Expansion Joints Guide Module 1

- BOA General Information

- Expansion Joints General
- Quality Assurance
- Application Fields
- Annex/ Standards
 BOA Expansion Joints Guide

Expansion Joints Guide

Summary Module 1
1 BOA GENERAL INFORMATION 2

2 EXPANSION JOINTS GENERAL 3

2.1 Main elements and their functions 4
2.2 The bellows and its function 4
2.2.1 The one to five-layer bellows, produced by hydraulic complete forming (Hydraulic Formed Bellows HFB) 5
2.2.2 The several to multi-ply bellows (2 to 16 layers), produced by elastomer single convolution shaping (Elastomer 6
Formed Bellows EFB)
2.2.3 Calculating the multi-ply bellows 7
2.2.4 Criteria for problem-oriented choice of bellows 7
2.3 Unrestrained expansion joints 8
2.4 Restrained expansion joints 8
2.5 The inner sleeve (protection tube) 8
2.6 Types of connection 9
2.6.1 Expansion joint for welding in 9
2.6.2 Expansion joint with welded flange connection 9
2.6.3 Expansion joint with loose (movable) flange connection 9
2.7 Determination of movement parameters 10
2.8 Criteria for choosing the type of compensation 11
2.8.1 Natural expansion compensation 11
2.8.2 Expansion compensation with unrestrained expansion joints 11
2.8.3 Expansion compensation with restrained expansion joints 12
2.8.3.1 Expansion compensation with angular expansion joints 12
2.8.3.2 Expansion compensation with lateral expansion joints 12
2.8.3.3 Expansion compensation with pressure balanced expansion joints 12
2.9 Anchor points, pipe alignment guides, suspended holding devices 12
2.10 Nominal conditions 14
2.11 Materials 16
2.12 Approach in practice 17
2.12.1 Data requirements / Check list 17

3 QUALITY ASSURANCE 19
3.1 Approvals / Certificates 19
3.2 Tests / Laboratory 20

4 APPLICATION FIELDS 21
4.1 Diesel and gas engines 21
4.2 Aerospace 21
4.3 Power distribution 22
4.4 HVAC 22
4.5 Hydraulic engineering 22
4.6 Plant construction, general piping construction 23
4.7 Pumps and compressors 23
4.8 Gas turbines 23

5 ANNEX/ STANDARDS 24
5.1 Symbols used in pipe construction 24
5.2 Table on guide analyses and characteristic strength values 25
5.3 International standards / Comparison table 27
5.4 Conversion tables 28
5.4.1 Pressure 28
5.4.2 Other conversion tables 29
5.5 Corrosion 31
5.5.1 Technical information 31
5.5.2 Corrosion resistance table 32

17-01 2
 BOA Expansion Joints Guide

2 Expansion Joints General

The main function of expansion joints in their various constructions is to compensate for movements in pipe systems, machines and equipment.
The movements to be compensated are always relative motions between two parts of a system, caused by temperature differences, misalign-
ment during installation, inertial forces or foundation lowering. Expansion joints are universally applicable in almost every industrial sector.
Particularly in pipeline engineering, they allow space-saving pipe routing for transporting a variety of media such as hot water, steam, fuel, heat
transfer fluids, hot gases and various types of chemical products. Another application field is the apparatus and motor engineering, where the
expansion joints decouple vibrations and structure-born noise from diesel engines, turbines, pumps and compressors, preventing their transfer
to the continuing lines. At the same time, expansion joints allow nearly force-and torque-free connection of pipes to sensitive fittings, appliances
and equipment (e.g. to turbine nozzles). Moreover, expansion joints serve as assembly aids for pipe elements such as valves, where they are
used as dismantling pieces or couplings.

Overview Expansion Joints

Movement
Pressure
Angular Lateral
Type Design thrust
Axial Single Multi Single Multi
restraint
plane plane plane plane
Non-pressure
balanced
No X (X) (X) (X) (X)
internally
pressurized
Axial Non-pressure
Expan- balanced
No X (X) (X) (X) (X)
sion externally
Joint pressurized
In-line
pressure Yes X
balanced

Hinge Yes X
Angular
Expan-
sion
Joint
Gimbal Yes X X

Two tie-bars
Yes X X X
spherical

Two tie-bars
pinned Yes X
(plane)
Lateral
Expan- Three or more
Yes X X
sion tie-bars
Joint

Double hinge Yes X X

Double gimbal Yes X X X X

Unrestrained
One or two No X X X X X
Univer-
bellows
sal
Expan-
sion
Joint X
With
Pressure
Yes X two tie- X X
balanced
bars
only

NOTE 1 X – Applicable

NOTE 2 (X) – Limited use

The table shows an overview of expansion joints types, laid out according to their main function and construction characteristics with the possi-
ble movement compensation. Particularly to be remarked: all unrestrained types, while under pressurisation, perform a pressure reaction force
(= product of pressure x cross-section of expansion joint) on the piping. Therefore these pipings need to be particularly fixed and guided.

3
2.1 Main elements and their functions
As the above displayed overview table shows, there are expansion joints designs, depending on a variety of different compensation tasks.
Usually, expansion joints have the following components:

Bellows:
They are the flexible element oft the expansion joint and are designed, depending on the requirements, with different numbers of corrugations
and layers.

Guide sleeves:
They protect the bellows against the flowing medium and reduce the flow resistance

Protective tubes, guiding tubes:

They protect the bellows against mechanical damage and, depending on the design, prevent the expansion joint from lateral deflection (buck-
ling).

Fittings:
They make the connection to the continuing piping. Depending on the design, the following fittings are available: weld ends, ends to be sol-
dered, flanges, threaded nipples.

Restraint (only for lateral-, hinge or pressure balanced types):

The restraint transmits the pressure reaction force over the single or, depending on the design, multi bellows. Simultaneously the restraint
determines the kinematic flexibility of the expansion joint by incorporating different types of hinge bearings, such as ball joints, single axis bear-
ings with bolts, U-joint or gimbal bearings.

By combining the above shown main elements, depending on the compensation task, the various types and designs can be generated, which
are displayed in the following standard programs of the BOA Group, by types, sizes, pressure ratings and expansion compensation.

2.2 The bellows and its function

axial movement angular movement lateral movement

The core element of every expansion joint is the metal bellows (*), which by its corrugation geometry and thin-walled design has a large flexibil-
ity in axial, lateral or angular direction, as well as a high pressure resistance. As a condition to be used as an expansion element, the bellows
must meet the following basic requirements:

(*) Exceptions are the rubber expansion joints with their particular operating conditions

4
The bellows must

 withstand the operating and test conditions (pressure, temperature) of the pipe system,
 be corrosion resistant against internal and external influences,
 be able to compensate for flexible expansions or possible oscillations, and achieve a specified life time or number of load cycles and
 have sufficient stability against buckling

Using corrugations in form of a lyre (see fig.1) is a good compromise between the contradictory requirements for high flexibility combined with
high compressive resistance. They are the preferred corrugation shape for standard bellows. By changing the radii, the profile height, the num-
ber of layers and the wall thickness, their geometry may be adapted to the requirements on pressure and expansion capability.

fig. 1 fig. 2 fig. 3

In contrast, a toroidal corrugation profile (see fig. 2), has a high compressive resistance with reduced flexibility, whereas a membrane-shaped
corrugation profile (fig. 3) has the highest flexibility, but a low compressive resistance.

Within BOA Group, all profile shapes are produced and may be supplied on request.

2.2.1 The one to five-layer bellows, produced by hydraulic complete forming (Hydraulic Formed Bellows HFB)

Traditionally, BOA BKT produces one-layer bellows, but at higher pressure and movement requirements up to five layers can be manufactured
by nesting in sleeves one into the other.

fig. 4

The bellows cylinders are made of strip material following the procedure steps shown in fig. 5: cutting, rounding and longitudinal welding.
.

cutting, rounding schweissenwelding

longitudinal

jedepending
nach Lagen-on the
zahl ineinander
required number of
gesteckte Hülsen
layers, sleeves are
nested one into the
other
one layer 22––to
55lagig
5lagig
layers

fig. 5

5
The bellows is manufactured as shown in fig. 6, out of one or several thin-walled cylinders, nested one into the other, using the hydraulic com-
plete forming procedure.

p one layer
internal
pres-
sure

2 to 5 layers with relief bore

Bellows manufacture

fig. 6

To ensure that the inner bellows layer is welded tightly to the weld end, the outer support layers of bellows consisting of more than one layer
are provided with a relief bore. In this way it is possible to check the tightness of the inner layer by means of a leak test.

2.2.2 The several to multi-ply bellows (2 to 16 layers), produced by elastomer single convolution shaping (Elastomer Formed Bellows
EFB)

BOA AG as the inventor of the several or multi-ply bellows, continues to evolve this procedure, manufacturing bellows made of austenitic and
other high-quality materials. The number of layers of the standard products can vary from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 16 layers.

Using thin strip material, two leak tight inner tubes and one outside tube are manufactured
by longitudinal welding. Between them, depending on pressure and temperature, starting
from a certain number of layers, strip material is spirally wound up and put together to a
compact cylindrical pack (see picture at left). The single cylinders may consist of different
materials, e.g. to obtain cost-effective solutions for increased corrosion resistance.

By pressing out annular corrugations through elastomer cold forming, the multi-ply bellow is
manufactured with the particularly favourable technical properties:

• high flexibility
• short construction length
• small displacement forces
• large movement capacities
• small corrugation height
• vibration absorbing

These virtues bring cost-effective solutions, such as small number of expansion joints, small
dimensions of shaft structures or low cost solutions for anchor points. The multi-ply bellows
has also a positive effect on the safety of the expansion joint.
If ever the layer in contact with the medium should start leaking, e.g. by overstress or fa-
tigue, the medium will try to find its way slowly through the labyrinth of the multi-layers. Once
arrived out-side, it will automatically display the leak at the control bore.
This principle has the following safety benefits:

• early detection of leaking

• possibility of permanent leaking control while using dangerous media (by means of
the relief bore)
• despite weak leakage, pressure resistance and functionality of the expansion joint
are maintained for a certain time (weeks, months)
• no need of immediate replacement
Control bore
• spontaneous bursting is impossible.

Multi-ply bellows also show their advantages used in vibration absorbers. Thanks to the compact layer structure, friction effects arise inside the
bellows pack, and as the bellows is moving, the force-deflexion-graph develops hysteresis.

• Thus, the principle of the multi-layer bellows is an excellent solid-borne sound absorber. Similar results are reached as with rubber
elements, plus the advantage of higher resistance against temperature, pressure and ageing.

6
.

Properties of single-ply compared to multi-ply expansion joints

• high plane and column stability with the same wall thickness
• high corrosion resistance due to thicker wall thickness
• reduced vulnerability to external damage
• own repair welding may be possible at leakage

2.2.3 Calculating the multi-ply bellows

The positive effect of the very flexible multi-ply bellows compared with the single-ply expansion
joints is easy to demonstrate with a simple bending bar. It is evident, that at the same bending
rate and the same dimensions, with half of the bar’s thickness a, the bending stress F2 is also
halved, and the displacement force of the two-layer bending bar is only one quarter of the orig-
inal value.

Usually, the bellows are exposed to extreme static or dynamic forces generated by internal
pressure, temperature, vibrations etc. Compared to a fix pipe system, the calculation of the ef-
fects of the varying forces on a multi-ply bellow becomes very complex.

To meet the high safety requirements, engineering must be supported by a reliable and tested
calculation method. BOA makes use of the results and knowledge of the group of American
expansion joints manufacturers (EJMA), published since 1958. This calculation method has
been proven for multi-ply expansion joints and is recognized by all international certification au-
thorities.

2.2.4 Criteria for problem-oriented choice of bellows

The following standard programs of BOA enable the user to choose the type of bellows and expansion joint particularly suitable for the targeted
application. For better understanding, the different options available in bellows technology (HFB / EFB) will be explained with an example.

