
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skin sliu

skin - The smooth outer cover of an aircraft. slash - A radar beacon reply displayed as an elongated
target.
skin antenna -An antenna that is flush with the aircraft
skin. slat - A movable auxiliary airfoil on the leading edge of
a wing. It is closed in normal flight but extends at high
skin effect - The tendency of high frequency alternating
angles of attack. This allows air to continue flowing
currents to flow in the outer portion of a conductor.
over the top of the wing and delays airflow separation.
Skin effect can be reduced by using stranded rather
than solid wire. slave relay - A relay that operates in response to the
actions of a relay in a primary circuit (activates an
skin friction - Aerodynamic drag caused by air flowing
associated circuit).
over the surface of the aircraft.
slaved gyro Directional gyro slaved to the output of a
-

skip distance - The distance from a transmitter to the

flux valve. Gives a directional gyro synchronous
point where a reflected sky wave first reaches, the
attributes.
Earth.
sleet - Small, transparent or translucent, round or
skip welding - A welding technique used to pre/vent
irregularly shaped pellets of ice. They can be (1) hard
warping of the material. Skip welding is a series of
grains that rebound on striking a hard surface or (2)
short welded beads evenly spaced to anchor the entire
pellets of snow encased in ice.
length of the weld. The remaining gaps are filled in
after the skip welds are tacked in. sleeve - A tube or tube-like part that fits over or around
another part.
skull-cap spinner - A round nosed cover for the hub of
a fixed-pitch propeller. Normally the same diameter as slide rule - A ruler-like instrument with a center slide.
the hub, it is usually attached to a bracket secured by Both the inner slide and fixed outer sections are
propeller mounting bolts. marked with logarithmic scales. Slide rules are used for
mathematical calculations; however electronic
skunk works -Slang. A loosely structured corporate
calculators or computers are more widely used.
research and development unit formed to foster
innovation. Most famous was Lockheed Aircraft's slide switch - In electricity, a switch that consists of a
Skunk worksB, headed up for years by Kelly Johnson. slider that moves across contacts to make and break
one or more circuits.
sky wave - The portion of a radio wave reflected from
the ionosphere. slide valve - A mechanical valve that opens and closes
by sliding a gate across a port.
Skydrol hydraulic fluid - A synthetic, nonflammable,
ester-base hydraulic fluid used in modern slide-wire rheostat or potentiometer - In electricity, a
high-temperature hydraulic systems. variable resistor that changes resistance by moving a
slider along a length of resistance wire. The amount of
slab - An unfinished bar of metal.
resistance is proportional to the effective length of the
slag - A completely fused and brittle by-product caused wire.
by the flux used in welding. Slag separates from the
sliding support - A duct support attached to flexible
metal in the process of welding.
bellows. The sliding support allows movement of the
slam acceleration - Improper operation of a turbine bellows while the duct is under pressure.
engine when the power control lever is moved forward
sling psychrometer - In weather, a device used to
too rapidly. A rich flameout is possible because the
measure the relative humidity. It consists of two
fuel is metered before the airflow has increased
thermometers, one of which has wetted cloth wrapped
sufficiently. More sophisticated fuel controls in recent
around its bulb. Both thermometers are swung on the
turbine engines have minimized this problem.
end of a cord. Due to evaporation, the thermometer
slant range - In radar, the line-of-sight distance from with the wetted cloth will iead a lower temperature
radar to target as opposed to ground distance (from than the dry thermometer. A chart of the differences is
radar to the position on the ground below the target). consulted to determine the relative humidity.
Also the line-of-sight distance from an aircraft to a
slinger ring - A tubular ring mounted around the hub of
navigation aid on the ground as opposed to the ground
a propeller where deicing fluid is directed and slung
distance (from a point under the airplane to the
out onto the blades.
navigation aid).
slip - I. Propeller: The difference between geometric
slant visibility - In weather, the distance fiom an
and effective pitch of a propeller. Slip can be expressed
airborne observer to the farthest point visible on the
as a percentage of the mean geometric pitch or as a
ground.
linear dimension. 2. Aircraft flight maneuver: A
slant-line distance - See slant range. sideways aircraft maneuver used to descend at a steep
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 slip clutch mechanism. snap-action electrical switch

angle or compensate for crosswind. 3. In a slip the rate sludge - A heavy, slimy deposit in aircraft lubricating
of turn is too slow for the angle of bank and the ball oil resulting from oxidation of the oil and
moves to the inside of the turn. contamination by water.
slip clutch mechanism - A typical installation on sludge chamber - Tubes or thin sheet metal chambers
electric starter drives designed to prevent sudden high installed in the throws of an aircraft engine crankshaft.
torque to the engine. The clutch plates slip until torque Sludge is forced into these chambers by centrifugal
on the engine side matches the torque on the clutch force and held there until engine overhaul.
side.
slug - A gravitational unit of mass. A force of one
slip
. joint
. - A connection or joint in an induction system pound creates an acceleration of one foot per second.
that remains airtight even as the cylinders expand and
contract with the temperature changes. slugging - A malfunction in a vapor cycle
air-conditioning system where liquid refrigerant enters
slip ring - A smooth circular ring used to put field the compressor.
current into the armature of a DC alternator.
small aircraft - Aircraft having a certificated gross
slip stick - A slang term to describe a slide rule. weight of less than 12,500 Ibs.
slippage mark - A painted mark between a tire and a small-scale integration - In electronics, the most basic
wheel that indicates slippage. If the mark of the tire and of integrated circuits, consisting of up to nine gates or
wheel are not lined up, the tire has slipped on the transistors.
wheel.
smaze -A mixture of fog vapor, smoke, dust (haze), and
slip-roll former - A metal working machine used to industrial smoke, with a lower moisture content than
shape sheet metal into cylindrical and curved shapes. smog.
slipstream - A stream of air pushed back by a revolving smile - The curved dimple around the edge of a rivet
aircraft propeller. head caused by a rivet set not being held squarely
against the head while bucking the rivet.
sloshing sealing compound -A synthetic rubber sealant
poured inside a metal fuel tank to seal the tank and smog -A mixture of smoke and fog.
prevent fuel leakage. It is poured into the tank and then
smoke - In weather, small particles of carbon, the result
sloshed around until all surfaces are covered.
of combustion. which cause restrictions to visibility.
slot - A fixed, nozzle-shaped opening near the leading Not to be confused with smog, which is a combination
edge of a wing that ducts air onto the top surface of the of smoke and haze or fog.
-
wing. Its is to increase lift at higher angles of
smoke detector - A system that can detect the presence
attack.
of smoke in an unoccupied aircraft compartment before
slot time - See meter fix timelslot time. high temperatures actuate the fire warning system.
slot-headed screw - A screw with a single, straight smolder- To bum without a flame.
groove cut across its head to fit the blade of a slotted
smoothing filter - A filter consisting of capacitors or
screwdriver.
inductors, or both, that attenuates the AC component in
slotted flap -A trailing edge wing flap that forms a duct the output of a rectifier circuit.
when the flap is lowered. Air forced through the duct is
snake drill - A long, flexible driving mechanism, one
held down on the upper surface of the flap allowing
end of which is designed to be put in a drill chuck and
more flap extension before airflow separation.
the other designed to hold a twist drill.
slotted nut - Similar to a castle nut. A hexagon nut that
snap ring - A small, spring-loaded, ring-type fastening
has grooves cut across its top to fit a cotter pin or
device that fits into a groove either outside of a shaft or
safety wire passing through a hole in the shank of a
inside of a hole. Spring tension holds the ring in place.
bolt.
snap roll - An abrupt airplane maneuver where the
slow taxi - To taxi a float plane at low power or low
airplane rotates rapidly about its longitudinal axis. The
RPM.
maneuver begins by entering an accelerated stall with
slow-blow fuse - A fuse abrupt elevator movement, then adding full aileron and
that can take momentary rudder control in the direction of desired snap.
overloads but opens the Neutralizing all three controls terminates the maneuver.
circuit when excess
snap-action electrical switch -An electrical switch that
current flows are
uses spring snaps to open and close the contacts when
sustained. Often used in motor circuits where current is
the switch is moved. Positive action minimizes arcing
high until the motor begins to turn.
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snips solid solution

problems caused by slow opening or closing of the bicarbonate neutralizes spilled battery acid. Also
circuit. referred to as baking soda.
snips -Hand shears used for cutting sheet metal. sodium-vapor lamp - A bulb that glows from the
excitation of sodium vapor atoms by an electric arc.
snow -Water vapor that changes directly into crystals of
ice flakes when frozen in the upper air. soft magnetic material - A metal such as iron that
readily accepts lines of magnetic flux and is easily
snow depth - The depth of the snow actually on the demagnetized.
ground.
soft solder -A physical alloy of lead and tin used to join
snow grains - Precipitation of very small, white opaque
non-structural metal parts or to increase the electrical
grains of ice, similar in structure to snow crystals. The conductivity of a twisted wire joint.
grains are fairly flat or elongated, with diameters
generally less than 0.04 inch (1 &I.). soft-faced hammer - A hammer with a wood, plastic,
or rubber face on the head.
snow pellets Precipitation consisting of white, opaque
-

approximately round (sometimes conical) ice particles software - The programs, procedures, and
having a snow-like structure, and about 0.08 to 0.2 inch documentation associated with a computer system.
in diameter; crisp and easily crushed, differing in this
solar cell -A silicon semiconductor device that converts
respect from snow grains; rebound from a hard surface
solar energy into electricity.
and often break up.
solar declination - The latitude where the sun is
snubber - The portion of a hydraulic actuator that
directly overhead.
arrests the motion of a piston at the end of its stroke. A
snubber helps cushion the stopping action. solar elevation angle - The angle of the sun above the
horizon measured in degrees.
soaking - Holding a metal at a specified temperature
and time for the purpose of heat treating or annealing. solar-radiation - Electromagnetic radiation from the
sun.
soap - Material mixed with water and used for cleaning.
Soap is produced by mixing alkali and potash with fat soldered splice - A splice in electrical wiring made by
or oil. twisting the wires together and then flowing soft solder
over the joint. This type of splice is not recommended
soap bubble test - A method of testing for leaks in gas
for aircraft use because it tends to be brittle.
systems under pressure. A special non-flammable soap
sblution is brushed over the-suspected fittings. If there soldering iron - An electrically heated hand-held tool
is a leak escaping gas causes the soap to bubble. used to melt solder.
soapstone - A soft stone having a soapy feeling and solderless connection - A terminal attached to an
composed essentially of talc. Used to mark steel parts electrical conductor by crimping it onto the wire.
prior to welding.
solderless splice - A tubular fastener used to connect
soaring - Flying without the use of an engine. The pilot two or more wires. The fastener is crimped onto the
uses rising air to remain aloft and reduce the rate of wires.
aircraft descent.
solenoid A remotely activated electrical device. A coil
-

social needs - A level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. of wire with a movable core is activated by completing
After physical and safety needs are met, it becomes an electrical circuit. The movable core can be used to
possible for students to satisfy their social needs. The open or close another electrical circuit or to achieve
need to belong and to associate, as well as to give and some other mechanical action.
receive friendship and love.
solid - 1. A geometric figure that has three dimensions:
socket wrench - A small cylindrical shaped wrench length, width, and height. 2. One of the three states of
internally broached to fit the nut. It is equipped with a matter having definite volume and shape and being
square hole in its top that fits a square drive on the relatively firm or hard.
wrench handle.
solid conductor A wire made up of a single strand of
-

socket-head screw -A screw with a hex-shaped head. metal covered with insulating material.
sodium - A silver-white, metallic, alkaline chemical solid fuel - Fuel such as wood or coal or one of the
element with a symbol of Na and an atomic number of molded solid propellant materials used in rocket
11. engines.
sodium bicarbonate - A white powdery crystalline solid solution - A mixture where two or more elements
compound. When mixed with water sodium or compounds combine with each other at an elevated
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 .
solidity ratio span of an airfoil

temperature and remain in a combined solid state when sonic rate while simultaneously penetrating any surface
rapidly cooled. oxide..
solidity ratio - In rotorcraft, the ratio of the total rotor sonic speed - The speed sound travels through a
blade area to total rotor disc area. medium.
solid-state device - An electronic device that controls sonic vibration - A high-frequency vibration caused by
the flow of electrons without any mechanical sound energy. - ~

operations. Also referred to as a semiconductor.

soot - A black residue created during oxyacetylene
solo flight - Refers to one person piloting an aircraft in welding when the burning acetylene gas does not have
flight with no passengers. enough oxygen to be completely consumed.
solstice -Noon the first day of summer and the first day sound - A mechanical radiant energy transmitted by
of winter, when the sun has reached its highest and longitudinal pressure waves in the material medium. Its
lowest latitudes, respectively. frequency is perceived by the human ear.
soluble - Any substance that can be combined with sound suppressor - Same as noise suppressor in
another substance. An example of this is mixing water reference to engines. Also, a device on a test cell that
and crystalline sugar to form sugar water. reduces the sound of exhaust stack noises.
solution - 1. A state in which base metal and alloying sound waves - Longitudinal wave motion through
agents are united to form a single, solid metal. 2. A matter. Longitudinal waves vibrate back and forth
combination of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance longitudinally in the direction of wave propagation.
homogeneously mixed with a liquid, gas, or solid.
sounding - 1. In meteorology, an upper-air observation;
solution heat treatment - A heat treatment of a radiosonde or rawinsonde observation. 2. The
aluminum alloy where metal is raised to its heat electrode of a field-effect transistor similar to the
treating temperature, held until uniform throughout, emitter of an ordinary transistor. 3. In communication,
and then quenched. This process covers alloying agents the sender, speaker, transmitter, or instructor who
held in solid solution, which increases the strength of composes and transmits a message made up of
the metal. symbols, which are meaningful to listeners and readers.
solvent - A liquid used for dissolving and cleaning south geographic pole - The pole located at the 90th
materials. degree of south latitude. The south geographic pole of
the Earth is located at the southern-end of t h e ~ a r t h ' s
sonar - A system that detects objects in the water by
axis.
sending out sound waves and receiving the echoes.
o p e r a i s similar to radar. The acronym for Sound south pole of a magnet - The pole of a magnet where
NAvigation Ranging. lines of flux enter the magnet. Lines of flux are
considered to leave the magnet at the north pole.
sonic - Relating to the speed of sound. Subsonic is
speed below the speed of sound; transonic is speed space charge - The electric charge carried by a cloud of
bridging the speed of sound; and supersonic refers to electrons in the space between electrodes of an electron
speed -neater than the weed of sound. The s ~ e e dof tube.
sound is approximately 761 miles per hour at sea level,
space shuttle - A reusable aerospace vehicle designed
59°F.
for carrying passengers and cargo into Earth's orbit and
sonic boom - A vibrational disturbance, heard as a loud subsequently returning for landing.
noise, caused by an airplane moving faster than the
spacers - Devices or components used to take up space
speed of sound.
between two obiects.
sonic cleaning - A method of cleaning parts using high
spaghetti -Insulating tubing slipped over wires.
intensity sound waves in a cleaning- fluid.
spalling - A bearing defect in which chips of the
sonic frequencies - High frequency vibrational
hardened bearing surface are broken out.
disturbances that the human ear can detect, normally
considered to be the frequencies between 20 and span - 1. Length dimension of a beam. 2. In rotorcraft,
20,000 Hz. the dimension of a rotor blade or airfoil from root to
tip.
sonic soldering - A method of soldering certain metals
such as aluminum that are difficult to solder because span loading - The ratio between the weight of an
they quickly build up surface oxides. The tip of a sonic airplane and the span of its wings.
soldering iron heats the surface by vibrating it at a
span of an airfoil - The length of an airfoil measured
from tip to tip.
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spanner special use airspace

spanner - A wrench consisting of a hook-shaped arm special activity airspace (SAA) - Any airspace with
with a pin in its hooked end. Used for turning a defined dimensions within the National Airspace
ring-shaped nut.
~ -
System wherein limitations can be imposed upon
aircraft operations. This airspace can be restricted
spanner nut - A shaft-retaining nut tightened using the
areas, prohibited areas, military operations areas, air
notches in its face rather than from its outer surfaces as
ATC assigned airspace, and any other designated
is done with a conventional hex-nut.
airspace areas. The dimensions of this airspace are
spanwise -From wing tip to wing tip. programmed into URET CCLD (User ~ e ~ u e s t
Evaluation Tool Core Capability Limited Deployment)
spar - The main, or principle, spanwise structural
and can be designated as either active or inactive by
member of a wing or other airfoil.
screen entry. Aircraft trajectories are constantly tested
spar varnish - A phenolic modified oil that cures by against the dimensions of active areas and alerts issued
oxidation rather than evaporation of its solvents. to the applicable sectors when violations are predicted.
Produces a tough, highly water-resistant film.
special aircraft and aircrew authorization required
spark - Very brief discharge of electrical energy (SAAAR) - A method of FAA approval for
between two conductors separated by air or other gas. instrument flight porcedures that requires special
aircraft equipment andor crew training procedures.
spark coil - A step-up transformer that produces high
voltage for spark plugs. special emergency - A condition of air piracy, or other
hostile act by a person(s) aboard an aircraft, which
spark plug - A component in an aircraft engine that threatens the safety of the aircraft or its passengers.
converts high voltage electricity from the magneto into
a high intensity spark for igniting fuel in the special fastener - A fastener that differs in any respect
combustion chamber of a reciprocating engine. from recognized standards.
spark plug bushing - A bronze or steel insert in the special tlight permit - A flight permit issued to an
cast-aluminum cylinder head of a reciprocating engine aircraft that does not meet airworthiness requirements
into which the spark plug. is screwed. but is capable of safe flight. A special flight permit can
be issued to move an aircraft for the purposes of
spark plug resistor -A composition resistor installed in maintenance or repair, buyer delivery, manufacturer
the barrel of most shielded spark plugs. The resistor flight tests, evacuation from danger, or customer
limits the current stored by the capacitive effect of the demonstration. Also referred to as a ferry permit.
shielding, minimizing the erosion of the spark plug
electrodes. special instrument approach procedure -A procedure
approved by the FAA for individual operators, but not
spark suppressor - A device inside a magneto, such as published in FAR 97 for public use.
a capacitor, that is placed across a set of contacts to
keep the spark from jumping across the contact points special use airspace - Airspace of defined dimensions
as they open. identified by an area on the surface of the Earth
wherein activities must be confined because of their
spark test - A common means of identifying various nature andor wherein limitations can be imposed upon
ferrous metals. In this test, the piece of iron or steel is aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities.
held against a revolving grinding stone and the metal is
identified by the sparks thrown off. Each ferrous metal Types of special use airspace are:
has its own peculiar spark characteristics. The spark a. Alert Area - Airspace that can contain a high
streams vary from a few tiny shafts to a shower of volume of pilot training activities or an unusual type of
sparks several feet in length. aerial activity, neither of which is hazardous to aircraft.
Alert Areas are depicted on aeronautical charts for the
spark-ignition - A method of providing ignition of the information of nonparticipating pilots. All activities
fuel-air mixture inside the cylinder of a reciprocating within an Alert Area are conducted in accordance with
engine by an electric spark. Federal Aviation Regulations, and pilots of
spatial disorientation - A feeling of balance instability participating aircraft as well as pilots transiting the area
caused by a conflict between the information relayed are equally responsible for collision avoidance.
by central vision and peripheral vision, which has b. Controlled Firing Area - Airspace wherein
virtually no references with which to establish activities are conducted under conditions so controlled
orientation. as to eliminate hazards to nonparticipating aircraft and
to ensure the safety of persons and property on the
spatula -A broad flat instrument used for spreading soft ground.
materials. c. Military Operations Area (MOA) - A MOA is
speak slower - Used in verbal communications as a airspace established outside of Class A airspace area to
request to reduce speech rate. separate or segregate certain nonhazardous military
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 special VFR (SVFR) conditions. speed segments

activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR specific gravity adjustment -A he1 control adjustment
traffic where these activities are conducted. that changes the fuel scheduling for use of fuels with
d. Prohibited Area - Airspace designated under Part differing specific gravities.
73 within which no person may operate an aircraft
specific heat - 1. The amount of heat required to raise
without the permission of the using agency.
a. Restricted Area - Airspace designated under FAR the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree
Celsius. 2. The ratio of the amount of heat required to
Part 73, within which the flight of aircraft, while not
raise the temperature of a body lo, compared with the
wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction. Most
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an
restricted areas are designated joint use and [FRNFR
equal mass of water lo.
operations in the area can be authorized by the
controlling ATC facility when it is not being utilized specific humidity - The percentage, by weight, of water
by the using agency. Restricted areas are depicted on v a ~ o in
r an air sample.
enroute chags.Where joint use is authorized, the name
of the ATC controlling facility is also shown. specific thrust - A ratio of mass airflow and net thrust.
e. Warning Area - A warning area is airspace of One means of comparison between engines.
defined dimensions extending from 3 nautical miles specific weight - Density expressed in pounds per cubic
outward from the coast of the United States, that feet (lb./cu. ft.).
contains activity that can be hazardous to
nonparticipating The purpose of such warning specifications - Data concerning dimensions, weights,
areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential performance, locations, etc.
danger. A warning area can be located over domestic spectrometric oil analysis - A system of oil analysis in
or international waters or both. which a sample of oil is burned and the resulting light
special VFR (SWR) conditions - Weather conditions is examined for its wavelengths. This test can
that are less than basic VFR weather conditions, but determine the amount of metals in the oil and can give
permit flight under VFR within the lateral boundaries warning of an impending engine failure.
of the surface areas of Class B, C, D, or E airspace spectro-photometer - A special device used to
designated for an airport. ATC authorization must be determine the way a surface reflects light waves of all
received. frequencies. It is used to analyze paint pigments.
special VFR flight IICAOl - A VFR flight cleared by speed - The act of moving swiftly, or the rate of
air traffic control to operate within Class B, C, D, and movement.
E surface areas in meteorological conditions below
VMC. speed adjustment - An ATC procedure used to request
pilots to adjust aircraft speed to a specific value for the
special VFR operations - Aircraft operating in purpose of providing desired spacing. Pilots are
accordance with clearances within Class B, C, D, and E expected to maintain a speed of plus or minus 10 knots
surface areas in weather conditions less than the basic or 0.02 mach number of the specified speed.
VFR weather minima. Such operations must be
requested by the pilot and approved by ATC. Examples of speed adjustments are:
a. "Increase/reduce speed to mach point (number)."
specialized instructional services - Ground or flight b. "Increase/reduce speed to (speed in knots)" or
instruction that is oriented to building knowledge and "Increase/reduce speed (number of knots) knots."
skills in areas other than training pilots for specific
certificates or ratings. Some examples include flight speed brakes - A control system that extends from the
reviews, instrument proficiency checks, and transition airplane structure into the slipstream to produce drag
training. Others involve aircraft checkouts for and slow the airplane.
tailwheel, complex, high-performance, and high- speed handle - A crank-shaped handle used to turn
altitude airplanes. In addition, a flight instructor can socket wrenches more quickly.
help experienced military pilots transition to general
aviation aircraft or have an opportunity to provide speed of light - The speed at which light travels in a
instruction in homebuilt airplanes. Regional or local vacuum. 299,792.5 kmtsec or 186,282 milesisec.
checkouts are additional areas where specialized speed of sound - The speed at which sound waves
instruction can benefit pilots and increase safety. travel. At sea level, under standard atmospheric
specific fuel consumption - Number of pounds of he1 conditions, sound travels 760 mph, 340 d s e c , or 1,116
consumed in one hour to produce 1 HP. ft./sec. Referred to as Mach-one. Symbol M.

specific - ~h~ ratio of the of a given speed segments - Portions of the arrival route between
volume of a material to the same volume of pure water. the transition point and the vertex along the optimum
flight path for which speeds and altitudes are specified.
There is one set of arrival speed segments adapted from
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speed sensitive switch split needles

each transition point to each vertex. Each set can spiral flutes - Twisted grooves that run from one end of
contain up to six segments. an object to the other. The grooves on a twist drill are
spiral flutes.
speed sensitive switch - An automatic,
flyweight-operated sequencing switch driven by the spirit level - A measuring tool used to determine the
engine gearbox. Used for completing electrical circuits relationship between a body and the horizon. The
for starting, ignition, fuel, etc. measuring element is a curved glass tube filled with
liquid, but having a single bubble. The position of the
speed to fly - In gliders, the optimum speed through the
bubble in the tube is used to indicate the relationship.
(sinking or rising) air mass to achieve either the
furthest glide or fastest average cross-country speed spirit varnish - A wood finishing material made of
depending on the objectives during a flight. resin dissolved in solvent. The varnish forms a hard,
resin film on the wood when it dries.
speeder spring - The control spring used in a
centrifugal governor to establish a reference force splayed patch - A flush repair to a wood surface where
opposed by the centrifugal force of the spinning the edges of the patch are tapered, but the slope is
flyweights. steeper than allowed in scarfing operations.
speed-rated engine - A gas turbine with a rated thrust splice - A process where two ends of a material are
guaranteed to occur at a certain speed. joined together.
sphere - A geometric shape enclosed by a surface on splice connectors - Devices, such as insulated
which all points are an equal distance from an enclosed solderless connectors, used for permanently connecting
point called the center. two ends of electrical wiring.
spherical -Having the form of a sphere. splice knot - A knot used
for joining two pieces of
spider - The portion of a propeller assembly used to
waxed rib-stitch cord.
support propeller blades.
Unlike a square knot, a
spike - A transient condition of increased splice knot will not slip.
voltagelcurrent in an electrical circuit when the circuit
spline - Any of a series of spaced ridges on a
is first closed.
shaft, parallel to its axis and fitting inside
spillage - The movement of air from the bottom of the corresponding grooves in the hub of a part.
wing to the top, outward and upward over the wing tip.
splined shaft - A shaft
It is the cause of wing tip vortices.
with a series of
spin - An aggravated stall that results in an airplane grooves that meshes
descending in a helical, or corkscrew, path. with a drive unit
similarly configured so that the two units rotate as one,
spin certification - To be eligible for the flight
but are able to move laterally without interrupting the
instructor-airplane or flight instructor-glider practical rotation.
test, an applicant must present a logbook endorsement
from an appropriately certificated and rated flight split flaps - Wing flaps in which a portion of either the
instructor certifying spin competency. underside or the trailing edge of the wing splits and
folds downward to increase lift and drag.
spin training - When applying for an initial flight
instructor certificate, CFI students need to accomplish split lock washer - A heavy spring, steel lock washer
specific spin training in accordance with FAR Part split at an angle across its face and twisted. Used with
61.183. machine screws or bolts where the self-locking or
castellated-type nut is not appropriate. The s$ng
spindle - The threaded part of a micrometer turned by
action of the washer provides enough friction to
the thimble that moves in and out of the frame.
prevent loosening of the nut from vibration.
spinner - The streamlined, bullet-shaped fairing that
split needled - The position of the two hands on a
encloses a propeller hub assembly. A spinner
helicopter's enginelrotor tachometer. The two hands
streamlines the propeller installation and contributes to
are not superimposed and the engine RPM and rotor
engine cooling.
RPM are unequal.
spiral - A maneuver in which an airplane descends in a split needles - A helicopter tachometer having two
helix of small pitch and large radius, with the angle of
needles: one shows engine speed, the other shows rotor
attack within the normal range of flight angles.
system speed. When the clutch is fully engaged and the
rotor is coupled to the engine, both needles show as

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 split spool compressoriturbine spring tab

one. When the needles are split, it indicates that the spool - In an axial flow compressor, the spool shaped
rotor clutch is not fully engaged. drum on which several stages of compressor blades are
mounted.
split spool compressor/turbine - Multiple-spool
compressor/turbine. A turbine engine with two or more sport pilot - An FAA pilot certificate that allows
separate spools (paired compressor and turbine) that operation of a light sport aircraft.
allows the engine to be more efficient and responsive
spot check The random selection and inspection of
-
to varying power requirements.
manufactured products. The parts checked represent
split steel lock washer - A heavy steel washer split and the quality of all the parts in that particular batch.
twisted to provide enough tension between the nut and
spot facing - The process of using a rotary tool to
the surface of the material to prevent the nut from
remove a small amount of surface material around a
loosening.
hole.
split-lock keys - Split, tapered,
spot welding - An electrical resistance welding where
cylindrical wedges used to lock
current is passed through sheets of metal stacked
the valve spring retainers to the
together. When metal between the electrodes melts, it
stem of a poppet valve in an
forms a button of metal, joining the sheets.
aircraft reciprocating engine.
spotlight - A strong beam of brilliant light used to
split-phase induction motor -
illuminate a particular area.
An electric motor with an
auxiliary winding that is out of phase with the main spot-type fire detection system - Bi-metallic
winding. The auxiliary winding helps to start rotate the thermoswitches that close to initiate a fire warning
motor and is disconnected when the motor reaches signal any time the temperature in an area reaches a
operating speed. predetermined value.
split-phase motor - An AC motor that utilizes an sprag clutch - A clutch joining two rotating shafts. The
inductor or capacitor to shift the phase of the current in clutch will ratchet and disengage when the driven shaft
one of two field windings. This causes the resultant turns faster than the driving shaft.
field to have a rotational effect.
sprag mount - An adjustable bracing system used on
spoiler - Any device used to spoil lift by disrupting the the Bell 47 series helicopters.
airflow over an aerodynamic surface.
spray bar - An afterburner fuel nozzle that protrudes
spoilers -Devices on the tops of wings to disturb (spoil) into the exhaust stream.
part of the airflow over the wing. The resulting
decrease in lift creates a higher sink rate and allows for spray paint gun - An atomizing gun and reservoir
a steeper approach. device that sprays liquid paint or finishing material
onto a surface being painted.
spokeshave - A small woodworking tool with a blade
mounted between two handles. The blade is drawn spray painting - A method of applying finish to a
toward the operator and is used to round the edges of surface using an atomizing gun and a reservoir filled
sawn lumber. with properly thinned paint.

spongy brakes - A brake malfunction caused by air in spray strip - Metal strips mounted on the side of a
the hydraulic fluid. Since air is compressible, the flying boat hull used to divert water away from the
aircraft.
braking action will not have a positive feel. It will feel
as though there were a sponge or spring between the spreader bar - A horizontal bar separating the floats of
brake and the brake pedal. a twin-float seaplane.
sponson - 1. A flange, or stub, projecting from the side spring coupling -A spring loaded device in a gear drive
of a flying boat hull to increase the beam of the hull train that protects a system fiom excessive shock loads.
and improve the lateral stability of the aircraft on the
"eel - Stee1 containing in Percentages
water. 2. A projection from the side of the fUselage to
support auxiliary equipment such as weapons or ranging from 0.50 to 1.05%. In the fully heat-treated
cameras. condition, spring steel is very hard, withstands high
shear and wear, and resists deformation. Used for
spontaneous combustion - A condition that exists making flat springs and wire for coil springs.
when the temperature of a substance reaches its
kindling temperature and self-ignites. No spark is spring tab - An auxiliary airfoil set into a control
required to start the fire. surface that, under conditions of high control forces,
acts as a servo-tab providing an aerodynamic assist for
spontaneous ignition - See spontaneous combustion. the pilot.

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springback St. Elmo's Fire

springback - The amount that metal springs back after square root - The factor of a number that, when
it has been bent to a specific angle. This must be squared, will give the number. For example, the square
allowed for when making bends in sheet metal. *
root of 25 is 5.
spring-loaded - A condition where a spring holds one square wave - The waveform of a multi-vibrator
part in a specific relationship with another. Spring oscillator where the leading edge and the trailing edge
loading usually allows for some movement but returns of the wave are both vertical.
the parts to their original relationship.
squaring shears -A large, floor-mounted sheet metal
springwood - The light portion of wood that represents tool used to make square cuts across sheets of metal.
fast-growing wood from the spring of the year. Slower
squat switch - An electrical switch mounted on one of
growing wood of the summer is darker. The two colors
the landing gear struts. It is used to sense when the
create the rings seen in the cross section of a tree.
weight of the aircraft is on the wheels.
sprue - The filler hole in a mold. The resulting
squawk (mode, code, function) - Activate specific
extension (the shape of the filler hole) of the part is
modes/codes/functions on the aircraft transponder; e.g.,
also referred to as the sprue.
"Squawk threelalpha, two one zero five, low." See also
spur and pinion reduction gear system - A gear transponder.
system used in reduction gearing. In a prop reduction
squealing brakes A noise made by glazed brakes
-
gearing system, the spur and pinion gears consist of a
chattering at such a high frequency that the sound
large driving gear, or sun gear, splined to the shaft.
resembles a squeal rather than a hammering.
There is also a large stationary gear, called a bell gear,
and a set of small spur planetary pinion gears mounted squeegee - A long-handled rubber scraper blade used to
on a carrier ring. When the engine is operating, the sun remove liquid from a surface.
gear rotates. Because the planetary gears are meshed
with this ring, they rotate around the sun gear. The ring squeeler tip - A tip of reduced thickness at the outer
in which the planetary gears are mounted rotates the end of rotor blades. This section is designed to wear
prop shaft in the same direction as the crankshaft but at away rather than damage the shroud ring if tip loading
a reduced speed. forces cause contact.

spur gear - An external toothed gear. squeeze bottle - A soft plastic bottle that, when
squeezed, forces the bottle contents out through its top.
squall A sudden increase in wind speed by at least 15
-

knots to a peak of 20 knots or more and lasting for at squeeze riveter -A pneumatic or hydraulic riveting gun
least one minute. Essential difference between a gust in which sets for both the manufactured head and the
and a squall is the duration of the peak speed. upset head are mounted in the jaws of the large clamp.
When the squeeze-gun is actuated, the jaws come
squall line -A line of thunderstorms often located along together just enough to form the proper size upset head.
or ahead of a vigorous cold front. Squall lines can Also referred to as a rivet squeezer.
contain severe thunderstorms. The term is also used to
describe a line of heavy precipitation with an abrupt squelch - A circuit in a communications receiver
wind shift but no thunderstorms, as sometimes occurs holding the output volume down until a signal is
in association with fronts. received.

square - 1. A plane geometric shape having four equal squelch circuit - See squelch.
sides with all four angles being right angles. 2. The squib - A small electric device used to ignite a charge.
mathematical process of multiplying a number by Found on aircraft where an action needs to be
itself. controlled remotely, such as a fire extinguisher bottle
square engine - An engine whose bore and stroke are in an engine nacelle.
equal. squirrel-cage induction motor - An induction motor
square file - A double-cut file with a square cross whose rotor resembles a squirrel cage.
section, tapered lengthwise. Used for filing slots for SRM (structural repair manual) - A manual
keyways. developed by the manufacturer that covers all items not
square knot - A knot made up of opposite loops, each listed as minor maintenance, including instructions for
one enclosing the parallel sides of the other. structural repair, major component removal,
installation, and adjustment, setup, etc. Contains
square mil - An area equivalent to a square having sides manufacturer-approved data for major repairs and
1 mil (0.001 in.) in length. replacement.
St. Elmo's Fire - A luminous brush discharge of
electricity from protruding objects, such as masts and
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 .
stabilator standard atmomhere

yardarms of ships, aircraft, lightning rods, steeples, stainless steel - Steel, containing appreciable quantities
etc., occurring in stormy weather. of chromium and nickel and used for applications
where resistance to corrosion is important.
stabilator - A single-piece, horizontal tail component
that combines the functions of a stabilizer and an stake - Small, bench-mounted, anvil-type sheet metal
elevator. tool.
stability - 1. The property of a body that causes it, when staking - A term used to denote the swaging of
disturbed, to return to its original condition. 2. In terminals onto an electrical conductor.
meteorology, a state of the atmosphere in which the
stall - Condition that occurs when the critical angle of
vertical distribution of temperature is such that a parcel
attack is reached and exceeded. Airflow begins to
will resist displacement from its initial level.
separate from the top of the wing, leading to a loss of
stabilizer - The fixed horizontal and vertical tail lift. A stall can occur at any pitch attitude or airspeed.
- .
surfaces having the elevators and rudder hinged to the
stall strip - A spoiler attached to the inboard leading
trailing edges.
edge of some wings causing the center section of the
stabilizer bar - A dynamic component used on some wing to stall before the tips. This assures aileron
Bell helicopters to insure rotor stability. control throughout the stall.
stable operation - An operating condition where there stall warning transmitter - A device that produces a
is no appreciable fluctuation in any of the operational signal to warn the pilot of an impending stall.
variables.
staWspin awareness - StalVspin awareness training is
stable oscillation -An oscillation whose amplitude does designed to instill a trigger or early warning in the
not increase. mind of a pilot, which causes the - proper
. reaction to
potential stalVspin situations in an immediate, positive
stage - In turbine engine construction, a single turbine
way. This training is required by the FAR'S. Many
wheel having a number of turbine blades.
stallispin accidents occur as a result of pilot distraction
stagger - The longitudinal relationship of the wings of a while maneuvering close to the ground.
biplane. If the upper wing is forward of the lower wing,
stalled torque - The amount of rotative force provided
the airplane is said to have positive stagger.
by a motor when properly powered with the rotor held
stagger angle - Refers to blade twist design in an stationary.
impulse-reaction turbine blade.
stalling angle - The angle of attack at which point the
staggered ignition - Dual ignition timed so that two smooth flow of air over the wing ceases.
firing impulses do not occur at the same time.
stall-warning system - A system that warns the
staggered rings - A method of orienting the operator when the aircraft is approaching the critical
compression and oil control rings on a piston so that stall angle.
the gaps are not aligned with each other. This improves
stand by - Means the controller or pilot must pause for
the overall compression of the engine.
a few seconds, usually to attend to other duties of a
staggered timing - A reciprocating engine ignition higher priority. Also means to wait as in "stand by for
timing method using a dual ignition system to provide clearance." The caller should reestablish contact if a
spark plug firing at different points in the combustion delay is lengthy. "Stand by" is not an approval or
cycle. denial.
staggerwires - The wire between the cabane struts of a standard - The test of quality required for a particular
biplane. These wires are used to adjust the stagger. purpose.
stagingtqueuing - The placement, integration, and standard altimeter setting - Altimeter set to the
segregation
- - of departure aircraft in designated standard pressure of 29.92 in. Hg, or 1013.2 Mb.
areas of an airport by deparmre
(expect departure clearance time), and/or restriction.
standard itmosphere - At sea level, the standard
atmosphere consists of a barometric pressure of 29.92
stagnation point - The point on the leading edge of an inches of mercury (in. Hg.) or 1013.2 millibars, and a
airfoil where the airflow separates and results in some temperature of 15°C (59°F). Pressure and temperature
- - over the surface and some below.
going normally decrease as altitude increases. The standard
lapse rate in the lower atmosphere for each 1,000 feet
stain - An agent applied to wood to change the color
of altitude is approximately 1 in. Hg. and 2°C (3.S°F).
andlor emphasize the grain. A protective finish such as For example, the standard pressure and temperature at
varnish is usually applied over the stain. 3,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) is 26.92 in. Hg.
(29.92 - 3) and 9°C (15°C - 6°C).
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standard atmospheric conditions start end of runway (SER)

standard atmospheric conditions - See standard standard terminal arrival - A preplanned instrument
atmosphere. flight rule (IFR) air traffic control arrival procedure
published for pilot use in graphic andtor textual form.
standard barometric pressure - The weight of gases in
STARs provide transition from the enroute structure to
the atmosphere sufficient to hold up a column of
an outer fix or an instrument approach fixlarrival
mercury 760 mm high (approximately 30") at sea level
waypoint in the terminal area.
(14.7 psi). This pressure decreases with altitude.
standard terminal arrival route (STAR) - A
standard briefing - The most complete weather picture,
preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic
tailored to your specific flight. Usually the briefing
control arrival procedure published for pilot use in
includes adverse conditions, a weather synopsis,
graphic and/or textual form. STARs provide transition
current weather, forecast weather, forecast winds and
from the enroute structure to an outer fix or an
temperatures aloft, alternate routes, NOTAMs, ATC
instrument approach fixlarrival waypoint in the
delays, and request for PIREPs.
terminal area.
standard cell - A cadmium-mercury cell made in a
standard-frequency signal - The National Institute of
specially shaped glass container. The two electrodes
Standards and Technology (NIST) broadcasts time and
are covered with an electrolyte of cadmium sulfate.
frequency information via WWV in Fort Collins,
Voltage produced by a standard cell is 1.0 18636 volts
Colorado. The information is broadcast on frequencies
at 20°C. Also referred to as a Weston standard or a
of 2.5,5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz.
Weston normal cell.
standard-rate turn - A rate of change in aircraft
standard day - Sea level, dry air, 59" F (15" C), no
direction of 3' per second, completing a 360" turn in
wind, 40" North or South latitude.
two minutes. Higher speed jet aircraft use a half-
standard fastener - A fastener that conforms in all standard-rate turn of 1% " per second, completing a
respects to recognized standards. 360" turn in four minutes.
standard instrument approach procedure - See standing waves - Stationary waves occurring on an
instrument approach procedure. antenna or transmission line as a result of two waves,
identical in amplitude and frequency, traveling in
standard instrument departure (SID) - A preplanned opposite directions along the conductor.
instrument flight rule (IFR) air traffic control departure
procedure printed for pilot use in graphic and/or textual standpipe - A vertical standing pipe in a tank or
from. SIDs provide transition from the terminal to the reservoir. It allows a space for a reserve of fluid
appropriate enroute structure. between the top of the standpipe and the bottom of the
tank. Reserve fluid is drawn from the bottom of the
standard lapse rate - For 1,000 feet of altitude in the tank.
lower atmosphere (below 36,000 feet), the standard
pressure lapse rate is 1.00 in. Hg., and the standard staple - 1. Wire: A u-shaped piece of fine wire with
temperature lapse rate is 2°C (3.5"F). sharp-pointed ends, driven into a surface to hold or
fasten material to it. 2. Textile material: The average
standard rate turn - A turn of three degrees per
length of textile material. Cotton fibers. 3. A chief
second. item: Any chief item, part, or element of a raw
standard sea level pressure - A standard value of material.
pressure used as a reference for making aerodynamic
stapler - A machine or tool used for driving staples
computations. It is 14.7 Ib./sq. in., 29.92 inches of through a piece of wood or stack of paper for the
mercury, or 1013.2 millibars. purpose of binding them together.
standard sea level temperature A surface
-
starboard side - The right-hand side of an aircraft or
temperature of 59°F or 15°C. See also standard
ship as viewed from aboard the craft and facing the
atmosphere.
front of the craft.
standard temperature - 15" C (59" F).
start winding - An auxiliary winding that is out of
standard terminal arrival (STAR) charts - Charts phase with the main winding. The auxiliary winding
designed to expedite air traffic control amval helps to start rotate the motor and is disconnected when
procedures and to facilitate transition between enroute the motor reaches operating speed.
and instrument approach operations. Each STAR
starter - A unit that uses electrical, pneumatic, or
procedure is presented as a separate chart and can serve
hydraulic energy to rotate an engine for starting.
a singlc airport or more than one airport in a given
geographical location. start end of runway (SER) - The beginning of the
takeoff runway available.

