POLYMER

CHEMISTRY

Introduction
 Polymer : A large molecule (macromolecule)
built up by repetitive bonding
(covalent) of smaller molecules
(monomers)

What is the difference between

macromolecule & polymer ?

A polymer is made up of smaller repeating

units called a monomer.
A macromolecule is a large molecule that typically
does not have any repeating units.
Manakah yang
termasuk
polimer ?
Contoh-
contoh
polimer
Contoh-contoh polimer
Contoh-contoh polimer
Contoh-contoh polimer
 Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
Polyethylene ethylene
–(CH2-CH2)n– film wrap,
low density CH2=CH2 soft, waxy solid
plastic bags
(LDPE)
Polyethylene ethylene rigid, electrical
high density –(CH2-CH2)n– translucent insulation
CH2=CH2
(HDPE) solid bottles, toys
atactic: soft,
Polypropylene –[CH2- propylene similar to LDPE
elastic solid
(PP) different CH2=CHCH3 carpet,
CH(CH3)]n– isotactic: hard,
grades upholstery
strong solid
Poly(vinyl vinyl chloride
–(CH2-CHCl)n– strong rigid pipes, siding,
chloride) CH2=CHCl solid flooring
(PVC)
Poly(vinylidene vinylidene
–(CH2-CCl2)n– chloride dense, high- seat covers,
chloride)
CH2=CCl2 melting solid films
(Saran A)
hard, rigid,
–[CH2- styrene clear solid toys, cabinets
Polystyrene
CH2=CHC6H5 soluble in packaging
(PS) CH(C6H5)]n–
organic (foamed)
solvents
 Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses
high-melting
Polyacrylonitrile –(CH2- acrylonitrile solid
rugs, blankets
(PAN, Orlon, CH2=CHCN soluble in
CHCN)n– clothing
Acrilan) organic
solvents
tetrafluoroethyl non-stick
Polytetrafluoro-
–(CF2-CF2)n– ene resistant, surfaces
ethylene
CF2=CF2 smooth solid electrical
(PTFE, Teflon)
insulation
Poly(methyl methyl
–[CH2- hard, lighting covers,
methacrylate) methacrylate
C(CH3)CO2CH3]n CH =C(CH )CO transparent signs
(PMMA, Lucite, 2 3 2
– solid skylights
Plexiglas) CH3
Poly(vinyl –(CH2- vinyl acetate
CH2=CHOCOCH soft, sticky solid latex paints,
acetate)
CHOCOCH3)n– adhesives
(PVAc) 3

cis- –[CH2- isoprene requires

Polyisoprene CH=C(CH3)- CH2=CH- soft, sticky solid vulcanization
natural rubber CH2]n– C(CH3)=CH2 for practical use

Polychloropren –[CH -CH=CCl- chloroprene synthetic

2 tough, rubbery
 History
One of the first humans to discover,
and make, an artificial polymer, was Some years later (1935) in England, Eric
the German chemist Hans von Fawcett and Reginald Gibson had a similar
Pechmann. It was probably an experience. They were trying very hard to
accident. In 1899 he found a make an explosive gas (ethylene) react
suspicious, sticky, white substance with a much larger molecule
at the bottom of a flask in which he (benzaldehyde), by forcing them together
had been trying to decompose under high pressure. What they got was a
diazomethane. He had no idea useless, (so they thought!), white, waxy
what he had made, so he turned solid that couldn't be used for anything
the analysis of the material over to interesting or practical. How wrong they
Eugen Bamberger and Friedrich were, but nothing much more was done
Tschirner, who found long chains of with this "polyethylene" until the start of the
-CH2-, which they called " Second World War.
polymethylene".
Suddenly there was a need for a flexible,
non-reactive insulator to go around the
cables of a new invention - radar. The This material is a crystalline,
British firm Imperial Chemical Industries re- transluscent thermoplastic which
discovered polyethylene and put it into softens when heated. Today,
production in 1939. consumers buy and use
polyethylene in a huge number of
Small molecules of the odorless gas ways, everything from packaging,
ethylene were then, and now, transformed garbage bags, soda bottles and
into a polymer called polyethylene by containers, around wires (it's
uniting the ethylene monomers into a long original use), and in almost every
chain. Some of these chains can be as long toy or house ware product on the
as 10,000 units. In some forms these market. Modern humans are very,
chains branch, and they all coil and fold. very dependent on this particular
Modern manufacturing methods start with artificial polymer.
ethylene gas which is heated under very
high pressure until it becomes what is
known as low-density polyethylene.
Prior to the early 1920's, chemists doubted the existence
of molecules having molecular weights greater than a
few thousand. This limiting view was challenged by
Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist with experience
in studying natural compounds such as rubber and
cellulose. In contrast to the prevailing rationalization of
these substances as aggregates of small molecules,
Staudinger proposed they were made up of
macromolecules composed of 10,000 or more atoms.
He formulated a polymeric structure for rubber, based on
a repeating isoprene unit (referred to as a monomer). For
his contributions to chemistry, Staudinger received the
1953 Nobel Prize.
 Perkembangan sains
polimer
 Polimer dg kestabilan termal & oksidasi yg istimewa :
utk aplikasi aerospace kinerja tinggi
 Plastik-plastik teknik : polimer yg dirancang
menggantikan logam