Let’s first consider a single-layer bellows with 4 convolutions and a wall thickness of s = 1mm.
With a profile height of H = 28mm, the bellows is suitable for an operating pressure of p adm = 10 bar, and has an expansion capability of Δax = ±
12mm at an axial spring rate of cax.

If we want to realize the same performance for pressure resistance and expansion capability with a multi-layer bellows, we already need 4
layers (each one with a wall thickness of s = 0.5 mm) to achieve the same pressure resistance. However, the individual layer thickness being
only half, the expansion capability per convolution doubles, so that for a movement capacity of Δax= ±12mm only 2 convolutions would be
required, or keeping the same number of convolutions (4), we reach now the double expansion capability Δax= ±24mm at about half the spring
rate (0.5 cax).

In the next step we further reduce the layers’ wall thickness to 0.3 mm. Again, to achieve the same pressure resistance, 9 bellow layers are
now required, which, at the same number of convolutions (4), triple the expansion capability to Δax= ±36mm and lower the spring rate to a third.

The dependencies are summarized in the table below:

admissible working pressure padm = 10 bar, profile height H=28 mm

layer thickness s (mm) number of layers n number of convolutions expansion capability Δax spring rate
W (mm)
1 1 4 ± 12 cax
0,5 4 4 ± 24 0,5 cax
0,5 4 2 ± 12 cax
0,3 9 4 ± 36 0,33 cax

7
If the primary compensation task is to absorb a specific thermal expansion, regardless of the length and the displacement forces of the
expansion joint, as in the case e.g. of axially compensated district heating pipelines, a bellows of one or few layers will sufficiently solve the
compensation task.

If space conditions for installing the expansion joint are restricted, a multi-ply bellows will significantly reduce the overall length.

However, if the connection forces or moments on a sensitive turbine or equipment nozzle are the main argument, then these can be reduced
to one third by choosing a multi-layer bellows, compared to the single-ply solution with equal length.

If the compensation task is to isolate or damp oscillations of small amplitude, the use of few or multi-ply bellows has a dampening effect
on the upcoming forced vibration, due to the layers friction.

2.3 Unrestrained expansion joints

Expansion joints without tie rods (axial and universal), while under pressurization, act a reac-
tion force FP (= product of overpressure p x cross section area [AB]) upon the pipe system and
the anchor points.

The bellow’s cross-section [AB] may be taken from the dimension tables of the expansion joints
types. At high pressure rates and large nominal sizes, the reaction force increases considera-
bly, e.g. at a pressure of 40 bar and 400 mm nominal size, the reaction force is approx. 600 kN.
Therefore the anchor points have to be massive.
.

2.4 Restrained expansion joints

The reaction force, explained before, is taken up by a tie bar system, i.e. articulation elements
or tie rods. Depending on the pipe routing and the occurring movements, the appropriate type
of restrained expansion joint is chosen. Despite the restraining element, the overall length of
the expansion joint remains short, thus being also advantageous for system solutions.

If high pressures or pressure impacts occur, and to avoid massive and expensive anchor point
constructions, the experienced engineer will choose restrained expansion joints.

Along with taking up the reaction force and its correct transmitting into the connecting parts, the
tie rods support the articulation elements, thus ensuring the motional function. Besides, very of-
ten there are additional loads and moments to transmit. It is evident, that the dimensioning of
the restraining elements has to be supported by a reliable and tested calculation method. BOA
engineers are using FEM, calculating with the non linear limit analysis. Their results mainly
meet the values received during many practical experiments and burst pressure tests.

2.5 The inner sleeve (protection tube)

Inner sleeves protect the bellows and prevent it from being activated into vibrations, caused by
the medium’s high speed. The installation of an inner sleeve is recommended,
• if abrasive media are used
• if large temperature variations are expected
• to prevent the deposition of solid parts in the corrugations
• if the flow rate is higher than approx. 8 m/sec for gaseous media
• if the flow rate is higher than approx. 3 m/sec for liquids

For further instruction see "Installation and Operating Instructions"

8
2.6 Types of connection
Depending on the application, replaceability, safety or pressure rate, usually three methods for connecting the expansion joint to the pipe sys-
tem or to the unit are distinguished.

Expansion joint for welding in Expansion joint with welded Expansion joint with loose (movable)
flange connection flange connection

2.6.1 Expansion joint for welding in

The advantages of this connection type are:

1. The outside dimensions of the connection are compact to the continuing piping
2. The leak tight weld seams (which may be examined by non destructive test methods) for
the application under elevated pressure conditions or with dangerous fluids.

Welding the multi-ply bellows made of austenitic steel to the ferritic weld end (or flange) is a
process which requires particular measures, skills and experience. It is one of the decisive
points for the quality of the expansion joint. With the necessary checks, BOA guarantees the
capture of bellows’ layers into the welding, a massive and continuous weld structure and a min-
imal heating zone. With our tested and optimized welding process, weld flaws, heat cracks, in-
clusions, pores and blowholes are excluded.

2.6.2 Expansion joint with welded flange connection

The advantages of this connection are rapid replaceability and the expansion joint’s short over-
all length. Regarding the connection weld between flange and multi-ply bellows, the same high
standards apply as for weld ends.

2.6.3 Expansion joint with loose (movable) flange connection

The advantages of this connection are, as with welded flanges, easy replaceability, fast as-
sembly and the short overall length.

Furthermore, the austenitic bellows, forming a collar on both sides, allow flange rotating. In
case of non-aligned hole patterns and aggressive media inside, the bellows’ collar protects the
flanges, so that no specific flange material is required. However, this type of flange connection
is not available for all pressure levels.

9
2.7 Determination of movement parameters

Expansion joints compensate for various movements, caused by different sources, such as

 installation misalignment
 vibrations
 installation gap
 extension caused by pressure force
 soil subsidence
 elongation

Elongation usually causes the highest movement value.

Installation misalignment
Misalignment occurs very often during pipe installation. These imprecisions may be compensated by expansion joints, if they were already
considered in the system design. In this case, the expansion joint’s life time is hardly affected, because it is a one-time movement. On the other
hand a complete or partial blocking of the corrugations may be caused, if short axial expansion joints are installed. The indicated movement
compensation would be hindered, leading thus to early failure of the expansion joint.

Vibrations
Vibrations of different frequency and amplitude are caused by rotating or shifting masses in installations such as pumps, piston machines,
compressors etc. These vibrations not only make annoying noise, but stimulate connecting pipes to the extent of fatigue causing early failure.
Thus the operating stability and economic efficiency of the installation is at risk.

Installation gap
During the installation of pipe systems, particularly when subsequent removal and replacement of individual components is necessary, an axial
installation gap is essential for easy replacement of the modular elements. The so-called disassembly joint may bear a larger movement up to
block position of the convolutions, as the frequency of replacement is usually low.

Extension caused by pressure force

Extensions occur in vessels and piping put under pressure force. Their values only have to be considered at larger diameters.

Soil subsidence
Expansion joints may take up larger subsidence movements, because it is a singular occurrence (no stress cycles). The expansion joint may
even endure an excessive deformation of the bellows without leakage.

Elongation

Thermal expansion of different metals

Changes in the length of a piping are mainly caused by

temperature variations. These changes in length have an
insignificant effect in radial direction due to the pipe ge-
ometry and can be neglected, since pipe diameter is much
smaller than pipe length. However, lengthwise variations of
volume deserve close attention, since it can become quite
significant when temperature and pipe length increase.

Each material has its own expansion coefficient which for

the different types of iron and steel varies in rather narrow
range. The differences become more significant for steel
alloys such as heat resistant steel, stainless steel or high
heat resistant metals and their alloys such as nickel, Mo-
nel, titanium, Inconel, Nimonic etc. Copper and aluminium
and their alloys have even bigger expansion coefficients.

Using the specific BOA slide rule, the elongation may be

determined quickly and almost exactly.

For thermoplastic lines the length elongation is more than

twice as large as for steel pipes.

10
2.8 Criteria for choosing the type of compensation
Basically there are three types of compensation to consider:
• elastic bending of existent pipe legs (natural expansion compensation)
• expansion compensation with unrestrained expansion joints
• expansion compensation with restrained expansion joints

Which of the three types is to be chosen also depends on the following criteria:
• extension and type of the movement to compensate for
• pipe design
• installation and assembly conditions
• dimensioning of anchor points and connections with regard to forces and moments
• total cost of the compensation (compared to costs of the anchor points)

Movements

Axial and lateral expansion joints

With axial and lateral expansion joints the occurring expansion corresponds to the real compensation movement.

Angular and gimbal expansion joints

With angular and gimbal expansion joints the occurring expansion must be converted into an angular movement. This conversion is described
in detail in Module 3a, angular expansion joints.

2.8.1 Natural expansion compensation

If local conditions allow the alignment of the pipe system between two anchor points in such a way that heat expansions of the pipe are com-
pensated by the elastic reaction of the pipe elbows and legs (bending, twisting), these effects have to be exploited. However, installing extra
pipe legs is not an economic solution. Natural compensation is only useful, if the pipes are able to compensate, additional to the stresses
caused by internal pressure, the stresses resulting from the movement cycles, and that without early ageing.
Using your own software and tables, we can advise customers whether a natural expansion compensation is possible or if expansion joints are
to be provided.

Expansion compensation of right-angled pipe legs

2.8.2 Expansion compensation with unrestrained expansion joints

The reaction force and spring rate of unrestrained expansion joints shall be taken up by the anchor points at both ends of the pipe section. In a
longer pipe system, where several expansion joints are installed in series, pipe sections should be created by means of intermediate anchor
points. An axial expansion joint shall be placed in each section. The anchor points at both ends of the straight pipe section shall withstand the
full reaction force. The intermediate anchor points have primarily to take up frictional and displacement forces.

Axial expansion joints compensate for axial pipe elongations. Therefore, the piping shall be coaxial with the expansion joint. Small lateral
movements of a few millimetres are acceptable, however, they reduce the life expectancy of the axial expansion joint, if the allowable axial
movement is simultaneously fully used.

Advantages:
• simple way of compensation
• no change in flow direction
• minimal space requirements

Disadvantages:
• strong anchor points and good axial pipe guiding required
• several axial expansion joints are needed for large elongations Between two anchor points only one unre-
• many anchor points and pipe guides are needed for long pipe sections strained expansion joint shall be installed.

11
2.8.3 Expansion compensation with restrained expansion joints

Compared with unrestrained expansion joints, those equipped with tie rods only need light anchor points (sufficiently firm supports). The reac-
tion force coming from the bellows is taken up by the restraints and acts as an anchor point load. Only the spring rate of the bellows and the
friction forces of the restraint act effectively on the anchor points. The anchor points shall be calculated to resist to the friction forces at the pipe
guide supports and to the displacement forces of the expansion joints. Restrained expansion joints may be of the angular and lateral type. As
another possibility, the use of pressure balanced expansion joints is given.

2.8.3.1 Expansion compensation with angular expansion joints

Angular (or hinged) expansion joints are used for large pipe elongations. A system of expansion joints is built of standard elements. This re-
quires two or three expansion joints. The installation of angular expansion joints always requires a change in the direction of the piping. There-
fore, they are preferably placed where a 90° bend has originally been foreseen. The elongation absorption of hinged expansion joint systems is
practically unlimited. It is determined by the piping size, allowable movement‘s angle of the hinged expansion joints and the length of the pipe
section between two angular expansion joints.

Advantages:
• almost unlimited expansion compensation
• small load on anchor points
• modular concept application
• use of normal guides

Disadvantages:
• change in pipe direction is always required
• more space required compared to axial expansion joints
• two or three expansion joints required for a system

2.8.3.2 Expansion compensation with lateral expansion joints

Lateral (or swing) expansion joints, equipped with ball joints, can move in all directions within one circular
plane. They are used for simultaneous or staggered movements from two directions. At sufficient length,
these expansion joints can take up considerable amounts of movements. More frequent is the use of short
lateral expansion joints with ball points for small elongations when the pipe layout is complex, or for stress-
less connections directly before sensitive equipment, such as pumps, compressors and machines.
If two ball joint expansion joints are arranged at right angles, such a system takes up elongations in all
three directions (lateral expansion joints possible only with 2 tie rods, observe the installation position of
the tie rods). The installation of lateral expansion joints always requires a change in direction of the piping.