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 starter solenoid static stability

starter solenoid - An electrically operated switch that static charge - The electrical charge that builds up on a
uses a small current controlled from the cockpit to nonconductive surface by friction. Friction between the
close the high current-carrying contacts in the starter airframe and the air creates a static charge.
circuit.
static discharger - A device used to dissipate static
starter-generator - A combined unit used on turbine electricity from a control surface before it builds up to
engines The device acts as a starter for rotating the a highly charged state.
engine, and after running, internal circuits are shifted to
static electricity - An electrical charge that can be built
convert the device into a generator.
up on a nonconductive surface by friction.
starting torque - The amount of rotating force a motor
static flux - Concentration of lines of flux in the frame
develops during start. Series-wound motors develop
of a magneto due to the rotation of the magnet. At full
high starting torque while shunt- (parallel) wound
register, lines of flux are at maximum, while at neutral
motors develop very low starting torque.
positions, lines of flux are at minimum.
starved area - In composites, an area in a plastic part
static friction - The friction on an object when an
that has an insufficient amount of resin to wet out the
attempt is made to slide the object along a surface.
reinforcement completely.
Once in motion the object slides more easily.
starved joint - In composites, an adhesive joint that has
static instability - The characteristic of an aircraft that,
been deprived of the proper film thickness of adhesive
when disturbed from a condition of rest, tends to move
due to insufficient adhesive spreading or to the
it hrther from its original condition.
application of excessive pressure during the lamination
process. static interference - The noise in a radio caused by
static electricity moving between two structures having
statcoulomb - The amount of charge on each of two
no common ground.
bodies 1 cm apart that causes them to exert a force of 1
dyne on each other. The statcoulomb is the charge static port - A small hole, flush with the side of the
resulting from the addition of approximately 2 x lo9 aircraft, through which static pressure is taken to
electrons to a body. operate the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical
speed indicator.
state aircraft - Aircraft used in military, customs and
police service, in the exclusive service of any static pressure - Atmospheric pressure measured at a
government, or of any political subdivision, thereof point where there is no external disturbance and the
including the government of any state, territory, or flow of air over the surface is smooth.
possession of the United States or the District of
Columbia, but not including any government-owned static pressure pickup - A part of the static instrument
aircraft engaged in carrying persons or property for system. The location on the surface of an aircraft where
static air pressure is picked up from port holes or static
commercial purposes.
ports. This data is supplied to the altimeter, airspeed
.A

state of charge - A measurement of the percent of indicator, and vertical speed indicator.
charge condition of a battery. For lead-acid batteries,
the state of charge is measured by determining the static radial engine - An engine with cylinders
radiating out from a small central crankcase. A
specific gravity of the electrolyte. The state of charge
of a nickel-cadmium battery can only be determined by single-throw crankshaft is used for each row of
a measured discharge. cylinders. Most single-row radial engines have an odd
number of cylinders, but two or more rows can be used
statement of demonstrated ability (SODA) - The if more power is required.
official term for a waiver. This is a form that can be
issued in conjunction with a student's medical exam. static restrictions - Those restrictions that are usually
SODAS can only be issued by the FAA's federal air not subject to change, fixed, in place, andor published.
surgeon and are granted for a condition normally static RPM - The maximum RPM a reciprocating
requiring a denial that is not necessarily a safety factor. engine can produce when the aircraft is not moving
through the air. The static RPM is lower than the RPM
static- 1. Still. Not moving. A condition of rest. 2. The
the engine develops while airborne because forward
noise produced in a radio or television receiver by
atmospheric or man-made electrical disturbances. movement rams additional air pressure into the
carburetor inlet.
static balance - 1. A condition of balance that does not
static stability - The initial tendency to return to a state
involve any dynamic forces. 2. When a body stands in
of equilibrium when disturbed from that state.
any- position as the result of counterbalancing
A - andor
reducing heavy portions, it is said to be in standing or
static balance.
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static stop step turn

static stop - In rotorcraft, a device used to limit the stator - 1. The stationary part of an electrical machine
blade flap, or rotor flap, at low r.p.m. or when the rotor such as a motor or alternator. 2. The stationary portion
is stopped. of an axial flow turbojet compressor. 3. The discs in a
multiple-disc brake that are keyed to the axle and do
static system - Plumbing that connects the altimeter,
not rotate.
airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator to the
outside static air source of the airplane. An alternate stator case - The outer engine casing that houses either
source is usually included in this system. compressor or turbine stator vanes.
static temperature - A temperature measurement of air stator vane - Stationary vane, either compressor or
not in motion. turbine.
static test- A method of testing the structural integrity statute mile A measure of land distance equal to 5280
-

of an airplane to determine its ability to withstand loads ft. or 1.609 km.

that could possibly be encountered in flight.
stay - A cable or wire, loaded in tension only, used as a
static thrust - The thrust produced by a turbine engine structural member in a truss.
not moving through the air.
steady-state condition - The condition of any system
static tube - A cylindrical tube with a closed end and a that exists when all of the measured values are stable.
number of small openings normal to the axis, pointed
steady-state flight - A condition when a rotorcraft is in
upstream, and used to measure static pressure.
straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, and all forces
static wick - A small device made of metal braid or are in balance.
graphite-impregnated cotton attached to the trailing
steam - An invisible vapor created when water is heated
edge of a control surface to dissipate accumulated
to the boiling point
electrical charges into the air.
steam fog - Sea smoke, evaporation fog.
station - The location of a point within an aircraft
identified by distance in inches from the datum. steatite - The massive form of talc. Used for making
ceramic insulating material for high-voltage systems.
station "OW(zero)- The reference point from which
fuselage stations are measured. On some aircraft the steel - A hard and tough
- carbon-iron alloy.
point might be the firewall or the leading edge of the
wing. Stations in front of this would have negative steel wool - An abrasive material made of long, fine,
station numbers and those aft would have positive steel shavings and used for scouring steel parts.
station numbers. Station zero is sometimes placed at a steering damper - A hydraulically actuated device used
point in space in front of the aircraft so that all station to absorb shimmy vibrations from the nose wheel of an
numbers are positive. aircraft.
station declination - The orientation with respect to stellite - An extremely hard, wear-resistant metal used
true north of VHF transmitted signals. The orientation for valve faces and stem tips. Contains cobalt, tungsten,
is originally made to agree with the magnetic variation chromium, and molvbdenum.
(an uncontrollable global phenomenon) at the site.
Hence station declination (fixed by man) may differ stem The part of a multiple-choice test item consisting
-

from changed magnetic variation until the station is of the question, statement, or problem.
reoriented. step - A break in the form of the bottom of a float or
station pressure - The actual atmosphere pressure at the hull. Designed to diminish resistance, lessen the
observing station. suction effects, and improve longitudinal control.

station web A built-up section located at some point step leader The first of a series of events that make up
-

of applied force, such as attachments for wings, lightning. Nearly invisible to the eye, it is the path that
stabilizer, etc. carries electrons from the base of the clouds to the
ground, creating an ionized channel for the subsequent
stationary front - Same as quasi-stationary front. discharge.
stationary reservations - Altitude reservations that step taxi - To taxi a float plane at full power or high
encompass activities in a fixed area. Stationary RPM in order to obtain a speed that causes the plane to
reservations can include activities, such as special tests rise up on the planing portion of the floats.
- -

of weapons systems or equipment, certain U.S. Navy

carrier, fleet, and anti-submarine operations, rocket, Step turn - A maneuver used to put a float plane in a
missile and drone operations, and certain aerial planing configuration prior to entering an active sea
reheling or similar operations. lane for takeoff. The STEP TURN maneuver should
only be used upon pilot request.
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 -
stet, ut, coil storage life

step up coil - A transformer where a secondary winding a stoichiometric mixture, all of the oxygen and
has more turns than the primary. The voltage in the hydrocarbon fuel are used.
secondary winding will be stepped up.
STOL aircraft - An aircraft that can perform short
stepdown fix - A fix permitting additional descent takeoff and landing procedures.
within a segment of an instrument approach procedure
stop - A device used to limit the throw or travel of a
by identifying a point at which a controlling obstacle
control.
has been safely overflown.
stop altitude squawk - Used by ATC to inform an
step-down transformer - A device that steps down
aircraft to turn-off the automatic altitude reporting
voltages and is made with an iron core, a primary
feature of its transponder. It is issued when the verbally
winding, and a secondary winding. The step-down
reported altitude varies 300 feet or more from the
transformer has more turns of wire in the primary
automatic altitude report.
winding than the secondary winding. This difference
determines the stepped down secondary voltage. stop and go - A procedure wherein an aircraft will land,
stepped solvents - Solvents in a finish that have make a complete stop on the runway, and then
commence a takeoff from that point.
different rates of evaporation. Some evaporate almost
instantly, while others evaporate slowly. This variance stop burst - Used by ATC to request a pilot to suspend
provides the desired film. electronic countermeasure activity.
stepped stud -A stud replacement for one that has been stop buzzer - Used by ATC to request a pilot to
stripped out. The hole is drilled and tapped for a larger suspend electronic countermeasure activity.
stepped stud.
stop countersink - A countersink with a collar that
stepping relay - A rotary electrical switch that switches doesn't allow the cutter to cut too deeply into the metal
from one set of contacts to another whenever its skin.
solenoid receives a pulse.
stop drill - A hole drilled in the end of a crack in
step-up transformer - A device that steps up voltages aircraft structural material to distribute stresses and
and is made with an iron core, a primary winding, and stop the crack from proceeding further.
a secondary winding. The step-up transformer has less
turns of wire in the primary winding than the secondary stop nut - A nut used to prevent another nut from
winding. This difference, depending on the turns-ratio, backing off due to vibrations. A stop nut is either a
determines the step-up of the secondary voltage. self-locking nut or a nut that can be torqued against the
primary nut while the primary nut is being held in
stereo route - A routinely used route of flight place.
established by users and ARTCCs identified by a
coded name; e.g., ALPHA 2. These routes minimize stop squawk (mode or code) - Used by ATC to tell the
flight plan handling and communications. pilot to turn specified functions of the aircraft
transponder off.
sterile cockpit - A crew resource management concept
that specifically prohibits crewmember performance of stop stream - Used by ATC to request a pilot to
nonessential duties or activities while the aircraft is suspend electronic countermeasure activity.
involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight stopover flight plan - A flight plan format that permits
operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except in a single submission the filing of a sequence of flight
for cruise flight. plans through interim full-stop destinations to a final
stiffener - A structural member attached to an aircraft destination.
skin for the purpose of making it stiffer. It is quite stopway - An area beyond the takeoff runway, no less
often an extruded angle or a formed hat-shaped section. wide than the runway and centered upon the extended
stiffness - The relationship of load and deformation. centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane
The ratio between the applied stress and resulting during an aborted takeoff, without causing structural
damage to the airplane, and designated by the airport
strain.
authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during
-
stimulants - Drugs that excite the central nervous
system and produce an increase in alertness and
an aborted takeoff.
storage battery -A secondary cell. An electrical device
activity
in which electrical energy is converted into chemical
Stoddard solvent - A petroleum product similar to energy and stored. when needed it is converted back
naphtha used as a solvent or cleaning agent. into electrical energy.
stoichiometric - A chemical relationship in which all of storage life - In composites, the period of time during
the constituents are used in the reaction. In the case of which a liquid resin, packaged adhesive, or pre-preg
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storm detection radar. streamlined

can be stored under specified temperature conditions strain gauge - An extremely tiny conductor bonded to
and remain suitable for use. The storage life should be the surface of a component on which strain is to be
printed on the label. Also referred to as shelf life. measured. When the surface stretches the cross section
of the strain gauge becomes smaller and its resistance
storm detection radar - A radar optimized to show
increases. The strain gauge is extremely sensitive and
returns of precipitation rather than clouds as in a
measures the change.
normal weather radar.
strain hardening - The increase in strength and
straight mineral oil - Oil, such as petroleum, derived
hardness of a metal by work hardening or cold
from a mineral source as opposed to oils derived from
working. Strain hardening is normally done after a
plants and animals. Straight mineral oil would have no
piece of material has been heat treated. If an aluminum
additives. Often used during break-in of an engine.
alloy is not heat-treatable, strain hardening is the only
straight peen hammer - A metal beading hammer with way it can be hardened.
one flat face and one face with a vertical edge.
strainer - A very fine mesh screen located in the fuel
straight roller bearings - Roller bearings used where system and used to remove impurities.
the bearing is subjected to radial loads only.
strand - Normally, an untwisted bundle or assembly of
straight shank drill - A twist drill with a straight shank, continuous filaments used as a unit. Sometimes a single
distinguishable from a twist drill with a tapered shank. fiber or filament is referred to as a strand.
straightedge - Wood, metal, or plastic having a stranded conductor - An electrical conductor made up
perfectly straight edge used in drawing straight lines, or of many strands of wire covered with an insulating
to check for the straightness of a piece of material. material.
straight-in approach-IFR - An instrument approach stranded wire - Electrical wire made up of many
wherein final approach
.. is begun
- without first having smaller wire strands.
executed a procedure turn, not necessarily completed
strap pack - A tension-torsion system using sheet steel
with a straight-in landing or made to straight-in landing
lamination to carry the loads of the rotor blades to the
minimums.
head. Used by. Hughes Helicopters.
-

straight-in - into the traffic strategic planning - planning whereby solutions are
pattern by interception of the extended runway sought to resolve potential conflicts.
centerline (final approach course) without executing
any other portion ofihe traffic pattern. stratification -Formed in layers.
straight-in landing - A landing made on a runway stratiform - Descriptive of clouds of extensive
aligned within 301 of the final approach course horizontal development, as contrasted to vertically
following completion of an instrument approach. developed cumuliform clouds; characteristic of stable
air.
straight-in landing minimums - A statement of MDA
and visibility, or DH and visibility, required for stratiform c l o u d s C l o u d s formed in layers.
straight-in landing on a specified runway.
stratocumulus - Stratified cumulus consisting of low
straight-in minimums - See straight-in landing gray clouds, which are formed in layers, and that often
minimums. cover the whole sky especially in winter.
straight-polarity arc welding - Electric arc welding stratopause - The top stratosphere, approximately
where the electrode is connected to the negative 160,000 feet MSL.
terminal of the power supply.
stratosphere - The first layer above the troposphere
straight-run gasoline - Gasoline that is refined from extending to a height of approximately 160,000 feet,
crude oil using the fractional distillation process to with a composition much like the troposphere.
produce straight-run gasoline' In this method? the crude
stratus - Low gray uniform clouds that generally extend
oil is heated at atmospheric pressure in a heating
over a large area at altitudes of 2000 to 7000 feet (600
container. The various hydrocarbon liquids in the crude
to 2100 meters).
- boiling
oil vavorize fist. followed by those of higher -
points. Straight-run gasoline has an octane rating of streamline flow - A fluid flow without turbulence. All
approximately 70. lines of flow are in straight lines.
strain - 1. Deformation in a material caused by stress. 2. streamlined - Having a shape or contour that presents a
The process of exerting a force beyond the normal minimum resistance to the air with a minimum of
physical capacity of the material. turbulence.

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 -
strength subassembly

strength - The ability of a material to withstand forces sequenced flashing rate of the scope is then read to
that attempt to deform it. The ability of a material to determine the RPM of the unit being observed.
resist stress without breaking.
stroke - In a reciprocating engine, the distance a piston
strength-to-weight ratio - The ratio of a material's travels from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead
strength to its weight. center (TDC). Stroke is two times the crankshaft throw.
stress - The internal resistance or change in shape or structural adhesive - In composites, adhesive used for
size expressed in force per unit area. A stress transferring required loads between two cured parts.
concentration is an area where the level of an applied An adhesive can also be used to bond metal to a
stress causes a notch, void, hole, or inclusion. composite structure.
stress analysis - A mathematical determination of the structural bond - A bond that joins basic load-bearing
loads experienced by a structure under specific parts of an assembly. The load can be either static or
circumstances. dynamic.
stress corrosion - Intergranular corrosion that forms structural failure - When a structure fails to withstand
within metals subject to tensile stresses and in a the stresses imposed upon it.
corrosive environment. Exposure to such an
structural icing - The formation of ice on the exterior
environment alone would not have caused corrosion.
or structure of an aircraft.
Tends to separate the grain boundaries.
stress crack-Tn composites, external or internal cracks in structural machine screws - Machine screws having an
unthreaded portion of the shank and made of
a plastic caused by tensile stresses less than that of its
high-strength alloy steel. Used in place of an aircraft
short-time mechanical strength. The stresses that cause
bolt to carry shear loads and some tensile loads.
cracking can be present internally or externally or can
be combinations bf these stresses: structural member - Any part of an aircraft structure
designed to carry loads or stress.
stress management - Personal analysis of stress being
experienced and the application of appropriate coping structural steel - An alloy steel used for parts of an
mechanisms. aircraft subjected to high structural loads.
stress relieve -A general term describing the process of strut - 1. A compression member in a truss. 2. The
relieving internal stresses within metals by controlled external bracing on a non-cantilever airplane. 3. The
heating and cooling. Annealing and normalizing are stub wing assembly through which thrust loads are
more specific terms for this process. transmitted from a pod-mounted turbine engine into the
fiselage.
stress riser - A location on a part that due to shape, or
due to a defect, is more prone to failure as the result of strux - In composites, a foam like material used to form
stress than the rest of the part. This could be due to a structural sections for stiffening.
drastic change in cross-section or where the part has
been gouged or scratched. Stresses become stub antenna - A short, UHF, quarter-wavelength
concentrated at such locations. antenna normally used for radar beacon transponders or
distance measuring equipment.
stressed-skin structure - Aircraft skin designed to
carry the tension and compression stresses of structural stud - A headless
loads. Stressed-skin structured aircraft have few bolt that has threads
internal structural members. on each end. One
end often has coarse
stretching - A sheet metal forming operation in which threads for screwing into a casting, while the other end
the material is mechanically stretched over dies to form has fine threads to accept a nut.
compound curves.
stuffing box - A box through which a rotating shaft
stringer - A thin metal or wood strip running the length passes. It is packed with a material that inhibits leakage
-
ofthe hselage to fill in the shape of the formers. ground the shaft.
stroboscope - A device that can be adjusted to flash at styrene - A liquid hydrocarbon used in the manufacture
specific rates. It can be used to "freeze" the apparent of certain synthetic resins to improve their workability.
motion of propellers, pulleys, belts, rotors, etc., in Also, any of various synthetic plastics made from
order to inspect the action as if it is stopped. styrene by polymerization or copolymerization.
stroboscope tachometer - A variation of a stroboscope. Styrofoam -A rigid polymer of styrene plastic material.
The stroboscope tachometer is shown on a rotating unit
and adjusted until apparent rotation is stopped. The subassembly - An assembly that is a component of a
larger assembly.
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 -
subfreezing temperature sump jar

subfreezing temperature - Below freezing. Any the TMU's who will notify the appropriate terminals.
temperature below the freezing point of water, which is Permissible swapping must not change the traffic load
32"For0°C. for any given hour of an EQF Program.
subject matter knowledge codes - The subject matter substrate - The supporting material on which an
knowledge
- codes establish the specific reference for - circuit chip is built.
integrated
the standards On FAA subsystem - An operating unit or assembly that is a
examinations. These codes are associated with each
component of a larger system.
FAA knowledge question and are referred to in the
results returned to the examinee after an examination. subtropical jet stream - One of two jet streams
commonly associated with the westerlies. Located near
sublimation -- Process by which a solid is changed to a
25 to 30' latitude, it reaches its greatest strength in the
gas without going through the liquid state. Such as,
wintertime and is nonexistent in the summer.
from ice to water vapor.
suction -The act of producing negative pressure.
submerged-arc welding - A method of electric arc
welding in which a bare rod, covered with granulated suction cup gun -A paint gun in which material held in
flux, is used as an electrode. The granulated flux melts a cup is attached to the gun and drawn into the air by
in the arc and flows ahead of the weld to prevent the suction.
formation of oxides in the bead.
suction gauge - An aircraft instrument used to measure
subrogate - A legal term, which means to pursue action negative pressure or suction in an aircraft vacuum
against a third party determined to be responsible for system.
an accident, and attempt to recover damages from them
over the amount of the deductible. suction relief valve - A control valve in an instrument
pneumatic system that provides a constant negative
subsidence - A slow descending motion of air in the pressure. It opens the system to the outside airwhen
atmosphere over a rather broad area; usually associated the vacuum rises above the preset value.
with divergence and stable air.
suction vortex - A small vortex, about thirty feet in
subsonic flight - Flight when the air flowing over the diameter, embedded in a tornado funnel.
aircraft structure is moving slower than the speed of
sound. sudden stoppage - A condition in which the aircraft
engine has come to a complete stop in less than one
subsonic inlet - A divergent-shaped duct that acts as a revolution, usually caused by the propeller hitting an
subsonic diffuser. immovable object. Sudden stoppage requires a special
inspection to determine internal engine damage.
subsonic speed - Speed below the speed of sound.
sulfate radical - A combination of chemical elements
subsonic-diffuser - A divergent diffuser where the
that acts as though it were only one atom. In the case of
airstream spreads out to increase pressure as axial
a sulfate radical, the SO4 behaves in the chemical action
velocity decreases.
of battery charging or discharging as though it were
substandard - Unacceptable quality in a manufactured only one element.
object.
sulfated - The condition of plates in a discharged
substitute - The replacement of an object with the same lead-acid battery. The lead has turned to lead sulfate. If
or better quality material and which meets all of the allowed to remain for a long period of time, the sulfate
specifications of the original. becomes impossible to remove by normal charging
action.
substitute route - A route assigned to pilots when any
part of an airway or route is unusable because of sulfur - A pale yellow, non-metallic chemical crystal
NAVAID status. These routes consist of: element with a symbol of S and an atomic number of
a. Substitute routes shown on U.S. Government charts 16.
[and in the Jeppesen
sum - 1. The result obtained by adding two or more
(Enroute)].
numbers together. 2. Total.
b. Routes defined by ATC as specific NAVAID radials or
courses. sump - 1. A low area in a fuel tank where water will
c. Routes defined by ATC as direct to or between normally collect. 2. The component of an aircraft
NAVAIDs. engine used to hold the lubricating oil.
substitutions - Users are permitted to exchange CTA's sump jar - A small jar in the vent line of a battery box
(controlled time of arrival). Normally, the airline containing a pad wet with a chemical such as
dispatcher will contact the ATCSCC with this request. bicarbonate of soda or boric acid. Fumes given off by
The ATCSCC shall forward approved substitutions to
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 sun gear. superstructure

the battery while it charges are neutralized by this supercritical wing - An aerodynamic wing design that
material. enhances the range, cruising speed, and fuel efficiency
of jet aircraft by producing weaker shock waves that
sun gear - The center gear in a planetary gear system
create less drag and permits high efficiency.
around which the planetary gears rotate.
superheat - The heat energy added to a gas after
sunset and sunrise - The mean solar times of sunset
evaporation has been completed.
and sunrise as vublished in the Nautical Almanac.
converted to local standard time for the locality superheated vapor - Vapor that has been heated above
concerned. Within Alaska, the end of evening civil its boiling point.
- -

twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as

superheated water - The process of heating water to a
defined for each locality.
super high frequency - The frequency band between 3
temperature above 212°F when it normallv changes
from a liquid state to a vapor. Water can be
-
and 30 gigahertz (gHz). The elevation and azimuth superheated by heating it in a pressurized container.
stations of the microwave landing system operate from This is because more heat energy has to be added
503 1 MHz to 5091 MHz in this spectrum. before the molecules move fast enough to become
steam.
super high radio frequency - Frequencies between 3.0
and 30.0 gigahertz having wavelengths between 100 superheterodyne - A radio receiver circuit that mixes
and 10 mm. the radio frequency signal received with a frequency
produced in a local oscillator to create an intermediate
superadiabatic lapse rate - A lapse rate greater than
frequency.
the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
super-refraction - A condition where radar beams are
supercell thunderstorm - A severe thunderstorm that
bent more than normal due to anomalies in temperature
almost always produces one or more of the extremes of
or humidity.
convective weather: Very strong horizontal wind gusts,
large hail, andlor tornadoes. The supercell can occur supersaturated - Any solution (such as sugar and
anywhere in the mid-latitudes, but by far the favored water) in which a solid is dissolved until no more of the
area is the southern Great Plains of the United States. solid can be added. This amount varies according to the
The supercell is so named because it requires extreme temperature of the liquid. As the temperature decreases
instability and a special combination of boundary layer more of the solid recrystallizes and drops out of the
and high-level wind conditions. solution.
supercharger - An engine or exhaust driven air supersede - To make obsolete by replacement. When a
compressor used to provide additional pressure to the manufacturer issues new maintenance manuals, the
induction air so the engine can produce additional new manuals supersede the old ones.
power.
supersonic -A speed greater than the speed of sound.
supercharger control system - The system of
supersonic aerodynamics - The branch of
controlling the supercharger to maintain a constant
aerodynamics that deals with the theory of flight at
manifold pressure as the altitude changes.
speeds faster than the speed of sound. Aero means
supercharging - Increasing the cylinder pressure of a pertaining to air; dynamics is that branch of physics
reciprocating aircraft engine by introducing that considers bodies in motion and the forces that
compressed air into the cylinder on the intake stroke. produce changes of bodies in motion.
superconduction - The effect experienced at very low supersonic diffuser - A converging diffuser where the
temperatures (approaching absolute zero) when atomic supersonic airstream pressure is raised as velocity
vibration ceases. Conduction electrons are free to drift decreases.
through conductors without opposition or loss of
supersonic nozzle - A divergent-shaped duct designed
energy.
to allow - gases to expand outward faster than they
superconductivity - A reaction of certain chemical accelerate rearward.
elements when they are cooled and held at or near
supersonic speed - Mach 1.0 to Mach 5.0.
absolute zero degrees. At absolute zero degrees, these
elements lose almost all of their electrical resistance supersonic transport The British-French Concorde
-

and become strongly diamagnetic. and the Russian TU-144. The only two types of
supersonic commercial aircraft presently in existence.
supercooled water - Water that has been cooled below
the freezing point, but is still in a liquid state. superstructure - Framework attached to an aircraft
Supercooled water forms solid ice as soon as it is truss structure to provide the desired aerodynamic
disturbed.
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supplemental type certificate (STC) swaged terminals

shape. It is usually covered with lightweight sheet surface tape - Strips of fabric made of the same
metal or aircraft fabric. material used to cover an aircraft structure. It is applied
over the seams, rib-stitching, and edges to give the
supplemental type certificate (STC) - A certificate
surface a smooth, finished appearance. Sometimes
authorizing an alteration to an airframe, engine, or
referred to as finishing tape.
component, which has been granted an Approved Type
Certificate. surface tension - A cohesive condition that exists on
the surface of a liquid because of molecular attraction.
supplemental weather service location - Airport
facilities staffed with contract personnel who take surface treatment - 1. Any treatment that changes the
weather observations and provide current local weather chemical, physical, or mechanical properties of a
to pilots via telephone or radio. (All other services are surface. 2. In composites, a material (size or finish)
provided by the parent FSS.) applied to fibrous material during the forming
operation or in subsequent processes. The process is
supplementary angles - Two angles that add up to
used to enhance bonding capability of fiber to resin.
180".
surface visibility - Visibility observed from eye-level
supply-type test items - Questions where the student
above the ground.
supplies answers as opposed to selecting from choices
prb;ided. Essay or fill&-the-blank type questions are surface-based inversion - An inversion with its base at
examples of supply-type test items. the surface, often caused by cooling of the air near the
surface as a result of terrestrial radiation, especially at
support clamp - A clamp used to support various fluid
night.
lines or wire bundles connected to the aircraft structure.
surficant - Wetting agent. In lubricating systems
suppressor grid - The electrode in a pentode vacuum
surficant adheres to contaminants causing them to drop
tube used to suppress secondary emissions from the
out of the fuel and settle to the bottom of the tank as
plate.
sludge.
SUPPS - Refers to ICA0 Document 7030 Regional surge - The abrupt loss of the efficiency of the axial
Supplementary Procedures. SUPPS contain procedures
flow compressor in a turbine engine when the angle of
for each ICAO Region which are unique to that Region
attack of the compressor blades becomes excessive.
and are not covered in the worldwide provisions
Also referred to as a compressor stall.
identified in the ICAO Air Navigation Plan. Procedures
contained in chapter 8 are based in part on those surging - A change in engine RPM or power in an
published in SUPPS. oscillatory manner. It is usually caused by a
malfunction in the fuel control system.
surface air temperature - In meteorology, the
temperature of the air measured at 1.5 meters (about 5 SURPIC - A description of surface vessels in the area
feet) above the ground. of a Search and Rescue incident including their
predicted positions and their characteristics.
surface area - The airspace contained by the lateral
boundary of the Class B, C, D, or E airspace designated surveillance approach (ASR) - An instrument
for an airport that begins at the surface and extends approach wherein the air traffic controller issues
upward. instructions, for pilot compliance, based on aircraft
position in relation to the final approach course
surface corrosion - Oxidation across the surface of a
(azimuth), and the distance (range) from the end of the
metal. Primary protection against this corrosion is
runway as displayed on the controller's radar scope.
achieved by surface treatment such as painting,
The controller will provide recommend-ed altitudes on
anodizing, or alodining.
final approach
.. if requested by the pilot.
surface friction - The resistive force that arises from
sustained speed - The average wind speed over a one-
the combination of skin friction and turbulence near the
or two-minute period.
Earth's surface.
sustaining speed - The speed of the engine compressor
surface movement guidance and control system
and turbine at which a turbine engine can keep itself
(SMGCS) - Provisions for guidance and control or
running without having to depend on power from the
regulation for facilities, information, and advice
starter.
necessary for pilots of aircrafi and drivers of ground
vehicles to find their way on the airport during low swage- To squeeze together.
visibility operations and to keep the aircraft or vehicles
on the surfaces or within the areas intended for their swaged terminals - Solderless terminals fastened to an
electrical conductor by the swaging process.
use. Low visibility operations for this system means
reported conditions of RVR 1200 or less.
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 sweat solder system discharge indicator

sweat solder - A method of soldering two pieces of both sides of the airplane are equidistant from the
metal together. Both pieces are timed with solder and center line.
then heated to form a joint without the use of additional
synchro - A synchronous device in which a movable
solder.
element is slaved to a similar element in a master unit
Sweeny tool - A gear reduction type torque wrench used or transmitter.
to remove the mast nut from helicopter rotors.
synchro system - See synchro.
sweepback - A wing design in which the wings do not
synchronize - To cause two events to occur at exactly
form right angles with the longitudinal axis but instead
the same time.
are angled backward from the wing root to the wingtip.
synchronous motor - An AC motor in which the rotor
sweptback wing - A wing planform in which the tips of
is an electromagnet and the stator has a pulsating
the wing are farther back than the wing root.
magnetic field from the AC flowing within it. The rotor
swing a compass - The process of aligning the aircraft must have a starting device, but once it is running, it
on a series of known magnetic headings and adjusting will operate at a constant speed, which is determined
the compensating magnets to bring the compass by the frequency of the power source.
heading as near the magnetic heading as possible.
synchronous speed -The speed at which a synchronous
swirl frame - The inlet case on some turboshaft engines motor rotates. It is dependent on the frequency of the
that act as an inlet particle separator. alternating current that excites the field and the number
of poles in the stator.-
swirl vanes - Air circulation vanes that surround fuel
nozzles creating a small vapor retaining vortex. Fuel synchrophasing - In multi engine aircraft, a form of
vapor trapped in this way is recirculated and utilized propeller synchronization in which not only the r.p.m.
more efficiently. of the engines are held constant, but also the position of
the propellers with relation to each other.
Swiss pattern files - A set of precision files used for
delicate metal work. synchroscope - An instrument showing the relationship
of the engine speeds on a multi-engine aircraft.
switching diode - A semiconductor device that behaves
like an open switch at low voltage levels, but acts like a synoptic chart - In weather, a map or chart that depicts
closed switch when voltage rises to a trigger level. meteorological conditions over a large area at a given
time.
syllabus - A step-by-step, building block progression of
learning with provisions for regular review and synthetic fibers - Man-made products such as
evaluations at prescribed stages of learning. The fiberglass, polyester, and polyamide fibers used in the
syllabus defines the unit of training, states by obiective production of aircraft covering
- fabric.
what the student is expected to a'c~m~lish-duri%~ the
synthetic oil - A lubricating oil with a synthetic rather
unit of training, shows an organized plan for
than a petroleum base. Tt tends to be less likely to
instruction, and dictates the evaluation process for
oxidize and form sludge than petroleum oils.
either the unit or stages of learning.
Synthetics are used extensively in turbine engines and
symbol - Graphic representation used to represent are gaining wide acceptance in reciprocating engines.
shape, size, or material on a mechanical drawing.
synthetic rubber - Any of several types of man-made
symbols - In communication, words, gestures, and facial - products that have characteristics -similar to natural
expressions are formed into sentences and paragraphs rubber.
that mean something to the receiver of the information.
synthetic vision - An artificial information display,
symmetrical - A condition in which both halves of an - usually in the form of graphical computer images: that
obiect are the same. represent the real world and helps improve a pilot's
adility to retain situational awareness and control'of the
symmetrical airfoil -An airfoil with the same shape on
aircraft.
both sides of its center line. The location of the center
of pressure of a symmetrical airfoil changes very little system - A group of parts or components that work
as its angle of attack varies. together in order to accomplish a common goal.
symmetrical laminate - In composites, a laminate in system discharge indicator - A yellow disc or blow-out
which the stacking sequence of plies below its midline plug on the side of an aircraft. When blown out, it
is a mirror image of the stacking sequence above the indicates that the fire extinguishing system has been
midline. discharged normally rather than by an overheat
condition.
symmetry check - A rigging check of an aircraft where
measurements are made to determine that points on
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system pressure regulator - The hydraulic component
that controls hydraulic system pressure. It unloads the
pump when a pre-selected pressure is reached. It also
brings the pump back online when the pressure drops
to the desired kick-in pressure.
system strategic navigation - Military activity
accomplished by navigating along a preplanned route
using internal aircraft systems to maintain a desired
track. This activity normally requires a lateral route
width of 10 NM and altitude range of 1,000 feet to
6,000 feet AGL with some route segments that permit
terrain following.