If polypropylene car parts

replaced traditional steel,
cars would be lighter overall
and consume less fuel, for
example. And because the
material is cheap, plastic
could provide a much more
affordable manufacturing
alternative
  Serat aromatik berkekuatan tinggi, berdsrkan
teknologi kristal cair : utk aplikasi platform pemboran
minyak lepas pantai
 Polimer degradable : utk pengendalian limbah,
biomedis dan pertanian
 Polimer untuk aplikasi medis :
untuk jahitan bedah sampai
organ buatan

hybrid composites: thermoplastic

pipes reinforced with GRE polyvinylidene
composite and RTP (reinforced difluoride
thermoplastic pipe) thermoplastic
pipes reinforced with glass,
aramid or carbon fibers.
 Polimer konduktif : untuk aplikasi electrical device,
batteries, solar cells, electrochemical sensors
 Electro-active polymers : able to transduce electrical
to mechanical energy, flexible capacitor
 Polimer sebagai zat bantu tak larut untuk katalis atau
untuk sintesis protein dan asam nukleat
 Polimer magnetik : utk MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging)
, bioseparation
 Polimer thermoresponsive :
nanotechnological and
biomedical applications

poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM)

Tugas :
Cari jurnal yg membahas contoh polimer
berikut (pilih salah satu)
• polimer dg kestabilan termal/oksidasi yg
tinggi
• polimer konduktif
• polimer magnetik
• polimer degradable
• polimer utk aplikasi medis
 Classification of polymers

Main classifications of the polymers:

• by origin
• by monomer composition
• by chain structure
• by thermal behaviour
• by kinetics or mechanism
• by application
Biopolymer
 POLYME
R

fiber elastome plastic

r
 Linear polymer can be molded or
 High intermolecular forces  Irregular molecular shaped (such as blowing
(that result usually from the structure to form a film), greater
presence of polar groups) :  Weak intermolecular stiffness and lack
hydrogen bonds or dipole- forces reversible elasticity
dipole interaction  Very flexible
 Less elasticity  Low initial modulus in
 High modulus, high tensile tension
strength  Very high extensibility
 Moderate extensibility (less (up to 1000%)
than 20%)
Polymers arranged in fibers Fibers are always made
like this can be spun into of polymers which are
threads and used as textiles. arranged into crystals.
The clothes you're wearing are They have to be able to
made out of polymeric fibers. pack into a regular
So is carpet. So is rope. Here arrangement in order to
are some of the polymers line up as fibers.
which can be drawn into fibers:
polyethylene, Kevlar, Nylon,
polyester, cellulose,
polyurethanes,
polyacrylonitrile
 Biodegradable bahan alami :
 pati jagung
plastic  pati singkong
 pati beras
 pati kentang
bahan terbarukan
(disintesis secara PLA : dari esterifikasi asam
mikrobiologi) : laktat (fermentasi hasil
 Polylactic acid samping produk pertanian)
(PLA) PLA memiliki sifat tahan
 Polyhydroxy panas, kuat, dan elastis
alkanoate (PHA)
Homopolymer
or heteropolymer ?
Heteropolymer
 Nomenclature of polymer
1- Nomenclature Based on monomer source
The addition polymer is often named according to the monomer that was
used to form it
Example : poly(vinyl chloride) PVC is made from vinyl chloride
-CH2-CH(Cl)-

If “ X “ is a single word the name of polymer is written out

directly
ex. polystyrene -CH2-CH(Ph)-

Poly-X

If “ X “ consists of two or more words parentheses should be

used
ex , poly(vinyl acetate) -CH2-CH(OCOCH3)-

2- Based on polymer structure

The most common method for condensation polymers since the polymer
contains different functional groups than the monomer
Copolymer Names (Systematic vs. Concise
names)
1) Poly[styrene-co-ethylene] or Copoly(styrene/ethylene)
2) Poly[styrene-alt-ethylene] or Alt-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
3) Poly[styrene-block-ethylene] or Block-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
4) Poly[styrene-graft-ethylene] or Graft-Copoly(styrene/
ethylene)
polyethylene grafted onto polystyrene main chain
5) Poly[styrene-co-ethylene-co-propylene] or
Copoly(styrene/ethylene/propylene)
IUPAC Names
Use Poly as a prefix and in the brackets list the monomer
structure with numbers indicating the attachment of side
chains

Diene Names :
Use cis- and trans- to indicate geometric isomer

1,2- and 1,4- to indicate positions of free double bonds

derived from olefin polymerization

Examples
1,2-poly(1,3-butadiene)
cis-1,4-poly(1,3-butadiene)
trans-1,4-poly(1,3-isoprene) (natural rubber)
 Problems
Gambarkan struktur untuk setiap kopolimer berikut :

• Poli[stirena-alt-(anhidrida maleat)-blok-(vinil klorida)]

• Blok-kopoli[butadiena/cangkok-ko(stirena/akrilonitril)]
• Polistirena-blok-poli[butadiena-alt-(vinil asetat)]
• Blok-kopoli[cangkok-ko-(etilena/stirena)/-metilstirena]
Jika A = akrilonitril, B = butadiena, M = metil metakrilat,
S = stirena, V = vinil asetat, tuliskan nama setiap
kopolimer berikut :

MMMMMMMMMMMSVSVSVSVSV
S
S Poli[(metil metakrilat)-cangkok-
S stirena]-blok-poli[stirena-alt-(vinil
S asetat)]
S

SSSSSSSSSSVVVVVVVVVMMMMMMMM
Poli[stirena-blok-(vinil asetat) -blok-(metil metakrilat)]
 BBBBBBBBBBBVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
M M
M M
M M
Polibutadiena-blok-poli[(vinil M M
asetat)-cangkok-[(metil
metakrilat)-blok-butadiena]
B B
B B
B B
B B

MBMMBVBVVMBBMMVBBMV
Poli[(metil metakrilat)-ko-butadiena-ko-(vinil asetat)]