Advantages:
• movement compensation in all directions in one plane
• expansion compensation in all three directions possible, if a lateral and an angular expansion joint are
used (construction detail of lateral expansion joint: only with two tie rods, observe the installation position
of the tie rods)
• small load on anchor points

Disadvantages:
• change in pipe direction is necessary Provide a double ball joint for vacuum
• more space required compared with axial expansion joints applications!
.

2.8.3.3 Expansion compensation with pressure balanced expansion joints

There are many types of special constructions such as pressure balanced axial expansion joints, pressure balanced angular expansion joints, a
combination of axial and lateral expansion joints. There are standards covering such systems, but the expansion joints themselves are not
standardized. It is recommended to consult the manufacturer in these cases, because special constructions are sometimes technically efficient,
but nevertheless the most expensive solution.

Advantages:
• small anchor point loads
• minimal space required
• technically efficient solution

Disadvantages:
• custom-built, therefore higher costs

2.9 Anchor points, pipe alignment guides, suspended holding devices

Regardless of the type of expansion joint being applied, anchors shall always be provided at each end of a pipe. When axial expansion joints
are used, each bend, right angle turn or considerable pipe direction change must be anchored. Pipelines whose elongation is compensated by
several expansion joints, must be divided by anchor points into as many parts as expansion joints are necessary. The location of anchors is
determined on the one hand by the direction of the piping, on the other hand by local conditions. However, their capacity of providing good
anchorage is essential.

12
The corrugated bellow of the expansion joint tends to stretch out when subjected to internal pressure, and to contract under inner vacuum. This
pressure or tensile force, the reaction force of the bellows, is transferred to the piping and has to be neutralized by the anchorage of the piping.
The strength of the anchor point, and therefore basically its design, is determined by the reaction force. In this case, not the reaction force of
the operating pressure, but of the test pressure is relevant, because the anchorage must absorb the reaction force of the test run, when the
piping is put under pressure. However, the test pressure should not exceed 1,5 times of the operating pressure. The spring rate of the bellow
must be added to the reaction force, however it usually amounts to only a small percentage of the latter. If a sufficient number of anchor points
cannot be provided, restrained expansion joints such as angular, lateral or pressure balanced axial expansion joints should be used.

Anchor points within straight pipe sections may be of lighter structure, because they only have to take up the spring rate of the bellows and the
friction forces of the guides. Whereas they must not take up the reaction force, acting only on points of change in pipeline direction, on its cross
section variation or on its shutoff devices (valves, slides). If the pipe diameter is changed, the difference in reaction force between the larger
and the smaller pipe cross section must be added to, or subtracted from the other forces. The design of an anchor point can be quite simple.
Below some possible and often used anchor designs are displayed. Local conditions determine the choice of the most suitable type.

Examples of anchor points: Examples of pipe guides:

Examples of pipe guides and anchor points:

13
2.10 Nominal conditions
The expansion joints listed in the technical data sheets are classified by type, nominal size (DN), nominal pressure (PN) and movement capaci-
ty. Several factors must be considered for proper selection of an expansion joint.

Nominal size DN
The nominal size of the expansion joint to be selected is based on the existing flange or pipe dimensions.

The outside diameter of the expansion joint‘s weld ends corresponds to the ISO range. The exact connection dimensions, in particular the wall
thickness, are listed in the technical data sheets.

The connection dimensions of expansion joints with flange connection are listed according to EN 1092.

Nominal pressure PN
For standard expansion joints, the nominal pressure (PN) is a ratio that indicates the admissible working pressure PS at nominal temperature
(20 °C).

If the expansion joint is used at a temperature above the nominal temperature, its pressure load capacity is reduced by the derating factor K P.
For convenience, the derating factors KP, depending on the temperature, are directly given in the technical data sheets.

The admissible working pressure PS of an expansion joint at working temperature TS is calculated as follows:

PS (TS) = PN * KP (TS) [bar]

If an expansion joint must be chosen for working pressure PS and working temperature TS, then first the fictive pressure value Pe must be
determined (converted to nominal temperature), which must be less than or equal to the required nominal pressure PN.

Pe = PS / KP (TS) ≤ PN [bar]

Nominal movement capacity

The nominal movement capacity given in the technical data sheets indicate the displacement, the expansion joint can take up at nominal tem-
perature out of its neutral position. For an axial expansion joint, e.g., ±ax indicates that the expansion joint is able to take up 1000 full load
cycles at nominal pressure and a total expansion of 2 · ax within the neutral position, compressed or stretched by ax. It is irrelevant whether
the load cycle starts in the compressed, neutral or stretched position.

To make usable the total expansion of 2 · ax for compensation, it is necessary to pre-restrain the expansion joint by 50 % of the total dis-
placement, i.e. by ax. The same applies to the lateral or angular movement compensation (±lat or ± α).

Particularly easy to fit are the axial expansion joints of our standard program, which are able to take up their total expansion on compression
without needing on-site pre-restraining.

For these expansion joints, the nominal axial expansion compensation ax corresponds to the total expansion on compression.

If an expansion joint is used at a temperature above the nominal temperature for expansion compensation, the movement capacity is reduced
by the derating factor K.

The derating factors K (TS) are indicated on the technical data sheets as a function of temperature.

The admissible movement capacity ± adm (TS) or ± αadm (TS) of an expansion joint at working temperature TS is calculated as follows:

±adm (TS) = ± * K (TS)

If a certain working condition needs a movement capacity of ±TS at working temperature TS, then the necessary nominal movement capacity
of the expansion joint to be chosen is to be determined as follows:

± ≥ ±TS / K (TS)

14
Inherent resistance of the Bellows ± 30% (spring rate)
The inherent resistance (spring rate) of the bellows is a force (moment), the bellows withstand a movement.
The bellows‘ specific spring rate per ± 1 mm (1°) is indicated in the technical data sheets as spring rate. For production reasons, a tolerance of
± 30% is applicable for the values listed.

Life time
The life time (life expectancy) of an expansion joints is defined by the minimum number of full-load cycles that can be taken up until a leak
caused by fatigue will appear. The maximum permissible expansion capacity is indicated on the expansion joint. It refers to 1000 full-load
cycles (expansion joints conforming to EC standards: 500 full load cycles with safety factor 2).

The nominal expansion capacity given in the technical data sheets refer to a minimum life time of 1000 full-load cycles at nominal conditions.

A load cycle means the movement cycle, the bellows is running through between the two extreme positions during the application and removal
of the total expansion capacity.
For example: a pipeline is brought from ambient temperature to full operating temperature, and then cooled down again. For an expansion joint,
built into the pipeline, this procedure means a full load cycle.
In normal cases, a design for 1000 full-load cycles is absolutely sufficient.

If higher load cycles are required, such as e.g. for industrial plants with several operating intervals per day, the expansion capacity must be
reduced by the load cycle factor KL (see table).

Load cycle factor KL

Load cycles Load cycle factor
Nadm KL
1'000 1.00
2'000 0.82
3'000 0.73
5'000 0.63
10'000 0.51
30'000 0.37
50'000 0.32
100'000 0.26
200'000 0.22 0,29
1'000'000 0.14 KL = (1000 /Nadm)
25'000'000 0.05

Life-reducing additional effects such as corrosion, impact stress caused by explosions, water hammer or thermal shocks, resonances due to
flow-induced or mechanical influences can not be calculated and are therefore inadmissible.

If during operation, in addition to the static inner pressure, dynamic pressure variations occur, they will reduce life time. If the pressure varia-
tions are on a low level within the nominal pressure range, the influence on the life time is small and in most cases negligible. If in individual
cases there is uncertainty regarding the rating of the impact, please inquire.

Load spectrum
If an expansion joint shall be designed for different load cases, the degree of fatigue (Di) of each load spectrum must be linearly accumulated

D =  Di =  (ni/Ni) ≤ 1

where ni means the necessary and Ni the allowable number of cycles of each load case.

Example:
Load case 1 with n1 = 500 load cycles at 100 % nominal expansion capacity with N1adm = 1000.
Load case 2 with n2 = 10 000 load cycles at 30 % nominal expansion capacity (KL = 0.3) with

3,45
N2adm = 1000 / (KL ) = 63670

resulting in an overall fatigue degree of

D = n1 / N1adm + n2 / N2adm = 0,66 <

1
which, with 66% capacity, constitutes a permissible load spectrum.

15
2.11 Materials
The materials used for metal bellows, whether single-ply or multi-ply must meet various conditions.
These are:

 Weldability
It must be fundamentally ensured. The longitudinal weld seams must meet the same conditions as the base material.

 Ductility
It is a prerequisite for the production of cold-formed bellows, however sufficient residual elongation at rupture must be ensured.

 Mechanical strength properties

High mechanical strength is a prerequisite for pressure resistance. Simultaneously the elastic range is extended.

 Technological properties
These include the strength properties under alternating flexural stress for expansion joints. They are not only determined by the alloying
components, but also by surface conditions, by the grain size and by the metallurgic microstructure.

 Corrosion resistance
There is no corrosion allowance for expansion joint bellows. It would have a negative influence on the bellows’ expansion properties.
Therefore, only materials being corrosion resistant against the concerned medium are possible.

 Temperature properties
This means the materials’ resistance to heat or cold and their long-term behavior. Almost all of austenitic chrome-nickel steels are tough
down to -200°C and usually meet all requirements up to 550°C.

For applications working at temperatures above approx. 550°C, special heat resistant materials are used.

Mainly stainless steels fulfil the above mentioned criteria. The general term for these materials is "stainless steel". They generally contain more
than 12% chromium (Cr) and are resistant to oxidizing agents attack.

Higher chromium contents and other alloying elements such as nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N) improve the corrosion re-
sistance.

Also the mechanical and technological properties are strongly influenced by these or other additives. Containing at least 8% nickel, the "stain-
less steel" becomes austenitic. These steels are therefore often referred to as, e.g., 18/8, 18/10, or as austenitic chrome-nickel steels.

With the formation of a passive layer and the presence of oxygen, "stainless steel" gets its anti-corrosive property.

Standard materials for bellows are

Material n° Short form AISI

DIN 17006 (USA)
1.4541 X6 Cr Ni Ti 18 10 321
1.4571 X6 Cr Ni Mo Ti 17 12 2 316 Ti

These are austenitic, titanium-stabilized steels with a wide range of application areas.

For more aggressive corrosion conditions higher alloyed steels or nickel-based materials shall be used.

Pitting resistance equivalent number diagram (PREN)

The diagram allows estimating the increasing corrosion re-

sistance in aqueous media. The pitting corrosion potential in this
case represents a measure for the resistance of the material
against pitting as a function of the alloy components’ PREN, with
the elements chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen having a sig-
Pitting corrosion potential mVH

nificant effect (see pitting factors).

The material 1.4439, for example, due to its content of molyb-
denum and nitrogen (4-5% Mo, 0.1-0.2% N) has an about twice
as high PREN relative to the material 1.4541, and is therefore
much more resistant to pitting.

pH value 7.5 .
Temperature 80°C

PREN %Cr= factor 1 %Mo= factor 3.3 %N= factor 30

Pitting potential of austenitic steel as a function of PREN

16
2.12 Approach in practice
For a given routing, see the example to the right, initially anchor points must be set
where a movement of the line is undesirable, namely at the branch points. In the
next step those line segments are to be considered, where the natural legs are able
to absorb parts of the pipeline expansion. These line segments must be limited by
anchor points. For the other line parts, expansion joints must be provided to take up
expansion.