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 T .tailwheel checkout

contains one or more pulleys and a rope connecting the

pulley(s) of each block.
tab - A small auxiliary control surface hinged to an tacky - A gluey or sticky finish.
aircraft primary control surface. Tabs can be used to tactical air navigation - An ultra-high frequency
assist in the movement of a primary control surface or electronic rho-theta air navigation aid that provides
as a means of trimming an aircraft. suitably equipped aircraft a continuous indication of
TACAN - An acronym for Tactical Air Navigation bearing and distance to the TACAN station.
System. An electronic navigation system that provides tag wire - Thin diameter wire used to tie identification
an indication of the distance the aircraft is from a tags to objects.
ground station. TACAN operates in the UHF range of
the radio freauencv snectrum. tail boom - A spar or outrigger connecting the tail
surfaces to a pod-type fuselage.
TACAN-only aircraft - An aircraft, normally military,
possessing TACAN with DME but no VOR tail cone - 1. The conical-shaped portion of a turbine
navigational system capability. Clearances must engine exhaust system used to produce the proper area
specify TACAN or VORTAC fixes and approaches. increase for the gases as they leave the engine. 2. The
rearmost part of an aircraft fuselage.
tachometer - An instrument that measures the rotating
speed of an engine. For reciprocating engines, the tail load - A downward aerodynamic force produced by
tachometer reads in RPMs. In most turbine engines, the the tail of an airplane to maintain dynamic longitudinal
tachometer reads in percent of the maximum RPM. stability.
tachometer cable -- The flexible cable used to drive a tail pipe - That portion of the exhaust system of an
mechanical tachometer from the engine. It is made of aircraft engine through which the gases leave the
two layers of steel wire, spiraled in opposite directions aircraft.
about a central core. tail rotor - In helicopters, a rotor turning in a plane
tachometer generator - A small electrical generator perpendicular to that of the main rotor and parallel to
supplying current at frequencies proportional to the the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. It is used to
speed of the unit on which it is mounted. counteract the torque of the main rotor and to provide
movement about the yaw axis of the helicopter.
tachometer generator and indicator - The generator
has three-phase AC output of approximately 20V. It is tail section - The rear portion, or empennage, of an
a gearbox-driven accessory that produces power for a airplane.
motor-driven indicator. The indicator provides a RPM tail skid - 1. On modem jet aircraft, a portion of the
indication in the cockpit. structure designed to absorb shock in case the tail
tack - In composites, stickiness of the adhesive of a pre- strikes the runway during rotation for takeoff. 2. A skid
preg material. that supports the tail of an airplane on the ground. Tail
skids were used before the advent of tail wheels.
tack coat - In painting, a very light coat of material
sprayed on a surface and allowed to stay until the tail surface - A stabilizing or control surface in the tail
solvents evaporate. It is then covered with the full wet of an aircraft.
coat of material. tail wheel - A small wheel located at the rear of the
tack rag - A rag, slightly damp with thinner, used to fuselage of an airplane having a conventional landing
wipe a surface after it has been sanded to prepare it for gear. It is used as a support for the tail when the
the application of the next coat of finish. airplane is on the ground.
tack weld - Small temporary welds along a welded tail wind - A wind blowing in the same direction the
seam made for the purpose of holding the pieces of airplane is flying.
metal in position until the weld is completed. tail-heavy - A condition of balance in an aircraft in
tacking - Hand-sewn temporary stitches removed prior which the center of gravity is behind the aft limit.
to machine sewing. tailpipe inserts - Small, sheet metal, wedge-shaped tabs
tackle - A pulley in the form of a wheel mounted on a that are inserted into the tailpipe of some older engines
faced axis and supported by a frame. The wheel, or to reduce the nozzle opening and increase thrust.
disk, is normally grooved to accommodate a rope. The Adjustment of thrust is now done at the fuel control.
frame that supports the wheel is called a block. Block tailwheel checkout - To act as PIC of a tailwheel
and tackle consists of a pair of blocks. Each block airplane, FAR 6 1.31(g) requires a demonstration of
competency in normal and crosswind takeoffs and
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 .
tailwind tap extractor

landings, wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has continuous use to the time shown in the approved
recommended against such landings), and go-around engine specification.
procedures. Seek a comprehensive tailwheel checkout
take-off run available (TORA) - The length of runway
from a qualified instructor for each make and model of
declared available and suitable for the ground run of an
tailwheel airplane that will be used for instruction. If
airplane taking off.
one has logged PIC time in a tailwheel airplane prior to
April 15, 1991, then a tailwheel endorsement is not takeoff safety speed - A referenced airspeed obtained
required in one's logbook. after lift-off at which the required one-engine-
inoperative climb performance can be achieved.
tailwind - Any wind more than 90 degrees from the
flight path of the aircraft. For takeoff, any wind more takeoff thrust - With respect to turbine engines, means
than 90" from the magnetic heading of the runway. the jet thrust that is developed under static conditions at
a specific altitude and atmospheric temperature under
tailwind component - The portion of the wind that acts
the maximum conditions of rotorshafi rotational speed
directly on the tail of the airplane.
and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff,
takeoff -The beginning of flight in which an airplane is and limited in continuous use to the period of time
accelerated from a state of rest to that of normal flight. shown in the approved engine specification.
The final breaking of contact with the land or water.
takeoff weight - The weight of an aircraft at liftoff.
takeoff area - Any locality either on land, water, or Also referred to as maximum takeoff weight.
structures, including airportsheliports and intermediate
tandem - One behind the other.
landing fields, used or intended to be used, for the
takeoff of aircraft whether or not facilities are provided tandem bearings - The placement of two ball bearings
for the shelter, servicing, or for receiving or so the thrust load is shared by both bearings.
discharging passengers or cargo.
tandem wing - A configuration having two wings of
takeoff briefing - A tool that pilots can use for takeoff similar span, mounted in tandem.
planning where they verbally rehearse the entire
tang - The portion of a knife blade or file that fits into
takeoff and departure prior to taking the active runway.
By conducting a takeoff briefing, multi-engine the handle.
operations can be performed safer. The briefing should tangent - 1. A line that contacts the circumference of a
include both normal and emergency procedures just circle without penetrating to the inside of the circle. 2.
prior to taxiing onto the runway. Among other things, A trigonometric function that is the ratio of the lengths
this enables pilots to be better prepared to handle of the side opposite and the side adjacent to the angle
engine failures during the various phases of the takeoff in a right
- triangle.
-
profile. This takeoff briefing should review appropriate
actions for an engine failure prior to VMC, before the tangent point (TP) - The point on the VOR/DME
landing gear is retracted, and after the airplane is RNAV route centerline from which a line
climbing in the clean configuration. perpendicular to the route centerline would pass
through the reference facility.
take-off distance available (TODA) - The length of the
take-off run available plus the length of the clearway, if tank -A container or reservoir used to hold liquids.
provided. tank circuit - A parallel resonant circuit including an
takeoff power - The brake horsepower approved by the inductance and a capacitance.
engine manufacturer for takeoff. This can be limited to tank selector valve - A selector valve controlled by the
a given amount of time such as one minute or five pilot with which they can select the fuel tank from
minutes. which they desire to operate the engine.
takeoff Power - 1. With respect to reciprocating tantalum carbide - A rare, corrosion-resistant, metallic
engines, the brake horsepower developed under chemical element mixed with carbon. Used in cutting
standard sea level conditions, and under the maximum tools and instruments.
conditions of crankshaft rotational speed and engine
manifold pressure approved for the normal takeoff, and tap - A tool used to cut threads on the inside of a hole in
limited in continuous use to the time shown in the metal, fiber, or other material.
approved engine specification. 2. With respect to tap drill - A twist drill used to drill a hole before it is
turbine engines, the brake horsepower developed under tapped. Charts have been developed to determine the
static conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric correct size tap drill to use to obtain the correct
temperature, and under the maximum conditions of dimensions for a tapped hole.
rotor shaft rotational speed and gas temperature
approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in tap extractor - A tool used to extract taps that have
broken off in the hole. It is equipped with projecting
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 tave taxi vattems

fingers that enter the flutes of the tap. The tap is then tappet - The component in an aircraft reciprocating
backed out of the hole by turning the extractor with a engine that rides on the face of the cam and transmits a
wrench. reciprocating motion to the push rods to open the
valves in the engine cylinders. The hydraulic
tape - In composites, a term used for thin unidirectional
valve lifters normally fit inside the tappets.
material that is usually no wider than 12 inches. The
material may or may not be a prepreg. tare weight - The weight of all items such as blocks or
chocks used to hold an airplane on the scales when it is
tape laying - In composites, a manufacturing process
being weighed. Tare weight must be subtracted from
where prepreg tapes are laid across or overlapped to
the scale reading to determine the weight of the
build up a shape. The parts are sometimes vacuum
aircraft.
bagged
-- and cured. This process can be automated by
the use of tape laying equipment
-
target - In radar: Generally, any discrete object that
reflects or retransmits energy- back to the radar
tape measure - A narrow strip (usually made of cloth or
equipment. Specifically, an object of radar search or
steel tape) with graduations of centimeters, inches, feet,
surveillance.
etc. used for measuring.
target blade - The identification of one blade of a
taper - A gradual decrease in width or thickness from
helicopter during electronic balancing. It is the blade
one end of an object to the other.
with the double interrupter.
taper in plan only - A gradual change (usually a
target symbol - A computer-generated indication
decrease) in the chord length along the wing span from
shown on a radar display resulting from a primary
the root to the tip with the wing sections remaining
radar return or a radar beacon reply.
geometrically
- similar.
tarmac - A hard surfaced area of an airport used for
taper in thickness ratio only -A gradual change in the
aircraft parking, tie-down, and servicing.
thickness ratio along a wingspan with the chord
remaining constant. tarnish - A stain, blemish, or dull surface.
taper pin - A device used for fastening concentric tarpaulin - A cover made of a large piece of heavy,
shafts together to prevent relative motion between waterproof material fitted along its edges with eyelets
them. The tapered pin is pressed into a tapered hole. so ropes can be used for tying.
taper reamer - A reamer used to smooth and "true" tasks - Knowledge areas, flight procedures, or
tapered holes and recesses. maneuvers within an area of operation of a practical
test standard. Each task includes a list of t h e type of
taper tap - A hand-operated thread cutting tap used to
aircraft category or class to which it applies and a
start the tapping process in a drilled hole. The tap
reference to the applicable regulation or publication.
tapers for the first six or seven threads.
tautening dope - Aircraft dope consisting of
tapered crankshaft - The crankshaft to which a
nitrocellulose and a plasticizer. The dope is applied to
propeller is mounted by fitting over a tapered end.
the fabric surface to produce tautness, increase
tapered propeller shaft - See tapered crankshaft. strength, protect the fabrid, waterproof the fabric, and
make it airtight.
tapered punch - A hand punch tapered in length and
used to drive vins. bolts. or rivets from their holes. taxi - The movement of an airplane under its own power
on the surface of an airport (FAR 135.100-Note).
tapered roller bearings -An anti-friction bearing made Also, it describes the surface movement of helicopters
of hardened steel cylinders rolling between two cone- equipped with wheels.
s . -
shaved. hardened steel races. Tavered roller bearings
are designed
- to carry both thrust and radial loads. taxi into position and hold - Used by ATC to inform a
pilot t i taxi onto the departure runway in takeoff
tapered-shank drill - A twist drill that has a tapered position and hold. It is not authorization for takeoff. It
shank and is held in the chuck by friction is used when takeoff clearance cannot immediately be
tapped
-- hole - A hole in a casting or other material with issued because of traffic or other reasons.
threads cut on the inside. taxi lights - Lights similar to landing lights on an
t a-w- e d resistor - A wire-wound resistor that has taus aircraft, but specifically aimed to illuminate the runway
along the length of the wire in order to provide a choice or taxiway when the airplane is taxiing.
of multiple fixed resistances. taxi patterns - Patterns established to illustrate the
tapped stud hole - A hole in which threads have been desired flow of ground traffic for the different runways
cut for installation of a stud. or airport areas available for use.

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taxi weight. temverature ratio

taxi weight - The maximum weight allowed for ground telegraphing - In composites, dimpling of the fabric
maneuvering. Also referred to as ramp weight. into the honeycomb core.
taxiway - Airport pavement that allows aircraft to taxi telemetering - A system of sending data over great
from the terminal or parking area to the runway. distances by radio.
taxonomy of educational objectives - A system of telephone information briefing service (TIBS) -
sorting learning outcomes into the three domains of Telephone recording of weather andor aeronautical
cognitive, affective and psychomotor and rank ordering information.
learning levels from least to most complex within each
telescope - To extend or collapse a series of
domain.
interconnecting sections in order to make a longer or
TCAS I - A TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system) shorter linear assembly.
that utilizes interrogations of, and replies from,
telescoping gauge - A precision measuring device that
airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic
consists of a spring-loaded rod telescoping inside a
advisories to the pilot.
tube. The gauge is adjusted to the width of a bore or a
TCAS I1 -A TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system ) hole and locked. It is then removed fiom the hole and
that utilizes interrogations of, and replies from airborne the length is measured with a micrometer.
radar beacon transponders and provides traffic
telling and doing technique - A technique of flight
advisories and resolution advisories in the vertical
instruction that consists of the instructor first telling
plane.
about and demonstrating the new procedure. This is
TCAS 111 - A TCAS (traffic collision avoidance followed by the student telling and the instructor doing.
system) that utilizes interrogation of, and replies from, Third, the student talks about the new procedure while
airborne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic doing it. Last, the instructor evaluates while the student
advisories and resolution advisories inthe vertical and accomplishes the procedure.
horizontal planes to the pilot.
temper - The condition of hardness or softness of metal.
teaching - The systematic and deliberate creation of
temperature - In general, the degree of hotness or
practical instructional events (experiences) that are
coldness as measured on some definite temperature
conducive to learning.
scale by means of any of various types of
teaching lecture - An oral presentation that is directed thermometers. Also, a measure of the direction heat
toward desired learning outcomes. Some student will flow proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the
participation is allowed. molecules.
teardown area - The area in an overhaul shop where temperature amplifier - An electronic device used to
equipment is received, inventoried, cleaned, and amplify the exhaust temperature signal before being
disassembled for overhaul. passed on to the fuel control. Used to assist in
scheduling fuel flow.
technician - Aviation Maintenance Technician (AMT).
A person skilled in repairing aircraft who has been temperature bulb - A temperature sensor installed at
issued a certificate from the FAA authorizing the points such as the air intake or exhaust manifold.
holder to repair aircraft. Output is transmitted to temperature gauges in the
aircraft cockpit or to the fuel control.
Tedlaro - In composites, a material used on the surface
as a waterproof barrier. temperature coefficient of resistance - The rate of
change in resistance per degree centigrade of
tee fitting - A plumbing
temperature change.
connector in the shape of a
T. temperature datum system - An electronic circuit in
an electrohydromechanical fuel control. Used to assist
teetering hinge - In
in scheduling fuel flow.
-
rotorcraft. a hinge that
permits the rotor blades of temperature gradient - The change of temperature
a semirigid rotor system to flap as a unit. divided by the distance over which the change occurs.
Teflon - A proprietary name for a fluorocarbon resin temperature inversion - In meteorology, an increase in
used to make hydraulic and pneumatic seals and temperature with height - a reversal of the normal
backup rings. decrease with height in the troposphere.
teleflex cable - A cable used to connect engine temperature ratio - A ratio of two engine temperatures
accessories to cockpit controls. Also used as a feedback used in certain performance calculations.
cable.
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 temDerature scales terminal velocitv

temperature scales - 1. Celsius, formerly known as response to an aircraft's progress and its current
centigrade, is based on the freezing point of water as 0" relationship to other arrivals.
and its boiling point as 100". Absolute zero is equal to -
273" on the Celsius scale. 2. Fahrenheit is based on the tera -Trillion. A metric prefix equal to 1 x 1 0 ' ~ .
freezing point of water as 32" and its boiling point as
terminal - 1. A connecting fitting in the form of a ring
212". Absolute zero is equal to -460' on the Fahrenheit
that attaches to the end of a wire. Used for connection
scale. 3. Kelvin is based on the freezing point of water
to a battery, terminal strip, or other component. 2. A
as 273°K and its boiling point as 373". Rankine is
keyboard and video monitor that allows a user to
based on the freezing point of water as 492" and its
interface with the computer.
boiling point as 672".
terminal area - A general term used to describe
temperature-dewpoint spread - The difference
between the air temperature and the dewpoint. airspace in which approach control service or airport
traffic control service is provided.
tempering - A heat-treatment process in which some of
terminal area facility - A facility providing air traffic
the hardness is removed from a metal to increase its
control service for amving and departing IFR, VFR,
toughness and decrease its brittleness.
Special VFR, and on occasion enroute aircraft.
template - A pattern made of any suitable material to
permit the layout of parts with a minimum expenditure terminal control area (TCA) - A control area normally
located where air traffic routes converge in the vicinity
of time and effort. It should be rigid and accurate and
of one or more airfields. No longer valid for U.S. - still
have pertinent data marked on it.
- airspace.
valid for foreign
tensile load -An external force that tends to lengthen or
terminal control area [ICAO] - A control area
stretch a body.
normallv established at the confluence of ATS routes
tensile strength - The ability of an object to resist in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes.
forces tending to stretch or lengthen it.
terminal doppler weather radar (TDWR) - Installed
tensile stress - The forces that attempt to pull an object at many U.S. airports vulnerable to thunderstorms and
apart. microbursts. The use of Doppler
.. radar provides a
narrower radar beam and with greater power, a more
tensiometer - A measuring instrument used to
comprehensive wind shear picture is available for wind
determine the installed tension of aircraft control
shear prediction.
cables.
terminal forecast (FT) - Provides weather conditions
tension - The stress produced in a body by forces acting
expected to occur within a five nautical mile radius of
along the same line but in opposite directions.
the runway complex at an airport.
tension adjusters - Devices installed in an aircraft
terminal radar service area - Airspace surrounding
control system that maintain a constant cable tension,
designated airports wherein ATC provides radar
regardless of the temperature-caused dimensional
vectoring, sequencing, and separation on a full-time
changes in the airplane.
basis for all IFR and participating VFR aircraft. The
tension regulators - See tension adjusters. AIM [and ~ e ~ ~ e ATC s e n section] contains an
explanation of TRSA. TRSA's are depicted on VFR
tension torsion bar - A strap made of layers of sheet aeronautical charts. Pilot participation is urged but is
steel used to absorb tension of centrifugal loads
not mandatory.
between the rotor blades and the hub. The tension
torsion bar also absorbs the tension in the torque that terminal radar service area (TRSA) (USA) -Airspace
results from blade pitch changes.
- surrounding designated airports wherein ATC provides
radar vectoring, sequencing and separation on a full-
tension torsion strap - A strap made of wire used to time basis for all IFR and participating VFR aircraft.
serve the same purpose on a helicopter rotor head as Service provided in a TRSA is called Stage I11 Service.
the tension torsion bar. Pilots' participation is urged but is not mandatory.
tentative calculated landing time (TCLT) -A terminal strip - A strip of insulating material that
projected time calculated for adapted vertex for each contains terminal posts to which aircraft wiring is
arrival aircraft based upon runway configuration, attached.
airport acceptance rate, airport arrival delay period, and
other metered arrival aircraft. This time is either the terminal velocity -The speed of an aircraft at which the
VTA (vertex time of arrival) of the aircraft or the drag has reached such an amount that the airplane will
TCLTIACLT (actual landing time calculated) of the no longer accelerate.
previous aircraft plus the AAI (arrival aircraft interval),
whichever is later. This time will be updated in
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 .
terminal very high frequency ornni-directional range station (TVOR) thermal circuit breaker

terminal very high frequency omni-directional range terrestrial radiation - The radiation emitted by the
station (TVOR) - A very high frequency terminal Earth and its atmosphere.
omni-range station located on or near an airport and
tertiary - Something at a third level of importance.
used as an approach aid.
rank, or value.
terminal VFR radar sewice - A national program test - 1. To submit a unit, component, etc. to conditions
instituted to extend the terminal radar services provided that will show its quality, strength, etc. 2. A set of
instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft to visual flight questions, problems or exercises for determining
rules (VFR) aircraft. The program is divided into four whether a person has a particular knowledge or skill.
types of service referred to as basic radar service, test club - A wide-blade, short-diameter propeller used
terminal radar service area (TRSA) service, Class B for applying a load to a freshly overhauled aircraft
service and Class C service. The type of service engine for its initial run-in.
provided at a particular location is contained in the
AirportiFacility Directory. test item - A question, problem, or exercise that
a. Basic Radar Service: These services are provided for measures a single objective and calls for a single
VFR aircraft by all commissioned terminal radar response.
facilities. Basic radar service includes safety alerts,
test stand - A stationary structure where engines, units,
traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring when
components, etc., can be mounted for testing.
requested by the pilot, and sequencing at locations
where procedures have been established for this test switch - A switch used to test a system in order to
purpose and/or when covered by a letter of agreement. determine its operational condition.
The purpose of this service i s to adjust the flow of
tetraethyl lead - A heavy, oily, poisonous liquid
arriving IFR and VFR aircraft into the traffic pattern in
(Pb(C2H&) mixed into aviation gasoline to increase its
a safe and orderly manner and to provide traffic
octane rating.
advisories to departing VFR aircraft.
b. TRSA Service: This service provides, in addition to tetrahedron - A device normally located on
basic radar service, sequencing of all IFR and uncontrolled airports and used as a landing direction
participating VFR aircraft to the primary airport and indicator. The small end of a tetrahedron points in the
separation between all participating VFR aircraft. The direction of landing. At controlled airports, the
purpose of this service is to provide separation between tetrahedron, if installed, should be disregarded because
all participating VFR aircraft and all IFR aircraft tower instructions supersede the indicator.
operating within the area defined as a TRSA.
tetrode -An electron tube having four active electrodes.
c. Class C Service: This service provides, in addition to
basic radar service, approved separation between IFR T-handle - A T-shaped handle used for turning sockets.
and VFR aircraft, sequencing of VFR aircraft, and
sequencing of VFR arrivals to the primary airport. that is correct - During communications, this indicates:
d. Class B Service: This service provides, in addition to The understanding you have is right.
basic radar service, approved separation of aircraft theodolite - An optical instrument used to measure
based on IFR, VFR, and/or weight, and sequencing of vertical and horizontal angles. Theodolites are used for
VFR arrivals to the primary airport(s). surveying and weather observations.
terminal voltage - The potential difference or voltage theoretical pitch - An assumed pitch of the propeller
across the terminals of a power supply such as a battery blades. Also referred to as as geometric pitch.
of cells. As soon as the power source begins to supply
current to a circuit its terminal voltage falls because therapeutic adapter - An adapter for a continuous-flow
some electric potential energy is lost in driving current oxygen mask that allows oxygen to flow approximately
against the supply's own internal resistance. three times the normal rate. It is used for passengers
that have heart or respiratory problems.
terminating decimal - A decimal fraction that ends
with a whole number. thermal - Rising air that lifts because it is warmer than
surrounding air.
terneplate - Lead-coated thin sheets of steel used in
some older aircraft for the construction of fuel tanks thermal anti-icing system - A heated leading edge of
and for the tipping on their wooden propellers. the wing and tail surfaces to prevent the formation of
ice.
.-..

terrain following - The flight of a military aircraft

maintaining a constant A ~ altitude
L above the terrain thermal circuit breaker -A circuit breaker that opens a
or the highest obstruction. The altitude of the aircraft circuit when an excessive amount of current flows
will constantly change with the varying terrain and/or through it. Made up of a bimetallic set of contacts that
obstruction. open when heated.

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 .
thermal circulation thermoelectricity

thermal circulation - The movement of air resulting thermal turbulence - Low-level turbulence (LLT) that
from differential heating. is produced dry convection (thermals) in the boundary
layer.
thermal coefficient of resistance - The amount a
material's resistance changes with a change in thermal wave - Waves, often but not always marked by
temperature. cloud streets, that are excited by convection disturbing
an overlying stable layer. Also referred to as
thermal conduction - The transfer of heat energy from
convection waves.
one object to another.
thermals - A rising bubble of warm air. An element of
thermal conductor - A material, such as metal, that can
convection.
easily transfer heat energy.
thermionic - The electron emission caused by an incan-
thermal cutout switch - A circuit breaker, or switch,
descent material.
that breaks the circuit at a predetermined temperature.
thermionic current - Current flow in a conductor
thermal decomposition - A chemical action that
caused by heat.
decomposes a material into simpler substances by the
action bf heat. thermistor - A semiconductor device with a core
material whose electrical resistance changes with a
thermal efficiency - The ratio of the amount of heat
change in temperature.
energy converted into useful work to the amount of
heat energy in the fuel used. thermoammeter - An instrument for measuring RF
(radio frequency) alternating current in a circuit. The
thermal expansion - The expansion of a substance due
thermoammeter measures the RF alternating current by
to heat.
exposing a thermocouple to the RF energy. As the wire
thermal fatigue - A condition in turbine metals caused heats, it produces a current proportional to the amount
by heating and cooling each time a power setting is of applied heat. This is displayed as current by the
changed. meter instrument.
thermal index (TI) - In soaring, an index used to thermocouple - A temperature measuring system
indicate the probability of thermals forming. It is the consisting of two dissimilar metal wires joined at a
temperature, for any given level, of the air parcel temperature sensing point. A current proportional to
having risen at the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) the temperature of the junction is produced. In aviation,
subtracted from the ambient temperature. Experience thermocouples are generally used as a temperature
has shown that a TI should be -2 for thermals to form sensing device.
and be sufficiently strong for soaring flight.
thermocouple exhaust temperature probe - A
thermal insulator - Materials such as paper, wood, etc. bimetallic probe, generally of chromel and alumel
that are poor conductors of heat energy. alloy, located in an exhaust stream. Heat causes a
milliampere current to flow to a cockpit indicator that
thermal output -Amount of heat being discharged.
indicates degrees in Celsius.
thermal relief valve - A pressure relief valve installed thermocouple fire detector -A device that produces an
in a static portion of a hydraulic system to relieve electrical current flow by thermal action and which
pressure built up due to heat induced expansion. ultimately illuminates a cockpit warning signal.
thermal runaway - A condition existing in a thermocouple oil temperature bulb - A thermocouple
nickel-cadmium battery when the cell resistances positioned in the oil flow to provide a cockpit indicator
become unbalanced because of temperature. The with an oil temperature indication. It is generally made
resistance of some cells decreases and allows the cells up of bimetallic materials such as chromel and
to take more current, which lowers their resistance constantan.
even further and creates more current. This action
continues until the battery is seriously damaged, thermodynamic diagram -A chart presenting isopleths
sometimes exploding. of pressure, temperature, water vapor content as well as
dry and saturated adiabats. Various forms exist, the
thermal shock - A stress induced into a system or most commonly used in the United States being the
component due to a rapid temperature change. Skew-TILog-P.
thermal stress cracking - In composites, the crazing thermodynamics - The branch of science that deals
and cracking of some thermoplastic resins from with mechanical actions caused by heat.
overexposure to elevated temperatures.
thermoelectricity - Electrical energy generated by the
thermal switch -A switch activated by heat. action of heat on the junction of two dissimilar metals.

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thermograph three-D (3-D) cam

thermograph - A thermometer that continuously warning light in the cockpit. This is done by thermal
records temperatures on a chart. expansion of metals.
thermometer - An instrument for measuring thickness gauges - A measuring tool consisting of a
temperature. series of precision-ground steel blades of various
thicknesses: It is used to determine the clearance or
thermonuclear action - The release of heat, light, and
separation between parts.
- radiation from the fusion or fission of
electromannetic
nuclear material. thimble -The part of a micrometer caliper that is turned
to rotate the spindle.
thermopile - A collection of thermocouples connected
in a series used to measure minute changes in thinner -A solvent used to reduce the viscosity of dope
temperature or changes in the flow of electrical current. or paint.
thermoplastic - A plastic material used in advanced third-class lever - A lever that provides a fractional
composites as a matrix material. Heat is used during disadvantage, i.e., one in which a greater force is
the forming operation. It is not a permanent shape, required than the force of the load lifted. For example,
however, if heated again it will soften and flow to form if a muscle pulls with a force of 1,800 Ibs. in order to
another shape (Plexiglas windshield). lift a 100 Ib. object, a mechanical advantage of 100/1.800
is obtained. This is a fractional disadvantage, since it is
thermoplastic material - A resin-bascd plastic material
less than 1.
that can be softened by heat and cooled many times
without losing its tensile strength. thixotropic - In composites, an agent used to thicken a
resin system without adding weight. Makes the resin
thermoplastic resin - A resin material that softens with
system less dense. Thixotropic agents include chopped
the application of heat. Most aircraft windshields and
fibers, microballons, and fiber flox. Some agents give
side windows are made of this material.
more strength than others.
thermosafety discharge indicator - A red blowout disc
thirotropic agent - A added to a resin to
located on the outside of an aircraft fuselage or engine
increase its resistance to flow.
nacelle that blows out to vent a cylinder of
high-pressure gas in the event of an overpressure thread - 1. Projecting helical grooves cut around the
condition caused by heat. outside of a bolt, fitting, or pipe and on the inside of a
bolt or fitting. 2. A very fine strand of linen, cotton, or
thermoset - A plastic material used in advanced
other material used to make yam or fabric.
composites as a matrix material. Heat is used to form
and set the part permanently. Once cured, it cannot be thread chaser - A tool used to remove contamination
reformed by applying heat. Most composite structural from a threaded device.
components are made of thermoset plastics.
thread gauge - A gauge with a series of V-notches cut
thermosetting material - A plastic material that along one edge. Used to check the number of threads,
remains hard once it is hardened by chemical means or or the pitch, of a screw or bolt.
by heat and pressure.
thread insert - An internally threaded bushing designed
thermosetting resin - A widely used resin that usually to be molded in or inserted into soft or brittle materials
sets by chemical means and maintains its hardness to increase their strength and minimize the wear of the
even when heat is applied. threaded assembly.
thermosphere - The area of the atmosphere above the thread pitch - The distance from the peak of one thread
mesosphere that has little practical influence over the to the peak of the next thread on a screw, bolt, or other
weather. The thermosphere is marked by generally thread fitting. Also referred to as a screw pitch gauge.
increasing temperature with altitude.
thread plug gauge - A golno-go type gauge to be
thermostat - A device that functions to establish or screwed into internal threads.
maintain a desired temperature produced by a heater or
thread ring gauge - A ring-type gauge used for
air-conditioning system.
checking external threads.
thermostatic bypass valve - A temperature-sensing
three-axis autopilot - An automatic flight control
valve in an engine oil cooler, used to direct the oil
either through the core of the cooler or around the system that controls an aircraft about all three axes.
inside of the cooler shell to maintain the proper oil three-D (3-D) cam - Part of a linkage system, this
temperature. multi-labeled cam can rotate and move up and down to
allow a cam follower riding on its surface to seek an
thermoswitch fire detector - A device that closes an
electrical contact in the presence of heat, illuminating a infinite number of positions. Used to miniaturize
linkage systems such as in fuel controls.
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 -
three-dimensional obiect thrust reverser

three-dimensional object - An object that has three threshold lights -See airport lighting.
dimensions: length, width, and depth.
throat microphone - A special microphone used in
three-phase system - An AC electrical system areas where there is high background noise. It is
consisting of three conductors, each carrying current applied to a person's throat and operates by picking up
120" out of phase with the others. Three-phase systems vibrations directly from the voicebox.
are used extensively in modem electrical and electronic
throatless shear -A heavy-duty cutting implement used
actuating systems.
to shear large
- sheets of metal.
three-point landing - The landing of an airplane in
throttle - The valve in a carburetor or he1 control unit
which all three main wheels of the landing system
that determines the amount of fuel-air mixture to be fed
touch the ground at the same time. Three-point
to the engine.
landings are not recommended for most tricycle
- gear
-
aircraft. throttle body - One of the units of a carburetor system.
All air en;ering the cylinders flows through this body
three-pole, single-throw switch - An electrical switch
with three sets of contactors, or poles, each of which and is measured by volume and weight so that the
proper amount of he1 can be added to meet the engine
completes only one circuit. The switch is controlled by
demands under all conditions. The throttle body
a single operating toggle.
contains the throttle valves. main venturi. boost
three-sixty (360) overhead - A series of predetermined venturi, and the impact tubes.
maneuvers prescribed for aircraft (often-in formation)
throttle ice - Carburetor ice that forms on the rear side
for entry into the visual flight rules (VFR) traffic
of a throttle valve when the throttle is partially closed.
pattern and to proceed to a landing. An overhead
Occurs because of the lower pressure causing a drop in
maneuver is not an instrument flight rules (IFR)
temperature.
approach procedure. An aircraft executing an overhead
r&neuverAisconsidered VFR and the ~ ~ f f l iplan ~ h ist through bolts Long bolts that pass completely through
-

cancelled when the aircraft reaches the "initial point" an obiect to hold it together.
-
on the initial approach portion of the maneuvet. The
pattern usually specifies the following: throw - That part of a crankshaft to which the
a. The radio contact required of the pilot. connecting rods are attached.
b. The speed to be maintained. throwaway part - A part that is not economical to
c. An initial approach 3 to 5 miles in length. repair if it should fail and must be thrown away and
d. An elliptical pattern consisting of two 180 degree turns. replaced with a new one.
e. A break point at which the first 180 degree turn is
started. thrust - The forward force produced by a reaction to the
f. The direction of turns. exhaust gases escaping the nozzle of a jet engine or by
g.Altitude (at least 500 feet above the conventional the aerodynamic force of a propeller.
pattern). thrust - 1. A forward force that imparts momentum to a
h. A "Roll-out" on final approach not less than 114 mile mass of air behind it. 2. produced by a reaction to the
from the landing threshold and not less than 300 feet exhaust gases escaping the nozzle of a jet engine. 3.
above the ground. The forward force produced by the aerodynamic force
three-state buffer -A logic device used to place signals of a propeller. 4. In helicopters, the force developed by
on a data bus where only one signal source is allowed the rotor blades acting parallel to the relative wind and
to be active at a time. It can have an output of High or opposing the forces of drag and weight.
Low or can be Off. thrust bearing - A bearing in a reciprocating aircraft
three-view drawing - An orthographic projection engine that absorbs loads parallel to the length of the
drawing that uses three views to portray an object. crankshaft.

three-way light switch - An electrical switch wired to thrust horsepower - The amount of horsepower the
allow the same light to be turned on or off from either engine-propeller combination transforms into thrust.
of two separate locations. thrust line - An imaginary line passing through the
threshold - The beginning of that portion of the runway center of the propeller hub, perpendicular to the plane
usable for landing. of the propeller rotation.

threshold crossing height - The theoretical height thrust loads - Loads imposed Won the engine
above the runway threshold at which the aircraft's crankshaft and bearings when the propeller is pulling
glideslope antenna would be if the aircraft maintains or pushing the aircraft.
the trajectory established by the mean ILS glideslope thrust reverser - A device attached to a turbine engine
or MLS glidepath. tailpipe to reverse the exhaust gas flow. Reversers
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thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) timing chain

assist aircraft brakes and provide aircraft control during the time to sense and relate current experiences in
landing and during rejected takeoffs. context with previous events.
thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) - 1. An time between overhaul (TBO) - A recommendation of
equation, TSFC = WfF,, where Wf is fuel flow in the manufacturer of an aircraft engine as to the amount
pounds per hour and F, is the net thrust in pounds. of time that the engine can operate under average
Used to calculate the fuel consumption as a means of conditions before it should be overhauled.
comparison between engines. 2. The amount of fuel an
time change item - Any item, component, unit, etc.
engine bums in one hour to produce one pound of
whose time in service is limited by hours, the number
thrust.
of times the unit is operated, or a calendar basis, and
thrust, gross - The thrust developed by an engine, not that must be removed and replaced with a new or
taking into consideration any pressure of initial air similar item. Also referred to as a time limited part.
mass momentum. Also referred to as static thrust (Fg).
time constant - The time required for the voltage of a
thrust, net - The effective thnist developed by a jet capacitor in an RC circuit to increase to 63.2 percent of
engine during flight, taking into consideration the maximum value or decrease to 36.7 percent of
initial momentum of the air mass prior to entering the maximum value.
engine.
time constant of an electric motor - The time required
thruster - A miniature rocket engine fired to change for a motor to accelerate from off to its rated no-load
orientation of space vehicles and orbiting satellites. speed.
thumbscrew - A machine screw that has a round flat time delay relay - A relay that delays the closing or
projection perpendicular to the screw shank. Thumb opening of the relay for a specified time after
screws can be turned by hand and are used on access activation.
panels where it is necessary to frequently open and
time group - Four digits representing the hour and
close the panel.
minutes from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
thunder - A loud noise heard when lightening occurs clock. FAA uses UTC for all operations. The term
between clouds or between clouds and the ground. The "ZULU" can be used to denote UTC. The word "local"
lightening generates instantaneous high heat, which or the time zone equivalent shall be used to denote
causes a violent expansion of the surrounding air. This local when local time .is given during radio and
expanding air causes the shock wave or noise of telephone communications. When written, a time zone
thunder. designator is used to indicate local time; e.g., "0205M
(Mountain). The local time can be based on the 24-
thundercloud -A cumulonimbus cloud.
hour clock system. The day begins at 0000 and ends at
thunderstorm - Cumulonimbus clouds charged with
electricity and producing lightning, thunder, rain, and
time in service - With respect to maintenance time
hail.
records, means the time from the moment an aircraft
thyratron - Gas-filled triode electron tube in which a leaves the surface of the Earth until it touches it at the
continuous current is caused to flow by a momentary next point of landing.
signal applied to the grid.
time limited part -- Any item, component, unit, etc.
thyratron tube - A triode tube into which a gas has whose time in service is limited by hours, the number
been introduced to change its operating characteristics. of times the unit is operated, or a calendar basis, and
that must be removed and replaced with a new or
thyristor - A semiconductor device that acts as a similar item. Also referred to as a time change item.
switch.
timed turn -The most accurate way to turn to a specific
tie bolt - Bolts used to assemble wheel halves on split
heading without the heading indicator. Use the clock
aircraft wheels.
instead of the compass card to determine when to roll
tie rod - Tension rod used for internal and external out.
bracing parts. The ends are Time-Rite Indicator - A piston position indicator,
threaded for attachment and length adjustment.
made by Time-Rite, used for locating the position of a
tiedown - A special anchoring provision on an airport piston in the cylinder of a reciprocating engine for the
surface to which airplanes can be secured when parked. purpose of magneto or valve timing.
tight-drive fit -An interference fit between parts. timing chain - A metal chain that connects the
crankshaft to the camshaft of a reciprocating engine.
time and opportunity - A perception factor where Causes the valves to open and close in proper
learning something is dependent on the student having coordination with the motion of the pistons.
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 timing disc top overhaul

timing disc - A device or tool that can be mounted on titanium - A dark-gray, silvery, lustrous, very hard,
an accessory drive or on the propeller to indicate the light, and corrosion-resistant metallic element with a
amount of crankshaft travel for ignition or valve symbol of Ti and an atomic number of 22.
riming.
title block - An information block in the lower
tin - A soft, silver-white, metallic chemical element right-hand corner of an aircraft drawing in which the
with a symbol of Sn and an atomic number of 50. name of the part, the part number, and other pertinent
Alloyed with other metals in solders, utensils, and in information is displayed.
making tin plate.
toe-in - Aircraft wheels that tend to converge toward the
tin snips -Hand-operated sheet metal shears. front. Toe-in will cause the tires to try to move closer
together.
tinned - Coated by soft solder. Two surfaces that have
been tinned can be pressed together and reheated to toe-out - Aircraft wheels that tend to diverge toward the
sweat solder the pieces together. rear of the wheels. Toe-out will cause the tires to try to
move apart.
tinned wire - Electrical wire that has been coated by a
thin coating- of soft solder. To-From indicator - An indicator on the course
deviation indicator (CDI). During VOR operation the
tinner's rivet - A flat-headed solid rivet that is driven
vertical needle of the CDI is used as the course
by holding the flat head of the rivet on an anvil and
indicator. The vertical needle also indicates when the
upsetting the rivet by peening the end over with a
aircraft deviates from the course and the direction the
hammer.
aircrafi must be turned to attain the desired course. The
tinplated - Sheet steel coated with a thin layer of tin. "TO-FROM" indicator indicates whether the course set
in the indicator will take the aircraft to or from the
tip cap - A removable tip on the rotor blade tip. The tip station.
cap is often used to hold spanwise balance weights.
toggle switch - An electrical switch in which a
tip path plane - The path followed by the tips of a projecting knob or arm moving through a small arc
propeller as it rotates. causes the contacts to open or close rapidly.
tip pocket An area ~rovidedat the tip of a he'ico~ter allowable variation in the dimensions of
tolerance -
rotor blade to place weight for spanwise balance. a part.
speed - The 'peed of a rotating toluene - A co[orless, water insoluble, flammable liquid
subsonic except for fan blade tips and the tip of (C6H5CH3) used as a solvent, paint remover, and
centrifugal compression blades.
thinner.
tip targets - Reflectors placed on helicopter blade tips toluol - A commercial grade of toluene, which is a
to determine track with a spotlight or a strobe light. liquid aromatic hydrocarbon similar to benzene, but
tip weight - A weight placed in the tip of a helicopter less volatile, flammable, and toxic.
rotor blade for spanwise balance.
ton of refrigeration - A measure of the cooling
tip-path plane - In rotorcraft, the imaginary circular capacity of an air conditioning system. It is the same
plane outlined by the rotor blade tips as they make a cooling effect as melting one ton of ice in 24 hours.
cycle of rotation. tone - 1. A tint or shade of a color. 2. A variation of a
tire - A ring or loop made of rubber compound for hue. 3. A sound of a specific frequency.
toughness and durability. Tires consist of tread, casing tool - The mold used in manufacturing a composite
plieslcord body, and beads. Tires provide a cushion of component.
air that helps absorb the shocks and roughness of
landings and takeoffs. They support the weight of the tool steel -Hard steel used in the making of tools.
aircraft while on the ground and provide the necessary
tooling resins -- In composites, resins used to make
traction for braking and stopping aircraft upon landing.
molds.
tire bead - Bundles of steel wire embedded in the
top dead center (TDC) - The position of the piston
rubber around the inner circumference of an aircraft
within a cylinder when the piston has reached its
tire. Fits onto the wheel to hold the tire in place.
M h e s t uppermost position.
Turbine Inlet Pressure (TIT) - Temperature taken in
top overhaul - The overhaul of the cylinders of an
front of the first stage turbine nozzle vanes. The most
aircraft engine. It consists of grinding the valves,
critical temperature taken within the engine for use in
replacing the piston rings, and doing anything else
fuel scheduling.
necessary to restore the cylinders to their proper
condition. The crankcase of the engine is not opened.
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 .
torching tow hook

torching - Long plumes of flame extending from the toss-up - A question where all the alternative answers
exhaust stack caused by an excessively rich mixture are equally good.
and traces of unburned fuel remaining in the exhaust.
total drag -The sum of parasite and induced drag.
This unburned fuel will not ignite until oxygen in the
air of the exhaust system mixes with the charge. total estimated elapsed time [ICAO] - For IFR flights,
the estimated time required from takeoff to arrive over
tornado - A violently rotating column of air, which
that designated point, defined by reference to
appears as a pendant from a cumulonimbus cloud, and
navigation aids, from which it is intended that an
nearly always observable as "funnel-shaped." Tt is the
instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or,
most destructive of all small-scale atmospheric
if no navigation aid is associated with the destination
phenomena.
aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aerodrome.
toroidal wound coil -An electrical coil wound around a For VFR flights, the estimated time required from
ring or doughnut-shape core. takeoff to arrive over the destination aerodrome.
torque - 1. A resistance to turning or twisting. 2. Forces total pressure - The pressure a moving fluid would
that produces a twisting or rotating motion. 3. In have if it were stopped. No losses are considered.
rotorcraft, in helicopters with a single, main rotor
total temperature - A temperature measurement of air
system, the tendency of the helicopter to turn in the
in motion. The total of static temperature plus
opposite direction of the main rotor rotation.
temperature rise due to ram effect.
torque limited - A limitation placed on the drive train
totalizer - A single fuel quantity gauge that indicates
of a helicopter in regards to power output of the engine.
the total of fuel in all of the fuel tanks.
torque link - The hinged
touch and go - An aircraft training technique in which
linkage between the piston
the pilot practices a series of landings and takeoffs
and cylinder of an oleo
without coming to a complete stop. As the airplane
shock strut. The piston
lands, the pilot advances the power for another takeoff
moves in and out, but is
and go-around.
restrained from rotating.
Also referred to as touch-and-go landing - See touch-and-go.
scissors.
touchdown - 1. The point at which an aircraft first
torque nose - A makes contact with the landing surface. 2. Concerning
mechanism or apparatus at the nose section of the a precision radar approach (PAR), it is the point where
engine that senses the engine torque and activates a the glide path intercepts the landing surface.
torquemeter.
touchdown RVR - The runway visual range (RVR)
torque tube - A tubular member of a control system visibility readout values obtained from RVR equipment
used to transmit torsional movement to the control. serving the runway touchdown zone.
torque wrench - A precision hand tool used to measure touchdown zone - The first 3,000 feet of the runway
the amount of torque applied to a bolt or nut. beginning at the threshold. The area is used for
determination of Touchdown Zone Elevation in the
torquemeter - An indicator used on some large
development of straight-in landing minimums for
reciprocating engines or on turboprop engines to
instrument approaches.
indicate the amount of torque the engine is producing.
torquemeter indicator - A turboprop or turboshaft touchdown zone [ICAO] - The portion of a runway,
beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing
cockpit instrument used to indicate engine power
aircraft first contact the runway.
output. The propeller or rotor inputs a twisting force to
an electronic or oil operated torquemeter that sends a touchdown zone elevation - The highest elevation in
signal to the indicator. - surface. TDZE is
the first 3,000 feet of the landing
indicated on the instrument approach procedure chart
torsion - An external stress that produces twisting
when straight-in landing minimums are authorized.
within a body.
touchdown zone lighting - See airport lighting.
torsional force - A twisting force. Torsional forces act
on a rotating propeller as the result of aerodynamic toughness - The property of a metal that allows it to be
twisting force and tensile forces that try to pull it apart. deformed without breaking.
torsional strength - The strength of a material in a tow -In composites, an untwisted bundle of filaments.
direction that opposes a twisting force.
tow hook - A mechanism allowing the attachment and
release of a towrope on the glider or tow plane. On

