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Definitions and Notations

This document discusses definitions and notations for differential equations. It defines ordinary and partial differential equations, and distinguishes between the order and degree of differential equations. It also defines general and particular solutions. Examples are provided to classify differential equations by type, order, degree, and linearity. The solution to a differential equation is defined as an equation that expresses the relationship between dependent and independent variables and satisfies the original equation.

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Shirsendu Mondol
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23 views

Definitions and Notations

This document discusses definitions and notations for differential equations. It defines ordinary and partial differential equations, and distinguishes between the order and degree of differential equations. It also defines general and particular solutions. Examples are provided to classify differential equations by type, order, degree, and linearity. The solution to a differential equation is defined as an equation that expresses the relationship between dependent and independent variables and satisfies the original equation.

Uploaded by

Shirsendu Mondol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 021

Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE

TOPIC # 1

Definitions and Notations

Introduction:
In this section, we will discuss basic notations and terminologies relative to solutions of
differential equations which will frequently be used throughout the discussion of the topics.

Intended Learning Outcomes:


At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. Define ordinary and partial differential equations.


2. Distinguish the order of differential equations from the degree of differential
equations..
3. Explain General and Particular solution

Differential Equation. An equation containing derivatives of one or more unknown


functions (dependent variables) with respect to one or more independent variables. (Our
aim is to find methods for solving differential equations, that is to find the unknown function
or functions that satisfy the differential equation)

Example:

dy
a. + 5y = ex
dx
d2 x
b. + 16x = 0
dt²
∂2u ∂2 u
c. + =0
∂x² ∂y²
d2 y dy 3
d. + 5( dx ) – 4y = ex
dx²

Classifications of Differential Equations


A Differential Equation may be classified as to the following characteristics.

1. Type
1.1 Ordinary Differential Equation – contains only derivatives of one or more
unknown functions with respect to a single independent variable.
1.2 Partial Differential Equation – involve partial derivatives of one or more
unknown functions with respect to two or more independent variable.
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 021
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE

2. Order
The order of a DE is the order of the highest derivative in the equation.

3. Degree
The degree of a differential equation is the largest power or exponent of the highest-
ordered derivative present in the equation
4. Linearity

dn y dn−1 y dy
an (x) dxn + an−1 (x) dxn−1 + … + a1 (x) dx + a0 (x) = g(x)

Note:
 The dependent variable y and all its derivative y, y’,y’’, … 𝑦 (𝑛) are of the first degree
 The coefficients a0 , a1 , … , a𝑛 and g(x) of y, y’,y’’, … 𝑦 (𝑛) depend at most on the
independent variable x.

Sample Problems:

State the order & degree of the given differential equation and determine whether the
equation is linear or non-linear.

1. (1-x)y´´ – 4xy´ + 5y = cos x


Ans. 2nd Order , 1st degree, Linear DE

d2 u du
2. + dr + u = cos (r+u)
dr²
Ans. 2nd Order , 1st degree, Non-Linear DE

3. t 5 y (4) - t 3 y’’ +6y = 0


Ans. 4th Order , 1st degree, Linear DE

xd3 y dy 4
4. − ( dx ) + y = 0
dx3
Ans. 3rd Order , 1st degree, Non-Linear DE

d2 R k
5. = - R²
dt²
Ans. 2rd Order , 1st degree, Non-Linear DE
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 021
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE

Solution of Differential Equation


The solution to a differential equation is an equation that is free of any derivatives or
differentials expressing the functional relationship between the dependent and
independent variables and which, when substituted into the equation, reduces it to an
identity.

Example:

Verify that y = e2x is a solution of the equation


d2 y d𝑦
+ d𝑥 - 6y = 0
dx²

Solution:

y = e2x
dy
= 2e2x
dx
d2 y
= 4e2x
dx²

Substitute to the Differential Equation

d2 y d𝑦
+ d𝑥 - 6y = 0
dx²
4e2x + 2e2x - 6e2x = 0
0=0
Since y = e2x , satisfy the given equation differential equation
𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝒚
Therefore y = 𝐞𝟐𝐱 is a solution of the equation + - 6y = 0
𝐝𝐱² 𝐝𝒙

Types of solution to a Differential Equations

1. General Solution – The solution is said to be general if it contains at least one


arbitrary constant.
2. Particular solution – A solution of a differential equation that is free of arbitrary
parameters.
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Manila Course: MATH 021
Math & Physics Department ONLINE LECTURE

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Property of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.). No part of the materials
made and uploaded in this learning management system by T.I.P. may be copied,
photographed, printed, reproduced, shared, transmitted, translated or reduced to any
electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent
of T.I.P.

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