Two questions are crucial for the decision, whether axial or hinged expansion joints are to be chosen:
The line’s routing and the possibility of taking up axial forces.
If it is a pipe system with short, straight sections and stretching movements to about 80 mm, i.e. a system with many changes of direction and
junctions, an axial expansion joint is recommended. In long straight lines with stretching movements higher than 80 mm, hinged expansion
joints are rather used. If the on-site conditions allow strong anchor points and placing enough guides, then the choice of axial expansion
joints is correct. Otherwise, especially in pipes of large cross-section and at high pressure ratios, the hinged expansion joint is also a good
solution, where small stretching movements occur. Artificially arranged pipe legs are not economical for space and cost reasons. It is quite
possible to compensate for expansion within a piping system using various methods. To each expansion joint, however, a defined task must be
assigned, i.e. the section of line to be compensated by it must be limited by two anchor points.
The economically most advantageous solution will be found, taking steps in this order when solving problems of compensation in pipelines.
Early collaboration with the manufacturer however will always pay off.

2.12.1 Data requirements / Check list

Please ask for our technical advice if planning CE-marked expansion joints. You may prepare the necessary information for the expansion joint
design with the help of this check list. Please add, if possible, an installation sketch and/or an isometric drawing of the pipe system. Make a
copy of the following list or download it from our website www.boagroup.com.

BOA Check list: Expansion joints

Company: _______________________________________________________________

Address: _______________________________________________________________

Inquiry n°: ___________________ Person in charge:____________________________

Quantity ___________ units DN ______________ mm

Expansion joint type:

 axial  lateral  universal  angular
 low pressure  vibration absorber  other

Bellows material:
exterior ply:  1.4541  1.4404  1.4571  ___________
intermediate ply:  1.4541  1.4404  1.4571  ___________
interior ply:  1.4541  1.4404  1.4571  ___________

Inner sleeve:  yes  no

material:  1.4541  1.4404  1.4571  ___________

Fittings: 1st side 2nd side

lose flange:  
welded flange:  
weld ends:  
materials 1st side:  1.4541  1.4301  1.4571  carbon steel  ________
materials 2nd side:  1.4541  1.4301  1.4571  carbon steel  ________

Movement:  axial ±_________ mm

 lateral ± _________ mm
 angular ± _________ °
 vibrations ± _________ mm

Cycles :  1000
 500 (standard products and PED 97/23/EC with CE-marking)
 _______

17
Operating conditions:  PED 97/23/EC
 Piping  Container

Piping: Type of fluid:_______________________________________

 group 1: dangerous gaseous / dangerous liquid
 group 2: innocuous gaseous / innocuous liquid

Container: required customer’s indications:

container, category: ___________________________________________________
fluid type: ___________________________________________________
fluid group: ___________________________________________________
Inspection authority: ___________________________________________________

Max. operating pressure PS: ________bar

Min. operating pressure PS: ________bar (if also used in vacuum)

Max. operating temperature TS: ________°C

Min. operating temperature TS: ________°C (if also used below 0°C)

Tests:  standard  PED 97/23/EC

 special test

Inspection certificates:
 EN 10204-2.2  EN 10204-3.1  EN 10204-3.2
 Conformity declaration according to Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
 Conformity certificate issued by the inspection authority

Marking:  standard  EN 10380  customer’s indication

 according to PED 97/23/EC

Packing:  standard  special  customer’s indication

Various:
 exterior protecting tube  transportation fixing  ______________________

Issued by: __________________________________

Place / date: __________________________________

Signature: __________________________________

Schema / sketch:

18
 BOA Expansion Joints Guide

3 Quality Assurance

3.1 Approvals / Certificates

BOA expansion joints are designed, calculated, manufactured and tested following latest professional and state of the art standards. Regular
inspections by accredited authorities for enterprise certification confirm the efficient and professional continuity of BOA process management.

Company approvals
EN 9100 Quality Management for Aerospace applications
ISO 9001 Quality Management
ISO 14001 Environment Management
ISO TS 16949 Quality Management
Euro-Qualiflex Quality Management System
ISO 3834-2 Certification as welding company
DIN EN 15085-2 Welding of Railway vehicles and components

PED Conformity
Pressure Equipment Directive PED 97/23/EC (and SR 819.121)
authorized for CE marking

Swiss Association
for Technical In-
spections
Regulation 201 and
501
Euro-Qualiflex TUEV Sued KTA 1401

Product approvals

To cover the particular market orientations, the necessary product type approvals could be organised at accredited certification authorities
(examples below).

Bureau Det Norske Germanischer Lloyd's Register

Veritas Veritas Lloyd

German Association Swiss Association for

for Gas and Water Gas and Water

19
3.2 Tests / Laboratory

BOA expansion joints may be subject to various quality tests and inspections. The scope of the testing program follows the requirements and
wishes of the customer or the design and production standards, as well as the inspection authority’s conditions.

Product quality however is a matter of production standards and not of the subsequent tests. Those tests only confirm the rated required quality
level. Therefore our production methods are generally based on a high quality level. Additional tests should be required only where the applica-
tion imperatively demands it. If in a particular case design evidence is requested, the requirements must be clearly specified for a review of the
permissible operating data in our factory.

Non-destructive test methods

 TP - water pressure test

 LT - leak-tightness test with air or nitrogen under water
 LT - leak-tightness test with air and foaming agents at the welds (soap bubble test)
 Differential pressure test with air
 RT – X-ray test
 MP - magnetic particle crack test
 PT - dye penetration test
 LT – helium leakage test (<1x10-9 mbar l/s)
 US - ultrasound test
 VT – visual test
 Hardness test

Destructive test methods

 mechanical strength test

 cupping test
 metallographic investigations
 spectroscopic test
 movement test (endurance test under pressure)
 vibration test
 burst pressure test

Our VT & PT test staff is certified according to EN473 and ASME.

Tests and laboratory

Compared with other leak test methods, the helium test permits detection of the smallest measurable leakage rate so far. Depending on the
size of the specimen, it is possible to detect even a leak up to 10 -9mbar l/s. Using a special device, the expansion joint is sealed on both sides
and then pumped out to a vacuum of 10-2mbar. The weld seams are blown with helium on the outside. The mass spectrometer will instantly
register any leak and the leak rate may be read from the measuring instrument. The leak will also be indicated by an acoustic signal.

Macro cross section of an inner

welding seam

Movement test to determine the stress

cycles endured.
Makroschliff Schweissung

Helium leak test

20
 BOA Expansion Joints Guide

4 Application Fields
In almost every technical-oriented industrial area expansion joints are used to ensure the operating stability of the installations. Using flexible,
metallic expansion joints in today’s installation and plant construction is not only technically necessary, but also important to meet the industry’s
general demands for:

• improved profitability • system compatibility

• reduced plant size • smooth operating
• easy installation • safety in case of incidents

BOA expansion joints meet all these requirements. Below some of the application fields are listed, where BOA expansion joints mainly are
used. Nevertheless, our experienced team will be happy to develop, together with your engineers, new applications in all areas where flexible
pipe elements or connections are needed. Please submit your problem – and we will suggest our solution as we have been doing for more than
hundred years.

4.1 Diesel and gas engines

BOA has been supplying to leading diesel engine manufacturers expansion joints in exhaust lines between outlet valve and turbocharger.
Through continuous development of our products in this area, we are now able to design and supply complete exhaust systems. BOA exhaust
systems are now in use worldwide and have the following customer benefits:

 one contact person, and therefore less suppliers

 compact construction
 considerable cost savings thanks to quick mounting and 50% less weight
 optimal and interactive design thanks to state of the art engineering tools with 3D-CAD and ANSIS-FE calculation program
 100% system tightness because of less intersections
 efficient benchmarking at BOA

Exhaust line modular assembly system 12/18/20

In addition to the complete exhaust systems, we also construct special expansion joints for diesel and gas engine manufacturers, designed
according to customer’s requirements:

Expansion joint with V-clamp flanges Expansion joint with special flanges Expansion joint with bent tubes

4.2 Aerospace
All experiences made over decades and in different areas needing sophisticated flexible elements were successfully implemented into aero-
space applications by BOA. The multi-ply expansion joint in this highly demanding application field has the following advantages:

 low weight thanks to short construction length, small displacement rates and special welding connections
 BOA’s high level welding competence allows using the most different materials, particularly required in this exigent sector
 effective vibration absorption

Thanks to the high quality standards, our own test laboratory and the latest calculations
modules, BOA is today able to approach successfully the solution of your problem. BOA
is certified according to EN 9100.

Vibration decoupling unit for helicopters

21
4.3 Power distribution
Through many years of collaboration with the leading manufacturers of high voltage SF6 installations, BOA has developed different types and
procedures for this special market. Customers take profit from this long experience as follows:

 worldwide certification according to GIS/GIL standards

 cost reduction thanks to the connection of the austenitic bellows with aluminium flanges
 no subsequent cleaning due to manufacturing according to SF6 cleanness directives

Axial expansion joint with aluminium flanges Pressure balanced axial expansion joint for high voltage SF6 installations

4.4 HVAC
The compensation of dilatations in central heating pipe systems is not only a problem for industrial plants and large public buildings, but also in
the private construction sector. The rather long pipelines generate dilatations that can not quite simply be compensated by deviating the piping.
In shorter main pipe lines axial expansion joints are used. In long linear main pipe lines hinged and angular expansion joints are needed. The
BOA standard expansion joints program meets usually the requirements of the heating and ventilation sector.

Axial expansion joint Type W Small (sanitary) expansion joint Type Za

Angular expansion joint Type AW Vibration absorber Type Alpha-C

4.5 Hydraulic engineering

In this sector mostly BOA disassembly joints are used. Compared with standard demounting joints, BOA units have the following advantages:
 50% installation time reduction
 quick availability of the plant by exploiting the spring rate of the bellows
 100% tightness because no rubber elements are used (no ageing)
 economic execution using parts in contact with the medium made of non-corrosive austenitic material
 compensation of installation misalignment without tightness problems

The successful use of BOA disassembly joints during many years proves the advantages
mentioned above.

Water supply, City of Zurich, Fresh water piping, chemical plant,

Switzerland Germany

22
4.6 Plant construction, general piping construction
There is hardly another application field needing more expansion joints than plant construction
or general piping construction. BOA expansion joints are successfully installed e.g. in chemical
plants, thermal power plants, petrochemical plants and district heating power plants.

The requirements of plant construction are mostly fulfilled by the BOA standard expansion
joints program. As a special service for the pipe system engineer, BOA may offer stress analy-
sis data generated by the "Caesar II" program. This helps optimizing construction costs and
trouble-free operating is ensured.

Lateral and angular

expansion joints
kompensatoren

4.7 Pumps and compressors

Oscillations/vibrations caused by pumps, compressors, burners, piping equipment etc. and subsequently transmitted to the pipe system, not
only make annoying noise, they also stress enormously the materials exposed to the vibrations. Therefore in this application field mostly BOA
vibration absorbers (made of metal or rubber) are used. Our vast standard program of metal and rubber vibration absorbers covers almost all
application fields of pumps and compressors.

Rubber and metal vibration absorbers Pump station with vibration absorbers

4.8 Gas turbines

For use in gas turbines, particularly pressure balanced expansion joints are used for not exceeding the
allowable stresses in the transition piece between the pipeline and the aggregate. Also restrained (lat-
eral/ angular) expansion joints are used between turbine and condenser.