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 tower traffic advisories

gliders, it is located near the nose or directly ahead of aircraft over the ground. Also referred to as ground
the main wheel. Two types of tow hooks commonly track.
used in gliders are manufactured by Tost and
track [ICAO] -The projection on the Earth's surface of
Schweizer.
the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at
tower - A terminal facility that uses airlground any -point is usually expressed in degrees from North
communications, visual signaling, and other devices to (True, Magnetic, or Grid).
provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the
tracking - A process of navigation where a course is
vicinity of an airport or on the movement area.
placed in the course selector and the course is maintain
Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport
controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D tracking flag - A wooden pole that supports a white
airspace area regardless of flight plan or weather cotton flag, used to touch the operating rotor blades
conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower can also provide that have had their tips covered with colored chalk. The
approach control services (radar or nonradar). marks left on the nag indicate track of the main rotor.
tower enroute control service - The control of IFR tracking reflectors -Reflectors placed on the blade tips
enroute traffic within delegated airspace between two to determine track with a spotlight
- - or a strobe light.
-
or more adjacent approach control facilities. This
service is designed to expedite traffic and reduce tracking stick -A stick, with a wick on one end, used to
control and pilot communication requirements. touch the operating rotor blades in order to determine
track.
tower to tower - See tower enroute control service.
tracking targets - Reflectors placed on the blade tips to
tnwer visibility - Prevailing visibility determined from determine track with a spotlight or slrube light.
the control tower.
TRACON - Acronym for Terminal Radar Approach
towering cumulus - A rapidly growing cumulus cloud, Control.
it is often typical of the cumulus stage of thunderstorm
development. Its top can reach 20,000 feet AGL or tractor propeller - A propeller mounted to the front of
more and have a width of three to five miles. an engine that pulls the airplane through the air.

towing eye - A ring or hook on an aircraft structure to trade winds - Winds that blow toward the equator from
which a tow bar can be attached for moving the the northeast on the north side of the equator and from
airplane on the ground. the southeast on the south side. Trade winds are caused
bv the friction between the air and the Earth and bv the
Townend ring - A cowling used on radial-engine rotation of the Earth.
aircraft designed to improve airflow and engine
cooling. traffic - 1. A term used by ATC to refer to one or more
aircraft. 2. A term used bv a controller to transfer radar
toxic - Poisonous. identification of an aircraft to another controller for the
purpose of coordinating separation action. Traffic is
TPX-42 - A numeric beacon decoder equipmentlsystem.
normally issued:
It is designed to be added to terminal radar systems for
a. in response to a handoff or point out,
beacon decoding. It provides rapid target identification,
b. in anticipation of a handoff or point out, or
reinforcement of the primary radar target, and altitude
c. in conjunction with a request for control of an aircraft.
information from Mode C.
traffic advisories - Advisories issued to alert pilots to
trace - When precipitation occurs in amounts too small
other known or observed air traffic that can be in such
to be measured, less than .01 inches
proximity to the position or intended route of flight of
traceable pressure standard - The facility station their aircraft to warrant their attention. Such advisories
pressure instrument, with certification/calibration can be based on:
traceable to the National Institute of Standards and a. Visual observation.
Technology. Traceable pressure standards can be b. Observation of radar identified and nonidentified
mercurial barometers, commissioned ASOS or dual aircraft targets on an ATC radar display, or
transducer AWOS, or portable pressure standards or c. Verbal reports from pilots or other facilities.
DASI.
Note 1: The word "traff~c" followed by additional
tracer - In composites, a fiber, tow, or yam added to a information, if known, is used to provide such
pre-preg for verifying fiber alignment or for advisories; e.g., "Traffic, 2 o'clock, one zero miles,
distinguishing warp fibers from fill fibers. southbound, eight thousand."
track - 1. The path followed by the tip of a propeller or Note 2: Traffic advisory service will be provided to the
rotor blade as it rotates. 2. The actual flight path of an extent possible depending on higher priority duties of
the controller or other limitations; e.g., radar
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traffic alert and collision avoidance system training manual

limitations, volume of traffic, frequency congestion, or d. Base Leg - A flight path at right angles to the landing
controller workload. Radarlnonradar traffic advisories runway off its approach end. The base leg normally
do not relieve the pilot of his responsibility to see and extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of
avoid other aircraft. Pilots are cautioned that there are the extended runway centerline.
many times when the controller is not able to give e. Final Approach - A flight path in the direction of
traffic advisories concerning all traffic in the aircraft's landing along the extended runway centerline. The
proximity; in vther words, a pilot should not final approach normally extends from the base leg to
assumewhen traffic advisories are requested or the runway. An aircraft making a straight-in approach
received, that all traffic will be issued. VFR is also considered to be on final approach.
TRAFFIC ALERT (aircraft call sign), TURN (lefthight) traffic situation display (TSD) - TSD is a computer
IMMEDIATELY, (climbldescend) AND MAINTAIN system that receives radar track data from all 20
(altitude) CONUS ARTCC's, organizes this data into a mosaic
traffic alert and collision avoidance system - An display, and presents it on a computer screen. The
airborne collision avoidance system hased on radar display allows the traffic management coordinator
beacon signals that operates independent of ground- multiple methods of selection and highlighting of
based equipment. TCAS-1 generates traffic advisories individual aircraft or groups of aircraft. The user has
only. TCAS-I1 generates traffic advisories, and the option of superimposing these aircraft positions
resolution (collision avoidance) advisories in the over any number of background displays. These
vertical plane. background options include ARTCC boundaries, any
stratum of en route sector boundaries, fixes, airways,
traffic in sight - Used by pilots to inform a controller military and other special use airspace, airports, and
that previously issued traffic is in sight. geopolitical boundaries. By using the TSD, a
traffic information - See traffic advisories. coordinator can monitor any number of traffic
situations or the entire systemwide traffic flows
traffic management program alert - A term used in a
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) issued in conjunction trailing edge -The rearmost edge of an airfoil.
with a special traffic management program to alert trailing edge flap -
pilots to the existence of the program and to refer them Sections of the trailing
to either the Notices to Airmen publication or a special
traffic management program advisory message for
edge of an airfoil that
can be bent down or ....,
'\
\

program details. The contraction TMPA is used in extended in flight to

NOTAM text. increase the camber of the airfoil, increasing both the
traffic management unit - The entity in ARTCC's and lift and drag.
designated terminals responsible for direct involvement trailing edge mean aerodynamic chord (TEMAC) -
in the active management of facility traffic. Usually The trailing edge of the mean aerodynamic chord that
under the direct supervision of an assistant manager for is often used as a location or reference for many
traffic management. aerodynamic measurements in aircraft operations and
traffic no factor - Indicates that the traffic described in designs.
a previously issued traffic advisory is no factor. trailing finger - An electrode in the distributor of an
traffic no longer observed - Indicates that the traffic ignition system that uses a booster magneto for
described in a previously issued traffic advisory is no starting. The high voltage from the booster magneto
longer depicted on radar, but can still be a factor. enters through a slip ring and is distributed through a
finger that trails the normal ignition finger. In this way,
traffic pattern - The traffic flow that is prescribed for the cylinder would receive a late, hot spark after the
aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from an normal firing point in order to facilitate starting and to
airport. The components of a typical traffic pattern are prevenl kick-back.
upwind leg, crosswind leg, downwind leg, base leg,
and final approach. training course outline (TCO) -- Within a curriculum,
a. Upwind Leg - A flight path parallel to the landing describes the content of a particular course by
runway in the direction of landing. statement of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids,
b.Crosswind Leg - A flight path at right angles to the definition of evaluation criteria, and indication of
landing runway off its upwind end. desired outcome.
C.Downwind Leg - A flight path parallel to the landing training manual - A technical publication used to
runway in the direction opposite to landing. The explain the operation of a system or a component. It is
downwind leg normally extends between the crosswind general in nature and is not considered FAA-approved
leg and the base leg. data.

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 .
training media transition altitude (QNH)

training media - Any physical means that center. A transfer punch is used to provide a punch
communicates an instructional message to students. mark for starting a drill in the exact center of the hole
being transferred.
training syllabus - A step-by-step, building block
progression of learning with provisions for regular transferring controller - A controller1 facility
review and evaluations at prescribed stages of learning. transferring control of an aircraft to another
The syllabus defines the unit of training, states by controllerlfacility.
objective what the student is expected to accomplish
transferring facility - See transferring controller.
during the unit of training, shows an organized plan for
instruction, and dictates the evaluation process for transferring unit/controller IICAOl - Air traffic
either the unit or stages of learning. control initlair traffic cont~oller in the process of
transferring the responsibility for providing air traffic
trajectory - A URET CCLD (User Request Evaluation
control service to an aircraft to the next air traffic
Tool Core Capability Limited Deployment)
control unit1 air traffic controller along the route of
representation of the path an aircraft is predicted to fly
flight.
based utlon a Current Plan or Trial Plan.
transformer - An electrical device in which an AC
trajectory modeling - The automated process of
voltage is generated in one winding by mutual
calculating a trajectory.
induction from AC voltage in another winding. There
trammel points - Sharp points, usually mounted on a does not need to be a physical connection between the
long bar. Used to transfer dimensions from one two windings. Used to change the level of voltage in a
location to another. circuit. Works only in an AC circuit.
tramming - A means of checking the alignment of an transient conditions - Conditions that can occur briefly
aircraft structure by making comparative while accelerating or decelerating, or while passing
measurements. through a specific range of engine operations.
transceiver - A piece of electronic communications transient current - A momentary change in normal
equipment in which the transmitter and receiver are current load.
housed in the same unit.
transient voltage - A momentary change in normal
transconductance - In bipolar transistors or field-effect -
voltage.
transistors, the ratio of a small change in plate current
transistor - A semiconductor device having three
to a small change in grid voltage. The larger the
electrodes: a base, a collector, and an emitter. Current
transconductance, the larger the gain.
flow between the collector and emitter is dependant on
transcribed weather broadcast (TWEB) - A the voltage applied to the base. The transistdr serves as
continuously broadcast weather information service on a switch or an amplifier.
selected low and medium frequency nondirectional
transistor voltage regulator - A voltage regulator for
beacons, and on VHF omni-directional ranges, (VOR).
DC alternators or generators that uses a transistor to
The TWEB includes a synopsis and route forecast and
control the field current. A Zener diode is used to set
is based on a route of flight format specifically
the voltage level.
prepared
- - by the NWS.
transistorized voltage regulator - A voltage regulator
transducer - An electrical device that either takes
for DC generators or alternators that uses a transistor to
electrical energy and changes it into mechanical
control the flow of field current, but uses vibrating
movement or takes mechanical movement and changes
points to sense the voltage and control the transistor.
it into electrical energy.
transition - 1. The general term that describes the
transfer - To carry, remove, or send from one place or
change from one phase of flight or flight condition to
position to another.
another; e.g., transition from enroute flight to the
transfer gearbox - In helicopters, a gearbox driven approach o; transition from instrument flight to visual
from the main rotor shaft that in turn drives the main flight. 2. A published procedure (DP Transition) used
(accessory)
- . gearbox.
- to connect the basic DP to one of several enroute
airways1 jet routes, or a published procedure (STAR
transfer of control - 1. That action whereby the Transition) used to connect one of several enroute
responsibility for the separation of an aircraft is
airways1jet routes to the basic STAR.
transferred from one controller to another. 2. The act of
turning over control of the aircraft from one pilot to transition altitude (QNH) - The altitude in the vicinity
another. of an aimort at or below which the vertical position of
an aircraft is controlled by reference td altitudes
transfer punch - A punch having an outside diameter
(MSL).
the same as the rivet hole and a sharp point at its exact
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transition
- --
height
- -
(QFE) -
triac
- - --- -- -- -
- -

transition height (QFE) - The height in the vicinity of transmitter - Electric device whose function is to
an airport at or below which the vertical position of an collect information from one point and send it
aircraft is expressed in height above the airport electrically to a remote indicator.
reference datum.
transmitting in the blind - A transmission from one
transition layer - The airspace between the transition station to other stations in circumstances where two-
altitude and the transition level. Aircraft descending way communication cannot be established, but where it
through the transition layer will use altimeters set to is believed that the called stations can be able to
local station pressure, while departing aircraft climbing receive the transmission.
through the layer will be using standard altimeter
transom - In aviation, the vertical bulkhead at the rear
setting (QNE) of 29.92 inches of Mercury, 1013.2
end of a seaplane float.
millibars, or 10 13.2 hectopascals.
transonic flight - Aircraft in flight approximating 0.8 to
transition level (QNE) - The lowest flight level
1.2 times the speed of sound in air.
available for use above the transition altitude.
transonic speed - The speed of a body relative to the
transition point - A point at an adapted number of
surrounding fluid that is in some places subsonic and in
miles from the vertex at which an arrival aircraft would
other places supersonic; usually from Mach 0.8 to 1.2.
normally commence descent from its enroute altitude.
This is the first fix adapted on the arrival speed transonic speed range - Generally stated as Mach 0.8
segments. to 1.2 speed range, where some portions of the airfoil
have subsonic flow and others supersonic flow.
transition training - An instructional program designed
to familiarize and qualify a pilot to fly types of aircraft transparent - The property of being easily detected or
not previously flown such as tailwheel aircraft, high- seen through.
performance aircraft, and aircraft capable of flying at
transpiration cooling - Refers to internal cooling air
high altitudes.
that exits through porous walls of turbine blades and
transitional airspace - That portion of controlled vanes.
airspace wherein aircraft change from one phase of
transponder - Radar beacon transponder. A radar
flight or flight condition to another.
transmitter-receiver that transmits a coded signal every
translating cowl - The portion of a turbine engine time it is interrogated by a ground radar facility.
cowling that moves back to form an exhaust nozzle for
transponder codes - The number assigned to a
thrust reverse air.
particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a
translating tendency - The tendency of the single-rotor transponder.
helicopter to move laterally during hovering flight.
transport category aircraft - An aircraft that is
Also referred to as tail rotor drift.
certificated under FAR Part 25.
translational lift -- In helicopters, the additional lift
obtained when entering forward flight, due to the transverse pitch - The perpendicular distance between
increased efficiency of the rotor system. two rows of rivets. Also referred to as gauge.

translucent - The condition of a material to be transverse wave - A wave that moves in a

transparent, letting light pass through it but diffusing it perpendicular direction to the direction the wave is
so that objects beyond cannot be seen clearly. moving.

transmission line - A conductor, usually coaxial, used transverse-flow effect - In rotorcraft, a condition of
to join a receiver or a transmitter to the antenna. increased drag and decreased lift in the aft portion of
the rotor disc caused by the air having a greater
transmissivity - Ratio of the amount of power induced velocity and angle in the aft portion of the
transmitted through a radome to the amount of power disc.
that would be transmitted with the radome removed.
trapezoid - A plane, four-sided geometric figure having
transmissometer - An apparatus used to determine only two sides parallel.
visibility by measuring the transmission of light
through the atmosphere. It is the measurement source trapped fuel - Undrainable fuel. The amount of fuel
for determining runway visual range (RVR) and remaining in the system after draining. Trapped fuel is
runway visibility value ( R W ) . considered a part of the empty weight of the aircraft.

transmit - In communications, to send information out traverse -Lying across a body.

from a transmitter. triac - A semiconductor device similar to a
silicon-controlled rectifier that can be triggered by
either a positive or a negative pulse applied to its gate.
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trial ulan triule-slotted flap

trial plan - A proposed amendment that utilizes trigger pulse - An electric pulse applied to certain
automation to analyze and display potential conflicts electronic circuit elements to start or trigger an
along the predicted trajectory of the selected aircraft. operation.
triangle -A three-sided, enclosed plane figure. triggering transformer - A high-voltage transformer
Eonnected in series with an igniter in a high-energy
triangulation - In navigation, a method of determining
ignition system for a turbine engine. The transformer
location by drawing lines from two or more known
places a high voltage across the igniter, ionizing the
locations in order to determine the position of the
gap and producing the triggering spark.
unknown point. The lines from the known locations,
drawn either by sight or electronically, will cross at the trigonometry -The branch of mathematics dealing with
location of the unknown point. the ratios between the sides of a right triangle and the
application of these facts in finding the unknown side
triboelectric series - A list of materials capable of
of any triangle.
producing static electricity by contact, friction, or
induction. Some materials that build up static triiet -An aircraft propelled by three iet engines.
-
electricity easily are flannel, silk, rayon, amber, hard
trim - The adjustment of an aircraft's controls to get a
rubber, and glass. In the following list, materials at the
top of the list become positive to materials lower on the balanced or stable condition of flight.
list: trim devices - Any device designed to reduce or
POSITIVE eliminate pressure on the control stick or yoke. When
properly trimmed, an aircraft should fly at the desired
Glass
Mica airspeed with no control pressure from the pilot (i.e.,
"hands off'). Trim mechanisms are either external tabs
Nylon
Fur on the control surface or a simple spring-tension
Silk system connected to the control stick or yoke.
Paper trim tab - A small auxiliary hinged portion of a
Cotton movable control surface that can be adjusted during
Wood flight to a position resulting in a balance of control
Acrylic forces.
Polystyrene
Rubber trimetrogon - A system of aerial photography that uses
NEGATIVE one vertical and two oblique shots of terrain taken
simultaneously in order to properly map the contours
triboelectricity - The production of static electricity by of the landscape.
contact or friction between different materials.
trimmer - A potentiometer, generally with a
trick questions - A question deliberately written in such screwdriver-adjusted slider used for fine tuning a
a way as to cause the student to select the wrong circuit.
answer even though the student knows the material.
triode -A vacuum tube having three active electrodes.
trickle charger - A battery charger that applies a very
small constant charge to a battery in order to maintain a trip-free circuit breaker - A circuit protection device
full charge on the battery. that opens a circuit when a current overload exists
regardless of the position of the control handle.
trickle charging - A constant current charging method
that keeps cells on standby service at full charge by triphibian - An aircraft landing gear configuration with
passing a small current through them until they are the ability to operate from the ground, on snow and ice,
removed from the charger and returned to service. and from water.

tri-cresyl-phosphate - 1. A plasticizer used as a triplane - An airplane having three main supporting

rejuvenator to restore resilience to dope film. 2. A toxic wing surfaces, usually located one above the other.
substance used in lubricants. triple thread - A system using three threads cut into a
tricycle gear - This type of fixed landing gear consists fastener. The second and third threads begin 120' after
of two main wheels located on either side of the the previous thread. This type fastener allows tightly
fuselage and a third wheel, nosewheel, positioned on spaced threads without the small lead (distance fastener
moves each revolution) that would normally result with
the nose of the airplane.
tricycle landing gear - The landing gear of an aircraft
-
a fine threaded.. single-thread fastener.

positioned so the main wheels are behind the center of triple-slotted flap - A high lift device used to reduce
gravity and the nose is supported with a nose wheel. the takeoff or landing speed by changing the lift
characteristics of a wing during the landing or takeoff
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 .
triple-spool engine truss head

phases. Triple-slotted flaps extend downward and true air temperature - See outside air temperature
rearward away from the wing in three sections (OAT).
separated by slots. The slots allow a flow of air over
true airspeed (TAS)- Calibrated airspeed corrected for
the upper surface of the flap. The effect is to streamline
non-standard temperature and altitude. The speed at
the airflow and improve the efficiency of the flap.
which an aircraft is moving relative to the surrounding
triple-spool engine - Usually a turbofan engine design air.
where the fan is the N1 compressor, followed by the N2
true airspeed indicator - An airspeed indicator that
intermediate compressor, and the N, high pressure
takes into consideration dynamic pressure, static
compressor, all of which rotate on separate shafts at
pressure, and free air temperature in order to provide a
different speeds.
display of the true airspeed.
tri-square - A layout tool that consists
true altitude - The actual height of an object above
of a metal rule set at 90' to a thicker
mean sea level.
base, usually made of wood or plastic.
Used to draw lines perpendicular to an true bearing - The direction measured in degrees
edge of a piece of material. clockwise from true north.
trituator - Solid waste grinder on true course (TC)-A navigational direction or course of
airliners. an aircraft in flight as measured in relation to the
geographic north pole.
tropical airmass - An airmass with
characteristics developed over low latitudes. Maritime true heading (TH)- The direction the longitudinal axis
tropical air (mT), the principal type, is produced over of the airplane points with respect to true north. True
the tropical and subtropical seas; very warm and heading is equal to true course plus or minus any wind
humid. Continental tropical (cT) is produced over correction angle.
subtropical arid regions and is hot and very dry.
Compare polar airmass. true north - The direction on the Earth's surface that
points toward the geographic north pole.
tropical cyclone - A general term [or a cyclone that
true power - The power that actually exists in an AC
originates over tropical oceans. There are three
classifications of tropical cyclones according to their circuit. It is the product of the voltage, current, and
intensity: power factor; or is the product of the voltage and the
1 , tropical depression: winds up to 34 knots; current that is in phase with that voltage. True power is
2. tropical storm: winds of 35 to 64 knots; and expressed in watts.
3. hurricane or typhoon: winds of 65 knots or higher. true wind direction The direction, with respect to true
-

tropical storm - See tropical cyclone. north, from which the wind is blowing.

tropopause - The boundary layer between the true-false - Test item that consists of a statement that
troposphere and the stratosphere. the student must determine is true or false.

tropopause - An area at an average altitude of 36,000 true-false test items - Consist of a statement followed
feet that acts as a lid to confine most of the water by an opportunity for the student to determine whether
the statement is true or false.
vapor, and the associated weather, to the troposphere.
tropopause - The boundary between the troposphere truncated - Cut off as having the angles of an object cut
and stratosphere, usually characterized by an abrupt off.
change of lapse rate. truss - A frame arranged together in such a manner that
troposphere - That portion of the atmosphere from the all members of the truss can carry both tension and
Earth's surface to approximately 36,000 feet MSL. The compression loads with cross-bracing achieved by
troposphere is characterized by decreasing temperature using solid rods or tubes.
with height, and by appreciable water vapor. truss fuselage - Fuselage usually constructed of welded
troubleshooting - The systematic analysis of a steel tubing to carry the tensile and compressive loads.
A superstructure or auxiliary Framework is often
malfunction in a system or component done in order to
determine the cause of malfunction. attached to the truss to give the structure a desirable
aerodynamic shape.
trough - In meteorology, an elongated area of relatively
low atmospheric pressure and maximum cyclonic truss head - A low, rounded top surface with a flat
curvature of the wind flow (isobars or contours). Also bearing surface.
referred to as a trough line.
trough line - See trough.
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 -
TSO (Technical Standard Order) turbofan

TSO (Technical Standard Order) - A standard turbine - A rotary wheel device fitted with vane-like
established by the FAA for quality control in avionics, airfoils and actuated by impulse or reaction of a fluid
instruments, and other airborne equipment. flowing through the vanes, or blades. Multiple turbine
wheels are arranged along a central shaft.
T-square - An instrument used for making aircraft
drawings. It consists of a head and a perpendicular turbine bucket -The blades on a turbine wheel.
blade and is shaped like the letter T.
turbine disc - The metal disc to which turbine blades
T-tail - An aircraft with the horizontal stabilizer are attached.
mounted on the top of the vertical stabilizer, forming a
T turbine discharge pressure (Pt7) - The total pressure
at the discharge of the low-pressure turbine in a dual
tubing - A rigid, hollow, elongated cylindrical piece of turbine axial flow engine.
material through which fluids or wiring is passed.
turbine efficiency - A ratio of actual work performed
tubing cutter -A tool consisting of a sharp wheel and a by the turbine wheel in ft lbslBtus and the laboratory
set of rollers. The tube to be cut is clamped between standard of 778 ft lbs of work in 1 Btu. Expressed as a
the cutter cutting wheel, and the rollers and the tool is percentage.
rotated around the tube. The cutting wheel is fed into
turbine engine - An aircraft engine that consists of an
the groove as the tube is cut.
air compressor, a combustion section, and a turbine.
tumble limit - The number of degrees of pitch or roll a Thrust is produced by increasing the velocity of the air
gyro can tolerate before it reaches its gimbal stops. flowing through the engine.
Beyond this point, the gyro will tumble.
turbine inlet temperature (TIT) - Temperature taken
tumbling -- 1. The process of cleaning or abrading parts in front of the first stage turbine nozzle vanes. TIT is
in a rotating container, either with or without cleaning the most critical temperature taken within the engine
or abrasive materials. 2. The action of a gyro when it and essential to the operation of the fuel control.
has reached its gimbal stops. The gyro will assume an
turbine nozzle - The orifice assembly through which
erroneous indication that does not return to normal
exhaust gases are directed prior to passing into the
until corrected.
turbine blades.
tuned circuit - An electrical circuit in which the
turbine nozzle vanes - The stationary airfoils that
inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance.
precede each turbine blade set. They function to
They will be equal at a particular frequency called the
increase gas velocity and direct the gases into the
resonant frequency. The circuit can be made resonant
turbine blade at the optimum angle.
by either varying the frequency
. ~
until resonance occurs,
or holding - the frequency constant and varying turbine stage - In gas turbine engines, a stage consists
inductance or capacitance to achieve resonance. Also of a turbine stator vane set followed by a turbine rotor
referred to as a resonant circuit. blade set.
tuned radio frequency receiver - A radio receiver in turbine wheel - A rotating device actuated by reaction,
which tuning and amplification are accomplished in the impulse, or a combination of both. Used to transform
RF section before the signal reaches the detector. After some of the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases into
the detector, one or more stages of AF amplification shaft horsepower to drive the compressors and
are employed to increase the output sufficiently to accessories.
operate a loudspeaker.
turbocharger - An air compressor driven by exhaust
tungsten - A gray-white, heavy, high melting point, gases, which increases the pressure of the air going into
hard metallic element with symbol of W and an atomic the engine through the carburetor or fuel injection
number of 74. system.
tungsten steel - Steel with which tungsten has been turbocompound engine - A reciprocating engine that
alloyed. It is used in the manufacture of cutting tools supplements the internal supercharger by an external
because of its hardness. power recovery turbine (PRT)
. . driven by a portion of
;he exhaust gas fiom the aircraft engine. he PRT is
tuning - The process of adjusting circuits to resonance
connected through a fluid coupling and gear
at a particular frequency.
-
arrangement to help drive the crankshaft.
tunnel diode - A semiconductor diode that exhibits a
turbofan - An engine featuring a multi-bladed ducted
negative resistance characteristic. Under certain
propeller driven by a gas turbine engine.
conditions, an increase in voltage across the tunnel
diode results in a decrease in current through it.

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 -
turboiet aircraft twist drill

turbojet aircraft - An aircraft having a jet engine in determine the point along a course, prior to a turn WP,
which the energy of the jet operates a turbine that in where a turn should be initiated to provide a smooth
turn operates the air compressor. path to intercept the succeeding course, and to
enunciate the information to the pilot.
turbojet engine - A turbine engine that produces its
thrust entirely by accelerating- the air through the turn coordinator -- A rate gyro that senses both roll and
engine. yaw.
turboprop aircraft - An aircraft having a jet engine in turn WP [turning point] - A WP that identifies a
which the energy of the jet operates a turbine that change from one course to another.
drives the propeller.
turnbuckle - A device used in a control system to adjust
turboprop engine - A turbine engine that drives a cable tension. A turnbuckle consists of a brass barrel
propeller through a reduction gearing arrangement. with both left- and right-hand threaded terminals.
Most of the energy in the exhaust gases is converted
turning error - One of the errors inherent in a magnetic
into torque, rather than its acceleration being used to
compass caused by the dip compensating weight. It
propel the aircraft.
shows up only on turns to or from northerly headings
turboshaft - A gas turbine engine geared to an output in the northern hemisphere and southerly headings in
shaft. Usually for rotorcraft installation, but also for the southern hemisphere. Turning error causes the
many marine and industrial uses. compass to lead turns to the north or south and lag
turns away from the north or south.
turboshaft engine - A gas turbine engine that delivers
power through a shaft to operate something other than turning points - Track changes often occur along
a propeller. initial or intermediate approach segments of non-
RNAV procedures, some defined by DME and some
turbulence - 1. In general, any irregular or disturbed
defined by radials or bearings.
flow in the atmosphere. 2. In aviation, bumpiness in
flight. turpentine - A thinner and quick drying agent used in
varnishes, enamels, and other oil-based paints.
turbulence in and near thunderstorms (TNT) - That
turbulence that occurs within, below, above, and turret - A tool mount on a lathe. The turret holds
around developing convective clouds and several tools that can be selected as needed.
thunderstorms.
turret lathe - A metal-turning lathe in which the cutting
turbulent flow - A flow of fluid in an unsteady state. tools are mounted in a turret for purpose of quick
change.
turbulent gusts - The atmospheric wind and vertical
motion fluctuations caused by turbulent eddies. tweak test -A test of the output of a wheel speed sensor
made by tweaking or flipping the sensor blade with the
turbulent wake - The turbulent eddies created near the
fingers to rotate it enough for it to generate a voltage.
ground when high surface winds are disrupted by
obstacles, such as hangers and other large buildings twelve point head - A standard head form for externally
located near an approach path. Also, the turbulent wrenched screws designed for use in counter-bored
region downwind of a thunderstorm. holes.
turn -- To machine on a lathe. twelve-point socket - A socket wrench that has a
12-point double hex opening that makes it easy to
turn and bank indicator - A flight instrument
position on a bolt or nut.
consisting of a rate gyro to indicate the rate of yaw and
a curved glass inclinometer to indicate the relationship twenty-minute rating - The ampere hour rating of a
between gravity and centrifugal force. The turn and battery indicating the amount of current that can be
bank indicator indicates the relationship between angle drawn from a battery in order to discharge it in twenty
of bank and rate of yaw. minutes.
turn and slip indicator - See turn and bank indicator. twilight - Often called dusk, it is the period of
decreasing light from sunset until dark.
turn anticipation - 1. Turning maneuver initiated prior
to reaching the actual airspace fix or turn point that is twin-row radial engine - A radial engine having two
intended to keep the aircraft within established airway rows of cylinders, one behind the other.
or route boundaries. 2. The capability to manually or
twist drill - A metal cutting tool that has a straight
automatically determine the point along a route of
flight, prior to a fly-by fix, where a turn should be shank and deep spiral flutes in its side and provides a
passage for the chips to be removed from the hole it is
initiated to provide a smooth path to the succeeding
cutting.
course. 3. The capability of RNAV systems to

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 twist grip Ty-Rap

twist grip - In helicopters, the power control on the end modifications thereto that do not change its handling or
of the collective control. flight characteristics. Examples include: DC-7, 1049,
and F-27.2. As used with respect to the certification of
twisted pair - Two insulated wires twisted together.
aircraft, means those aircraft similar in design.
This configuration causes the magnetic fields from
Examples include: DC-7 and DC-7C; 1049G and
each of the conductors to cancel out the magnetic field
1049H; and F-27 and F-27F. 3. As used with respect to
of the other. These wires are used in circuits such as
the certification of aircraft engines means those engines
the lighting circuit for the standby magnetic compass,
similar in design. For example, JT8D and JT8D-7 are
where magnetic fields would cause compass errors.
engines of the same type, and JT9D-3A and JT9D-7
two view drawing - An orthographic projection are engines of the same type.
drawing that uses two views to portray an object.
Type Certificate Data Sheets - The official
two-axis automatic pilot - An automatic flight control specifications of an airplane, engine, or propeller. Type
system that operates only in the roll and yaw axes. certificate data sheets are issued by the FAA. In order
for the device to be airworthy, it must conform to these
two-axis autopilot - An automatic flight control system
specifications.
that controls the airplane about the roll and yaw axes.
Ty-Rap - A patented nylon cable wrap used to hold
two-cycle engine - A reciprocating engine in which a wire bundles together.
power impulse occurs on each stroke of the piston. As
the piston moves outward, fuel-air mixture is drawn
into the crankcase below the piston; while above the
piston, the mixture is compressed. Near the top of the
stroke, ignition occurs. As the piston moves downward,
power is produced by the crankshaft. Near the bottom
of the stroke, exhaust action takes place on one side of
the cylinder and intake action occurs on the opposite
side.
two-part adhesive - An adhesive that consists of two
parts. One part is the base and the other part is the
accelerator. When the two are mixed together in the
correct amounts, the adhesive cures in a short time
period.
two-state device - An electronic component that can be
switched to a high or resistance state by a control
signal.
two-stroke-cycle engine -See two-cycle engine.
two-way communications - The ability of both stations
involved in communications to transmit and receive
signals or information.
two-way radio communications failure - Loss of the
ability to communicate by radio. Aircraft are
sometimes referred to as NORDO (No Radio).
Standard pilot procedures are specified in FAR 91.
Radar controllers issue procedures for pilots to follow
in the event of lost communications during a radar
approach when weather reports indicate that an aircraft
will likely encounter IFR weather conditions during the
approach.
TYP - A mechanical drawing term that means "typical."
It is used to show that the part symbolized by the TYP
designator is typical for more than one area or part of
the drawing.
type - 1. As used with respect to the certification,
ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a
specific make and basic model of aircraft, including
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T
 .
understanding unloading valve

is set, the resulting decrease in centrifugal force exerted United States - Geographically, the States, the District
by the governor flyweights permits the speeder spring of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the possessions,
to lower the pilot valve, thereby opening the including the territorial waters, and the airspace of
propeller-governor metering port. Oil is then directed those areas.
to the prop in the proper direction to flatten the pitch of
United States air carrier - A citizen of the United
the propeller and correct the underspeed condition.
States who undertakes directly by lease, or other
understanding - Level of learning. Ability to arrangement, to engage in air transportation.
comprehend something learned.
universal chuck - The three clamping jaws of a drill
understanding - A basic level of learning where a used to hold drill bits and other drill accessories.
student comprehends or grasps the nature or meaning
universal joint - A joint coupling that allows one shaft
of something.
to drive another shaft at angles to each other.
undervoltage relay - An electrical circuit protection
universal motor - A series-wound motor that operates
device that opens the circuit when voltage drops below
a predetermined value. on either alternating or direct current.
universal propeller protractor - A precision
underwing fueling - A method of fueling an aircraft
measuring device used to measure the amount of blade
from a single-point pressure fueling port located under
angle.
the wing.
universal time (UT) - In the most common civil usage,
Underwriter's Laboratories (UL) - An independent,
not-for-profit product-safety testing and certification UT refers to a time scale called "Coordinated Universal
organization. Time" (abbreviated UTC), which is the basis for the
worldwide system of civil time. This time scale is kept
undrainable fuel - The amount of fuel that remains in by time laboratories around the world and is
the system after draining. Undrainable fuel is determined using highly precise atomic clocks. The
considered a part of the empty weight of the aircraft. International Bureau of Weights and Measures makes
use of data from the timing laboratories to provide the
undrainable oil - The oil remaining after draining the
international standard UTC, which is accurate to
oil from an engine. Undrainable oil is considered a part
approximately a nanosecond (billionth of a second) per
of the empty weight.
.,
dav. The length of a UTC second is defined in terms of
unfeather The action of turning the propeller blades to
- an atomic transition of the element cesium under
an angle not parallel with the airplane's line of flight. specific conditions, and is not directly related to any
astronomical phenomena. The times of various events,
unfeathered -Low blade angle condition of a propeller. particularly astronomical and weather phenomena, are
UNICOM - A nongovernment communication facility &en given in "Universal Time" (abbreviated UT),
that can provide airport information at certain airports. which is sometimes referred to, now colloquially, as
Locations and frequencies of UNICOMs are shown on "Greenwich Mean Time" (GMT). The two terms are
aeronautical charts and publications. often used loosely to refer to time kept on the
Greenwich meridian, five hours ahead of Eastern
unidirectional - In composites, a fabric, tape, or Standard Time. Times given in UT are almost always
laminate with all the major fibers running in one given in terms of a 24-hour clock. Thus, 14:42 (often
direction, giving strength in that direction. written simply 1442) is 2:42 p.m., and 21 :17 (21 17) is
unidirectional current - A flow of electrons in one 9:17 p.m. Sometimes a Z is appended to a time to
direction throughout a circuit. See also direct current. indicate UT, as in 09352.
uniform acceleration - Increasing the speed of an unleaded gasoline - Engine fuel that has not been
object at an unvaried rate. treated with lead or lead components.
uniform surface corrosion - Unvaried corrosion across unlimited ceiling -A clear sky or a sky cover that does
a surface. No pits or localized damage have formed. not constitute a ceiling.
unijunction transistor - A transistor that allows voltage unloaded rotor - In helicopters, the state of a rotor
to flow between its two bases when an appropriate when rotor force has been removed, or when the rotor
voltage is applied to its emitter. is operating under a low or negative G condition.
union - Connectors or fittings that attach one item, such unloading valve - A Pressure control valve used in
as tubing, to another. aircraft hydraulic systems to prevent excessive
pressures from bursting lines and blowing out seals.
unit -A single piece of equipment. When the pressure reaches a predetermined value, the

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unmetered fuel user-defined waypoint

valve reroutes the high output pressure back to the upsetting - The process of increasing the cross-sectional
pump inlet. area of the end of a rivet or bolt by bucking or
hammering it.
unmetered fuel - Fuel that enters the fuel control from
the fuel pump. upslope fog - Fog formed when air flows upward over
rising terrain and is, consequently, adiabatically cooled
unpublished route - A route for which no minimum
to or below its initial dewpoint.
altitude is published or charted for pilot use. It can
include a direct route between NAVAIDS, a radial, a upslope wind - The deflection of the air by hills or
radar vector, or a final approach course beyond the mountains, producing upward motions along the slopes
segments of an instrument approach procedure. of a mountain or hill.
unscheduled maintenance - Maintenance performed as upwind - In the direction from which the wind is
a result of discrepancies found by flight and ground blowing.
personnel.
upwind leg -See traffic pattern.
unstable - 1. The characteristic of an aircraft that causes
urgency - A condition of being concerned about safety,
it, when disturbed from a condition of level flight, to
and of requiring timely but not immediate assistance; a
depart further from this condition. 2. In meteorology, a
potential distress condition.
-
general term to indicate various states of the
atmosphere in which spontaneous convection will urgency [ICAO] - A condition concerning the safety of
occur when prescribed criteria are met; indicative of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of person on board or in
turbulence. See also absolute instability, conditionally sight, but which does not require immediate assistance.
unstable air.
usability - Characteristic of a test being easy to read and
unstable air - Air with a temperature lapse rate clear in the use of directions, figures, and illustrations.
different than the surrounding air.
usable fuel - The portion of the total fuel load available
unstable oscillation - An oscillation whose amplitude
continues to diverge from the initial amplitude with no
-
to an aircraft in flight.

tendency to return toward the original amplitude. USAFIB - Acronym for: U. S. Army Aviation Flight
Information Bulletin
unusable fuel - The small amount of fuel in the tanks
that cannot be safely used in flight or drained on the useful load - 1. The weight of the occupants, baggage,
and usable fuel (Aircraft certified prior to FAR Part 23
ground. Unusable fuel is considered part of the empty
weight of the aircraft. include oil). 2. The difference between the empty
weight of the aircraft and the maximum weight of the
unusable oil - Oil that cannot be drained from the aircraft. Also referred to as the payload
engine.
useful load - The difference between the empty weight
updraft - A localized upward current of air. of the airplane and the maximum weight allowed by
the manufacturer's specification.
updraft carburetor - A carburetor mounted on the
bottom of a reciprocating engine. All of the air entering user request evaluation tool core capability limited
the engine flows upward through the venturi. deployment (URET CCLD) - User Request
Evaluation Tool Core Capability Limited Deployment
upholstery - Materials (fabric, padding, and springs)
is an automated tool provided at each Radar Associate
used to make a soft covering for a seating surface.
position in selected En Route facilities. This tool
upper air temperature - The temperature that is utilizes flight and radar data to determine present and
referenced to the height or pressure level where they future trajectories for all active and proposal aircraft
are measured. and provides enhanced, automated flight data
management.
upper deck pressure - The pressure of the air between
the compressor and the throttle plate on a user-defined waypoint - User-defined waypoints
supercharged, reciprocating engine. This air is also typically are created by pilots for use in their own
used for pressurization of the cabin and the fuel random RNAV direct navigation. They are newly
injection system. established, unpublished airspace fixes that are
designated geographic locations/positions that help
upper front - A front aloft not extending to the Earth's
provide positive course guidance for navigation and a
surface.
means of checking progress on a flight. They may or
upset head - The end of the rivet opposite the may not be actually plotted by the pilot on enroute
manufactured head formed during the riveting process. charts, but would normally be communicated to ATC
in terms of bearing and distance or latitude/longitude.
An example of user-defined waypoints typically
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 .
utility category airplane U-tube manometer

includes those derived from database-driven area

navigation (RNAV) systems whereby
latitudellongitude coordinate-based waypoints are
generated by various means including keyboard input,
and even electronic map mode functions used to
establish waypoints with a cursor on the display.
Another example is an offset phantom waypoint, which
is a point in space formed by a bearing and distance
from navaids such as VORs, VORTACs, and
TACANs, using a variety of navigation systems.
utility category airplane - An airplane certificated for
flight that includes limited acrobatics such as spins,
lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns in which the
bank angle exceeds 60".
utility finish - A finish used on aircraft that provides the
fabric with the necessary fill and tautness, but lacks the
glossy appearance of a showroom finish.
U-tube manometer - A "U"-shaped glass tube filled
with a liquid. Pressure is measured by connecting a gas
under pressure to one vertical of the manometer. The
pressure causes a differential between the levels in the
two verticals. This gives a differential pressure
between the gas pressure and atmospheric pressure. If
the liquid is water, the measurement is in water column
inches (WCI).

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 .
V valve ports

valve core - A spring-loaded, resilient check valve

inside a valve stem that, when depressed, allows air to
flow into or out of a tire or chamber.
V speeds - Specific airspeeds given for individual
aircrafl. An example of a V speed would be VNE,or valve duration The length of time, measured in
never exceed speed. V speeds are aircraft specific. degrees of crankshaft rotation, a valve in an aircraft
engine remains open.
vacuum - A negative pressure or pressure below
atmospheric pressure, usually expressed in inches of valve face - The inner, tapered surface of an intake or
mercury (in. Hg). exhaust valve that forms a seal against the valve seat in
the cylinder head when the valve is closed.
vacuum bagging - In composites, a means of applying
atmospheric pressure to a part while curing by sealing valve float - In reciprocating engines, a condition in
the part in a plastic bag and removing most of the air. which, at high RPM, the valve lifters lose contact with
the cam lobes because the valve springs are not strong
vacuum bottle - A container for keeping liquids hot or enough to overcome the momentum of the various
cold. Has inner and outer walls with most of the air valve train components. This allows the valve to open
taken from the space between the container walls in further and stay open longer than design specifications
order to insulate the container. call for. Extended periods of valve float will damage
vacuum distillation - A distillation process that boils the valve train.
liquids at very low pressures. This allows the liquids to valve grinding - A process of removing part of a valve
be distilled at lower temperatures than would otherwise face with a precision grinding machine. Grinding
be possible. improves the seal between the valves and their seats.
vacuum forming - A thermoplastic forming that uses valve guide - The component in an aircraft
vacuum and a heated die to form the plastic. reciprocating engine cylinder head that guides the
vacuum pump - A device mounted on an aircraft valve and holds the valve head concentric with the
engine that creates negative pressure used to drive valve seat.
some of the gyroscopic flight instruments. valve lag - The number of degrees of crankshaft rotation
vacuum tube - An evacuated glass or metal envelope after top or bottom center at which the intake or
containing a cathode, heater, plate, and often one or exhaust valves open or close. For example, if the intake
more grids. It serves as an electron control valve. valve closes at 60' of crankshaft rotation after the
piston passes over top center and starts down on its
vacuum-tube voltmeter - An electronic voltage- intake stroke, the exhaust valve lag is 60".
measuring instrument used for electronic circuit
testing. Its high input impedance prevents it from valve lapping - A process in which a valve is malched
drawing appreciable power from the circuit being to a valve seat by using a fine abrasive compound.
tested. Valve lapping removes any rough material to ensure an
airtight seal.
valence electron - 1. An outer electron that can be
given up or gained in the process of ionic compound valve lead - The number of degrees of crankshaft
formation. 2. An outer electron shared with another rotation before top or bottom center at which the intake
atom in the process of covalent compound formation. or exhaust valves open or close. For example, if an
intake valve opens 15' before the piston reaches top
valence shell - In physics, the electrons in the outer ring center on the exhaust stroke, it is said to have a 15"
of an atom. valve lead.
validity - Characteristic of a measuring instrument that valve lift - The distance a valve is lifted off its seat
actually measures what it is supposed to measure and when it is opened by the cam.
nothing else.
valve overlap - The degrees of crankshaft rotation when
valley breeze - An upslope wind flow caused by the both the intake and exhaust valves are open. In a
heating of the mountain slope that heats the adjacent four-stroke-cycle reciprocating engine, valve overlap
air. improves the efficiency of engine operation by
valve - A device that regulates the flow of a liquid or allowing the low pressure caused by the exhaust gases
gas. leaving the cylinder to help the fresh charge of fuel-air
in the induction system to start moving into the
valve clearance - The clearance between a valve head cylinder.
and rocker arm when the valve is seated.
valve ports - The intake and exhaust holes in the
cylinder of an aircraft reciprocating engine.

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 .
valve radius gauge variable absolute pressure controller (VAPC)

valve radius gauge - A gauge to determine if a valve vapor degreasing - A method of degreasing a part by
has the proper radius between the stem and the head. treating it with the hot vapors of a solvent such as
An improper radius is an indication of a stretched trichlorethylene.
valve.
vapor lock - A condition in a fuel system in which
valve seat - A hardened ring of steel or bronze, liquid fuel has turned into a vapor in the fuel lines. This
embedded in the cast aluminum cylinder head to vapor prevents the flow of liquid fuel to the carburetor
provide proper seating for the poppet valve. or fuel injectors.
valve spring tester - A machine used in engine vapor pressure - 1. The pressure, at a specific
overhaul to test the condition of valve springs by temperature, exerted by the vapor above a liquid.
measuring the force required to compress them to a Vapor pressure can prevent the release of additional
specified height. vapor. 2. In meteorology, the partial pressure of water
vapor in the atmosphere.
valve springs -Helical-wound steel wire springs used to
close the poppet valves in an aircraft engine cylinder. vapor separator - A device in a pressure-type
carburetor regulator unit that prevents air in the fuel
valve stem - The portion of a poppet valve that rides in
from upsetting the metering of the carburetor. The
the valve guide and maintains concentricity between
vapor separator consists of a small float and needle
the head of the valve and the valve seat.
valve ~ositionedin the vapor separator chamber. When
valve stretch - Elongation of the valve stem caused by there are no vapors in the chamber, the fuel level raises
overheating. the float and holds the needle valve closed. As vapors
gather, the fuel level in the chamber drops, lowering
valve stretch gauge - A tool that measures the radius the float until the needle valve opens, releasing the
between the valve head and the valve stem. vapors back into the fuel tank.
valve timing - The between the Vapor trail - A cloudlike streamer frequently observed
rotation and the opening and closing of the intake and behind aircraft flying in clear, cold, humid air. The
exhaust valves.
pressure reduction above the wing surfaces and water
valve train - Moving parts of the valve operating vapor in the engine exhaust gases combine to create a
system. Includes lifters, springs, valves and associated visible trail of condensed water vapor.
installation parts.
vapor-cycle air-conditioning system - A system for
valve-timing clearance - The clearance to which cooling the air in an aircraft cabin in which the cabin
poppet valves using solid valve lifters are adjusted to heat is absorbed into a liquid refrigerant, turning it into
set the cam for valve timing. After the timing is set, the a vapor. This vaporized refrigerant is carried into a
valve clearance is adjusted to the cold, or running, condenser outside the airplane where the heat is
clearance. released to the outside air, causing the refrigerant to
revert back to a liquid to begin the cycle over again.
vanadium - A malleable, ductile, silver-white metallic
chemical element with a symbol of V and an atomic vaporize -To change a liquid into a vapor.
number of 23. Alloyed with steel, it toughens and adds vaporizing tube - A fuel nozzle that injects a fuel-air
tensile strength to the steel. mixture into the combustor. This nozzle is in a system
vanadium steel - A steel alloyed with 0.10% to 0.15% that operates at lower pressure than the atomizing type
vanadium to provide additional hardness and strength. fuel nozzle system.
Vanadium steel is used in the manufacture of variable absolute pressure controller (VAPC) - The
technicians' tools. intelligence of the turbo system. It monitors
vane - Stationary airfoils within an engine. compressor discharge pressure and limits the maximum
pressure. Also maintains the discharge pressure slightly
~ne-type pump - A higher than manifold pressure. The VAPC controls the
constant displacement, discharge pressure by regulating the oil flow through
fluid-moving pump in the waste gate actuator. The variable portion of the
which a rotor containing pressure controller is mechanically connected to the
sliding vanes turns in an throttle. Opening the throttle to maintain a higher
eccentric cavity to force manifold pressure will also adjust the VAPC to
the fluid through the pump. maintain a higher compressor discharge pressure. The
lnishing point - Points in system's design prevents the turbocharger from
a drawing that converge to working at maximum output when the excess pressure
give the appearance of having depth. is not needed.
vapor - The gaseous state of a material.
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variable capacitor - A capacitor whose capacity can be variation - The angular difference between the true, or
changed by varying the distance between the plates. geographic, poles and the magnetic poles at a given
Variable capacitors are commonly used in radio or point. The compass magnet is aligned with the
radar tuning devices. magnetic poles, while aeronautical charts are oriented
to the geographic poles. This variation must be taken
variable displacement pump - A pump whose output
into consideration when determining an aircraft's
can be varied. For high pressure applications, this is
actual geographic location. Indicated on charts by
usually done by varying the stroke of a piston-type
isogonic lines, it is not affected by the airplane's
Pump. heading.
variable geometry air inlet duct - The inlet duct on a
variorneter - Sensitive rate of climb or descent
supersonic turbojet aircraft whose area or shape can be
indicator.
varied in flight. Provides the proper inlet pressure to
the first stage of the compressor as the airspeed of the vari-ramp - A movable ramp in a turbine engine inlet
airplane changes. that controls supersonic diffusions and airflow velocity
into the compressor.
variable geometry aircraft - An aircraft with the
ability to alter the configuration of its wings. The varnish - 1. Surface finish: A preparation of resin
wings are swept forward for takeoff and low speed dissolved in oil or alcohol. Provides a glossy,
flight and then swept back for flight at supersonic protective surface for wood, metal, etc. 2. Engine
speeds. deposit: A baked oil deposit formed on reciprocating
engine components that have been operated at
variable inductor - In electricity, an inductor (coil)
excessively high temperatures.
whose inductance is changed by varying the number of
coils or the composition of the core. varsol - A petroleum product similar to naptha. Used as
a solvent.
variable pitch propeller - A propeller whose blade
pitch can be changed while the engine is operating to V-belt - A drive belt that has a cross section in the shape
obtain the most efficient operation. Also referred to as of a "V." V-belts are used to drive generators, pumps,
a controllable pitch or constant-speed propeller. and other accessories from a source of motorized
power.
variable resistor - An electronic resistance component
that can be vaned by rotating an adjusting screw or V-block A block with a V-notch
-

shaft or adjusting the position of a sliding contact. cut across it. Used for shrinking
Rheostats and potentlometers are varlable resistors. or stretching sheet metal angles
or flanges.
variahle restrictor - A unlt that can be adjusted to
control the amount of flu~dflow and thereby control vector - A quantlty w ~ t h both
the operating speed of a u n ~ t . magnttude and direction. The fl
~ . , d @ -
length of the line ~ndicates
variable-angle stator vanes - Inlet guide vanes and
magnitude; the arrowhead indicates direction of motlon
compressor stator vanes that can change t h e ~ rangle to
or force
the accommodate the oncomlng airstream. Vanable-
angle stator vanes are connectedto the power lever and vector - 1. A variable that has magnitude and direction.
control engine stall tendencies during acceleration and For example, wind or pressure gradient.The line's
deceleration. length indicates magnitude, and the arrow point
represents direction ofaction. 2. A heading issued t o an
variable-frequency oscillator (VFO) - An oscillator in
aircraft to provide navigational guidance by radar.
a radio receiver for generating a heterodyne signal that
is beat against the incoming- signal - to create an vector sum - In mathematics, the resultant of adding-
intermediate frequency. If the intermediate frequency is two or more vectors.
at an audio rate, it allows a signal to be presented to a
veering - In weather, the process of wind direction
speaker or headphones. If the intermediate frequency is
shifting clockwise, as from north to northeast.
a radio frequency, it can be amplified and
demodulated. velocity - The actual change of distance with respect to
Variac -- The registered trade name for a brand of time. The average velocity is equal to total distance
divided by total time. Usually expressed in MPH or
autotransformer. In general usage it describes a variety
FPS.
of autotransformers. An autotransformer is a single
winding transformer having a carbon brush that can tap vendor - An individual or collective that sells goods or
off any number of turns for the secondary. It produces services.
variablc voltagc AC output.
veneer - 1. Any of the thin layers of wood bonded
together to form plywood. 2. A layer of fine wood
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 V-engine vertical vibration

glued to the surface of an inferior wood to provide a vertex time of arrival - A calculated time of aircraft
superior surface or to create a more attractive arrival over the adapted vertex for the runway
appearance. configuration in use. The time is calculated via the
optimum flight path using adapted speed segments.
V-engine - An internal combustion engine with
cylinders arranged in two rows in the form of a "V," vertical axis - The axis of an airplane extending
with an angle between the rows, i.e., 45" or 60". vertically through the center of gravity. Also referred to
as the yaw axis.
vent - An opening for the escape of a gas or liquid or for
the relief of pressure. vertical motion - Movement of air parcels in an upward
or downward direction.
ventilate - To provide fresh air to the inside of a
compartment. vertical navigation (VNAV) - A function of area
navigation (RNAV) equipment that calculates,
ventral fin - A vertical, stabilizing fin on the lower rear
displays, and provides vertical guidance to a profile or
portion of an airplane fuselage. Its purpose is to
path.
increase the directional stability of the airplane by
increasing the area behind the vertical axis. vertical path angle (VPA) (USA) -The descent angle
shown on some non-precision approaches describing
venturi - A specially shaped restrictor in a fluid flow
the geometric descent path from the Final approach fix
passage used to increase the velocity of the fluid and
(FAF), or on occasion from an intervening stepdown
decrease its pressure.
fix, to the Threshold Crossing - Height
- (TCH).
. This
venturi tube - A source of vacuum for the operation of angle can or can not coincide with the angle projected
gyroscopic instruments. It is a short tube with large by a Visual Glide Slope Indicator (VASI, PAPI,
openings at both the front and rear with a specially PLASI, etc.)
&signed restrictor between them. The velocity of thk
vertical S - The basic vertical S begins with a climb at a
air flowing through this tube is increased and its
constant airspeed and rate. Once a particular cardinal
pressure decreased as it passes the restriction.
altitude is reached, the climb is reversed and a constant
verify - Request confirmation of information; e.g., rate, constant airspeed descent is begun. The amount of
"verify assigned altitude." altitude between reversals can be varied. Once students
become proficient with the straight-ahead vertical S,
verify specific direction of takeoff (or turns after turns are added to the problem. The vertical S is a good
takeoff) - Used by ATC to ascertain an aircraft's
exercise to use in teaching students to transition from
direction of takeoff and/or direction of turn after one set of conditions to another. These maneuvers are
takeoff. It is normally used for IFR departures from an designed to improve students' cross-check and aircraft
airport not having a control tower. When direct control.
communication with the pilot is not possible, the
request and information can be relayed through an FSS, vertical separation - Separation established by
dispatcher, or by other means. assignment of different altitudes or flight levels.
vernier - A means of making extremely small divisions vertical speed indicator - A sensitive differential
or measurements. It consists of a short scale made to pressure gauge that indicates the rate at which an
slide along the divisions of a graduated instrument for aircraft is climbing or descending. The vertical speed
indicating parts of divisions. indicator is connected to the static system and senses
the rate of change of ambient pressure measured in feet
vernier caliper - A precision measuring tool used to
per minute.
measure the inside or outside dimension of an object.
An auxiliary or vernier scale is used to accurately vertical stabilizer - The fixed vertical surface of an
divide the increments of the regular scale. aircraft empennage to which the rudder is attached.
Also referred to as vertical fin.
vernier micrometer caliper - A micrometer caliper
with a vemier scale that allows each one vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) - An aircraft that
thousandth-inch increment to be subdivided into ten can takeoff and land without forward motion. Capable
equal parts of one ten-thousandth of an inch. of vertical climbs andlor descents and of using very
short runways or small areas for takeoff and landings.
vernier scale - See vemier.
These aircraft include, but are not limited to,
vertex - 1. In geometry, the point of a cone. 2. The last helicopters.
fix On the segments. Normall~,it vertical vibration - In helicopters, a vibration in which
will be the outer marker of the runway in use.
the movement is in a vertical direction. One cause
However, it can be the actual threshold or other
might be a main rotor that is out of track.
suitable common point on the approach path for the
particular runway configuration.
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vertical visibility VHF omni-directional range /tactical air navigation (VORTAC)

vertical visibility - The distance one can see upward 71 10.65. When used as an ATC clearance/instruction,
into a surface based obscuration; or the maximum the term can be abbreviated "VFR"; e.g., "MANTAIN
height from which a pilot in flight can recognize the VFR," "CLIMB1 DESCEND VFR," etc.
ground through a surface based obscuration.
VFR cruising altitude - When flying above 3,000 feet
vertical wind shear - The change in wind speed andlor AGL on a magnetic heading of Ob t o 179" you must fly
direction over a vertical distance. See also wind shear. at odd thousand-foot altitudes plus 500 feet and on a
heading of 180" to 359' you are required to fly on even
vertigo - Spatial disorientation caused by the physical
thousands plus 500 feet up to the flight levels.
senses sending signals to the brain that create a feeling
of whirling and dizziness. VFR flight - Flight in accordance with visual flight
rules.
very high frequency - The frequency band between 30
and 300 MHz. Portions of this band, 108 to I 18 MHz, VFR military training routes - Routes used by the
are used for certain NAVAIDs; 118 to 136 MHz are Department of Defense and associated Reserve and Air
used for civil airlground voice communications. Other Guard units for the purpose of conducting low-altitude
frequencies in this band are used for purposes not navigation and tactical training under VFR below
related to air traf'fic control. 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots
IAS. [Jeppesen does not chart these routes]
very high frequency omni-directional range station -

The omni-directional, or all-directional, range station VFR not recommended - An advisory provided by a
provides the pilot with a course from any point within flight service station to a pilot during a pre-flight or
its service range It produces 360 usable radials or inflight weather briefing that flight under visual flight
courses, any one of which is a radio path connected to rules is not recommended. To be given when the
the station. The radials can be considered as lines that current andor forecast weather conditions are at or
extend from the transmitter antenna like spokes of a below VFR minimums. It does not abrogate the pilot's
wheel. Operation is in the VHF portion of the radio authority to make his own decision.
spectrum (frequency range of 109.0-1 17.95 MHz).
VFR over-the-top - With respect to the operation of
very high frequency omnirange (VOR) navigation aircraft, means the operation of an aircraft over-the-top
equipment - The omni-directional, or all-directional, under VFR when it is not being operated on an IFR
range station provides the pilot with a course from any flight plan.
point within its service range It produces 360 usable
VFR terminal area charts - Depict Class B airspace
radials or courses, any one of which is a radio path
that provides for the control or segregation of all the
connected to the station. The radials can be considered
aircraft within the Class B airspace. The charts depict
as lines that extend from the transmitter antenna like
topographic information and aeronautical information
spokes of a wheel. Operation is in the VHF portion of
that includes visual and radio aids to navigation,
the radio spectrum (frequency range of 109.0- 1 17.95
airports, controlled airspace, restricted areas,
MHz).
obstructions, and related data.
very low frequency (VLF) - The radio frequency range
VFR waypoint - A predetermined geographical position
between 3 and 30 kHz.
used for routelinstrument approach definition, progress
VFR aircraft - An aircraft conducting flight in reports, published VFR roites, visual reporting
accordance with visual flight rules. or points for transitioning, andlor circumnavigating
controlled andor special use airspace. Defined relative
VFR conditions - Weather conditions equal to or better
to a VORTAC station or in terms of latitudeilongitude
than the minimum for flight under visual flight rules.
coordinates.
The term can be used as an ATC clearancelinstruction
only when: VFR-on-top - ATC authorization for an IFR aircraft to
a. An IFR aircraft requests a climbldescent in VFR operate in VFR conditions at any appropriate VFR
conditions. altitude (as specified in FAR and as restricted by
b. The clearance will result in noise abatement benefits ATC). A pilot receiving this authorization must comply
where part of the IFR departure route does not conform with the VFR visibility, distance from cloud criteria,
to an FAA approved noise abatement route or altitude. and the minimum IFR altitudes specified in FAR 91.
c. A pilot has requested a practice instrument approach The use of this term does not relieve controllers of their
and is not on an IFR flight plan. responsibility to separate aircraft in Class B and Class
All pilots receiving this authorization must comply with C airspace or TRSA's as required by FAA Order
the VFR visibility and distance from cloud criteria in 71 10.65.
FAR 91. Use of the term does not relieve controllers of
their responsibility to separate aircraft in Class B and VHF omni-directional range /tactical air navigation
(VORTAC) - A navigation aid providing VOR
Class C airspace or TRSA's as required by FAA Order
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 vibrating-reed frequency meter Vise-grip pliers

azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance broadcasting. This bandwidth must range from 5 Hz to
measuring equipment (DME) at one site) in excess of 5 MHz.
vibrating-reed frequency meter - An electronic meter video map - An electronically displayed map on the
that uses a series of reeds to indicate the tuned radar display that can depict data such as airports,
frequency. The display has several reeds that are each heliports, runway centerline extensions, hospital
tuned to vibrate at a specified and marked frequency. emergency landing areas, NAVAIDs and fixes,
When a particular frequency is in tune, the associated reporting points, airwaylroute centerlines, boundaries,
reed vibrates and appears as a wider band, thus handoff points, special use tracks, obstructions,
indicating the frequency. prominent geographic features, map alignment
indicators, range accuracy marks, minimum vectoring
vibrating-type voltage regulator - A voltage regulator
altitudes.
for direct current generators or alternators. Uses
vibrating points to sense the voltage and provide a view limiting device - A device used to limit the
varying resistance for the generator field current. viewing field of a pilot. This is typically used during
instrument training in order to allow the pilot to view
vibration - A quivering or trembling motion. The
only the instruments directly in front of him or her,
motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium is
entirely blocking references outside the aircraft.
in alternately opposite directions from the position of
Common view limiting devices include plastic hoods
equilibrium when that equilibrium has been disturbed.
and frosted goggles.
vibration insulator - A resilient support that helps
virga - Water or ice particles falling from a cloud,
isolate a system from steady state vibrations.
usually in wisps or streaks, and evaporating before
vibration isolator - A flexible, shock-mount support reaching the ground.
installed between a component and the structure.
virtual reality (VR) - A computer-based technology
Vibration isolators reduce damage to electronic units
that creates a sensory experience that allows a
by keeping heavy vibrations in the structure from being
participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual
transmitted into the unit.
experience from a real one. VR uses graphics with
vibration meter - In turbine engines, a meter that animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce
senses vibration, measured in MILS (thousandths of an electronic versions of real life experience.
inch) or in./sec. (inches per second) occurring at the
viscosimeter - An instrument used to measure the
engine outer casings. Typical limit: 3 to 5 MILS.
viscosity of a fluid.
vibration pickup - A small electrical generator that
viscosity - The resistance to flow. In composites, resins
transmits a turbine engine's vibration signal to a
have a viscosity rating that corresponds to how thick
vibration meter either in the aircraft or in a test cell.
they are.
vibrator - A relay that makes and breaks the flow of
viscosity index - The measure of a fluid's change in
direct current to produce pulsating DC, which can be
viscosity due to a change in temperature.
passed through an induction coil to change its voltage.
viscous - Having a thick, glutinous consistency, and a
vibrator ignition system - An older turbine engine
relatively high resistance to flow.
ignition system that uses no storage capacitors.
- -

viscous damping - Diminishing the amount of vibration

vibratory torque control - The special patented
by use of a fluid that turns some of the vibration energy
coupling between the crankshaft and propeller shaft of
into heat by pushing fluid through an orifice. A fluid
a Continental Tiara engine. It incorporates a quill shaft
viscous damper also dissipates energy by redirecting
to absorb torsional vibrations and a centrifugally
the force, producing a damping pressure that creates a
actuated mechanism to lock out the quill shaft for
force that is 90 degrees out of phase with the vibration.
operation when a solid shaft would be more
advantageous. vise - An adjustable tool that holds work and has two
jaws that open and close by means of a screw, lever, or
Victor Airway - An airway system based on the use of
cam..
VOR facilities. The north-south airways have odd
numbers (Victor l l ) , and the east-west airways have Vise-grip pliers - A brand
even numbers (Victor 14). name of locking pliers.
Locking is accomplished
video - The electronic circuit components controlling or
by an over-center locking
producing the visual signals displayed on a CRT.
device. The -grip
- width of
video amplifier - An electronic component that can the pliers is variable
amplify signals over a bandwidth sufficient to cover through an adjusting screw in the handle.
the requirements of color video recording and
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 .
visibility visual inspection

visibility - The ability, as determined by atmospheric lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre
conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see line.
and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and
visible light - Light wavelength between 4,000 and
prominent lighted objects by night. Visibility is
7,700 angstroms (.4 - .77 pM) that can be seen by the
reported as statute miles, hundreds of feet or meters.
eye.
a. Flight Visibility - The average forward horizontal
distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at visible line - A line on an engineering drawing that
which prominent unlighted objects can be seen and represents a portion of an object that can be seen.
identified by day and prominent lighted objects can be
seen and identified by night. visual approach - An approach conducted on an
b. Ground Visibility - Prevailing horizontal visibility instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan that authorizes
near the Earth's surface as reported by the United the pilot to proceed visually and clear of clouds to the
States National Weather Service or an accredited airport. The pilot must, at all times, have either the
airport or the preceding aircraft in sight. This approach
observer.
c. Prevailing Visibility - The greatest horizontal must be authorized and under the control of the
visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least half appropriate air traffic control facility. Reported weather
the horizon circle that need not necessarily be at the airport must have a ceiling at or above 1,000 feet
continuous. and visibility of three miles or greater.
d. Runway Visibility Value (RVV) - The visibility visual approach (ICAO) - An approach by an IFR
determined for a particular runway by a flight when either part or all of an instrument approach
transmissometer. A meter provides a continuous procedure is not completed and the approach is
indication of the visibility (reported in miles or executed in visual reference to terrain.
fractions of miles) for the inway: RVV is used in lieu
of prevailing visibility in determining minimums for a visual approach slope indicator (VASI) - An airport
particular runway. lighting facility providing vertical visual approach
e. Runway Visual Range (RVR) - An instrumentally slope guidance to aircraft during approach to landing
derived value, based on standard calibrations, that by radiating a directional pattern of high intensity red
represents the horizontal distance a pilot will see down and white focused light beams that indicate to the pilot
the runway from the approach end. It is based on the that he is "on p a t h if he sees redwhite, "above path"
sighting of either high intensity runway lights or on the if whitelwhite, and "below path" if redked. Some
visual contrast of other targets whichever yields the airports serving large aircraft have three-bar VASIs
greater visual range. RVR, in contrast to prevailing or that provide two visual glide paths to the same runway.
runway visibility, is based on what a pilot in a moving visual climb over the airport (VCOA) - An option to
aircraft should see looking down the runway. RVR is allow an aircraft to climb over the airport with visual
horizontal visual range, not slant visual range. It is reference to obstacles to attain a suitable altitude from
based on the measurement of a transmissometer made which to proceed with an IFR departure.
near the touchdown point of the instrument runway and
is in hundreds of feet. RVR is used in lieu of visual descent point (VDP) - A defined point on the
R W and/or prevailing visibility in determining final approach course of a non-precision straight-in
minimums for a particular runway. approach procedure from which normal descent from
I. Touchdown RVR - The RVR visibility readout values the MDA to the runway touchdown point can be
obtained from RVR equipment serving the runway commenced, provided the approach threshold of that
touchdown zone. runway, or approach lights, or other markings
2. Mid RVR - -The RVR readout values obtained from identifiable with the approach end of that runway are
RVR equipment located midfield of the runway. clearly visible to the pilot.
3. Rollout RVR - The RVR readout values obtained visual flight rules (VFR) - 1. The procedures for
from RVR equipment located nearest the rollout end of conducting flight under visual conditions according to
the runway. Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). The FARs
visibility (ICAO) - The ability, as determined by specify minimum cloud clearance and visibility
atmospheric cond~tions and expressed in units of requirements. 2. VFR is also used to describe weather
distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted conditions and is often used interchangeably with the
objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. term VMC (visual meteorological conditions).
Flight Visibility is the visibility forward from the visual holding - The holding of aircraft at selected,
cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Ground Visibility is the prominent geographical fixes that can be easily
visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited recognized from the air.
observer. Runway Visual Range (RVR) is the range
over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of visual inspection - The inspection of a part or
a runway can see the runway surface markings or the component by visual means.
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 .
visual learners voltage regulator

visual learners - Students who learn best with their volatile liquid - A fast-evaporating fluid.
sense of sight. They prefer to absorb the big picture
volatile memory - In computers, a memory or storage
first, then break the information down into individual
device that loses its storage capability when power is
parts.
removed.
visual meteorological conditions (VMC) -
volatile mineral spirit - A fast-evaporating petroleum
Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of
product used as a paint or varnish thinner and for
visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or
preparing surfaces prior to painting.
better than specified minima.
volatiles - In composites, materials, such as water and
visual purple --The chemical created by the rods that
alcohol, in a resin formulation, that are capable of
provides night vision acuity. The proper name is
being vaporized at room temperature.
rhodopsin.
volatility - The ease with which a fluid changes from a
visual range - See runway visual range.
liquid to a vapor.
visual separation - A means employed by ATC to
volcanic ash - In general, particulates and gases from a
separate aircraft in terminal areas and enroute airspace
in the NAS. There are two ways to effect this volcanic eruption.
separation: VOLMET broadcast - Routine broadcast of
a. The tower controller sees the aircraft involved and meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
issues instructions, as necessary, to ensure that the
aircraft avoid each other. volt - A unit of electromotive force (EMF) or potential
b. A pilot sees the other aircraft involved and upon difference that is needed to force one ampere of
instructions from the controller provides his own electrical flow through a resistance of one ohm.
separation by maneuvering his aircraft as necessary to voltage - The electric potential or potential difference
avoid it. This can involve following another aircraft or expressed in volts.
keeping it in sight until it is no longer a factor.
voltage amplifier - A circuit designed to maximize
vitrify - To convert a material into glass or a glass-like voltage gain at the expense of current gain or power
substance by heat and fusion. gain.
vivid color - Colors of very high intensity andfor voltage avalanche - The reverse voltage required to
chroma. Sometimes used on aircraft for maximum cause a Zener diode to break down and begin
visibility. conducting.
VMc - Minimum controllable airspeed. VMc changes voltage divider - A series of resistors placed across the
with altitude and is considered the minimum airspeed poles of a source to provide a number of different
at which control of a multi-engine airplane can be voltages.
maintained with one engine inoperative.
voltage doubler - A circuit that produces an output
VMc demonstration - This demonstration is required voltage twice that of the input.
during a multi-engine practical test to show the control
pressures necessary to maintain directional control with voltage drop - 1. The decrease in voltage in an
one engine inoperative. electrical circuit due to an increase in load. 2. The loss
in potential energy in a circuit when a current is made
voice switching and control system (VSCS) - The to flow through a load and some of the energy is
VSCS is a computer controlled switching system that converted from electrical energy into another form
provides air traffic controllers with all voice circuits such as heat.
(air to ground and ground to ground) necessary for air
traffic control. voltage dropping resistor - A resistor placed in series
with some other comDonent in order to reduce the
void - 1. Unsatisfactory gaps in a weld. 2. An empty terminal voltage across or limit the current through that
area in the composite laminate. The term void can be component.
used in place of delamination. 3. Internal fissure in
ferrous materials. Also referred to as fish eye, chrome quadrupler - In electricity, an amplifier whose
check, shatter crack, and snowflake. output current is four times its input current.

volatile - A fluid easily vaporizable at relatively low voltage regulation - -Maintaining a constant voltage
temperatures. level despite fluctuating load current requirements.

volatile content - In composites, the percent of volatiles regu1ator - A device that maintains a
that are driven off as a vapor from a plastic or an constant-level voltage supply despite changes in input
impregnated reinforcement. voltage or load.
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voltage rise vortices

voltage rise - An increase in voltage caused by a VOTs are available to the user while airborne, and
decrease in load or by the addition of a source, such as others are limited to ground
- use only.
a chemical cell, connected in series aiding with the
VORTAC - A navigation aid providing VOR azimuth,
general current flow in the circuit.
TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance measuring
voltage spike - A quick burst of high voltage. equipment (DME) at one site)
voltage standing-wave ratio - The ratio of the vortex - 1. A whirling, circulatory fluid motion. 2. In
maximum voltage to the minimum voltage along a meteorology, any rotary flow in the atmosphere.
circuit.
vortex compressor blade tip - Profile-tip. A turbine
voltaic cell - A device (battery) containing electrodes engine blade that provides a smooth airflow at its tip
and an electrolyte for generating electricity by end.
chemical action. Also referred to as a "galvanic" cell.
vortex generators - Vortex generators are small airfoil-
voltammeter - A d'Arsonva1 meter movement that can like surfaces on the wing, which project vertically into
be used either as an ammeter or a voltmeter. Though the airstream. Vortices are formed at the tip of these
this type of meter is a current measuring instrument, it generators just as they are on ordinary wingtips. These
indicates voltage by measuring the current flow vortices add energy to the boundary layer (the layer of
through a resistance of known value. Measurements are air next to the surface of the wing) to prevent airflow
in volts. separation. This reduces stall speed and can increase
takeoff and landing performance.
volt-amperes - The product of the voltage and current
in a circuit. vortex ring - A microscale circulation cell
superimposed on the overall rising motion of a thermal,
voltmeter - An electrical measuring instrument used to
similar to a smoke ring. It has a relatively narrow core
measure electrical pressure or voltage.
of upward motions surrounded by a broad region of
voltmeter sensitivity - A method used to determine the weaker sinking motions.
accuracy of a meter. The sensitivity of a voltmeter is
vortex ring state - In helicopters, a transient condition
given in ohms per volt and is determined by dividing
of downward flight (descending through air after just
the resistance of the meter plus the series resistance by
previously being accelerated downward by the rotor)
the full scale reading in volts.
during which an appreciable portion of the main rotor
volt-ohm-milliammeter - A multi-range electrical system is being forced to operate at angles of attack
measuring instrument. The instrument can measure above maximum. Blade stall starts near the hub and
volts, amps, or resistance by selecting one of the progresses outward as the rate of descent increases.
instrument ranges, which in turn, changes the internal
vortices - Circular patterns of air created by the
connections to measure a wide range of values.
movement of an airfoil through the air when generating
volume - The space an object occupies. It is measured lift. As an airfoil moves through the atmisphere i n
in cubic units, found by multiplying the area of the sustained flight, an area of low pressure is created
base of the container by its height. above it. The air flowing from the high pressure area to
the low pressure area around and about the tips of the
volume control - The circuit in a receiver or amplifier airfoil tends to roll up into two rapidly rotating
that varies loudness of output. vortices, cylindrical in shape. These vortices are the
volumetric efficiency - In reciprocating engines, the most parts of aircraft wake turbulence and
ratio of the volume of the charge taken into a cylinder, their rotational force is dependent upon the wing
reduced to standard conditions, to the actual volume of loading, gross weight, and speed of the generating
the cylinder. aircraft. The vortices from medium to heavy aircraft
can be of extremely high velocity and hazardous to
VOR - A ground-based electronic navigation aid smaller aircraft.
transmitting very high frequency navigation signals,
360 degrees in azimuth, oriented from magnetic north. VOT -A ground facility that emits a test signal to check
Used as the basis for navigation in %e National VOR receiver accuracy. Some VOTs are available to
Airspace System. The VOR periodically identifies the user while airborne, and others are limited to
itself by Morse Code and can have an additional voice ground use only.
identiffcation feature. Voice features can be used by
V-speed velocities relating to aircraft
ATC or FSS for transmitting instructions1 information V, -Decision speed, up to which it should be possible to
to pilots. abort a takeoff and stop safely within the remaining
VOR test signal (VOT) -A ground facility that emits a runway length. After reaching V, the takeoff must be
test signal to check VOR receiver accuracy. Some continued.