Pressure balanced expansion joints

Kompensatoren

23
 BOA Expansion Joints Guide

5 Annex/ Standards
5.1 Symbols used in pipe construction

Apparatus (without rota-

Axial expansion joint
ting parts)

Apparatus (with rotating

Angular expansion joint
parts)

Universal expansion joint Socket connection

Lateral expansion joint Flange joint

Gimbal expansion joint Screwed connection

Coupling
Pressure balanced
expansion joint

Anchor

Vertical holding device

Non-insulated pipeline (support)

Insulated pipeline Suspended holding device

(suspension)

Flexible pipe Spring suspension

Pipe with flow direction

Spring support
indicator

Pipe crossing without Slideway

connection

Pipe crossing with

connection Suspended pipe slideway

Pipe branch with Roller guide

connection

24
5.2 Table on guide analyses and characteristic strength values

25
26
5.3 International standards / Comparison table

27
5.4 Conversion tables

5.4.1 Pressure

Pressure units used in vacuum engineering

mbar Pa dyn cm-2 Torr micron (μ)
(Nm-2) (μb) (mm Hg)
mbar 1 100 1000 0.75 750
-2 -2 -3
Pa (Nm ) 1 · 10 1 10 7.5 · 10 7.5
-2 -3 -4
dyn cm (μb) 1 · 10 0.1 1 7.5 · 10 0.75
2 3
Torr (mm Hg) 1.33 1.33 · 10 1.33 · 10 1 1000
-3 -1 -3
micron (μ) 1.33 · 10 1.33 · 10 1.33 1 · 10 1
3 5 6
bar 1 · 10 1 · 10 1 · 10 750 7.5 · 105
atm 1013 1.01 · 105 1.06 · 106 760 7.6 · 105
at (kp cm-2) 981 9.81 · 104 9.81 · 105 735.6 7.36 · 105
mm WS (kp m-2) 9.81 · 10-2 9.81 98.1 7.36 · 10-2 73.6
3 4
psi 68.9 6.89 · 10 6.89 · 10 51.71 5.17 · 104

General pressure units

bar atm at mm WS (kp psi
(kp cm-2) m-2)
mbar 1 · 10-3 9.87 · 10-4 1.02 · 10-3 10.2 1.45 · 10-2
Pa (Nm-2) 1 · 10-5 9.87 · 10-6 1.02 · 10-5 0.102 1.45 · 10-4
dyn cm-2 (μb) 1 · 10-6 9.87 · 10-7 1.02 · 10-6 1.02 · 10-2 1.45 · 10-5
Torr (mm Hg) 1.33 · 10-3 1.32 · 10-3 1.36 · 10-3 13.6 1.93 · 10-2
micron (μ) 1.33 · 10-6 1.32 · 10-6 1.36 · 10-6 1.36 · 10-2 1.93 · 10-5
bar 1 0.987 1.02 1.02 · 104 14.5
4
atm 1.013 1 1.03 1.03 · 10 14.7
-2 4
at (kp cm ) 0.981 0.968 1 1 · 10 14.22
mm WS (kp m-2) 9.81 · 10-5 9.68 · 10-5 1 · 10-4 1 1.42 · 10-3
psi 6.89 · 10-2 6.8 · 10-2 7.02 · 10-2 702 1

1 kp 9.81 N 0.1 N /mm2 14.5038 lb /inch2

1 at 0.981 bar 1 kp / cm2 14.2233 lb /inch2
1 kpm 9.81 Nm 1 Pascal 14.5038 · 10-5 lb /inch2
1 kp /mm2 9.81 N /mm2 1 kPascal 14.5038 · 10-2 lb /inch2
1 Mpa 1 · 106 Pa = 10 bar 1 Millipascal 14.5038 · 10-8 lb /inch2
1 bar 1 · 105 Pa = 100 kPA 1 bar 14.5038 lb /inch2

28
5.4.2 Other conversion tables

Flow rate
Conversion of flow rate units

mbar l s-1 Pa m3 s-1 Torr l s-1 atm cm3 s-1 lusec

-1 -1 -1 -1
mbar l s 1 1 · 10 7.5 · 10 9.87 · 10 7.5 · 102

Pa m3 s-1 10 1 7.5 9.87 7.5 · 103

Torr l s-1 1.33 1.33 · 10-1 1 1.32 1 · 103

atm cm3 s-1 1.01 1.01 · 10-1 7.6 · 10-1 1 7.6 · 102

lusec 1.33 · 10-3 1.33 · 10-4 1 · 10-3 1.32 · 10-3 1

Temperature
°C °F °K
5
°C 1 /9(°F-32) K-273.15
9 9
°F /5°C+32 1 /5K-459.67
5
°K °C+273.15 /9 (°F+459.67) 1

Length
mm m inch feet

mm 1 0.001 0.03937 0.00328

m 1000 1 39.3701 3.2808

inch 25.4 0.0254 1 0.0833

feet 304.8 0.3048 12 1

Surface
mm2 m2 inch2 feet2

mm2 1 1 · 10-6 0.00155 1.0764 · 10-5

m2 1 · 106 1 1550 10.7639

inch2 645.16 6.452 · 10-4 1 6.944 · 10-3

feet2 92903 0.092903 144 1

Volume
mm3 cm3 m3 inch3 feet3

mm3 1 0.001 1 · 10-9 6.1 · 10-5 3.531 · 10-8

cm3 1000 1 1 · 10-6 0.061 3.531 · 10-5

m3 1 · 109 1 · 106 1 61023.7 35.3147

3 -5
inch 16389 16.387 1.6387 · 10 1 5.787· 10-4

feet3 2.832 · 107 2.832 · 104 0.0283169 1728 1

29
Weight
kg pound

kg 1 2.20462

pound 0.453592 1

Force
kp N Dyn lbf

kp 1 9.80665 980665 2.20462

5
N 0.101972 1 1 · 10 0.224809
-6 -5
Dyn 1.01972 · 10 1 · 10 1 2.24809 · 10-6

lbf 0.453592 4.44822 444822 1

Density
g/m3 kg/m3 lb/inch3 lb/ft3

g/m3 1 0.001 3.61273 · 10-8 6.2428 · 10-5

kg/m3 1000 1 3.61273 · 10-5 0.062428

3 7
lb/inch 2.76799 · 10 27679.9 1 1728
3 -6
lb/ft 16018.5 16.0185 578.704 · 10 1

Moments
Nm kp · m lbf · ft lbf · inch

Nm 1 0.101972 0.737561 8.85073

kp · m 9.80665 1 7.233 86.796

lbf · ft 1.35582 0.138255 1 12

lbf · inch 0.112985 0.0115213 0.08333 1

Spring characteristics
N/mm kg/mm lb/inch

N/mm 1 0.101972 5.7101

kg/mm 10.1972 1 55.991

lb/inch 0.1751 0.01786 1

Acceleration
m/s2 ft/s2 inch/s2

m/s2 1 3.28084 39.3701

2
ft/s 0.3048 1 12

inch/s2 0.0254 0.083333 1

30
 BOA

5.5 Corrosion
5.5.1 Technical information

All information, data and tables are based on information and documentation provided by the raw materials manufacturer or our many years of
experience in the field. They do not claim to be exhaustive and are expressly recommendations for which no liability can be accepted. The
users of our products are recommended to perform their own tests in case of uncertainties for the intended use.

Among other things, it should be noted that all data concerning chemicals are based on analytically pure substances and never on mixtures of
media. All relevant conditions must be observed.

Often the chemical behaviour of the metal hose or metal bellows material depends on the upstream tube material. All surfaces exposed to the
medium must be taken into account, e.g. if there is corrosion tendency, but the surface likely to corrode is very small, then the corrosion attack
can very quickly go into depth.

Layers, deposits, ferritic filings, etc., can both inhibit corrosion (e.g. thick layers) as well as stimulate corrosion (e.g. deposits enriched with
chlorides). Ferritic filings can even act as a real corrosion trigger.

Any legal claim based on the information in this document may be derived, either express or implied.

Information on the following corrosion table

The corrosion rate is expressed as a weight loss per unit of surface and time, e.g. g/mm 2h or as a reduction in thickness per unit of time, e.g.
mm/year. The corrosion rate is used for laboratory tests, whereas the thickness reduction is more useful for practical assessments.

In the tables on the following pages, the corrosion rate or corrosion behaviour of the various materials is classified into resistance levels from 0
to 3, based on an even corrosive attack. The meaning of the levels is given in the table below:

Resistance level Thickness reduction Resistance

mm/year
0 < 0.11 Completely resistant under normal operating conditions.
1 >0.11 ... <1.1 Resistant in many cases under normal operating conditions, but should only be
used if other specific material properties do not allow the use of a level 0 material.
2 >1.1 ... <11.0 Moderate resistance. Shall only be used in exceptional cases.
3 >11 Not resistant.
Use by no means possible.

Meaning of the abbreviations used in the tables

L = risk of pitting corrosion

S = risk of stress crack corrosion
Schm = molten, melts
Konz = concentrated substance
SP = boiling (boiling point)
tr = dry (anhydrous)
fe = moist
wh = contains water
wL = aqueous solution
ges = saturated
kg = cold saturated
hg = hat saturated
> 50 = higher than 50
< 50 = smaller than or equal to 50
< 0.1 = smaller than or equal to 0.1
() = divergent literature information or uncertain values

31
Information on types of corrosion

Pitting corrosion
Pitting is a special type of corrosion in electrolytes containing halogen. The risk of pitting depends on several factors.

The pitting tendency increases with

- increasing concentration of chloride ions
- increasing temperature
- increasing electro-chemical potential of the steel in the electrolytes concerned

The pitting tendency is reduced by

- adding molybdenum (increasing contents of molybdenum in the steel reduces the risk of pitting, which means Mo contents between 2% and
about 5%)
- higher chromium contents. The higher the chromium content (>20%), the more effective even a small quantity of Mo can be.

Pitting may be prevented by

- reduction of the electro-chemical potential in the electrolyte concerned, e.g. by cathodic protection.

Stress corrosion cracking

Stress corrosion cracking is one of the corrosion type needing several factors simultaneously to be triggered:
- a specific corrosion agent, e.g. chlorides or alkaline media
- critical system parameters (temperature, concentration, limit stress)
- a material susceptible to stress corrosion cracking
- static and/or dynamic mechanical tensile load

Stress corrosion cracking is one of the most unpleasant forms of corrosion, because it usually leads abruptly and very quickly to crack damage
in components of any kind. Depending on alloy structure and corrosive attack, as a typical phenomenon cracks appear in intercrystalline or
transcrystalline form, amorphous and usually ramified. Often there is a forced rupture of the component at the end of the crack. Stress corro-
sion cracking may be triggered by pitting corrosion, always starting from a locally active weak spot. Stress corrosion cracking can identically
proceed in non-ferrous metals as in austenitic materials.

5.5.2 Corrosion resistance table

Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium
18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel

Acetanilide (Antifebrin) <114 0

Acetate 20 0 0 0 0
Acetate dehydrate 100 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
100 SP 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0
98 <54 0 0 0 0
99 <40 0 0 0 0
Acetic anhydride alle 20 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
100 60 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
100 100 3 0 0 0 2 2 0
100 SP 3 0 0 1 3 1 0 0
Acetone 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP 1 0L 0L 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
all <SP 1 0L 0L 0 1 0 0 0
Acetylene tr 20 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0
tr 200 2 2 0
fe 20 1
tr 100 <150 0 0 0
Acetylene dichloride wL 5 20 3
tr 100 20 1L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 SP 2L 1L 0 0 0 0 0 0
Schm 100 700 0 0 3
fe 100 20 0 0 0 0 3
Acetylenetetrachloride tr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 SP 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
fe SP 1 1 3 3
Acytelene cellulose <100 20 1 1 1 0 0
Acytelene chlorid 20 1L 0L 1 2 2 3 3 3 0
SP 1L 0L 2 2 2 3 3 3 0
Adhesive, neutral 20 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
sour 20 (1) 0 0 0 (2)
SP 0 0

32
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Adipic acid all 100 0 0
200 0 0
Aethan 20 0 0 0
Aktivine 0.5 20 3 1L 0L 0 1
0.5 SP 3 1L 0L 0 3
Alanine 20 0 0 0
Allylalkohol 100 25 0 0 0 0 1
100 SP 1
Allylchloride 100 25 0 0 0 0
Alum 100 20 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 3 3 1
wL 10 20 2 0 0 1 1
wL 10 <80 3 0 0 1
wL 10 SP 3 1 0 1
hg SP 3 2 1
Aluminuim Schm 100 750 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Aluminuim acetate wL 3 20 3 0 0 0 0
wL 100 100 3 0 0 1
wL all 20 1
wL kg 20 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 2
wL kg SP 0 0 1
hg SP 0 0 1 2
Aluminuim chloride wL 5 20 3 2L 1L 1 1 1 1 0 2 3 2 0
5 50 3 2L 1L 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 0
5 100 3 0
10 20 3 3L 2L 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 0 3
10 100 3 0
10 150 3 0
20 20 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
20 150 3 3
wL 25 20 3 3L 2L 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 0
25 60 3 0
25 100 3 2
30 150 3 3
40 122 3 3
80 100 3 3
Aluminium fluorid wL 5 25 3 2 2 1 0 0 0
wL 10 25 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 0
Aluminiumformiate 20 2 3 3 0 0
Aluminium hydroxide ges 20 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
ges SP 2 0 0 0
wL 2 20 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
wL 10 20 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Aluminium na-sulphate wL 10 <SP 1
Aluminium nitrate 20 0 0
wL 10 20 0 0 2
wL 10 50 3
Aluminium oxyde 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Aluminium sulphate wL 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 3
10 SP 3 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
50 SP 3 2 1 1 0 3 3 3 3 3
Amber acid 20 0
Ammonia tr 10 20 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
fe 20 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 0
wL 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0
wL 10 SP 0 0 3 1 1 0
wL 30 20 0 0 0 0
wL 30 SP 0 0 1 1
wL 50 20 0 0 0 0
wL 50 SP 0 0 1 1
wL 100 20 0 0 0 0 0
wL 100 SP 0 0 1 1
Ammonium alume wL 100 20 3 0 0
wL 100 SP 3 3 2

Ammonia bicarbonate all 20 0 0 2 2 1 3 3 3 0 0

wL all hot 0 0 2 2 0 3 3 3 0 0
Ammonia bifluoride wL 100 20 3 0 0 0
20 80 3 0 0 0
Ammonia bromide wL 5 25 3 0 0 2 0 3 3 3 2
wL 10 SP 3 1LS 1LS 1
wL 10 25 3 1LS 1LS 1 3

33
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Ammonia carbonate wL 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2
wL 20 SP 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 3 3
wL 50 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
wL 50 SP 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ammonia chloride wL 25 20 3 1LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 2
wL 25 SP 3 2LS 1LS 1 1 1 0 3
wL 50 20 3 1LS 0LS 1 0 1 0 0 0
wL 50 SP 3 2LS 1LS 1 1 1 0
Ammonia fluoride wL 20 80 3 2LS 2LS 0 3 3 3
Ammonia formate wL 10 20 0
wL 10 70 0
Ammonia hydroxyde 100 20 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 1
Ammonia nitrate wL 100 20 3 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 0
100 SP 3 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 0
10 25 3 0 0 3 0 3 3 3
Ammonia oxalate 10 20 1 0 0 0
10 SP 3 1 0 0
Ammonia perchlorade wL 10 20 0LS 0LS 1
wL 10 SP 0LS 0LS 1
wL all <70 0LS 0LS 1
Ammonia persulphate wL 5 20 3 0 0 3 3 1 0 0 2 2
10 25 3 1 1 3 3 0 2 3 3
10 30 3 1 1 3 3 0 2 3 3
20 20 3
20 100 3
Ammonia phosphate 5 25 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0
10 20 0 1 0 3 3 3 1
10 60 1 1 0 3
Ammonia rhodanide 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 70 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ammonia sulphate wL 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 0 2L
wL 5 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 2L
wL 10 20 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 3 3 3 0 2L
wL 10 SP 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 3 3 3 0 3L
wL 100 20 0 0 0 1 1 0
wL 100 SP 1 0 0 1 2 0
Ammonia sulphite wL 100 20 2 0 0 3 3 3 2 3 3 3
wL 100 SP 3 0 0 3 3 2 2 3 3 3
Ammoniumfluorsilikat wL 20 40 3 1 0 0
Ammoniummolybdat 100 100 0

Amoniacal copper chloride wL 1 20 1

wL 10 20 3
wL 20 20 3
Amyl acetate 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Amyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Amyl chloride 100 20 1 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 0 0 0 2
100 SP 1LS 0LS
Amylmercaptan 100 20 0 0 0 0
100 160 0 0 0
Aniline 100 20 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 0
100 180 1 1 2 3
Aniline cholours 2 2 2
Anilinhydrochloride wL 5 20 3 3 0
wL 20 100 0
Aniline sulphite wL 10 20 1L
100 20 0
Antimony Schm 100 650 3 3 3 0 3
Antimony chloride tr 20 0 3 3 0 3
wL 100 1 0 3
Apple acid wL 20 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 2 2 0 0
wL <50 90 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 2 2 0 0
wL <50 100 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 2 2 0 0
Arsenic acid wL 65 3 0 0
Schm 110 3 2 1
Asphalt 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Atmosphere Land -20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Indust. bis 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Sea 30 2 0LS 0S 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
Azo benzene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

34
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Barium carbonate 20 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Barium chloride Schm 100 1000 3L 3L 1
wL 10 SP 1L 0L 1 1 1 1 0 2 3 3
wL 25 SP 1L 0L 1 0 0
Barium hydroxyde solid 100 20 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 3
wL all 20 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 3
wL all SP 0 0 1
100 815 1 1 0
wL kg 20 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
wL hg SP 0 0 0 0 1 3
50 100 0 1 1 0
Barium nitrate wL all 40 0 0 1 0 2 0 0
wL all SP 0 0 1 0 2 0 0
Schm 600 0 0 0
wL 20 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0
wL >100 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0
Barium sulphate 25 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Barium sulphite 25 2 0 0 2 3 3 3
Beer 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
100 SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beer condiment 20 SP 3 1 3 1
Beet sugar syrup 20 (1) 0 0 0 0
Benzene acid wL all 20 0 0 0 0 0
wL 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
wL 10 SP 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3
wL ges 20 0 0 0 0 0
Benzene chloride tr 100 20 0
fe 100 20 3
Benzene, non-sulfureos 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
100 SP 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Benzene sulphonal acid 91,3 140 3 3 3 1 3
92 200 3 3 3 0 3
Blood (pure) 36 0S 0
Bonder solubilzing 98 0 0
Borax wL 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
wL ges 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
wL ges SP 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Schm 3 3 0
Boric acid wL 1 20 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
wL 4 20 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
wL 5 20 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
wL 5 100 3 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
wL ges 20 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
wL all 20 3 0 0 0 0
wL all <SP 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 20 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Boron 20 0 0
Brandy 20 0 0 1
SP 0 0 3
Bromide water 0,03 20 0L 0L
0,3 20 1L 1L
1 20 3L 3L
Bromine tr 100 20 3L 3L 3L 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 3
tr 100 <65 3L 3L 3L 0 0 1 0 3
tr 100 <370 3L 3L 3L 2 3
fe 100 20 3L 3L 3L 0 0 3 3 2 3 1 0 3
fe 100 50 3L 3L 0 3 3
Butadiene 100 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Butane 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 120 0 0 1
Butter 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
Butter acid 25 20 3 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 0
25 60 3 1 2 0 0
50 20 3 2 0 0
Butter acid 50 60 3 2 0 1
ges 20 3 0 0 2 0 0
ges SP 3 2 0 2 0 1
Buttermilk 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Butyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0
Butyl acetate 20 0 0 1 0 0 0

35
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
SP 1
Cadmium Schm 100 350 1 2 2
Schm 100 400 2 2
Calcium Schm 100 800 3 3 3
Calciumbisulphite wL ges 20 3 0 0 0 3 1 0
ges SP 3 2 0 0
20 20 0 0 0
20 SP 1 0 0
Calcium carbonate 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calium chlorate 100 20 0 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 0 1 1
wL 10 20 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 0 1 1
wL 10 100 2LS 1LS 1 1 1 0 1 1
wL 100 100 2LS 1LS 1 1 1 0 1 1
Calcium Chloride wL 10 20 3 0S 0S 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 3
wL 25 20 3 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 0 3
wL 25 SP 3 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 3 0 3
ges 20 3 0L 0L 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 3
ges SP 3 1L 0L 2 0 0 0 3 1L 3
Calcium hydroxyde <50 20 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3
<50 <SP 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 3
ges 20 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
ges SP 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 3
Calcium hypochloride wL 10 25 3 3LS 0LS 3 1 1 3 1 0 3
15 50 3 3LS 0LS 1 0 3
20 25 3 3LS 0LS 0 1 3 1 0 3
20 50 3 3LS 0LS 1 0 3
ges <40 3 2LS 1LS 0 0 3
Calcium nitrate 20 100 0 0 0 0
50 100 0 0 0 0
Schm 100 148 0 0 0 0
Calcium sulphate fe 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Gypsum) SP 3 0 0 1 1
Calcium sulphite wL ges 20 0 0 0 1
ges SP 0 0 0 1
Camphor 20 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carbon dioxide tr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 <540 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
tr 100 700 3 1
tr 100 1000 3 3
tr all <760
fe 15 25 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3
Carbon dioxide fe 20 25 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 3
fe 100 25 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3
Carbon oxide, 100 atü 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 <540 3 (0) 3 (1) (3) 0 2 1
Carbon tetrachloride tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 75 0L 0L 0
tr 100 SP 1 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 2
fe 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 1 2 1 0 1
fe SP 1 1L 1L 3 3 2 2 3 1 3
Carnallite wL kg 20 3 0L 0L 0 0
kg SP 3 2LS 1LS 0 0
Castor oil 100 20 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cement fe 20 3
Cheese 20 0 0
Chloramin 20 3 1L 0L 0 0
0,5 SP 3 1L 0L 0 0
Chlorine tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
tr 100 100 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
tr 100 <250 3 0L 0L 0 0 0 1 3 3 3
tr 100 <400 3 2L 1L 0 0 0 1 3 3
tr 100 500 3L 3L 2L 1 1 0 2 1 3 3
fe 99 20 3L 3L 3L 0 2 1 0 3 3 2 0 3
fe 99 100 3L 3LS 3LS 1 3 3 3 1 3
Chlorine benzene 100 20 0 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
100 SP 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 1 0 2
Chlorine calcium fe 20 3 1LS 1LS 1 1 3 1 3
wL 1 20 3 2LS 0LS 0 3
wL 5 20 3 1LS 0LS 0 3 0 3
wL 5 100 3 3LS 3LS 0 1 3
Chlorine dioxide tr 70 2 2 0 0 3 3
wL 0,5 20 3 3 3 1 3 3

36
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
wL 1 65 3 3 3 2 3 3
Chlorine sulphinated acid tr 100 20 1LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
fe 99 20 3 2LS 0LS 3 1 1 3 3
wL 10 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 3
Chlorine vinegar acid Mono- 50 20 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 3
Konz 20 3 3 3 1 1
<70 SP 3 2 1
Di- 100 100 3
Tri- >10 20 3 0L 0L 0 0
SP 3 3 1
Chlorine water ges 20 3 1LS 1LS 0 0 3
ges 90 3 2LS 2LS 1 3
Chloroform fe 99 20 3 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
fe 99 SP 3 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
Chocolate 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (0) (0) 0 0
120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (0) (0) 0 0
Chromic alum wL ges 20 3 1 0 1 0 0 3 3
wL ges SP 3 3 3 2 3 3
wL 10 20 3 0 0 0 3 1
Chromium acid wL 5 20 3 0 0 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 0 1
5 90 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 0
10 20 3 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 3 0 1
10 SP 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 0 3
50 20 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 0 2
50 SP 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 0 3
Chromium sulphate ges 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90 3 3 2 0 0 1 0 0
Cider 20 0 0 1
Cinammon acid 100 20 3
Cocoa SP 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Coffee wL 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SP 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Copper acetate wL 20 (3) 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 3 3
SP (3) 0 0 3 3
Copper-II-chloride wL 1 20 3 1LS 0LS 0 1 0
wL 1 SP 3 3LS 3LS 0
wL 5 20 3 2LS 1LS 3 1 2 3 2 0 3
wL 40 20 3 3 3 3 1
wL 40 SP 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
wL ges 20 3 3 3 3
Copper-II-cyanide wL 10 20 2 0 0 0
wL 10 SP 3 0 0 1
wL hg SP 3 0 0 3 3 3 1 3 3
Copper-II-nitrate wL 50 20 0 0 3 3 3 0 1 (2) (3) (2) 0 3
wL 50 SP 0 0 3 3 1 0
wL ges 20 0 0 3 3 3 0 1 3 0 3
Copper-II-sulphate all 20 3 0 0 2 2 2 0 (1) (3) (1) 0 3
(copper vitriol) all <SP 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 3 0 3
Cotton seed oil 25 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Creosote 20 0 0 0 0 1
SP 3
Creosote 100 20 0 0 0 1 0
100 SP 0 0
Crude oil 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
100 400 3 3 3 3
Developer (Photo) 20 0L 0L
Dichlorethene 100 <50 3 2L 1L 1 0
100 SP 0
Dichlorethylene tr <100 <30 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 SP 0L 0L 0 1
<100 <700 3
wh 105 3
wh 1:1 <SP
Dichlorethylene 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0
100 SP 0L 0L 2 0 1
Diesel oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel oil, S <1% 100 20 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
100 100 0 0L 0L 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Diphenyl 100 20 0 0S 0S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 400 0 0S 0S 0 0
Dripping 20 0 0