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 .
VSSE VYSE

VA -- Design maneuvering speed. The speed below greatest altitude gain over a specified distance with one
which abrupt and extreme control movements are engine inoperative.
possible (though not advised) without exceeding the
airframe's limiting load factors. VYsE- In multi-engine aircraft, best rate of climb, single
engine airspeed. VYsEis the speed that produces the
VFE- Maximum flap extension speed (top of white arc
greatest gain in altitude in a given amount of time with
on ASI).
one engine inoperative.
VFTO-Final takeoff speed.
VMca - Minimum control speed (air). The minimum
speed at which control of a twin-engine aircraft can be
maintained after failure of one engine.
VMCG Minimum control speed (ground). The minimum
-

speed at which control of a multi-engine aircraft can be

maintained after failure of a wing mounted engine on
the ground.
VNE- Never-exceed speed, 'redline speed' denoted by a
red radial on an ASI.
VMo - Maximum operating speed. Also MMO,Mach
limit maximum operating speed.
VNO- Nonnal operating speed. The maximum structural
cruising speed allowable for normal operating
conditions (top of green arc on ASI).
VR - Rotation speed, at which to raise the nose for take-
off.
VREF - Reference landing speed.
Vso - Stalling speed at max takeoff weight, in landing
configuration with flaps and landing gear down, at sea
level, ISA conditions (bottom of white arc on ASI).
Vx -Best angle of climb speed on all engines.
VXsE-Best engine-out angle of climb speed.
Vy -Best rate of climb speed on all engines.
VYs- ~ Best engine-out rate of climb speed, 'blue line
speed' (blue radial on airspeed indicators of light twins)
VssE - In multi engine aircraft, intentional one engine
inoperative airspeed. VssE is not an airspeed defined by
the FAA, but rather an airspeed developed by the
manufacturer. It is considered the minimum speed for
intentionally rendering one engine inoperative in flight
for pilot training.
V-tail - A glider with two tail surfaces mounted to form
a V. V-Tails combine elevator and rudder movements.
V-tail surface - An empennage consisting of two fixed
and two movable surfaces arranged in a V shape. These
two surfaces have the same aerodynamic hnction as
the more conventional three surfaces.
VTOL aircraft - An aircraft that can takeoff and land
without forward motion. Capable of vertical climbs
andlor descents and of using very short runways or
small areas for takeoff and landings. These aircraft
include, but are not limited to, helicopters.
vulcanize - A process of treating crude rubber with
sulfur and subjecting it to heat. Vulcanizing increases
the strength and elasticity of the rubber.
VXsE - In multi-engine aircraft, best angle of climb,
single engine airspeed. VXsEis used for obstruction
clearance with engine inoperative. It provides the
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 warm sector - The area covered by warm air at the
surface and bounded by the warm front and cold front
of a wave cyclone.
wafer-type selector switch - A multiple-contact switch
with contacts arranged around the edge of a wafer with warm-up time - The time needed for a component and
a knob in the center. all of its parts to reach operating temperature.
waffle piston - A reciprocating engine piston that has warning area - Airspace of defined dimensions,
fins cast on the bottom of the inside of the piston head extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast
that look like the surface of a waffle. This type of of the United States, that contains activity that can be
forging provides added strength and additional surface hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The purpose of
area for carrying heat away from the piston. such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of
the potential danger. A warning area can be located
wake turbulence - The rapidly rotating air that spills over domestic or international waters or both.
over an airplane's wings during flight. The intensity of
the turbulence depends on the airplane's weight, speed, warning lights - Annunciation lights in an aircraft
and configuration. Also referred to as wing tip vortices. cockpit that warn the flight crew of a dangerous
situation or the failure of a system or component.
walk-around bottle - A pressurized container of
breathing oxygen that is small enough for a passenger warp direction - The threads running the length of the
or crewmember to carry around the airplane. It consists fabric as it comes off the bolt. Parallel to the selvage
of a strap for carrying, a mask, a regulator, and a edge.
volume indicator. warp face - The side of the fabric where the greatest
wall cloud - The well-defined bank of vertically number of yams are parallel to the selvage edge.
developed clouds having a wall-like appearance, which warp threads - The threads parallel to the length of a
form the outer boundary of the eye of a well-developed fabric.
tropical cyclone. Also the portions of the rain free base
of a supercell thunderstorm that is lower in the vicinity warpage -Dimensional distortion in a plastic object.
of the main updraft. Tornadoes often develop here. Warren truss - A truss structure used for aircraft
Wankel engine - A brand name of a rotary piston fuselages in which the diagonal members cany both
engines where the crankshaft and pistons are replaced tensile and compressive loads
by a rotary piston coupled to a rotating shaft. The wash - The disturbance in the air produced by the
pistons are replaced with a rotor that rotates inside a passage of an airfoil. Also referred to as the "wake."
chamber causing the fuel-air charge to be compressed.
This rotor performs a uniform or variable rotary wash primer - A self-etching primer used on aluminum
movement without being affected by alternating or magnesium. It is often used to prepare the surface
inertial forces caused by the constantly reversing for zinc chromate primer.
direction of a piston/rod/crankshaft assembly. Since the washout - Slight twist built in on the outboard portion
motion produced is rotary, it can be utilized directly of the wing, designed to improve the stall
without having to be transformed. characteristics of the wing.
warm - A condition of having or emitting heat to a water absorption - The ratio of the weight of water
moderate or adequate degree. absorbed by a material to the weight of the dry
warm airmass - An airmass characterized by material.
temperatures warmer than the ground over which it is water ballast - System in some gliders for increasing in
moving. wing loading, thus enabling increased average cross-
warm downslope wind -A warm wind that descends a country speeds, using releasable water in the wings (via
slone on the lee side of a mountain. often called a integral tanks or water bags). Some gliders also have a
chinook or Foehn, is produced by a warm, stable, small water ballast tank in the tail for optimizing flying
updraft airmass moving across a range of mountains at CG.
high levels. water break test - Spraying watcr on a part to be
warm front - The boundary area formed when a warm bonded to assure there is no oil or grease contamination
air mass contacts and flows over a colder air mass. on the surface. If oil or grease is present, the water will
Warm fronts cause low ceilings and rain. bead.
warm front occlusion - Characterized by the warm water equivalent - The depth of water that would result
front remaining on the ground and the cold front from the melting of snow or ice.
moving aloft.

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 water jet weft direction

water jet - Used primarily in the manufacturing process wavelength - The distance between the crests of a wave
as a cutting tool. A very high-pressure stream of water of energy. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the
is used to cut through the component. frequency of the wave.
water vapor - The gaseous form of H20. way point - A predetermined geographical position
used for routelinstrument approach definition, progress
water-injection system - A system in which water is
reports, published VFR routes, visual reporting points
injected along with the fuel to avoid damage to the
or points for transitioning, and/or circumnavigating
engine. As compression ratios are raised, or
controlled andlor special use airspace. Defined relative
supercharging/turbocharging is added to engines,
to a VORTAC station or in terms of latitudellongitude
temperatures rise and an increased chance of
coordinates.
detonation arises. Adding water injection provides a
waterlairlfuel mixture that not only bums more waypoint - A specified geographic location used to
efficiently and avoids spontaneous detonation but also define an area navigation route or flight path of an
provides additional inlet air cooling and, hence, denser aircraft employing area navigation. Waypoints are
air. identified as either fly-by or fly-over.
waterspout -A tomado that occurs over water. wear pads - In aircraft brakes, steel pads riveted to the
surfaces of the stationary disks, the pressure plate, and
watt - The basic unit of electrical power. One ampere
the back plate to provide a wearing surface against the
flowing under a pressure of one volt is equal to one
sintered material on the rotating disks. It is more
watt. One watt equals '1746 HP.
economical to replace the wear pads than the disks and
wattage rating - The maximum amount of power an the plates themselves.
electrical component needs to operate an appliance or
weather - The instantaneous state of the atmosphere.
device without damaging the device.
weather advisory - In aviation weather forecast
watt-hour -A unit of electrical energy equal to one watt
practice, an expression of hazardous weather
acting for one hour.
conditions not predicted in the area forecast, as they
wattmeter -An instrument designed to measure electric affect the opera;ion of air traffic and as by thk
power in watts. NWS (National Weather Service).
watt-second - A unit of electrical energy equal to one weather vane -A wind vane.
watt acting for one second.
weave - In composites, the particular manner in which a
wave carrier - An electromagnetic wave of high- fabric is formed by interlacing yams. Usually assigned
frequency alternating current whose modulations are a style number used in ordering for the repair of a
used to transmit speech, images, and other signals. The component.
more common term is carrier wave.
web - The portion of any beam or channel that lies
wave cyclone - A cyclone that forms and moves along a between the flanges of a spar, rib, or channel section.
fiont. The circulation about the cyclone center tends to Furnishes the strength necessary for longitudinal shear
produce a wavelike deformation of the front. loads.
wave soldering - A method of soldering printed circuit web browser -A software program that provides access
boards where the board is placed slightly above a to sites on the World Wide Web (WWW).
container of molten solder. A wave is induced in the
web of a beam - The portion of a beam that lies
solder and the resultant rise in level coats the exposed
between the flanges of a spar, rib, or channel section.
leads, simultaneously soldering all component leads on
Furnishes the strength necessary for longitudinal shear
the board.
loads.
wave window - Special areas arranged by Letter of
weber - A basic metric unit of magnetic flux equal to
Agreement with the controlling ATC wherein gliders
that flux produced in a single tum of wire when an
can be allowed to fly under VFR in Class A Airspace at
EMF of one volt is reduced to zero at a uniform rate of
certain times and to certain specified altitudes.
one ampere per second.
waveform - The shape of an electrical signal as seen on
wedge - A tapered hard piece of wood or metal that can
an oscilloscope. Examples of wave forms are sine
be used for splitting, tightening, securing, or levering.
waves and square waves.
weft direction - Fibers that are perpendicular to the
waveguide - A hollow metal tube designed to guide
warp fibers. Sometimes referred to as the woof or fill.
electromagnetic energy.

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weighing points -The locations on an aircraft where the wet cell - An electrical power supply with electrodes
scales are placed for weighing the aircraft. The and a liquid electrolyte for the conversion of chemical
manufacturer designates the weighing points. into electrical energy.
weight - A measure of the heaviness of an object. The wet grinder - A precision grinding machine that uses a
force by which a body is attracted toward the center of flow of liquid coolant over the grinding stone to
the Earth (or another celestial body) by gravity. Weight remove the heat caused by grinding, preventing heat
is equal to the mass of the body times the local value of damage
- to the material being- ground.
-
gravitational acceleration. One of the four main forces
wet head - A helicopter rotor head that uses oil as its
acting on an aircraft. Equivalent to the actual weight of
lubricant.
the aircraft. It acts downward toward the center of the
Earth. wet lay-up - In composites, a method of making a
reinforced product by applying the resin system as a
weight and balance records - The aircraft records that
liquid when the reinforcement is put in place.
provide the required information on the weight of the
empty aircraft and the location of its center of gravity wet sump engine - An engine in which all of the oil
KG). supply is carried within the engine itself. A dry sump
engine has the majority of the oil contained in a
weight shift control A powered aircraft with a framed
--

separate tank.
pivoting wing and a fuselage controllable only in pitch
and roll by the pilot's ability to change the aircraft's wet takeoff - Takeoff by an aircraft that is equipped
center of gravity with respect to the wing. Flight with engines that use water injection during takeoff.
control of the aircraft depends on the wing's ability to
wet wing - An integral fuel tank in an aircraft wing
flexibly deform rather that the use of control surfaces.
made by sealing part of the structure to use as a fuel
weight arm - Another term for moment. Weight tank.
multiplied by arm equals moment.
wet-bulb temperature - The temperature of the air
weld bead - The metal deposited in a welded joint for modified by the evaporation of water from a wick
reinforcement. surrounding the thermometer bulb. Wet bulb
temperature is used in conjunction with dry bulb
weld fusion zone - The junction area of a weld that has
temperature to calculate the dew point.
been melted together by heat. The area of base metal
melted as seen in the cross section of a weld. wet-bulb thermometer - A thermometer with a muslin-
covered bulb used to measure wet-bulb temperature.
weld procedures - The steps necessary to prepare a
weld. These steps can include making certain the wet-out - In composites, the saturation of an
necessary equipment is available, the welding impregnated fabric in which all areas of the fibers are
connections are properly connected, the equipment is filled with resin.
in good working order, and the material to be welded is
wet-sump system - An oil system in which the oil is
properly prepared.
carried in a sump that is an integral part of the engine.
welded patch - A patch of thin sheet steel welded over
a dent in a steel tubular structure to reinforce the Wheatstone bridge - An electrical measuring circuit in
which the current through the indicator is determined
structure at the point of the damage.
by the ratio of the resistances of the four resistors that
welding - A method of joining materials in which a form the legs of the bridge.
portion of each piece is melted and combined in its
molten state. Filler material is usually added for extra wheel well - The part of the aircraft that receives or
encloses the landing gear as it retracts.
mass at the joint.
welding flux - A material used in welding that melts when able - When used in conjunction with ATC
and flows over the weld material to exclude oxygen instructions, gives the pilot the latitude to delay
from the surface of the molten metal and prevent compliance until a condition or event has been
reconciled. Unlike "pilot discretion," when instructions
oxides from forming in the weld.
are ref aced "when able." the ~ i l o is
t exvected to seek
weldment -An assembly that is welded together. the first opportunity to comply. Once a maneuver has
Weston meter - An electronic instrument that utilizes a been initiated, the pilot is expected to continue until the
specifications of the instructions have been met.
moving coil.
"When able," should not be used when expeditious
wet bulb - Contraction of either wet-bulb temperature compliance is required.
or wet-bulb thermometer.
whetstone - An abrasive stone used for sharpening
cutting tools.
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 .
whiffletree wing loading

whiffletree - A steering bell crank. It allows forces to wind shear - A sudden, drastic shift in wind speed
combine to produce an output. andlor direction that occurs over a short distance. Often
associated with weather fronts.
whip antenna - A quarter-wave antenna usually in the
high- or very-high frequency range. It is normally wind sock - A truncated cloth cone open at both ends
vertically polarized. and mounted on a freewheeling pivot to indicate the
direction the wind is blowing.
whirlwind - A small, rotating column of air; can be
visible as a dust devil. wind triangle - Navigational calculation allowing
determination of true heading with a correction for
white dew -Frozen dew.
crosswinds on course.
whiteout - A situation where all depth perception is
wind tunnel testing - A test that uses a tunnel-like
poor. Caused by a low sun angle, and overcast skies
passage through which air is forced at controllable
over a snow covered surface.
speeds in order to study the effects of wind pressure on
Whitworth thread - A screw thread used principally in aid around airfoils, scale models, or other objects.
Great Britain. Also referred to as the ~ r 6 i s hk d a r d
wind vane -An instmmcnt to indicate wind direction,
Whitworth (B.S.W.).
wind velocity - A vector that includes wind direction
wicking - Occurs when solder flows to the insulation of
and wind speed.
stranded electrical wire during the soldering process.
windmilling - The rotation of an aircraft propeller
wide-area augmentation system (WAAS) - The
created by air flowing around it with the engine not
WAAS is a satellite navigation system consisting of the
operating.
equipment and software that augments the GPS
Standard Positioning Service (SPS). The WAAS window de-mister - A system of keeping the windows
provides enhanced integrity, accuracy, availability, and of an aircraft free of condensed moisture by blowing
continuity over and above GPS SPS. The differential warm air over or between the layers of transparent
correction function provides improved accuracy material.
required for precision approach.
windshield - A transparent screen device made of
Wiggins coupling - A connector that allows fluid lines plastic or glass located in front of the occupants of a
to be connected and disconnected quickly. vehicle to protect them from the elements of wind, rain,
and cold.
WILCO - I have received your message, understand it,
and will comply with it. wing -An airfoil whose main function is to provide lift.
winch - A machine that converts rotary motion to a wing area - The total wing area measured in square feet
tensile force used for hauling or hoisting. A hand crank by multiplying the wing span by the average wing
or motor is connected to a drum around which a rope or chord.
cable winds as the load is lifted.
wing chord - An imaginary straight line connecting the
wind -Air in motion relative to the surface of the Earth; leading edge
- - and the trailing edge of a wing airfoil
generally used to denote horizontal movement. section.
wind chill factor - The effect of wind on temperature wing fillet - A streamlined fairing between a wing and
that causes it to feel colder than the temperature would the fuselage. Used to smooth out the airflow and
be without wind.. It blows away the thin layer of warm minimize the interference drag caused by the junction.
air that the and it draws wing - The movable control surfacer on the
away body heat by quickly evaporating any moisture
trailing edge of a wing inboard of the ailerons. Wing
that forms on the skin.
flaps alter the camber and sometimes the area of the
wind correction angle (WCA) -The angular difference wing, increasing both the lift and the drag.
between the heading of the airplane and the course.
wing heavy - A condition of flight in which one wing
wind direction - The direction from which wind is has a tendency to fly lower than the other wing about
-
blowing. -
an aircraft's longitudinal axis. This condition is
corrected by properly adjusting the flight control
wind grid display - A display that presents the latest
rigging system.
forecasted wind data overlaid on a map of the ARTCC
area. Wind data is automatically entered and updated wing loading - The ratio of the weight of a fully loaded
periodically by transmissions from the National aircraft to the total wing area.
Weather Service. Winds at specific altitudes, along
with temperatures and air pressure can be viewed.
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wing nut - A nut with two wing-like projections that specific speed and angle of attack. Also referred to as
can be gripped with a thumb and forefinger and, thus, tip fins.
turned by hand.
wingtip vortices - Circular patterns of air created by an
wing panel - A removable access panel or wing section airfoil when generating lift. Vortices from medium to
attached with screws, bolts, or rivets. heavy aircraft can be extremely hazardous to small
aircraft.
wing profile - The outline of the wing section.
wink Zyglo -A non-destructive inspection method in
wing rib - A structural member that gives a wing its
which the part to be inspected is sprayed with a
desired aerodynamic shape.
fluorescent penetrant liquid. The penetrant seeps into
wing span -The distance from one wingtip to the other. any surface cracks in the part. The liquid is then
washed from its surface and the part is placed in a
wing stations - Points measured from the centerline of vibrating fixture and observed under an ultraviolet
an aircraft (buttock line zero) toward the wing tip. light. If the vibration causes a crack that contains the
Indicates the distance in inches from the centerline.
-
penetrant to open and close, the black light will
illuminate the penetrant and give the appearance of
wing strut - A diagonal brace between the fuselage and
the wing of a semi-cantilever wing. winking each time the crack opens up to expose the
penetrant.
wing tip vortices - The rapidly rotating air that spills
over an airplane's wings during flight. The intensity of wiper - A movable electrical contact used in an
the turbulence depends on the airplane's weight, speed, electrical component.
and configuration. Also referred to as wake turbulence. wire braid - A woven, flexible metal that covers an
wing tip vortices - Circular patterns of air created by aircraft's electrical wiring and is used to intercept and
the movement of an airfoil through the air when ground any radiated electrical energy from the wire to
generating lift. As an airfoil moves through the prevent radio frequency interference.
atmosphere in sustained flight, an area of low pressure wire bundle - A group of electrical wires tied together
is created above it. The air flowing from the high and secured to the structure.
oressure area to the low pressure area around and about
the tips of the airfoil tends to roll up into two rapidly wire cloth - A mesh woven of fine wire used for
rotating vortices, cylindrical in shape. These vortices filtering.
are the most predominant pds aircraft wake
wire edge - A sham burr on the edge of metal that
turbulence and their rotational force is dependent upon
has been cut on a shear.
the wing loading, gross weight, and speed of the
aircraft. The vortices from medium to heavy wire gauge -A gauge used to measure wire diameter.
aircraft can be of extremely high velocity and
wire group - Two or more wires going to the same
hazardous to smaller aircraft.
location and tied together to retain their identity.
wing twist - A change in the aerodynamic shape of a
wire mesh - In composites, a fine wire screen is used to
wing that effectively causes the outboard section of the
dissipate an electrical charge from lightning or static
wing to have less angle of attack than the inboard
buildup. It is used as lightning protection usually
sections. Wing twist allows the outboard section of the
directly under the top layer of fabric.
wing to avoid stalling at higher angles of attack,
allowing ailerons to effectively control the roll of the wire stripper -A tool designed to remove the insulation
aircraft. from electrical wires.
-
winelet - A short, almost vertical stabilizing fin - wireless - British term for radio
projecting from the tip of an aircraft wing. The winglet
alters the downwash that normally washes across the wire-wound resistor - An electrical resistor made up of
wing's surface. This reduces induced drag and actually a winding of high-resistance wire covered with
provides a small amount of forward thrust. These two baked-on ceramic material.
effects more than cancel the parasitic drag of the wobble pump - A hand-operated fluid pressure pump.
winglet and reduce the overall drag of the aircraft. The name wobble comes from the movement of the
winglet - A design that nearly blocks or diffuses wing pump handle back and forth as it pulls fluid into one
tip vortices. Winglets are nearly vertical extensions on side of the pump and forces it out the other side.
the wingtips, which are actually carehlly designed, woodruff key - A hardened piece of metal shaped in a
proportioned, and positioned airfoils with their camber half circle on one side and flat on the other side. The
toward the fuselage, and with span, taper, and aspect key fits into a semi-circular groove to secure a wheel,
ratio optimized to provide maximum benefit at a disk, or gear to a shaft.

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 .
Wood's metal wve connection

Wood's metal - An alloy of lead, tin, bismuth, and shaped gear that meshes with a cogged gear set. When
cadmium that melts at a temperature of 158°F. turned, it imparts a radial motion on the cogged set,
creating a rotary motion 90" from the input.
words twice - 1. As a request: "Communication is
difficult. Please say every phrase twice." 2. As woven fabric - A material constructed by interlacing
information: "Since communications are difficult, yams, fibers, or filaments to form fabric patterns.
every phrase in this message will be spoken twice."
WOXOF - Pronounced "walks off', a slang weather
work - The product of force and the distance through term meaning visibility zero in fog. Also seen as
which the force acts. WXOF and WOXOFF.
workability - The ease with which wood, metal, or wrench - A tool with fixed or adjustable jaws for
plastic can be formed or shaped. gripping a nut, bolt, or pipe, and a long handle for
leverage in turning.
work-hardening - Increasing the' strength and hardness
of a metal by work-hardening or cold-working. The wrinkle - In composites, a surface imperfection in
strain-hardening is normally done after a piece of laminated plastics that has the appearance of a crease
material has been heat treated. If an aluminum alloy is or fold in one or more outer sheets of the paper, fabric,
not heat-treatable, strain hardening is the only way it or other base. Also occurs in vacuum bag molding
can be hardened. when the bag is improperly placed, causing a crease.
working life - In composites, the period of time during wrinkle finish - A paint finish that wrinkles as it dries
which a liquid resin or adhesive remains usable. to give a rough appearance.
working memory - The portion of the brain that wrist pin - The hardened steel pin that attaches the
receives information from the sensory register. This small end of a connecting rod to a piston.
portion of the brain can store information in memory
for only a short period of time. If the information is written tests - Often used as an evaluation device. They
include computerized tests as well as paper-and-pencil
determined by an individual to be important enough to
tests, and are often referred to as knowledge tests. A
remember, it must be coded in some way for
test is a set of questions, problems, or exercises used to
transmittal to long-term memory. Also referred to as
determine whether your students have a particular
short-term memory.
knowledge - or skill.
working voltage - The maximum amount of electrical
wrought iron - An easily welded, forged, or shaped
voltage that can safely be applied to an appliance
iron that contains very little carbon.
without damaging it.
wrought metal - A metal that has been worked by
workload management - Ensures that essential
rolling, drawing, or forging, and which has a different
operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing,
grain structure from that of cast metal.
and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload.
wye connection - An electrical circuit connection that
world aeronautical chart (WAC) - Similar to a
looks like the letter Y.
sectional chart, but with a scale of 1: 1,000,000. Provide
a standard series of aeronautical charts covering land
areas of the world at a size and scale convenient for
navigation by moderate speed aircraft. Topographic
information includes cities and towns, principal roads,
railroads, distinctive landmarks, drainage, and relief.
Aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids
to navigation, airports, airways, restricted areas,
obstructions and other pertinent data.
world wide web (WWW) - A part of the Internet that
provides access through the network by means of
graphics and hypertext links to different Web sites.
Also referred to as the Web.
worm gear - A gear that
consists of a threaded
shaft and a toothed
wheel that are meshed
together.
worm screw - A worm-
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 .
X xylol

x-axis - The longitudinal axis about which an aircraft

rolls. The ailerons are used to control this movement.
The vertical axis is the Z-axis and the lateral axis is the
Y-axis.
X-band radar - Radar that operates in a frequency band
of between 5.2 and 10.9 gigahertz.
xenon - A heavy, colorless, inert chemical gas element
with a symbol of Xi and an atomic number of 54.
X-ray -An electromagnetic radiation with an extremely
short wavelength. Capable of penetrating solid objects
and exposing photographic film.
X-ray inspection - A nondestructive inspection in
which high-frequency, high-energy electromagnetic
waves pass through the material and expose a
photographic film. Defects or discontinuities within the
material show up as variations in the density of the
image on the film.
xylene - A toxic, flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon,
similar to benzene. It is used as a solvent. Also referred
to as xylol.
xylol - See xylene.

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 yoke - 1. The control column in an airplane cockpit that
connects to and controls the movement of the elevators
and ailerons. 2. A cross member in a control system
Yagi antenna - A directional transmitting or receiving that links or joins something together.
antenna that uses one active dipole element
and one or more directing dipoles and one or Y-valve - The oil drain valve for a dry sump engine. It
more reflecting dipoles. The passive dipoles, derives its name from its shape. One arm of the "Y"
which are not connected electrically, are goes to the pressure pump inlet, one arm to the oil tank,
aligned for physical position. They interact and the lower arm is fitted with a valve. From this
with each other to form a directional field valve, the oil can be drained from the tank. Fuel for oil
pattern. Most home-type TV antennae are of dilution is also introduced in the Y-valve.
the Yagi type. Y-winding - A method of connecting the phase
yard - A measure of length. One yard is equal windings of a three-phase AC machine in which one
to 3 feet, 36 inches, or .914 meters. end of each of the three phase windings is connected
together to form a common point or a neutral terminal.
yardstick - A graduated measuring device
that is 3 feet long and marked in inches and
feet.
yarn - Twisted filaments, fibers, or strands, forming a
continuous length that is suitable for use in weaving
into materials.
yaw -- The movement of an aircraft about its vertical
axis.
yaw damper - An automatic control device used to
keep an aircraft from yawing. Swept wing aircraft are
particularly susceptible to Dutch Roll, an undesirable
yawing and rolling motion. Yaw dampers overcome
the unwanted yawing condition.
yaw string - A demonstration used to show the
existence of slip. To accomplish a yaw string
demonstration, tape a piece of yam to the windscreen
or to the top of the nose of the aircraft. It should be
placed in an area of undisturbed flow. During flight,
you will be able to see the yam move depending on
whether or not the aircraft is in a zero sideslip
configuration.
Y-axis - The lateral, pitch axis. Pitch movements are
controlled by the elevators.
Y-connected circuit A three-phase, or polyphase,
--

alternating current circuit that has three single-phase

windings spaced so that the voltage induced in each
winding is 120' out of phase with the voltages in the
other two windings.
yellow arc - A yellow marking on an instrument that
indicates a region of caution. On an airspeed indicator,
for instance, the yellow arc indicates a range of speeds
that are tolerable to fly in calm air, but not in
turbulence.
yield point - The load on a material, expressed in
1bs.lsquare inch, that causes the initial indication of
permanent distortion. Also referred to as yield strength.
yield strength - The load on a material, expressed in
lbs./square inch, that causes the initial indication of
permanent distortion.
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 .
Z Zyglo Inspection

zero sideslip - A control technique used following an

engine failure in a multi-engine aircraft where the pilot
maintains an attitude that minimizes drag, alleviating
Zahn cup - A cup of definite size and shape, with a hole the sideslip of the airplane. As bank angle exceeds the
in its bottom used to measure the viscosity of a zero sideslip value, there is a sharp loss of climb
material by the number of seconds required for the cup performance. Zero sideslip angle varies with the
to empty. airplane type. Flying at zero sideslip allows adequate
Z-axis - The vertical axis of an object. Turning the nose directional control with the best climb performance
of the aircraft, for example, causes the aircraft to rotate possible.
about its vertical axis. Rotation of the aircraft about the zero-lash valve lifter - A hydraulic device in a
vertical axis is called yawing. This motion is controlled reciprocating engine that reduces the slack between a
with the rudder. valve and the valve lifter due to changes in the engine
Zener diode --A diode rectifier designed to prevent the operating temperatures.
flow of current in one direction until the voltage in the zero-lift line - A line through an airfoil, along which a
reverse direction reaches a predetermined value. At this flow of relative wind will produce no lift.
time, the diode permits a reverse current to flow.
zero-time -An engine overhauled by the factory. Only a
zenith - The highest point directly overhead. factory overhaul can be called a zero-time engine.
zephyr - A west wind or a gentle breeze. zinc - A bluish-white, crystalline metal with a symbol of
Zeppelin - A rigid cylindrical airship supported by Zn and an atomic weight of 30. Zinc is ductile in its
internal gas cells. Invented by Count Ferdinand von pure state but quite brittle in its commercial form. It is
Zeppelin. used in the production of electrical batteries and for
coating steel parts to protect them by means of
Zerk fitting - A grease fitting with a check valve that sacrificial corrosion.
allows grease to be pumped through the fitting into a
bearing surface. Removal of the grease gun allows the zinc chloride cell - In batteries, a chemical cell using
check valve to reseat preventing grease from leaking powdered manganese dioxide and zinc as its pole
out and dirt from entering the fitting. pieces and a solution of zinc chloride as its electrolyte.
zero - 1. Numerical: 0. Having no value. Used as a zinc chromate primer - An alkyd resin,
reference point. 2. Temperature: A reference point on a corrosion-inhibiting primer that can be used on almost
Fahrenheit thermometer that is 32" below the freezing all metal surfaces. Moisture releases chromate ions to
point of water or the point on a Celsius thermometer inhibit the formation of corrosion, and the alkyd resin
where water freezes. forms a good bond for aircraft finishes.
zero adjustment - The adjustment on an instrument to a Z-marker -A radio beacon that radiates in a vertical
zero point, or to an arbitrary point from which all cone-shaped pattern. Z-markers are placed along
negative and positive measurements are to be adjusted. airways or approach courses to denote specific
locations.
zero bleed - In composites, a laminate fabrication
procedure that does not allow loss of resin during cure. zone numbers - The location marks on an aircraft
drawing, both vertical and horizontal. They are used to
zero fuel weight - The weight of an aircraft that locate detail parts on the drawing.
includes the entire useful load, minus the fuel.
Zulu time - The proper radio phraseology when making
zero fuel weight - The weight of the aircraft to include reference to coordinated universal time.
all useful load except fuel. Limits the ratio of loads
between the fuselage and wings. The maximum load Zyglo Inspection - A penetrant inspection system in
that an airplane can carry also depends on the way the which a fluorescent dye is drawn into surface defects in
load is distributed. The weight of an airplane in flight is a material. The defects are made visible by a powder-
supported largely by the wings; therefore, as the load type developer.
carried in the fuselage is increased, the bending
moment on the wings is increased.
zero gravity - The effect of gravity when it has been
nullified by parabolic flight.
zero lash - A condition in a valve train in a
reciprocating engine in which all of the clearance is
kept out of the valve train by the use of hydraulic valve
lifters.
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A -Acceleration ACFO -Aircraft Certification ADSIM -airfield delay
A&P - airframe and powerplant Field Office simulation model
mechanic ACFT -aircraft ADSY - administrative
A/C -aircraft ACID - aircraft identification equipment systems

A/FD -AirportiFacility ACLS - automatic carrier ADTN - administrative data

Directory landing system transmission network

AIG -air to ground ACLT -actual landing time ADTN2000 -Administrative

calculated Data Transmission Network
AM -altitudefheight 2000
AAC -Mike Monroney ACM -air cycle machine
ADU -attitude direction unit
Aeronautical Center ACO -Aircraft Certification
Office ADVO -administrative voice
AAF -Army Air Field
ACW -air crew warning AEG -aircraft evaluation group
AAI - arrival aircraft interval
AD -Airworthiness Directive AER -approach end of runway
AAM - air-to-air missile
AD - ashless dispersant AERA - automated enroute air
AAP - advanced automation traffic control
program ADA -Air Defense Area
AEX -automated execution
AAP - autoflight annunciator ADAP -Airport Development
panel Aid Program AF - airway facilities

AAR -airport acceptance rate ADAS -AWOS Data af -audio frequency

AAS -Airport Advisory Service Acquisition System AFB -Air Force Base

ABC -after bottom center ADC - air data computer AFC -automatic frequency
ADCCP -Advanced Data control
ABDIS -Automated Data
Interchange System Service B Communications Control AFCS -automatic flight control
Procedure system
ABS - anti-skid brake system
ADCUS - advise customs AFDS -Autopilot Flight
AC -Advisory Circular Director System
ADDA -administrative data
AC -Air Corps AFIS -automated flight
ADF -automatic direction finder
AC -alternating current inspection system
AD1 -automatic de ice and
AC -convective outlook inhibitor AFM - aircraft flight manual
(weather) AFP -area flight plan
AD1 -attitude direction indicator
ACAIS -Air Carrier Activity AFRES -Air Force Reserve
Information System ADIZ -Air Defense
Identification Zone Station
ACARS - aircraft AFS - Airways Facilities Sector
ADL - aeronautical data link -
communications addressing and
AFSFO -AFS Field Office
reporting system ADLY -arrival delay
AFSFU -AFS Field Unit
ACAS -aircraft collision ADM -aeronautical decision
avoidance system making AFSOU -AFS Field Office Unit
ACC -area control center ADO -Airline Dispatch Office (Standard is AFSFOU)
AFSS -Automated Flight
ACCT - accounting records ADP -automated data
processing Service Station
ACD - automatic call distributor
ADS -automatic dependent AFTN -Automated Fixed
ACDO -Air Carrier District Telecommunications Network
Office surveillance
AGL -above ground level
ACF -Area Control Facility
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AHC -auto heading comparator AMT - aviation maintenance ARINC -Aeronautical Radio
technician Incorporated
AHRS - attitude heading
reference system AMVER - Automated Mutual ARLNO - airline office
Assistance Vessel Rescue ARO - airport reservation office
AID -airport information desk System
AIG -Airbus Industries Group ARP - air data reference panel
AN - Air Force-Navy Standard
AIM - Aeronautical Information ARP - airport reference point
ANC -alternate network
Manual connectivity ARSA - airport radar service
AIP - Aeronautical Information area
AND -Air Force-Navy Design
Publication ARSR - air route surveillance
ANG -Air National Guard radar
AIP -Airport Improvement Plan
ANGB -Air National Guard ARTCC -Air Route Traffic
AIRMET -Airman's Meteorol-
Base Control Center
ogical Information
ANMS -automated network ARTS -Automated Radar
AIRNET - Airport Network monitoring system
Simulation Model Terminal System
ANP -actual navigation AS - Aeronautical Standard
AIS -Aeronautical Information performance
Service ASA -American Standards
ANST - American National Association
AIT -automated information Standards Institute
transfer ASAS -Aviation Safety
AOA -angle of attack Analysis System
ALD - available landing distance
AOCC -airline operations ASC - AUTODIN switching
ALNOT - alert notice control center center
ALP - airport layout plan AP - acquisition plan ASCP - aviation system capacity
ALS - approach lighting system AP -autopilot system plan
ALSFl -ALS with sequenced APC -absolute pressure ASD -aircraft situation display
flashers I controller ASDA - accelerate-stop distance
ALSF2 -ALS with sequenced API -American Petroleum available
flashers I1 Institute ASDAR - acft to satellite data
ALSIP - approach lighting APP - approach relay
system improvement plan
APP - auto-pilot panel ASDE -airport surface detection
ALTRV - altitude reservation equipment
APS - airport planning standard
AM - amplitude modulation ASLAR - aircraft surge launch
APU -auxiliary power unit and recovery
AMASS - Airport Movement
Area Safety System APV -approach with vertical
ASM -air-to-surface missile
guidance
AMC -automatic mixture ASM -available seat mile
control AQAFO -Aeronautical Quality
Assurance Field Office ASOS - automated surface
AMCC - ACFIARTCC observation system
Maintenance Control Center ARAC -Army Radar Approach
Control ASP -arrival sequencing
AMOS - Automated program
Meteorological Observation ARAC -Aviation Rulemaking
Station Advisory Committee ASQP -airline service quality
performance
AMP -Airport Master Plan ARCTR - FAA Aeronautical
Center or Academy ASR -airport surveillance radar
AMP -ARINC Message
Processor ARF - airport reservation ASTA - airport surface traffic
hnction automation
AMS -Aeronautical Material
Specification ARFF IC -Aircraft Rescue And ASTM -American Society of
Fire Fighting Incident Testing Materials
AMSL -above mean sea level
Commander ASV - airline schedule vendor

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AT - air traffic ATOMS -Air Traffic BASOP -military base
Operations Management System operations
AT&T -American Telephone
and Telegraph ATOVN -AUOTVON (facility) BBC -before bottom center
AT&T ASDC -AT&T Agency ATP -Airline Transport Pilot BBS -bulletin board system
Service Delivery Center ATR -Airline Transport Rating BC -back course
AT&T CSA -AT&T Customer ATS -air traffic service BCA - benefivcost analysis
Support Associate
ATS -Air Traffic Services BCD -binary coded decimal
ATA - actual time of arrival
(FAA) BCR -benefithost ratio
ATA -Air Transport Association ATSCCP -ATS Contingency BDAT -digitized beacon data
ATAS - Airspace and Traffic Command Post
Advisory Service BDC -bottom dead center
ATT - attitude retention system
ATC - after top center BFO -beat frequency oscillator
ATTIS -AT&T Information mode of ADF
ATC - air traffic control Systems
BFO -beat-frequency oscillator
ATCAA -air traffic control AUL -- Approved Unserviceable
assigned airspace List. BHP -brake horsepower
ATCBI -air traffic control AUTODIN - DoD Automatic BIM -blade inspection method
beacon indicator Digital Network BIS -blade inspection system
ATCCC -Air Traffic Control AUTOVON -DoD Automatic BL -bend tangent line
Command Center Voice Network
BMEP -brake mean-effective
ATCO - air taxi commercial AVAIDS - navigational aids pressure
operator AVC - automatic volume control BMP -best management
ATCRB - air traffic control AVGAS -Aviation gasoline. practices
radar beacon
AVN -Aviation Standards BOC -Bell Operating Company
ATCRBS -Air Traffic Control National Field Office BPCU -bus power control unit
Radar Beacon System
AVON -AUTOVON Service bps -bits per second
ATCSCC -Air Traffic Control
System Command Center AVTUR -Aviation turbine fuel. BRI -basic rate interface
ATCT - airport traffic control AWC - aviation weather center BRITE -Bright Radar Indicator
tower AWG -American Wire Gauge Terminal Equipment
ATD -actual time of departure AWlS - airport weather BRL - building restriction line
ATD -along track (straight line) information BSFC -brake specific he1
distance AWOS -Automated Weather consumption
ATE -actual time enroute Observing System BTC -before top center
ATIS -Automatic Terminal AWSS -Automated Weather BUEC -back-up emergency
Information Service Sensor System communications -
ATISR -ATIS recorder AWP - aviation weather BUECE -back-up emergency
processor communications equipment -
ATM - air traffic management
AWPG - aviation weather C -Celsius (Centigrade)
ATM - air turbine motor products generator temperature.
ATM - asynchronous transfer AWS - air weather station CIA -coarse acquisition
mode
BANS -BRITE alphanumeric CAA - Civil Aviation Authority
ATMS - Advanced Traffic system
Management System CAB - Civil Aeronautics Board
BART - Billing Analysis
ATN -Aeronautical Reporting Tool (GSA software CADC -central air data comp
Telecommunications Network tool) CAP - Civil Air Patrol
ATODN - AUTODIN terminal BASIC -basic contract C A W -Central Altitude
(finctional unit or system) observing station Reservation Facility
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CAS - calibrated airspeed CENTX - central telephone CO - carbon monoxide
exchange CO - central office
CASFO - Civil Aviation
Security Office CEQ - Council on COz - carbon dioxide.
Environmental Quality
CAT - category COE -U.S. Army Corps of
CERAP -central radar approach Engineers
CAT -clear air turbulence
CERAP - combined COMCO - command
CAT 1I -Category I1 approach Center/Rapcon communications outlet
CAU -crypto ancillary unit CFA - controlled firing area Consol - kind of low or medium
CAVU - clear, and visibility CFC - central flow control frequency long range
unlimited navigational aid
CFCF - central flow control
CAWS -central aural warning facility Consolan - a kind of low or
system medium frequency long range
CFCS -central flow control
CBI - computer based service
navigational aid
instruction CONUS -Continental United
CFI - certified flight instructor
CC&O - customer cost and States
obligation CFIT - controlled flight into CORP - Private Corporation
terrain other than ARINC or MITRE
CCAS - cockpit crew alerting
system CFR - Code of Federal CP - center of pressure
Regulations
CCC - communications CPDLC - Controller Pilot Data
command center CFR - Code of Federal
Link Communications
Regulations
CCCC - staff communications CPE - customer premise
CFR - Cooperative Fuel equipment
CCCH - central computer Research
complex host CPMIS - consolidated personnel
CFWP -central flow weather management information system
CCL -convective condensation processor
level CPU -central processing unit
CFWU -central flow weather
CCLD - Core Capability unit CPU -control protection unit
Limited Deployment
CG -center of gravity CRA - conflict resolution
CCS-7NI - Communication advisory
Channel Signal-7 Network CGAS -Coast Guard Air Station
Interconnect - CRDA - converging runway
CGCC -center of gravity display aid
CCSD -command control computer
communications service CRM - crew resource
CIG - ceiling
designator management
CIT - compressor inlet CRT - cathode ray tube-
CCU -central control unit temperature
CD - common digitizer CSA -communications service
CL- coefficient of lift authorization
CD - controller display CLC - course line computer CSD -constant-speed drive
CD - Convergent-Divergent duct CLIN - contract line item
(venturi). CSEU -control system
CLT - calculated landing time electronic unit
CDI - course deviation indicator
CM -- commercial service airport CSG - slide graphic computer
CDP -compressor discharge
pressure CM - circular mils CSIS -centralized storm
CMNPS - Canadian Minimum information system
CDR - cost detail report
Navigation Performance CSO - customer service office
CDT - controlled departure time Specification Airspace CSR -communications service
CDTl - cockpit display of traffic CNS - consolidated NOTAM request
information system CSS - central site system
CDU -central data unit CNSP - consolidated NOTAM
CTA -control area
system processor
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
CTA - controlled time of arrival DAIR -direct altitude and DEWIZ -Distant Early Warning
CTA - current transformer identity readout Identification Zone
assembly DAR -designated agency DF - direction finder
CTA/FIR -control areatflight representative DFAX - digital facsimile
information region DARC -direct access radar DFDR - digital flight data
CTAF - Common Traffic channel recorder
Advisory Frequency dBA - decibels A, weighted DFGC - direct flight guidance
CTAS -center TRACON DBCRC -Defense Base Closure computer
automation system - and Realignment Commission DFGS - direct flight guidance
CTMA - Center Traffic DBMS - data base management system
Management Advisor system
DFI - direction finding indicator
CTOT -constant torque on DBRITE - digital bright radar DG -directional gyro
takeoff indicator tower equipment
DGPS - differential global
CTC - cabin turbo compressor DBU -database unit
positioning satellite (system)
CUD -course unit display DC - direct current DH -Decision Height
CUPS - consolidated uniform DC - Divergent-Convergent DID -direct inward dial
payroll system duct.
DIN -AUTODTN Service
CVFP -charted visual flight DCA -Defense Communications
procedure Agency DIP -drop and insert point
CVFR -controlled visual flight DCA -Ronald Reagan DIRF -direction finding
rules Washington National Airport DITCO -Defense Information
CVR - cockpit voice recorder DCAA - dual call, automatic Technology Contracting Off~ce
answer device Agency
CVRS -computerized voice
reservation system DCAS -digital core avionic DME - distance
CVTS -compressed video system DME - distance measuring
transmission service DCCU - data communications equipment
CW - carrier wave control unit DMEJN - standard DME
CW - continuous wave DCE -data communications DME/P -precision distance
equipment measuring equipment
CW continuous wave NDB
DCP -data collection package
-

signals DME/P -precision DME

DDA -dedicated digital access DMN - data multiplexing
CWA -center weather advisory
CWP -cockpit warning panel DDD -direct distance dialing network

CWS - central warning system DDM - difference in depth of DNL -day light equivalent
modulation sound level (also called LDN) -
CWSU - center weather service
DDS - digital data service DoD -Department of Defense
unit
DEA -Drug Enforcement DOD - Department Of Defense
CWY - cleanvay
Agency DOD -direct outward dial
DA -decision altitude
DECM -defensive electronic DO1 -Department of Interior
DA -decision altitude/decision counter measures
height DOS - Department of State
DECU - digital elect control unit
DA -density altitude DOT -Department of
DEDS -data entry and display Transportation
DA -descent advisor system
DOTCC -Department of
DA -direct access DEIS - draft environmental Transportation Computer Center
DABBS -DJTCO Automated impact statement
DOTS - dynamic ocean tracking
Bulletin Board System DEP -departure system
DADC - digital air data DER - departure end of runway
computer
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
DP - instrument departure EDP -engine driven pump ERAD -enroute broadband
procedure radar
EDP -expedite departure path
DPDT - double-pole, ESEC -enroute broadband
EEC - electronic engine
double-throw secondary radar
computer
DPST - double-pole, ESF -extended superframe
EEL -emergency exit lights
single-throw format
EFAS -enroute flight advisory
DPU -data processor unit ESFC - equivalent specific fuel
service
consumption
DR -dead reckoning EFC -expect hrther clearance ESP -enroute spacing program
DSCS - digital satellite EFIS -electronic flight
compression service ESV - expanded service volume
information systems
DSUA -dynamic special use ESYS - enroute equipment
EFIS -electronic flight systems
airspace instrument (indication) system
DTS -dedicated transmission ETA - estimated time of arrival
EGT -exhaust gas temperature
service ETD estimated time of
EIAF - expanded inward access
-

DUAT -Direct User Access departure

features
Terminal ETE - estimated time enroute
EICAS -engine indication and
DUATS -Direct User Access crew alerting system ETG -enhanced target generator
Terminal System
EICAS -engine indication ETMS -enhanced traffic
DVA -diverse vector area central alert system management system
DVFR -day visual flight rules EIS - environmental impact ETN - electronic
DVFR -defense visual flight statement telecommunications network
rules ELT -emergency locator EU - European Union
DVOR - doppler very high transmitter EVAS -enhanced vortex
frequency omni directional range ELWRT - electrowriter advisory system
DVRCR - differential voltage EMF - electromotive force EVBC - engine variable bleed
reverse current relay (voltage). control
DYSIM -dynamic simulator EMPS - enroute maintenance EVC -engine vane control
EADI -electronic attitude processor system EVCS -emergency voice
direction indicator EMSAW -Enroute Minimum communications system
EARTS - Enroute Automated Safe Altitude Warning EWCG -empty weight center of
Radar Tracking System ENAV -enroute navigational gravity
EAS -equivalent airspeed aids EWR - Newark International
EC -European Community. EOF -emergency operating Airport
facility F&E -facility and equipment
ECCM - electronic counter-
countermeasures EPA -Environmental Protection FIF - Fuel Flow.
Agency
ECM -electronic FA -area forecast
countermeasures EPC -external power container
FA - aviation area forecast
ECOM -enroute EPE -estimate of position error
communications FAA - Federal Aviation
EPE -estimated position error Administration
ECU - engine control unit EPR -engine pressure ratio FAAAC -FAA Aeronautical
ECU - electronic control unit EPROM - erasable Center
ECVFP -expanded charted programmable read only FAAClS - FAA
visual flight procedures memory Communications Information
EDC - engine driven compressor EPS - engineered performance System
standards FAA-PMA - Federal Aviation
EDCT -expect departure
clearance time EPSS - enhanced packet Administration Parts
switched service Manufacturing Approval
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
FAATC -FAA Technical Center FDM -frequency division FMSP -flight management
FAATSAT -FAA multiplexing system procedure
Telecommunications Satellite FDP - flight data processing FNMS - FTS2000 Network
FAC - facility FED -federal Management System

FAD -Fuel Advisory Departure FEIS -final environmental FO - fly over

FAF - final approach fix impact statement FOB -fuel on board.

PAP -final approach point FEP - front end processor FOD - foreign object damage

FAPM -FTS2000 Associate FET - field effect transistor FOIA -Freedom of Information
Program Manager FFAC -from facility Act

FAR - Federal Aviation FFG - fuel flow governor FP - flight plan

Regulation fpm - feet per minute
FFR - fuel flow regulator
FAST - final approach spacing FGC -flight guidance computer FPNM -feet per nautical mile
tool
FIFO - flight inspection field fps - feet per second
FAWP - final approach
office FRC - request full route
waypoint
FIG -flight inspection group clearance
FAX -facsimile equipment FREQ -frequency
FINO -Flight Inspection
FB - fly by
National Field Office FSAS - flight service automation
FBO - fixed base operator FIPS -Federal Information system
FBS -fall back switch Publication Standard FSDO -Flight Standards District
FCC - Federal Communications FIR -Flight Information Region Office
Commission FIRE - fire station FSDPS -flight service data
FCLT - freeze calculated processing system
FIRMR - Federal Information
landing time Resource Management FSEP -
FCOM - FSS Radio Voice Regulation facilitylserviceiequipmentprofile
Communications FISDL - flight information FSEU - flap/slat electronic unit
FCPU - facility central services data link FSN -Fuel Spray Nozzle.
processing unit FL -flight level FSP - flight strip printer
FCU - Fuel Control Unit. FLIP -flight information FSPD - freeze speed parameter
FD - flight director system publication FSS -Flight Service Station
FD -winds and temperatures FLOWSIM -traffic flow FSSA -Flight Service Station
aloft forecast planning simulation Automated Service
FDAT -flight data entry and FM - fan marker FSTS - federal secure telephone
printout (FDEP) and flight data FM - frequency modulation service
service
FMA - final monitor aid FSYS - flight service station
FDAU - flight data acquisition equipment systems
unit FMC -flight management
computer fUsec -Feet per second.
FDC - Flight Data Center
FMCS flight management FTS -Federal
FDE - flight data entry
-

computer system Telecommunications System

FDEP - flight data entry and FMEP -friction mean effective FTS2000 - Federal
printout Telecommunications System
pressure
FDI - integrated flight indicator FMF -facility master file 2000
FDIO - flight data inputloutput FMIS -FTS2000 Management FUS - functional units or
FDIOC - flight data inputloutput Information System systems
center FMS - flight management FWCS - flight watch control
FDIOR - flight data inputloutput system station
remote GA -general aviation
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
GAA - general aviation activity GSE -ground support equipment hr -hour.
GAAA -general aviation GSI -glide slope indicator HSI -horizontal situation
activity and avionics GTE - Gas Turbine Engine. indicator
GAD0 -General Aviation GUS -ground uplink station HUD -head-up display
District Office HSTCU - horizontal stabilizer
H -Non Directional Radio
gal - Gallon. Homing Beacon (NDB) trim control unit
GBAS - ground based HUD -Housing and Urban
HAA -height above airport
augmentation system Development
HAL - height above landing
GCA -ground control approach HVOR - high altitude VOR
HARS -high altitude route
GCO - ground communication HWAS - hazardous in flight
system
outlet weather advisory
HASOV -hot air shut-off valve
GCU - generator control unit HYD I S 0 -hydraulic isolation
HAT - height above touchdown
GEO - geostationary satellite Hz - hertz
HAT - height above touchdown
GFP -Ground Fine Pitch. IlAFSS -International AFSS
zone
GLS -GNSS landing system HAZMAT - hazardous materials IA - indirect access
GNAS -General National HCAP -high capacity carriers IA - inspection authorization
Airspace System IAF - initial approach fix
HDME -NDB with distance
GNSS - Global Navigation measuring equipment IAP - instrument approach
Satellite System procedure
HDQ -headquarters
GNSS - global navigation IAPA - instrument approach
satellite system HDTA -high density traffic
airporls procedures automation
GNSSP - global navigation IAS - indicated airspeed
satellite system panel HE -High Energy.
HELI -heliport IAWP - initial approach
GOES -Geostationary waypoint
Operational Environmental HF - high frequency
Satellite IBM - International Business
HF -high frequency Machines
GOESF -GOES Feed Point
Hg - Mercury. IBP - international boundary
GOEST -GOES terminal point
equipment HGS - head-up guidance system
HH -NDB, 2kw or more IBR - intermediate bit rate
GPA - gas path analysis
HI EFAS - high aItitude EFAS IC - integrated circuit
gph -gallons per hour
(enroute flight advisory service) ICA - initial climb area
GPS -global positioning satellite
HIG -hermetically sealed ICAO -International Civil
GPS -global positioning system integrating gyro Aviation Organization
GPU -- ground power unit HIRL - high intensity runway ICSS - International
GPWS -ground proximity lights Communications Switching
warning system HIWAS -hazardous inflight Systems
GRADE - graphical airspace weather advisory senrice IDAT - interfacility data
design environment HLDC - high level data Iink IDG - integrated drive generator
GRI - group repetition interval control
IEC -integral electronic control
GS - glide slope HMU -hydromechanical unit
IEPR - integrated engine
GS - groundspeed HOC -high oil consumption-jet pressure ratio
engine
GSA - General Services IF - intermediate fix
Administration HOV -high occupancy vehicle
if - intermediate frequency
GSD -geographical situation HP -High Pressure.
IFCP - interfacility
display HP -Horse Power. communications processor
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http://w.ACTechbooks.com
 -

IFDS - interfacility data system IRU - inertial reference unit LAAS - local area augmentation
system
IFEA -in flight emergency ISA -International Standard
assistance Atmosphere LAAS -Low Altitude Alert
System
IFF -Identification, Friend or ISDN -integrated services
Foe digital network LABS -leased A B service
IFIM - International Flight ISMLS - interim standard LABSC -LABS GS 200
Information Manual microwave landing system Computer
I F 0 -International Field Office ISOV -isolation shutoff valve LABSR -LABS remote
equipment
IFR -instrument flight rules ISU -inertial sensing unit
LABSW - LABS switch system
IFS - integrated flight system IT1 - interactive terminal
interface LAHSO -land and hold short
IFSS - international flight operations
service station ITT -inlet turbine temperature
LAN -local area network
IGFET -insulated gate field ITT -intermediate turbine
effect transistor temperature LASCR - light-activated silicon
control rectifier
IGV - inlet guide vane ITWS -integrated terminal
weather system LAT - latitude
IHP -indicated horsepower
IVRS - interim voice response LATA - local access and
ILS -instrument landing system system transport area
IM -inner marker IVSI -instantaneous rate of LAWRS - limited aviation
IMC -instrument meteorological climb indicator weather reporting station
conditions IVSI -instant vertical speed Ib -pound.
IMEP - indicated mean effective indicator LCD - liquid crystal display
pressure IW - inside wiring LCF - local control facility
in. Hg -inches of mercury j -joule (energy unit). LCN - local communications
INM -integrated noise model JATO -jet assisted takeoff network
INS - inertial navigation system JFC -jet fuel control LDA - landing directional aid
Int -intersection JFET -junction field effect LDA - landing distance available
INU - inertial navigation unit transistor LDIN -lead in lights
IOAT indicated outside air
- JFK - John F. Kennedy LEC - local exchange carrier
temperature international airport
LED - light emitting diode
IOC - initial operational JPT -jet pipe temperature
capability LEMAC - leading edge of the
Kbps -kilobits per second mean aerodynamic chord
IPB - illustrated parts breakdown KE -Kinetic Energy. LF - low frequency
IPC -illustrated parts catalog Khz -kilohertz LFR - low- frequency radio
IPL - illustrated parts list kHz -kilohertz range
IPM - illustrated parts manual KIAS -knots indicated airspeed LFIMF- low/medium frequency
IR - IFR military training route kt -Knot (1 nm/hr). LGA -LaGuardia Airport
IR - infrared KTAS - knots true airspeed LH - left-hand (threads)
IRAN -Inspect and Repair As KVAR -kilovolt amperes LTNCS -Leased Interfacility
Necessary reactive NAS Communications System
IRBM - intermediate-range KVDT -keyboard video display LIRL - low intensity runway
ballistic missile terminal lights
IRMP - information resources L M F -low/medium frequency LIS -Logistics and Inventory
management plan System
LA -power lever angle
IRS -inertial reference system
LAA - local airport advisory
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http://w.ACTechbooks.com
LLWAS - Low Level Wind MAP -missed approach point MFQ -main fuel quantity
Shear Alert System MAP -modified access pricing MH -magnetic heading
LMM - compass locator at MAP -monitor alert parameter MHA - minimum holding
middle marker altitude
MAWP - missed approach
LMM -locator middle marker waypoint MHz -megahertz
LMS - LORAN monitor site MB -magnetic bearing MIA - minimum IFR altitudes
LNAV - lateral navigation MB -marker beacon MID0 -Manufacturing
LOC - ILS localizer Inspection District Office
mb - millibars
LOCID -location identifier MIG -metal inert-gas
Mbps -megabits per second
LO1 - letter of intent MILSPEC- military
MCA - minimum crossing
specifications
LOM -compass locator at outer altitude
marker MIRL -medium intensity
MCAS -Marine Corps Air runway lights
LONG - longitude Station
MIS - meteorological impact
LOP -line of position MCC -Maintenance Control statement
Center
LOP -low oil pressure MISC -miscellaneous
MCD - metal chip detector
LORAN - long range navigation MIS0 -Manufacturing
system MCDU -multipurpose control Inspection Satellite Office
display unit)
LOX - liquid oxygen MIT - miles in trail
MCL - middle compass locater
LP - low pressure MITP -metal in tail pipe
MCS -maintenance and control
LRCO -limited remote system MITRE - Mitre Corporation
communications outlet
MDA - minimum descent MLS -Microwave Landing
LRNAV - long range navigation altitude System
LRR - long range radar MDT - maintenance data MM -ILS Middle Marker
LRRA - low range radio terminal MMC -maintenance monitoring
altimeter MEA - minimum enroute console
LSB -least significant bit altitude mmf - magnetomotive force
LSI - large scale integration MEA - minimum enroute IFR MMS - maintenance monitoring
altitude system
LVOR -low altitude VOR
MEC - main engine control MNPS - minimum navigation
MEF - maximum elevation performance specification
MAA -maximum authorized
figure MNPSA -minimum navigation
altitude
MEK - methyl-ethyl-ketone performance specifications
MAA -maximum authorized airspace
IFR altitude MEL - minimum equipment list.
MOA - memorandum of
MAC -mean aerodynamic chord METAR - aviation routine agreement
weather report
MAHWP -missed approach MOA - military operations area
holding waypoint MET1 -meteorological
information MOCA -Minimum Obstruction
MALS -medium intensity Clearance Altitude
approach lighting system MET0 -maximum except
takeoff power MOCA - minimum obstruction
MALSF - MALS with clearance altitude
sequenced flashers MF - middle frequency
MODE C -altitude encoded
MALSR -MALS with runway MFDU -multi function display beacon reply
alignment indicator lights unit
MODE S -mode select beacon
MAP -maintenance automation MFJ -modified final judgment system
program MFT -meter fix crossing
MAP -military airport program timelslot time
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
MOS -metal oxide NAAQS -National Ambient Air NCS -National Communications
semiconductor Quality Standards System
MOSFET -metal oxide NACO -National Aeronautical NDB -nondirectional radio
semiconductor field effect Charting Office beacon
transistor NADA -NADIN concentrator NDB(ADF) -nondirectional
MOU -memorandum of NADIN -National Airspace beacon (automatic direction
understanding finder)
Data Interchange Network
mph -miles per hour. NADSW -NADIN switches NEPA -National Environmental
MPO - Metropolitan Planning Policy Act
NAF -Naval Aircraft Factory
Organization NEXRAD -next generation
NAILS -National Airspace weather radar
MPS -maintenance processor
Integrated Logistics Support
subsystem NFAX -National Facsimile
NAPRS -National Airspace Service
MPS -master plan supplement
Performance Reporting System
MRA -minimum reception NFDC -National Flight Data
NAS -National Aircraft Center
altitude Standard
MRC -monthly recurring charge NFDD -National Flight Data
NAS -National Airspace System Digest
MS -military standard NAS -National Aerospace NFIS -NAS Facilities
MSA -minimum safe altitude Standard Information System
MSAW - minimum safe altitude NAS -Naval Air Station NI -network interface
warning NASA -National Aeronautics NICS -National Interfacility
MSB -most significant bit and Space Administration Communications System
MSD - most significant digit NASDC -National Aviation NIDS -National Institute for
MSI -medium-scale integration Safety Data Discovery Sciences
MSL -mean sea level NASP -National Airspace NIMA -National Imagery and
System Plan Mapping Agency
MSN -message switching
network NASPAC -National Airspace NM -nautical mile
System Performance Analysis
MTCS -modular terminal Capability nm -nautical mile.
communications system NMAC -near mid air collision
NATCO -National
MTI -moving target indicator Communications Switching NMC - National Meteorological
MTR - military training route Center Center
MULTICOM - frequency used NATO -North Atlantic Treaty NMCE -network monitoring
at airports without a tower, FSS, Organization. and control equipment
or UNICOM NAVAID -navigation aid NMCS -network monitoring
MUX -multiplexer NAVMN -navigation monitor and control system
MVA -minimum vectoring and control NOAA -National Oceanic and
altitude NAWAU -National Aviation Atmospheric Administration
MVFR -marginal VFR Weather Advisory Unit NOC -notice of completion
MVFR -marginal visual flight NAWPF -National Aviation NOPAC -North Pacific
rules Weather Processing Facility NoPT -no procedure turn
N -Rotational speed, RPM. NBCAP -National Beacon Code required
Allocation Plan NOS -National Ocean Service
n.m. -nautical miles
NCAR -National Center for NOTAM -notice to airmen
N1-Low pressure spool. Atmospheric Research
N2-High pressure spool. NPA -nonprecision approach
NCF -National Control Facility
N,O -Nitrous oxide. NPDES -National Pollutant
NCIU -NEXRAD Discharge Elimination System
communications interface unit

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
NPIAS -National Plan of ODAL -omnidirectional PAR -precision approach radar
Integrated Airport Systems approach lighting system PAR -preferential arrival route
NPN - negative, positive, ODAPS - Oceanic Display and PAR -preferred arrival route
negative transistor- Processing Station
PATWAS -pilots automatic
NPRM -notice of proposed rule OEI -one engine inoperative telephone weather answering
making OFA - object free area service
NRC -non recurring charge OFDPS -Offshore Flight Data PBCT -proposed boundary
NRCS -National Radio Processing System crossing time
Communications Systems OFT -outer fix time PBRF - pilot briefing
NSA - national security area OFZ - obstacle free zone PBX -private branch exchange
NSAP -National Service OM - ILS outer marker PC - personal computer
Assurance Plan
OMB -Office of Management PCA -positive control airspace
NSSFC -National Severe and Budget PCA -positive control area
Storms Forecast Center
ONER - oceanic navigational PCB -printed circuit board
NSSL -National Severe Storms error report
Laboratory; Norman, OK PCG -positive course guidance
OPLT -operational acceptable
NSW -no significant weather level of tmffic PCL - pilot controlled lighting
NSWRH - NWS Regional OPSW - operational switch PCM -pulse code modulation
Headquarters PCU -prop control unit
OPX -off premises exchange
NTAP -Notices to Airmen pd -potential difference
Publication ORD -Chicago O'Hare
International Airport PDAR -preferential arrival and
NTP -National Transportation departure route
Policy ORD -operational readiness
demonstration PDC -performance data
NTS - negative torque sensor computer
OROCA -off-route obstruction
NTSB -National Transportation clearance altitude PDC -pre departure clearance
Safety Board
ORTAC -VOR combined with PDC -program designator code
NTZ - no transgression zone UHF tactical air navigation
PDN -public data network
NWS -National Weather OTR - oceanic transition route
Service PDR -preferential departure
OTS - organized track system route
NWS -National Weather
Service P -pressure. P-factor - an element of
p.s.i. - pounds per square inch asymmetrical thrust
NWSR -NWS Weather
excluding NXRD PICG -pilot/controller glossary PFC -passenger facility charge
NXRD - advanced weather radar PI -pressure at Station 1 (engine PFD -personal flotation device
system nose). PGB -propeller gear box
0 -oxygen. P7 -tailpipe pressure. PIBAL -pilot balloon
OAG -Official Airline Guide PA -precision approach observation
OALT -operational acceptable PA -pressure altitude PIC -pilot in command
level of traffic PIC - principal interexchange
PABX -private automated
OASIS -Operation and branch exchange carrier
Supportability Implementation PIDP - programmable indicator
System PAD - packet
assembler/disassembler data processor
OAT -outside air temperature Pins -point in space
PAM -peripheral adapter
OAW - off airway weather module PIREP - pilot weather report
station
PAP1 -precision approach path PK -Parker-Kalon screw
OBS - omni bearing selector indicator
OCS -obstacle clearance surface
Aircraft Technical Book Company
370 P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
PLASI -pulsating approach PTS -practical test standards RCAG -remote communications
slope indicator aidground
PTU - power transfer unit
PM -phase modulation RCC -rescue coordination
PUB -publication
center
PMC -power management PUP -principal user processor
control RCCB -remote control circuit
PV -Pressure-Volume breaker
PMS -program management (diagram).
system RCCC -Regional
PVC -permanent virtual circuit Communications Control
PNP -positive, negative, Centers
positive transistor- PVC -polyvinyl chloride
PVD -plan view display RCF -remote communication
POB -persons on board facility
POH -pilot's operating QC -quality control
RCIU -remote control interface
handbook QEC -quick engine change unit
POI -principal operations QECA -quick engine change RCL -radio communications
inspector assembly link
POLIC -police station r.p.m. -revolutions per minute RCLM - runway centerline
POP - point of presence R-12 -refrigerant 12 marking
POT -point of termination RA -resolution advisory RCLR -RCL repeater
PPI -plan-position indicator RAF - Royal Air Force. RCLS - runway centerline
lighting system
PPIMS -Personal Property RAIL -runway alignment
Information Management indicator lights RCLT -RCL terminal
System RCO -remote communications
RAIM -receiver autonomous
PPS -precise positioning service integrity monitoring outlet
PR -primary commercial service RAPCO -Radar Approach RCU - remote control unit
airport Control (USAF) RDAT -digitized radar data
PRBCV -pressure ratio bleed RAPCON -Radar Approach RDP -radar data processing
control valve Control (FAA)
RDSIM -runway delay
PRI -primary rate interface RAREP - radar weather report simulation model
PRM -precision runway RAT -ram air temp REIL -runway end identifier
monitor lights
RAT -ram air turbine
PROM -programmable rf -radio frequency
read-only memory RATCC -Radar Air Trafic
Control Center RF -radio frequency
PRT -power recovery turbine
RATCF -Radar Air Traffic RFI -radio-frequency
PRV -Pressure Relief Valve. Control Facility (USN) interference
PIS -power section RAT0 -rocket-assisted takeoff RHI -range-height indicator
PSDN -public switched data RB - relative bearing (scope)
network RII -required inspection item
RBC -rotating beam ceilometer
PSEU - proximity sense elect RL - general aviation reliever
unit RBDPE -radar beacon data
processing equipment airport
psi -pounds per square inch. RLIM - runway light intensity
RBDT -ribbon display terminals
PSN -packet switched network monitor
RBN -radio beacon
PSS -packet switched service RMCC - remote monitor control
RBSS -Radar Bomb Scoring center
PSTN -public switched Squadron
telephone network RMCF -remote monitor control
RCAG -remote center facility
PSU - passenger service unit airlground
RMI -radio magnetic indicator
PT -procedure turn
RMK -remark
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
371
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
RML -radio microwave link RTRD -remote tower radar SDF - simplified direction
display finding
RMLR - RML repeater
RVDT -rotary variable display SDF simplified directional
RMLT -RML terminal
-

transmitter facility
RMM -remote maintenance RVR -runway visual range as SDF -simplified directional
monitoring facility
measured in the touchdown zone
RMMS -remote maintenance area SDF - software defined network
monitoring system RVV -runway visibility value SDIS -switched digital
RMS -remote monitoring
RW - runway integrated service
subsystem
RWDS -remote radar weather SDP - service delivery point
RMS - root mean square
display SDS - switched data service
RMSC -remote monitoring
RWP -real time weather sec - second (time).
subsystem concentrator processor
RNAV - area navigation SEL - single event level
m y -runway
RNP -required navigation SELF - simplified short
SIG - starter-generator approach lighting system with
performance
SIS - sector suite sequenced flashing lights
ROD -record of decision
SAA -special activity airspace SER - start end of runway
ROSA -report of service activity
SAC -Strategic Air Command SFAR 38 -Special Federal
ROT -runway occupancy time Aviation Regulation 38
SAE - Society of Automotive
RP -restoration priority Engineers SFC -Specific Fuel
RPC - restoration priority code Consumption.
SAFI - semi automatic flight
RPG -radar processing group inspection sfc - surface
RPM -Revolutions per minute. SAI - standby attitude indicator SFL - sequenced flashing lights
RPZ - runway protection zone SALS - short approach light SFR - special flight rules
RR - low or medium frequency system SG - Specific Gravity
radio range station SAAR - special aircraft and SHF - super high Gequency
RRH -remote reading aircrew authorization required
SHP - Shaft Horse Power.
hygrothermometer SAR -search and rescue
SHPO - State Historic
RRHS -remote reading SAS - stability augmentation Preservation Officer
hydrometer system
SI - international system of units
RRWDS - remote radar weather SAT - static air temperature
display SIAP - standard instrument
SATCOM -satellite approach procedure
RRWSS -remote radar weather communications
display (RWDS) sensor site SIC - service initiation charge
SAWRS - Supplementary
RSS -remote speaking system Aviation Weather Reporting SID - standard instrument
System departure
RT -remote transmitter
SBC - surge bleed control SID - station identifier
RT & BTL - radar tracking and
beacon tracking level -
SCAT 1 DGPS special SIF - stall indicator failure
RTAD - remote tower category 1 differential GPS SIGMET - significant
alphanumeric display SCATANA - Security Control of meteorological information
RTCA - Radio Technical Air Traffic and Air Navigation SIMMOD - airport and airspace
Commission for Aeronautics Aids simulation model
RTM - resin transfer molding SCC - System Command Center SIP - state implementation plan
RTOP -reserve takeoff power SCVTS - Switched Compressed SM - statute mile
Video Telecommunications
RTR -remote Service SMGC - surface movement
transmitterlreceiver guidance and control
SD -radar weather report
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
SMGCS - surface movement STMP -special traffic Command and Control
guidance control system management program Information System
SMPS - sector maintenance STMUX - statistical data TCAS -Traffic Alert and
processor subsystem multiplexer Collision Avoidance System
SMS -simulation modeling STOL - short takeoff and TCAS I1 -traffic collision
system landing avoidance system
SNR -signal to-noise ratio STOVL -short takeoff and TCC -DOT Transportation
SNR or S/N -signal to noise vertical landing Computer Center
ratio SURPIC -surface picture TCCC -tower control computer
SOC - service oversight center SVFR - special VFR complex

SODA -statement of SVFR - special visual flight TCE -tone control equipment
demonstrated ability rules TCH -threshold crossing height
SOIR -simultaneous operations SWSL -supplemental weather TCH -threshold crossing height
on intersecting runways service TCLT -tentative calculated
SOIWR - simultaneous T -Temperature (Absolute). landing time
operations on intersecting wet T -Thrust. TCO -Telecommunications
runways Certification Officer
TIMUX-TI multiplexer
SPEC1 -aviation selected TCOM -terminal
special weather report TIR -thrust reverser system
communications
SPR - single point refueling TA -traffic advisory
TCS -tower communications
SPS - standard positioning TAA -terminal arrival area system
service TAAS -terminal advance TD -time difference
SRAP - sensor receiver and automation system
TDC -top dead center
processor TAC -terminal area chart
TDLS -tower data link services
SRL -single red line (computer) TACAN -tactical air navigation
SSALF - SSALS with sequenced TACAN - Tactical Air TDMUX -time division data
flashers Navigation System multiplexer
SSALR -simplified short TACR -TACAN at VOR, TDWR terminal Doppler
-

approach lighting system TACAN only weather radar

SSALS - simplified short TAF -aviation terminal forecast TDZL -touchdown zone lights
approach light system
TAI -tail anti-ice TEC -tower enroute control
SSALSR -simplified short
approach light system with TARS -terminal automated TEHP -Thrust Equivalent Horse
runway alignment indicator radar service Power.
lights TAS -true airspeed TELCO -telephone company
SSB - single side band TAT -total air temperature TELMS -Telecommunications
SSB - split system breaker TATCA -terminal air traffic Management System
SSI -small-scale integration control automation TEL-TWEB -telephone access
TAVT -terminal airspace to TWEB
SSU - Saybolt Seconds
Universal visualization tool TEMAC -trailing edge of the
TBO -time between overhaul mean aerodynamic chord
STAR - standard terminal arrival
TC - true course TERPS -terminal instrument
STAR - standard terminal arrival procedures
route TCA -terminal control area
TET -Turbine Entry
STC -Supplemental Type TCA - Traffic Control Airport or Temperature.
Certificate Tower Control Airport
TFAC -to facility
STD -standard TCACCIS -Transportation
Coordinator Automated TGT - turbine gas temperature