37
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Dye liquor
alkaline or neutral 20 0 0 0 0
SP 0 0 0 0
organic sour 20 0 0 0 1
SP 0 0 0 1
heavily sulphuric 20 3 1 0 0 0
SP 3 3 1 0
slightly sulphuric 20 0 0 0 0
SP 3 0 0
Ether 100 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
100 SP 0 0 0 0 0
all SP 0 0 0 0 0
Etherial oil
Citrus oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eucalyptus oil SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Caraway seed oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethyl acetate 20 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1
all <SP 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 2 2
35 120 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 2
100 20 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 1
100 SP 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 2 2
Ethyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
denaturalized 96 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
96 SP 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethyl benzene 115 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethyl chloride 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1
SP 0L 0L 1 3 3 3 0
tr 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
tr SP 0L 0L 1 0 1
fe SP 1 0 3
wL 25 20 0 0 0 0 1 0
wL 50 25 0 0 0 0 1 0
wL 70 25 0 0 0 0 1 0
wL 100 25 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 1 0
wL 5 25 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Ethylene 20 0 0 0
Ethylene bromide 20 0L 0L 0
SP 0L 0L 3
Ehtylene diamide Hydrochloride 100 SP 3 2
Ethylene chloride tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 2 0 2 3 2 0 0
wL 100 50 3 1L 1L 1 0 3
tr 100 SP 0L 0L 0 0
fe 100 20 3
wL 100 SP 3
20 1 0 0
Ethylene glycol 100 20 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0
100 120 0
Ethylene oxyde 20 0 0 0
Exhaust gas
Exhaust gas (diesel) tr 600 3 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 1
(Flue gas) tr 600 3 0L 0L 0 0 0 3
900 3 0 0 0
1100 3 0 0
Fatty acid, high technology 100 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1
100 150 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
100 235 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
100 300 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
Ferro-gallic-ink 20 0 0L 0L 1
Fluorbor ether 100 50 0
Fluorine tr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
tr 100 200 0 1LS 1LS 0 0 0 3 3
tr 100 500 3 0 0 3 3
fe 100 20 3 3 2 0 0 0 3 3 3 3
Formic acid 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 SP 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 3
50 20 3 0 0 0 0
50 SP 3 3 1 0 0
80 20 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0
80 SP 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 2
100 20 3 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 0
100 SP 3 1 1 3 0
Formic aldehyde 10 20 3 0 0 2 0 0 1
10 70 3 1 0 2

38
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
40 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
40 SP 3 0 0 1 0
Freon 100 -40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fruit acid 20 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0
SP (2) 0 0 (0) (0) 1 3 1
Fruit juce 20 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 0
SP 1 0 0 0
Fuel, benzene tr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
wh 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
wh SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Fural 100 25 2 0 0 2 0
100 SP 3 2
Furaldehyde 20 2 0 0 1 3 1 0
SP 3 0 0 3
Gallic acid wL 1 20 0 0
wL <50 100 2 0
100 20 2 0 0 0
100 SP 3 0 0 3
Gelatine wL 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
<40 50 1 1 0 0 0 0
Glas Schm 100 1200 1 1 1
Glucose 20 0 0 0 1 0
Glutamine acid 20 1 0 0 0
80 3 1 1 1
Glycerin 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Glykol acid 20 3 1 1 0 0 1
SP 3 3 3 0 0 1
Gum (raw) 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy fuel 100 20 0L 0L 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hexamethylenetetramine wL 20 60 1 0 0 0
wL 80 60 2 0
Hydrobromic acid 20 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
Hydrocarbon, pure 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hydrochloric acid 0.2 20 3 1LS 1LS (1) 0 0
0.2 50 3 2LS 3LS 0 0
1 50 3 3 3 0 0
1 100 3 3 3 3 (1)
10 20 3 3 3 (2) 1 1
Hydrofluosilic acid 5 40 3 1L 1L 1 (1) 3
100 20 3 1L 2L 1 1 3 1 3
100 100 3 2L 2L 1 2 3
Hydrocyanic acid 20 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0
Hydrogen 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 300 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 500 3 0 0 0 3 0
Hydrogen fluoride 5 20 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3
100 500 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3
Hydrogen fluoride acid all 20 3 3L 3L 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
HF-Alkylation 10 20 3 3L 3L 1 1 1 1 0 2 3 2 3 3
80 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
90 30 1 0 1 1 3 3
Hydrogen superoxide all 20 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 0
30 20 0 0 0 1 2 1
30 70 0 0 0 1 2 1
85 <70 0 0 0
all SP 2 2 0 0 3 1
Hydroquinone 20 1 1 0 0 0
Hydroxylamine sulphate wL 10 20 0 0
wL SP 0 0
Hypochlorous acid 20 0 3
Illuminating gas 20 (1) 0 0 0 0
Inert gas tr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
fe 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ink 100 20 1 0L 0L 0 3
100 SP 1L 1L 3
Insulin 100 <40 0 0 0 0
Iod tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0
100 300 1 0L 0L 3 0 0 2 3
fe 100 20 3 3L 2L 3 3 1 3

39
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Iod, alcohol 7% 20 3 1L 0L 3 3 3 3
Iod hydrogene acid wL 20 3 3 3 3
Iodoform, steam tr 60 0 0 0 0
fe 20 3 0L 0L 0
Iod tincture 20 2L 0L 3
Iron-II-chloride tr 100 20 0 3 3 3 2 0 0
wL 10 20 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 0 3
Iron-III-chloride tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 3 0 3
wL 10 Sp 3 3L 3L 2 0
wL 50 20 3 3L 3L 2 1 0
wL 50 <SP 3 3L 3L 3 0
Iron-III-nitrate wL 10 20 3 0 0 0
wL all 20 3 0 0
wL all SP 3 0 0
Iron phosphate 98 0 0
( Bonder )
Iron-II-sulphate wL all 20 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 1 1
wL SP 0 0 3 1 1 3
Iron-III-sulphate wL <30 20 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3
<30 <65 3 0 0 0
<30 80 3 1 0 3 3 3 3
<30 SP 3 1 0
Isopropyl nitrate 20 0
Kerosene 100 20 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (0) (0)
Lactic acid wL 1 20 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0
1 SP 0 0 0 3
10 20 0 0 (1) 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
10 SP 3 2 3 3 (2) 1 0 3
50 20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
50 SP 2 1 (1) (0) 0 3
80 20 0 0 0 0
80 SP 2 1 0 3
100 SP 2 1 0 3
Laquer (also varnish) 20 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0 (1)
Lead 100 360 (0) (2) (1) (2) 2 0 0
600 (0) (2) (1) (3) 0

Lead acetate wL 10 20 0 0 0
wL all SP 0 0
Lead nitrate wL 20 0 0
wL 100 0 0 0
wL 50 20 0 0 3
Lead suggar all 20 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 3
all SP 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 3
Lead vinegar, basic wL all 20 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 3 2 3
wL all SP 0 0 1 1 2 0 2 3 2 3
Lime-milk 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SP (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lemon acid wL 5 20 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
konz. SP 3 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 0 3
Lemonade 20 (1) 0 0 0 0
Linseed oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
200 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0
+ 3% H2SO4 200 (3) 1 0 0 0 0 0
Lithium Schm 400 (0) 0 0 0 0 0
Lithium chloride wL kg 3 3 1LS 0 1 0 0 0 0
Lysoform 20 0 0 0 0 0
SP 0 0 0 0 0
Lysol 5 20 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 SP (3) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Magnesium Schm 650 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
Magnesium carbonate 10 SP (0) 1 0 0 1
ges 20 (0) 0 0 0 1
Magnesium chloride tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 3
wL 5 20 3 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 2 0 2
wL 5 SP 3 2LS 2LS 0 0 0 2 0 3
wL 50 20 3 2LS 1LS 0 0 0 0 3
wL 50 SP 3 2LS 2LS 0 0 0 0 3
Magnesium hydroxyde 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 0 3
Magnesium sulphate 0.10 20 (0) 0 0 3
5 20 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

40
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
10 SP 3 0 0 1 0 0
25 SP 3 0 0 1 1
50 SP 3 0 0 1 0 0
Malonate acid 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
50 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 3 3 3 3 3 3
Manganese dichloride 5 100 3 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 0 3 0 0
10 SP 3 0LS 0LS 1 1 1 0 3 0
50 20 3 0LS 0LS 0 3 0
50 SP 3 0LS 0LS 0 3 0
Meat 20 0 0
Methyl acetate 60 SP (0) 0
Methyl alcohol <100 20 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP (1) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Methyl chloride tr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
fe 20 2 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 3
Milk fresh 20 (0) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 (0) (2) 0 0
70 (1) 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 (0)
sour 20 (1) 0 0
sour SP (3) 0 0
Mercury 100 20 0 0 0 0 (3) 0 0 0 3 3 3 (1)
100 50 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3
100 370 (0) 3 0 0 3
Mercury chloride 0.1 20 3 0S 0S 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3
0.1 SP 3 1S 0S 1 3 1 0 0 3 3 3 3
0.74 SP 3 2S 2S 1 0 3
10 <80 1 3
Mercury cyanide wL 20 (3) 0 0 3 (3) 3 2 0 3 3 3
Mercury nitrate 20 (3) 0 0 (3) 3 3 3 3
Molybdenum acid wL 10 25 1
Monochloracetic acid wL all 20 3 3 3 (1) 2 (1) 3 1 3 3
30 80 3 3 3 (1) (2) 3 3 3 3 3
Mustard 20 2 0L 0L
Natural gas 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Naphtene 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nickel chloride 10 20 3 1LS 1LS 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 1
10 <60 3 1LS 1LS 0 0 0
80 <95 0
Nickel nitrate wL <10 20 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 3
10 25 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 3 0 3
<100 30 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 1 3 0 3
Nickel sulfate wL 20 3 0 0 (3) (1) (1) 0 (1) 0 2 1
<60 SP 3 0 0 (3) (1) 0 1
10 25 3 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 3
Nitric acid 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0
1 SP 3 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 0
10 20 3 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 3 3 3 0 2
10 65 3 0 0 3 2 0 3 3 3 0
10 SP 3 0 0 3 3 1 3 3 3 0
15 20 3 0 0 (1) 0
15 SP 3 0 0 3 0
25 20 3 0 0 0 0
25 65 3 0 0 0 0
25 SP 3 0 0 3 0
40 20 3 0 0 0 0
40 65 3 0 0 1 0
40 SP 3 0 0 3 0
50 20 3 0 0 0 0
50 65 3 1 0
50 SP 3 1 1 3 0
65 20 3 0 0 0 0
65 SP 3 (0) 2 3 0
Nitric acid 90 20 3 0 0 1 0
90 SP 3 2 2 3 0
99 20 (1) 1 2 3 0
99 SP 3 3 3 0
Konz
. 20 3 0 0 0
5 25 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 2
Nitro acid 5 20 0 0
5 75 1
Nitro benzene 100 100 1 1 1 1 1 0
Nitro gas tr alle 540 0 3 3