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
TH -threshold TNAV -terminal navigational TTMA -TRACON traffic
aids management advisor
THP -Thrust Horse Power.
TODA -takeoff distance TTY -teletype
TIBS - telephone information available
briefing service TVOR - terminal VOR
TOF -time of flight TW -taxiway
TIC -tungsten inert gas
TOFMS -time of flight mass TWEB -transcribed weather
TIMS -telecommunications
spectrometer broadcast
information management system
TOPS -Telecommunications TWR -tower (non controlled)
TIPS -terminal information
Ordering and Pricing System
processing system TY -Type (FAA
(GSA s o h a r e tool)
TIR - total indicator reading Communications Information
TOFU -take off run available System )
TIT -turbine inlet temperature
TPP - terminal procedures TYP -typical (mechanical
TL -taxilane publications drawing)
TLS - transponder landing TPU -transit pressure unit U.S. - United States
system TR -telecommunications request UAS -uniform accounting
TM&O -Telecommunications TRACAB -terminal radar system
Management and Operations approach control in tower cab LlBR -utility bus relay
TMA - Traffic Management TRACON -terminal radar
Advisor UER -unscheduled engine
approach control removal
TMC - Traffic Management TRACON -terminal radar
Coordinator UFO -unidentified flying object
approach control facilities
TMClMC -Traffic Management UHF -ultra high frequency
TRAD -terminal radar service
Coordinatorh4ilitary UNC - United National, coarse
Coordinator TRF -tuned radio frequency
(receiver) UNF - United National, fine
TMCC -Terminal Information
Processing System TRI -thrust rating indicator UNICOM - aeronautical
advisory station
TMCC -traffic management TRNG -training
computer complex URA - Uniform Relocation
TRSA -terminal radar service Assistance and Real Property
TMF - traffic management area Acquisition Policies Act of 1970
facility TRU transformer rectifier unit
-
URET - User Request
TML -television microwave TSA -taxiway safety area Evaluation Tool
link
TSCU -torque sensing control URET CCLD - User Request
TMLI -television microwave unit Evaluation Tool Core Capability
link indicator Limited Deployment
TSCU -torque signaling
TMLR -television microwave condition unit USAF -United States Air Force
link repeater
TSEC -terminal secondary radar USAFIB - U. S. Army Aviation
TMLT -television microwave service Flight Information Bulletin
link terminal
TSFC -thrust specific fuel USCG - United States Coast
TMP -traffic management consumption Guard
processor
TSO -technical standard order USOC -Uniform Service Order
TMS -thrust management Code
system TSP -telecommunications
service priority USS -United States, standard
TMS -traffic management
system TSR - telecommunications UTC -coordinated universal
service request time (Zulu time)
TMSPS -traffic management
specialists TSYS -terminal equipment UV - Ultra Violet
systems UWS - urgent weather SIGMET
TMU -traffic management unit
TTL -total torque limiter V -volume
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
V1-maximum speed in the VF- design flap speed VNTSC -Volpe National
takeoff at which the pilot must Transportation System Center
VF -voice frequency
take the first action (e.g., apply
VON -virtual on net
brakes, reduce thrust, deploy VFC/MFC-maximum speed for
speed brakes) to stop the airplane stability characteristics VOR -very high frequency omni
within the accelerate-stop directional range
VFE-maximum flap extended
distance. V1 also means the speed VORIDME -collocated VOR
minimum speed in the takeoff, and DME navaids
following a failure of the critical VFO -variable-frequency
engine at V,,, at which the pilot oscillator VORTAC -collocated VOR and
can continue the takeoff and VFR -visual flight rules TACAN
achieve the required height VOT -VOR test facility
above the takeoff surface within VmO- final takeoff speed
the takeoff distance. VGSI -visual glide slope VR-rotation speed
V1- Pulse jet powered flying indicator VR -VFR military training route
bomb. VH- maximum speed in level VREF-reference landing speed
V2 - Liquid fuel rocket flight with maximum continuous VRS -voice recording system
power
V1 -takeoff safety speed Vs -stalling speed or the
VHF -very high frequency
V2MIN - minimum takeoff safety minimum steady flight speed at
speed VHF/DF -VHF direction finder which the airplane is controllable
VA-design maneuvering speed VIP -very important person Vso -stalling speed or the
(dignitary) minimum steady flight speed in
VAC -volts of alternating the landing configuration
current VIP - video integrator and
processor (thunderstorm Vsl -stalling speed or the
VAPTAD -volcanic ash intensity standard) minimum steady flight speed
transport and dispersion chart obtained in a specific
VLE-maximum landing gear
VAPC -variable absolute extended speed configuration
pressure controller VSCS -voice switching and
VLF -very low frequency
VAR -volcanic activity control system
reporting VLO- maximum landing gear
VSI -vertical speed indicator
operating speed
VAR -volt-ampere reactive VSR-reference stall speed
VLoF - lift-off speed
VASI -visual approach slope VsRl -reference stall speed in a
indicator VLV -valve
specific configuration
VB- design speed for maximum VMc - minimum control speed
with the critical engine V s ~-o reference stall speed in
gust intensity the landing configuration
inoperative
VBV - variable blade vane VSTOL -vertical or short
VMC -visual meteorological
Vc - design cruising speed conditions takeoff and landing
VCOA -visual climb over the VMC -visual meteorological VSV -variable stator vane
airport conditions Vsw - speed at which onset of
VD- design diving speed Vmini -minimum speed -
natural or artificial stall warning
occurs
VDA -vertical descent angle VM&lMo -maximum operating
limit speed VSWR -voltage standing-wave
VDC - volts of direct current ratio
VDF/MDF - demonstrated flight VMU-minimum unstick speed
VTA -vertex time of arrival
diving speed VNAV -vertical navigation
VTAC -VOR collocated with
VDME -VOR with distance VNAV -visual navigational aids TACAN
measuring equipment
VNE-never-exceed speed VTOL -vertical takeoff and
VDP -visual descent point landing
VNO- maximum structural
VEF- speed at which the critical cruising speed VToss -takeoff safety speed for
engine is assumed to fail during Category A rotorcraft
takeoff
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
VTS - voice telecommunications WEU -warning electronic unit WSFO -Weather Service
system Forecast Office
WFO -weather forecast office
VTVM -vacuum-tube voltmeter WSMO -Weather Service
WGS84 W o r l d Geodetic Meteorological Observatory
VV -vertical visibility System of 1984
WSO -Weather Service Office
VVI - vertical velocity indicator WH -hurricane advisory
WSP - weather system processor
Vx- speed for best angle of climb whr -watthour
WST -convective SIGMET
Vy - speed for best rate of climb WMO -World Meteorological
Organization WSW -wind shear warning
wlm -Waterlmethanol coolant
mix. WMS -wide area master station WTHR -weather
WA -AIRMET WMSC -weather message WW - Severe Weather Watch
switching center Bulletin
WAAS -wide area augmentation
system WMSCR -weather message WX -weather
switching center replacement WXR -weather radar
WAC - world aeronautical chart
WOW -weight on wheels (squat WST -convective significant
WAN -wide area network switch) meteorological information
WARP -weather and radar WOXOF -weather, zero
processor WTHR -weather
visibility in fog
WC -work center WW - severe weather watch
WP -waypoint bulletin
WCA -wind correction angle WRS -wide area ground WX -weather
WCP -weather communications reference station
processor WXOF -weather, zero visibility
WS - SIGMET in fog
WECO - Western Electric WSCMO -weather service
Company contract meteorological
WESCOM - Western Electric observatory
Satellite Communications

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
 GREEK LETTERS

alpha v nu
beta 5 xi
gamma 0 omicron
delta ?t pi
epsilon rho
zeta sigma
eta tau
theta U upsilon
iota cP phi
kappa X chi
larnda 4' psi
mu 0 omega

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
 STANDARD ABBREVIATIONSISYMBOLS
a -temperature coefficient of Cal - large calorie(s) MHz -megahertz
resistance cm - centimeter mi - mile(s)
CO - carbon monoxide cos - cosine mm -millimeter
COZ-carbon dioxide cu cm -cubic centimeter(s) MPH -miles per hour
F, - static thrust or gross thrust cu in -cubic inch(es) mv -millivolt
F, -net thrust cu ft -cubic foot (feet) neg - negative
G , -transconductance cu m -cubic meter(s) oz -ounce(s)
H1. -hydrogen dB -decibel pf or ppf -picofarad
HCl -hydrochloric acid deg -degree pos -positive
k -dielectric constant ESHP - equivalent shaft PPH -pounds per hour
Nf- RPM of a free turbine horsepower PPM -parts per million
N, -RPM of a low-pressure f - farad psi -pounds per square inch
compressor F -Fahrenheit PSIA -pounds per square inch
N2-RPM of a high-pressure ft -foot (feet) absolute pressure
compressor ft Ib - foot-pound PSID -pounds per square inch
P - power ft Ibs - foot-pounds differential pressure
Pb -lead g - gram PSIG -pounds per square inch
Pb -bumer pressure gal - gallon gauge
Ptz -inlet pressure HP -horsepower pt -pint
Pt4 -compressor discharge hr -hour qt -quart
pressure Hz -hertz R - Rankine
PT, -turbine discharge pressure in - inch(es) rev -revolution(s)
R - resistance in hg - inch(es) of mercury RPM -revolutions per minute
TtZ- inlet temperature IPS -inches per second sec - second
V1 - takeoff decision speed k -kilo SHP - shaft horsepower
V2 -minimum takeoff safety K -Kelvin sin -sine
speed kg -kilogram sq cm - square centimeter(s)
X, - capacitive reactance kHz - kilohertz sq in - square inch(es)
Z - impedance km -kilometer sq ft - square foot (feet)
+ -positive kM- kilomega sq m - square meter
- -negative kw -kilowatt sq mi -square mile(s)
2-ohm
f kw-hr -kilowatt hour sq mil - square mil
O - degree 1- liter tan -tangent
" - inch(es) lb - pound TEHP -thrust equivalent
' - foot (feet) Ibs -pounds horsepower
amp - ampere m - meter THP - thrust horsepower
Btu - British thermal unit mb -milibar U.S. -United States
C -Celsius mf or pf -microfarad V - volt
cal -calorie(s) mHz -millihertz yd -yard

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http://w.ACTechbooks.com
 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
actinium - Ac gold -AU potassium -K
aluminum -A1 hafnium -Hf praseodymium -Pr
americum -Am hahnium -Ha promethium - Pm
antimony - Sb hassium - Hs protactinium - Pa
argon -Ar helium -He radium -Ra
arsenic -As holmium -Ho radon -Rn
astatine -At hydrogen -H rhenium -Re
barium - Ba illnium - I1 rhodium -Rh
berkelium -Bk indium - In rubidium -Rb
beryllium - Be iodine - 1 ruthenium -Ru
bismuth - Bi iridium Ir
- rutherfordium -- Rf
bohrium - Bh iron - Fe samarium -Sm
boron - B joliotium -J1 scandium - Sc
bromine -Br krypton -Kr seaborgium - Sg
cadmium - Cd lanthanum - La selenium - Se
calcium -Ca lawrencium - Lr silicon - Si
californium -Cf lead -Pb silver -U
carbon -C lithium -Li sodium -Na
cerium - Ce lutetium - Lu strontium - Sr
cesium -Cs magnesium -Mg sulfur - S
chlorine - C1 manganese Mn
- tantalum -Ta
chromium - Cr meitnerium -Mt technetium -Tc
cobalt - Co mendelevium -Md telllurium -Te
columbium - Cb mercury -Hg terbium -Tb
copper - Cu molybdenum -Mo thallium -TI
curium - Cm neodymium -Nd thorium Th
-

dubnium -Db neon - Ne thulium -Tm

dysprosium -Dy neptunium -Np tin - Sn
einsteinium - Es nickel -Ni titanium - Ti
emanation - Em niobium -Nb tungsten - W
erbium- Er nitrogen -N uranium -U
europium - Eu nobelium -No vanadium - V
fermium -Fm osmium -0 s wolfram - W
fluorine -F oxygen -0 xenon -Xe
francium -Fr palladium -Pd ytterbium -Yb
gadolinium -Gd phosphorus -P yttrium -Y
gallium -Ga platinum -Pt zinc -Zn
germanium -Ge plutonium -Pu zirconium -Zr
glucinium - GI polonium - Po

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http://www.ACTechbooks.com
 ATAIJASC CODES
(AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATIOW [ATA] SPECIFICATION 100 or
JOINT AIRCRAFT SYSTEM COMPONENT [JASC] CODES)

Note: General Aviation is gradually beginning to use ATNJASC Codes, but presently might also be using either GAMA
(General Aviation Maintenance Association) Codes which are similar to ATNJASC Codes, or manufacturer specific
codes.

05 MAINTENANCE CHECKS 21 - AIR CONDITIONlNG 2163 -CABIN

(OPERATOR DERIVED) TEMPERATURE SENSOR
2 100 AIR CONDITIONING
-

SYSTEM 2 1 70 -HUMIDITY CONTROL

10 PARKING AND MOORING SYSTEM
(OPERATOR DERIVED) 21 10 -CABIN COMPRESSOR
SYSTEM

2120 -AIR DISTRIBUTION 22 -AUTO FLIGHT

11 PLACARDS AND SYSTEM
MARKINGS 2200 -AUTO FLIGHT
212 1 -AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1100 - PLACARDS AND FAN
MARKINGS 22 10 - AUTOPILOT SYSTEM
2130 -CABIN PRESSURE
CONTROL SYSTEM 22 11 -AUTOPILOT
COMPUTER
12 -SERVICING 213 1 - CABIN PRESSURE
CONTROLLER 22 12 -ALTITUDE
1210 - FUEL SERVICING CONTROLLER
2 132 - CABIN PRESSURE
1220 - OIL SERVICING INDICATOR 22 13 - FLIGHT CONTROLLER

1230 - HYDRAULIC FLUID 2 133 - PRESSURE 22 14 -AUTOPILOT TRIM

SERVICING REGULIOUTFLOW VALVE INDICATOR

1240 - COOLANT SERVICING 2134 - CABIN PRESSURE 22 15 - AUTOPILOT MAIN

SENSOR SERVO

2 140 - HEATING SYSTEM 22 16 - AUTOPILOT TRIM

18 -HELICOPTER SERVO
VIBRATION 2150 - CABIN COOLING
SYSTEM 2220 - SPEED-ATTITUDE
1800 - HELICOPTER CORRECT. SYSTEM
VIBJNOISE ANALYSIS 2160 - CABIN
TEMPERATURE CONTROL 2230 AUTO THROTTLE
-

1810 - HELICOPTER SYSTEM SYSTEM

VIBRATION ANALYSIS
2161 -CABIN 2250 - AERODYNAMIC LOAD
1820 - HELICOPTER NOISE TEMPERATURE ALLEVIATING
ANALYSIS CONTROLLER

2 162 - CABIN
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
23 - COMMUNICATIONS 2430 -DC GENERATING 255 1 -AGRICULTURAL
SYSTEM SPRAY SYSTEM
2300 COMMUNICATIONS
--

SYSTEM 243 1 - BATTERY OVERHEAT 2560 - EMERGENCY

WARN. SYSTEM EQUIPMENT
23 10 - HF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM 2432 -BATTERYICHARGER 2561 - LIFE JACKET
SYSTEM
2311 -UHF 2562 -EMERGENCY
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2433 - DC RECTIFIER- LOCATOR BEACON
CONVERTER
23 12 -VHF 2563 -PARACHUTE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2434 -DC GENERATOR-
ALTERNATOR 2564 - LIFE RAFT
2320 - DATA TRANSMISSION
AUTO CALL 2435 - STARTER- 2565 - ESCAPE SLIDE
GENERATOR
2330 -ENTERTAINMENT 2570 -ACCESSORY
SYSTEM 2436 - DC REGULATOR COMPARTMENT

2340 - INTERPHONE & PA 2437 - DC INDICATTNG 257 1 -BATTERY BOX

SYSTEM SYSTEM STRUCTURE

2350 -AUDIO INTEGRATING 2440 - EXTERNAL POWER 2572 - ELECTRONIC SHELF

SYSTEM SYSTEM SECTION

2360 - STATIC DISCHARGE 2450 -AC POWER

SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
26 -FIRE PROTECTION
2370 - AUDIONIDEO 2460 - DC
MONITORING POWER/DISTRIBUTION 2600 -FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM SYSTEM

2610 - DETECTION SYSTEM

24 - ELECTRICAL POWER
25 - 261 1 - SMOKE DETECTION
2400 - ELECTRICAL POWER EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINC
SYSTEM S 2612 - FIRE DETECTION

24 10 - ALTERNATOR- 2500 - CABIN 2613 -OVERHEAT

GENERATOR DRIVE EQUIPMENTiFURNISHINGS DETECTION

2420 -AC GENERATION 25 10 - FLIGHT 2620 -EXTINGUISHING

SYSTEM COMPARTMENT SYSTEM
EQUIPMENT
242 1 - AC GENERATOR- 2621 - FIRE BOTTLE, FIXED
ALTERNATOR 2520 -PASSENGER
COMPARTMENT 2622 -FIRE BOTTLE,
2422 -AC INVERTER EQUIPMENT PORTABLE

2423 - PHASE ADAPTER 2530 - BUFFETIGALLEYS

2424 - AC REGULATOR 2540 - LAVATORIES 27 -FLIGHT CONTROLS

2425 -AC INDICATING 2550 - CARGO 2700 -FLIGHT CONTROL

SYSTEM COMPARTMENTS SYSTEM

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
2701 -CONTROL COLUMN 28 - FUEL 2914 - HYDRAULIC
SECTION HANDPUMP-MAIN
2800 AIRCRAFT FUEL
-

271 0 - AILERON CONTROL SYSTEM 2915 - HYDRAULIC

SYSTEM PRESSURE RELIEF VLV-
28 10 - FUEL STORAGE MAIN
271 1 -AILERON TAB
CONTROL SYSTEM 2820 - ACFT FUEL DISTRIB. 291 6 -HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM RESERVOIR-MAIN
2720 - RUDDER CONTROL
SYSTEM 2821 - ACFT FUEL 2917 -HYDRAULIC
FILTEWSTRAINER PRESSURE REGULATOR-
2721 -RUDDER TAB MAIN
CONTROL SYSTEM 2822 - FUEL BOOST PUMP
2920 -HYDRAULIC,
2722 -RUDDER ACTUATOR 2823 - FUEL AUXILIARY SYSTEM
SELECTOWSHUTOFF
2730 -ELEVATOR CONTROL VALVE 292 1 -HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM ACCUMULATOR-
2824 - FUEL TRANSFER AUXILIARY
273 1 -ELEVATOR TAB VALVE
CONTROL SYSTEM 2922 -HYDRAULIC FILTER-
2830 - FUEL DUMP SYSTEM AUXILIARY
2740 - STABILIZER
CONTROL SYSTEM 2840 - ACFT FUEL 2923 - HYDRAULIC PUMP-
INDICATING AUXILIARY
2741 - STABILIZER POSITION
INDICATNG 2841 - FLIEL QUANTITY 2925 -HYDRAULIC
rNDICATOR PRESSURE RELIEF-
2742 - STABILIZER AUXILlARY
ACTUATOR 2842 - FUEL QUANTITY
SENSOR 2926 -HYDRAULIC
2750 -TE FLAP CONTROL RESERVOIR-AUXILIARY
SYSTEM 2843 - FUEL TEMPERATURE
INDICATING 2927 -HYDRAULIC
275 1 -TE FLAP POSITION PRESSURE REGULATOR-
IND. SYSTEM 2844 - FUEL PRESSURE AUX.
INDICATOR
2752 -TE FLAP ACTUATOR 2930 -HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
INDlCATrNG
2760 -DRAG CONTROL
SYSTEM 29 - HYDRAULIC POWER 293 1 -HYDRAULIC
PRESSURE INDICATOR
276 1 -DRAG CONTROL 2900 - HYDRAULIC POWER
ACTUATOR SYSTEM 2932 -HYDRAULIC
PRESSURE SENSOR
2770 - GUST LOCWDAMPER 29 10 - HYDRAULIC, MAIN
SYSTEM SYSTEM 2933 -HYDRAULIC
QUANTITY NDTCATOR
2780 LE FLAP CONTROL
- 29 1 1 HYDRAULIC POWER-
-

SYSTEM ACCUMULATOR-MAN 2934 -HYDRAULIC

QUANTITY SENSOR
278 1 -LE FLAP POSITION 2912 - HYDRAULIC FILTER-
IND. SYSTEM MAIN SYSTEM

2782 - LE FLAP ACTUATOR 2913 - HYDRAULIC PUMP.

ELECT-ENG.-MAIN

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
30 -ICE AND RAIN 32 - LANDING GEAR
PROTECTION
3200 -LANDING GEAR 3250 -LANDING GEAR
3000 -I C E W I N SYSTEM STEERJNG SYSTEM
PROTECTION SYSTEM
3201 - LANDING 325 1 - STEEIUNG UNIT
3010 -AIRFOIL ANTIDE-ICE GEARAWEEL FAIRING
SYSTEM 3252 - SHIMMY DAMPER
32 10 - MAIN LANDING GEAR
3020 - AIR INTAKE ANTIDE- 3260 -LANDING GEAR
ICE SYSTEM 32 11 -MAIN LANDING GEAR POSITION & WARNING
ATTACH SECTION
3030 -PITOTISTATIC ANTI- 3270 -AUXILIARY GEAR
ICE SYSTEM 32 12 -EMERGENCY (TAIL SKID)
FLOTATION SECTION
3040 - WINDSHIELDDOOR
RAINITCE REMOVAL 32 13 -MAIN LANDING GEAR
STRUTIAXLEITRUCK 33 -LIGHTS
3050 -ANTENNARADOME
ANTI-ICEDE-ICE SYSTEM 3220 NOSEITAIL LANDING
- 3300 - LIGHTING SYSTEM
GEAR
3060 -PROPROTOR ANTI- 33 10 -FLIGHT
ICEIDE-ICE SYSTEM 3221 -NOSEITAIL LANDING COMPARTMENT LIGHTING
GEAR ATTACH SECTION
3070 - WATER LINE ANTI- 3320 -PASSENGER
ICE SYSTEM 3222 -NOSEtTAIL LANDING COMPARTMENT LIGHTING
GEAR STRUTIAXLE
3080 - ICE DETECTION 3330 -CARGO
3230 -LANDING GEAR COMPARTMENT LIGHTING
RETRACTIEXT. SYSTEM
3340 -EXTERIOR LIGHTMG
31 - INSTRUMENTS 323 1 -LANDING GEAR
DOOR RETRACT SECTION 3350 -EMERGENCY
3100 - LIGHTING
INDICATING/RECORDING 3232 -LANDING GEAR
SYSTEM DOOR ACTUATOR

3 110 - INSTRUMENT PANEL 3233 -LANDING GEAR 34 -NAVIGATION

ACTUATOR
3 120 INDEPENDENT
- 3400 -NAVIGATION SYSTEM
INSTRUMENTS (CLOCK, 3234 -LANDING GEAR
ETC .) SELECTOR 3410 -FLIGHT
ENVIRONMENT DATA
3 130 -DATA RECORDERS 3240 -LANDING GEAR
(FLTIMAINT) BRAKE SYSTEM 341 1 -PITOTISTATIC
SYSTEM
3 140 -CENTRAL 3241 -BRAKE ANTI-SKID
COMPUTERS (EICAS) SECTION 3412 -OUTSIDE AIR TEMP.
IND./SENSOR
3 150 -CENTRAL WARNING 3242 -BRAKE
34 13 -RATE OF CLIMB
3 160 - CENTRAL DISPLAY 3243 -MASTER CYLIBRAKE INDICATOR
VALVE
3 170 -AUTOMATIC DATA 3414 -AIRSPEEDIMACH
3244 -TIRE INDICATING

3245 -TIRE TUBE 34 15 - HIGH SPEED

WARNING
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
34 16 -ALTIMETER, 3445 - AIR COLLISION
BAROMETRIC/ENCODER AVOIDANCE SYSTEM
(TCAS) 3700 -VACUUM SYSTEM
34 17 -AIR DATA COMPUTER
3446 - NON RADAR 37 10 - VACUUM
341 8 - STALL WARNING WEATHER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SYSTEM
3450 - DEPENDENT 3720 - VACUUM INDICATING
3420 -ATTITUDE AND POSITION DETERMINING SYSTEM
DIRECTION DATA SYSTEM SYSTEM

342 1 -ATTITUDE GYRO & 345 1 - DMEITACAN SYSTEM

IND. SYSTEM
3452 ATC TRANSPONDER
-

3422 -DIRECTIONAL GYRO SYSTEM 3800 -WATER & WASTE

& IND. SYSTEM SYSTEM
3453 - LORAN SYSTEM
3423 -MAGNETIC COMPASS 3810 - POTABLE WATER
3454 - VOR SYSTEM SYSTEM
3424 -TURN & BANWRATE
OF TURN INDICATOR 3455 - ADF SYSTEM 3820 W A S H WATER
SYSTEM
3425 -INTEGRATED FLT. 3456 - OMEGA NAVIGATION
DIRECTOR SYSTEM SYSTEM 3830 -WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
3430 - LANDING & TAXI 3457 - GLOBAL
AIDS POSITIONING SYSTEM 3840 - AIR SUPPLY (WATER
PRESS. SYSTEM)
343 1 - LOCALIZERNOR 3460 - FLIGHT MANAGE.
SYSTEM COMPUTING SYSTEM

3432 -GLIDE SLOPE SYSTEM 45 -CENTRAL MAINT.

SYSTEM
3433 - MICROWAVE 35 - OXYGEN
LANDING SYSTEM 4500 - CENTRAL MAINT.
3500 - OXYGEN SYSTEM COMPUTER
3434 -MARKER BEACON
SYSTEM 35 10 - CREW OXYGEN
SYSTEM
3435 - HEADS UP DISPLAY 49 -AIRBORNE AUXILIARY
SYSTEM 3520 -PASSENGER OXYGEN POWER
SYSTEM
3436 -WIND SHEAR 4900 -AIRBORNE APU
DETECTION SYSTEM 3530 - PORTABLE OXYGEN SYSTEM
SYSTEM
3440 -INDEPENDENT POS. 4910 - APU
DETERMINING SYSTEM COWLINGICONTAINMENT

3441 - INERTIAL GUIDANCE 36 -PNEUMATIC 4920 -APU CORE ENGINE

SYSTEM
3600 -PNEUMATIC SYSTEM 4930 -APU ENGINE FUEL &
3442 - WEATHER RADAR CONTROL
SYSTEM 36 10 -PNEUMATIC
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 4940 -APU STARTIIGNITION
3443 -DOPPLER SYSTEM SYSTEM
3620 -PNEUMATIC
3444 - GROUND PROXIMITY INDlCATING SYSTEM 4950 -APU BLEED AIR
SYSTEM SYSTEM
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llw.ACTechbooks.com
4960 -APU CONTROLS 5248 - TAIL CONE DOORS 5330 - FUSELAGE MAIN
PLATEISKIN
4970 -APU INDICATING 5250 -FIXED INNER DOORS
SYSTEM 5340 - FUSELAGE MAIN
5260 - ENTRANCE STAIRS ATTACH FITTINGS
4980 -APU EXHAUST
SYSTEM 5270 -DOOR WARNING 534 1 -WING ATTACH
SYSTEM FITTINGS (ON FUSELAGE)
4990 -APU OIL SYSTEM
5280 -LANDING GEAR 5342 - STABILIZER ATTACH
DOORS FITTINGS

51 -STANDARD 5343 -LANDING GEAR

PRACTICESISTRUCTURES ATTACH FITTINGS
53 -FUSELAGE
5 100 - STANDARD 5344 FUSELAGE DOOR
-

PRACTICESISTRUCTURES 5300 -FUSELAGE HINGES

STRUCTURE (GENERAL)
5 101 -AIRCRAFT 5345 - FUSELAGE
STRUCTURES 5301 -AERIAL TOW EQUIPMENT ATTACH
EQUIPMENT FITTINGS
5 102 -BALLOON REPORTS
5302 - ROTORCRAFT TAIL 5346 - POWERPLANT
BOOM ATTACH FITTINGS

52 -DOORS 53 10 - FUSELAGE MAIN 5347 - SEATICARGO ATTACH

STRUCTURE FITTINGS
5200 -DOORS
53 11 - FUSELAGE MAIN 5350 - FUSELAGE
52 10 -PASSENGER/CREW FRAME AERODYNAMIC FAIRINGS
DOORS
53 12 - FUSELAGE MAIN
5220 -EMERGENCY EXIT BULKHEAD
54 -NACELLESIPYLONS
5230 -CARGOBAGGAGE 53 13 -FUSELAGE MAIN
DOORS LONGERONISTRINGER 5400 -NACELLEPYLON
STRUCTURE
5240 - SERVICE DOORS 53 14 - FUSELAGE MAIN
KEEL 54 10 - MAIN FRAME (ON
5241 -GALLEY DOORS NACELLEPYLON)
53 15 - FUSELAGE MAIN
5242 -E/E COMPARTMENT FLOOR BEAM 5411 -
DOORS FRAME/SPAR/RIB(NACELLE/
5320 - FUSELAGE PYLON)
5243 -HYDRAULIC MISCELLANEOUS
COMPARTMENT DOORS STRUCTURE 5412 -
BULKHEADRIREWALL
5244 -ACCESSORY 532 1 - FUSELAGE FLOOR (NACPYLON)
COMPARTMENT DOORS PANEL
5413 -
5245 -AIR CONDITIONING 5322 -FUSELAGE MTERNAL LONGERON/STRlNGER
COMPART. DOORS MOUNT STRUCTURE (NACPYLON)

5246 -FLUID SERVICE 5323 -FUSELAGE INTERNAL 54 14 - PLATE SKIN

DOORS STAIRS (NAC/PYLONS)

5247 -APU DOORS 5324 -FUSELAGE FIXED 54 15 - ATTACH FITTlNGS

PARTITIONS (NACIPYLON)
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
55 -STABILIZERS 5551 -HORIZONTAL 5740 -WING ATTACH
STABILIZER ATTACH FITTINGS
5500 -EMPENNAGE FITTING
STRUCTURE 5741 W I N G , FUSELAGE
5552 -ELEVATORTAB ATTACH FITTINGS
55 10 HORIZONTAL
- ATTACH FITTINGS
STABILIZER STRUCTURE 5742 -WING, NACJPYLON
5553 - VERT. STAB. ATTACH ATTACH FITTINGS
55 11 - HORIZONTAL FITTINGS
STABILIZER SPARRIB 5743 -WING, LANDING
5554 - RUDDER/TAB GEAR ATTACH FITTINGS
55 12 -HORIZONTAL ATTACH FITTINGS
STABILIZER PLATEISKIN 5744 -CONTROL SURFACE
ATTACH FITTINGS
55 13 -HORIZONTAL
STABILIZER TAB 56 -WINDOWS 5750 - WING CONTROL
STRUCTURE SURFACE STRUCTURE
5600 -
5520 -ELEVATOR WINDOWIWINDSHIELD 575 1 -AILERON STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
5752 - AILERON TAB
5521 -ELEVATOR SPARRIB 56 10 - FLIGHT STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE COMPARTMENT WINDOWS
5753 -TE FLAP STRUCTURE
5522 - ELEVATOR 5620 -PASSENGER
PLATESISKIN STRUCTURE COMPARTMENT WIhTDOWS 5754 -LEADING EDGE
DEVICE STRUCTURE
5523 - ELEVATOR TAB 5630 -DOOR WINDOWS
STRUCTURE 5755 - SPOILER STRUCTURE
5640 - INSPECTION
5530 -VERTICAL WINDOWS
STABILIZER STRUCTURE

553 1 -VERTICAL
STABILIZER SPARIRIB 57 -WINGS
STRUCTURE 61 00 - PROPELLER SYSTEM
5700 -WING STRUCTURE
5532 -VERTICAL 6 110 -PROPELLER
STABILIZER PLATES/SKIN 5710 -WING MAIN FRAME ASSEMBLY
STRUCTURE
5533 -VENTRAL 6 11 1 -PROPELLER BLADE
STRUCTURE (ON VERT. 571 1 -WING SPAR SECTION
STAB) STRUCTURE
6 112 -PROPELLER DE-ICE
5540 -RUDDER STRUCTURE 5712-WINGRIB BOOT SECTION
STRUCTURE
5541 -RUDDER SPARRIB 61 13 -PROPELLER SPINNER
STRUCTURE SECTION

5542 -RUDDER PLATEr'SKIN 61 14 -PROPELLER HUB

STRUCTURE 57 14 -WING CENTER BOX SECTION

5543 -RUDDER TAB 5720 -WING 6 120 -PROPELLER CONTROL

STRUCTURE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
5550 -EMPENNAGE FLT. 6 121 -PROPELLER
CONT. ATTACH FITTING SYNCHRONIZER SECTION

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com
6 122 -PROPELLER 64 10 -TAIL ROTOR BLADE 7 120 -ENGINE MOUNT
GOVERNOR SECTION
6420 -TAIL ROTOR HEAD
6123 -PROPELLER 7130 -ENGINE FIRESEALS
FEATHERINGIREVERSING 6440 -TAIL ROTOR
INDICATING SYSTEM 7160 -ENGINE AIR INTAKE
6 130 -PROPELLER BRAKING SYSTEM

6 140 PROPELLER
- 7 170 -ENGINE DRAINS
INDICATING SYSTEM 65 - TAIL ROTOR DRIVE

6500 -TAIL ROTOR DRIVE

SYSTEM 72 - TURBINE/TURBOPROP
62 - MAIN ROTOR ENGINE
65 10 -TAIL ROTOR DRIVE
6200 -MAIN ROTOR SYSTEM SHAFT 7200 -ENGINE
(TURBINE/TURBOPROP)
62 10 -MAIN ROTOR BLADES 6520 -TAIL ROTOR
GEARBOX 72 10 -TURBINE ENGINE
6220 -MAIN ROTOR HEAD REDUCTION GEAR
6540 -TAIL ROTOR DRIVE
6230 -MAIN ROTOR INDICATING SYSTEM 7220 -TURBINE ENGINE AIR
MASTISWASHPLATE INLET SECTION

6240 - MAIN ROTOR 7230 -TURBINE ENGINE

INDICATING SYSTEM 67 -ROTORS FLIGHT COMPRESSOR SECTION
CONTROL
7240 -TURBINE ENGINE
6700 -ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT COMBUSTION SECTION
63 - MAIN ROTOR DRIVE CONTROL
7250 -TURBINE SECTION
6300 -MAIN ROTOR DRIVE 67 1 0 -MAIN ROTOR
SYSTEM CONTROL 7260 -TURBINE ENGINE
ACCESSORY DRIVE
6310- 67 11 -TILT ROTOR FLIGHT
ENGINElTRANSMISSION CONTROL 726 1 -TURBINE ENGINE OIL
COUPLING SYSTEM
6720 -TAIL ROTOR
6320 - MAIN ROTOR CONTROL SYSTEM 7270 -TURBINE ENGINE
GEARBOX BYPASS SECTION
6730 -ROTORCRAFT SERVO
632 1 - MAIN ROTOR BRAKE SYSTEM

6322 -ROTORCRAFT
COOLING FAN SYSTEM 73 - ENGINE FUEL &
71 -POWERPLANT CONTROL
6330 -MAIN ROTOR
TRANSMISSION MOUNT 7 100 -POWERPLANT 7300 -ENGINE FUEL &
SYSTEM CONTROL
6340 -ROTOR DRIVE
INDICATING SYSTEM 7 110 -ENGINE COWLING 73 10 - ENGINE FUEL
SYSTEM DISTRlBUTION

7 111 -COWL FLAP SYSTEM 73 11 - ENGINE FUEL-OIL

64 - TAIL ROTOR COOLER
7 112 -ENGINE AIR BAFFLE
6400 -TAIL ROTOR SYSTEM SECTION 73 12 -FUEL HEATER

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http://w.ACTechbooks.com
73 13 FUEL lNJECTOR
- 75 - AIR 77 14 ENGINE RPM
-

NOZZLE [NDICATING SYSTEM

7500 - ENGINE BLEED AIR
73 14 -ENGJNE FUEL PUMP SYSTEM 7720 -ENGINE TEMP.
1NDlCATlNG SYSTEM
7320 - FUEL CONTROLLlNG 75 10 - ENGrNE ANTI-ICING
SYSTEM SYSTEM 7721 -CYLINDER HEAD
TEMP (CHT) INDICATING
7321 -FUEL 7520 - ENGINE COOLING
CONTROLIELECTRONIC SYSTEM 7722 -ENG. EGTITIT
INDICATING SYSTEM
7322 -FUEL 7530 - COMPRESSOR BLEED
CONTROLICARBURETOR CONTROL 7730 E N G I N E IGNITION
ANALYZER SYSTEM
7323 - TURBINE GOVERNOR 753 1 - COMPRESSOR BLEED
GOVERNOR 773 1 -ENGINE IGNITION
7324 -FUEL DIVIDER ANALYZER
7532 COMPRESSOR BLEED
-

7330 -ENGINE FUEL VALVE 7732 - ENGINE VIBRATION

INDICATING SYSTEM ANALYZER
7540 - BLEED AIR
733 1 -FUEL FLOW INDICATlNG SYSTEM 7740 -ENGINE INTEGRATED
INDICATING INSTRLTMENT SYSTEM

7332 -FUEL PRESSURE

INDICATING 76 - ENGINE CONTROLS
78 -ENGINE EXHAUST
7333 -FUEL FLOW SENSOR 7600 -ENGINE CONTROLS
7800 ENGINE EXHAUST
-

7334 -FUEL PRESSURE 7601 -ENGINE SYSTEM

SENSOR SYNCHRONIZING
78 10 ENGINE
-

7602 - MIXTURE CONTROL COLLECTOWTAILPIPE/NOZ

ZLE
74 -IGNITION 7603 - POWER LEVER
7820 -ENGINE NOISE
7400 -IGNITION SYSTEM 7620 -ENGINE EMERGENCY SUPPRESSOR
SHUTDOWN SYSTEM
7410 -IGNITION POWER 7830 -THRUST REVERSER
SUPPLY

741 1 -LOW TENSION COIL 77 - ENGINE INDICATING

79 -ENGINE O I L
74 12 -EXCITER 7700 -ENGINE INDICATING
SYSTEM 7900 -ENGINE OIL SYSTEM
7413 -INDUCTION (AIRFRAME)
VIBRATOR 77 10 -POWER INDICATING
SYSTEM 79 1 0 - ENGINE OIL STORAGE
7414 - (AIRFRAME)
MAGNETOIDISTRIBUTOR 77 1 1 -ENGINE PRESSURE
RATIO (EPR) 7920 -ENGINE OIL
7420 -IGNITION HARNESS DISTRIBUTION (AIRFRAME)
(DISTRIBUTION) 77 12 -ENGrNE
BMEPITORQUE INDICATTNG 7921 -ENGINE OIL COOLER
742 1 - SPARK PLUGAGNITER
7713 -MANIFOLD PRESSURE 7922 -ENGINE OIL TEMP.
7430 -IGNITION SWITCHING (MP) INDICATING REGULATOR

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http://w.ACTechbooks.com
7923 -OIL SHUTOFF VALVE 83 -ACCESSORY
81 -TURBOCHARGING GEARBOXES
7930 -ENGINE OIL
INDICATING SYSTEM 8 100 -EXHAUST TURBINE 8300 - ACCESSORY
SYSTEM (RECIP) GEARBOXES
793 1 -ENGINE OIL
PRESSURE 81 10 - POWER RECOVERY 85 -RECIPROCATING
TURBINE (RECIP) ENGINE
7932 -ENGINE OIL
QUANTITY 8 120 -EXHAUST 8500 - ENGINE
TURBOCHARGER (RECIPROCATING)
7933 -ENGINE OIL
TEMPERATURE 85 10 - RECIPROCATING
ENGINE FRONT SECTION
82 - WATER INJECTION
8520 - RECIPROCATDJG
80 -STARTING 8200 - WATER INJECTION ENGINE POWER SECTION
SYSTEM
8000 -ENGINE STARTING 8530 - RECIPROCATING
SYSTEM ENGINE CYLINDER
SECTION
8010 -ENGINE CRANKING
8540 -RECIPROCATING
80 11 -ENGINE STARTER ENGINE REAR SECTION

8012 -ENGINE START 8550 - RECIPROCATING

VALVES/CONTROLS ENGINE OIL SYSTEM -

Aircraft Technical Book Company

P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
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While some dictionaries are targeted to pilots and others to maintenance
personnel, Jeppesen's Aviation Dictionary combines the definitions from
both areas. It is the most comprehensive aviation dictionary on the
market! With over 10,000 definitions, it is an excellent reference and
resourEe for pilots, aviation maintenance technicians, and dispatchers.

The Aviation Dictionary also contains a list of aviation abbreviations,

acronyms, and symbols. There is also a reference section on Greek
letters and chemical elements that are prevalent in the aviation industry.
In addition, ATA/JASC codes are included as a reference.

This edition of the Aviation Dictionary contains new terms related to the
light sport aircraft, sport pilot certificates, and instrument procedures.

ISBN 0-88487-383-8

Jeppesen
w.jeppesen.com
55 lnverness Drive East
Englewood, Coloradc
80112-5498