41
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Nitrogen 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 500 0 1 1 3
100 900 1 3
Nitrogen oxide NOx tr 100 20 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
fe 100 20 3
Nitrohydrochlorid acid 20 3 3 3L 3L 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3
Novocaine 20 0 0
Oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
SP (0) 0 0 (0) (0) (1)
Oil acid, tech. 20 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0) 0
150 (2) 0 0 0 0 (0) (2) 1 1 0
180 3 1 0 1 0 (0) 3 (1) 3
235 3 2 0 (0) (0) 3 3
Oxalic acid wL 2 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0
2 80 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 1
5 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1
5 80 3 1 0 0 3 2
10 20 3 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 (0) 2 1 2 3
10 SP 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 (3)
30 20 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 0
30 SP 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3
50 20 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 0
50 SP 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3
Oxygen 100 -185 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 500 (1) 0 0 0 3 3
Palmitic acid 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
Paraffin Schm 120 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perchloroethylene wL 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
100 SP (3) 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (0) (0) 0 3
Petrol tr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Petroleum (kerosine) 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
100 0 0 0 (2) 0 0 0 0 (0) (1) (0) 0
Petroleum ether 100 20 0 0
100 SP 0 0

Petrolium / fuel 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

100 SP 0 0 0
Phenic acid pure 100 SP 3 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
(Phenol) wL 90 SP 3 1 0 0 (0) 1 0 3
raw 90 20 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
90 SP 3 1 0 (0) 1 3
50 20 (1) (1) 0 0 0 0
50 70 3 1 (1) 0 1 1
Phenolsulphonic acid 30 20 (0) 0 0 0 0
30 120 0 0
Phosphor tr 20 0 0 0 0
phosphor penta chloride tr 100 20 (0) (0) 1
100 60 (0) (0) 1
Phosphorous acid wL 1 20 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 3
chem. pure 5 20 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 3 0 3
10 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 3 3 0 3
10 80 3 0 0 0 1
30 20 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
30 SP 3 1 1 (2) (1) 1 2 2 (1) 3
50 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 1
50 SP 3 2 1 (2) 3 3 2 1 (0) 3
80 SP 3 3 3 3 (0) 1 2 1 3 1
Phosphorous acid <30 25 3 0 0 0 1
technical <30 SP 3 0 0 1 3
50 25 3 0 0 0 1
50 SP 3 3 2 2 3
85 25 3 0 0 0 3
85 SP 3 3 3 1 3
Pineapple juice 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
85 1 1 0 0
Pit water (sour) 20 3 0 0 3 2 1 2
Potassium Schm 100 100 0 0 0 0 0
600 (0) 0 0
800 (0) 0 0
Potassium acetate Schm 100 292 3 0 0 3

42
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
wL 20 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Potassium bi-chromate wL 25 40 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 0
25 SP 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 (0)
Potassium bi-fluoride wL ges 20 0L 0L
Potassium bi-tartrate wL kg 3 0 0 0 0
(Cream of tartar) wL hg 3 3 1 1 1
Potassium bromide wL 5 20 3 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 1
5 30 3 0L 0L 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
Potassium carbonate Schm 100 1000 3 3LS 3LS 0 3
wL 50 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 3
wL 50 SP 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 3
Potassium chlorate wL 5 20 (2) 0L 0 1 1 1 0 (1) (1) (1) 0 0
ges SP 3 0L 0 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 1
Potassium chloride wL 5 85 (2) 0L 0L 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 3
30 20 (1) 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 3
30 SP 2 1L 0L 0 0 0 1 (2) (2) (1) 0 3
Potassium chromate wL 10 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 SP (1) 0 0 0 0
<30 30 0 0 0 1 0 0
Potassium chrom. sulph. wL ges 20 3 1 0 1 0 0 3 3
ges SP 3 3 3 2 (1) 3 3
Potassium cyanate Schm 100 750 3 3
wL 10 20 (0) 0 0 (1) 3 3 (0) 1
Potassium cyanide wL 10 SP 3 0 0 3 3 3 3
Potassium hydroxide wL 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 3
20 SP 0S 0S 0S 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 3
Potassium hydroxide 50 20 0S 0S 0S 0 0 1 1 0 3
50 SP 0S 3 3 0 0 3 1 1 3 3 3
hg 0S 0S 0S 1 3
Schm 100 360 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3
Potassium hypochloride wL all 20 3 2L 0L 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
all SP 3L 3L 3 3 3 3 1 0 3
Potassium iodide wL 20 (0) 0L 0L 3 3 1 0 0 3
SP (0) 0L 0L 3 3 1 0 0 3
Potassium nitrate wL 25 20 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 (0)
(Saltpetre) 25 SP 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 (0) 0
ges 20 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
ges SP 2 0 0 1
Potassium nitrite all SP 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Potassium oxalate all 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
all SP 0 0 0 0 0 0
Potassium perchlorade wL 25 20 1
75 50 1
Potassium permanganate wL 10 20 0 0 0 0 (1) 0
all SP 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Potassium persulphate wL 10 25 (3) 0 0 (3) (3) 0 0 (3) (3) (3)
Potassium sulphate 10 25 0 0 (1) 1 0 1 0 0 (1)
all SP 0 0 0
wL 5 20 3 2 0 0
wL 5 90 3 3 3 3
Propane 100 20 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyrogallol all 20 (0) 0 0 0 (0) 0
all 100 3 (0) 0 1 (0) 0
Quinine-bi-sulphate tr 20 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0
Quinine sulphate tr 20 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Resina (natural) 100 20 0 0 0 0 1 0
100 300 3 0L 0L 1 1
Salycilic acid tr 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0
wL 1 80 (3) 0 0 0 0 (1) (1) 0
ges 20 (3) 0 0 0 0 1

Sea water 20 (1) 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 0 (0)

50 (1) 1LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (1) 0 0 (0)
SP (2) 2LS 1 0 0 0 0 0 (1) (1) (0) 0 (1)
Sewages ( w.o.H2 S04) <40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 3
( with H2S04) <40 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
Silver bromide 100 20 3 2LS 2LS 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
wL 10 25 3 0LS 0LS 0 0
Silver chloride wL 10 20 3 3LS 3LS 0 1 3 3 3 0 3
Silver nitrate wL 10 20 3 0 0 3 3 1 0 1 3 3 3 0 3
wL 10 SP 3 0 0 3 0
wL 20 20 3 0 0 1 0

43
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Schm 100 250 2 0 0
Sodium 100 20 0 0 0 0
100 200 0 0 0 (1)
100 600 (3) 0 0
Sodium acetate wL 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ges SP (2) 0 0 (1) 0
Sodium aluminate wL 20 0 0 0
Sodium bi-carbonate wL 10 20 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
10 SP (1) 0 0 1
20 SP 1
Sodium bi-sulphite 10 20 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 (0)
10 SP 3 2 0 3
50 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 (0)
50 SP 3 0 0 (0)
Sodium bromide wL all 20 3 3LS 2LS 0 3
all SP 3 3LS 2LS 1 3
Sodium carbonate wL 1 20 0 0 0
1 75 1L 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
kg 20 0 0 3
kg SP 3 0 0 3
Schm 900 3 3 3 (0)
Sodium chlorate 30 20 2 0LS 0LS 0
30 SP 3 0LS 0LS (0)
Sodium chloride wL 3 20 (1) 0LS 0LS 1 0 1 0 (0) 3
3 SP (2) 0LS 0LS 1 0 1 1 (0)
10 20 (2) 0LS 0LS 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 1
10 SP (3) 0LS 0LS 1 0 1 1 1
kg 20 (2) 0LS 0LS 1 0 1 0 0 2
kg SP (2) 2LS 0LS 1 0 1 1 (0) 2
Soap wL 1 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
wL 1 75 0 0 0 1 0
wL 10 20 0 0
wL 100 0 0 0 0 3
Sodium citrate wL 3.5 20 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3
Sodium cyanide Schm 100 600 (1) 3 3 3 3 3
wL ges 20 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 3
Sodium dichromate wL ges 20 0 0 3 3 3 0
Sodium fluoride 10 20 (0) 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 (3)
10 SP (0) 0LS 0LS 0 0
kg 20 0LS 0LS 0 0
Sodium hydroxide fest 100 320 (3) 3 3 0 1 0 0 3
wL 5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0) 0 3
5 SP 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 3
25 20 0 0S 0S 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
25 SP 2 1S 1S 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
50 20 0 1S 1S 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
50 SP 2 2S 2S 0 0 0 1 1 0 3
Sodium hyposulfite all 20 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 0
all SP 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0
Sodium nitrate Schm 100 320 3 0 0 1 3 0
wL 5 20 (2) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
wL 10 20 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0
wL 30 20 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
wL 30 SP (1) 0 0 1 1 0 0
Sodium nitrite wL 100 20 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0
Sodium perborate wL ges 20 (1) 0 0 1 1
Sodium perchlorate wL 10 20 (2) 0LS 0LS 0
10 SP (3) 0LS 0LS 0
Sodium peroxide wL 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3
wL 10 SP 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 3 3
Sodium phosphate wL 10 20 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 (0)
10 50 0 0 (0) (0)
10 SP 0 0 3 (1)
Sodium pochloride 10 25 (1) 1LS 0LS (0) (0) (0) 2 3 (1) 0 3
(javel water) 10 50 (3) 1LS 0LS (0) 1 1 0 3
Sodium salicylate (Aspirin) wL ges 20 0 0
Sodium silicate ges 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 (2)
Sodium sulfate wL 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 SP 3 0 0 1
30 20 3 0 0 1 0
30 SP 3 0 0 1
kg 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

44
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
hg 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Sodium sulfide wL 20 20 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 2 0 3
20 SP 3 0 0 (0) 1 0 3
50 SP 3 0 0 3 (0) 1 0
wL kg 20 3 (0) (0) 1 1 3 0
hg 3 3 1 0 3
Sodium sulfite wL 10 20 (3) 0 0 0 (1) (3) (1) 0
50 20 (3) 0 0 0
50 SP 0 0

Sodium thiosulfate wL 1 20 1 0 0 0 0 0
25 20 3 0 0 0 0 0
25 SP 3 0L 0L 0 1
100 20 3 0 0 1 1 1 2
Sodium triphosphate wL 10 20 1
10 SP 1
25 50 1
Soft soap 20 0 0
Spinning bath <10 80 3 2 1 0 3
<10 80 3 3 3 0 3
Steam fe 100 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
fe 200 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
tr 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
tr 600 2 0 0 2 1
Stearic acid 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
100 80 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
100 130 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
Suggar wL 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
wL SP 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Sulphite lye 20 0 0
80 2 0
140 3 0
Sulphur tr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Schm 100 130 (1) 0 0 3 3 (0) 0 0 3 3 3 0
Schm 100 445 3 2 2 0 (0)
fe 20 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 0
Sulphur chlorine tr 100 30 0 0LS 0LS 0 0 (0) (0) (0) 0 3
tr 100 SP 0LS 0LS 0
Sulphur dioxide tr 100 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 400 1 2 0 3
tr 100 800 3 3 2 3
fe 20 2 0 0 1 3 1 0 1
400 3 1 1 3 0
Sulphur acid 1 20 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 70 3 1 0 2 1 0 (0)
1 SP 3 1 1 1 3
10 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1
10 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1
10 70 3 2 2 2 2 0 (3)
40 20 3 1 1 1 0 2 3 2 1 1
80 20 3 3 3 1 0 (1) 3 1 3 2
96 20 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 3 2
96 SP 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Sulphur hydrogen tr 100 20 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H2S tr 100 100 3 0 0 0 0
tr 100 >200 3 0 0 0
tr 100 500 0
tr 20 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0
Sulphur monoxyde 100 20 1 0 0 (0) (0) 1 0 1 1 0
100 SP 2 0 0 (0) (0) 0
Sulphur trioxide SO3 fe 100 20
tr 100 20 3 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 0
Sulphurous acid S02 fe 200 3 2 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 2
(Gas) fe 300 3 2 0
fe 500 3 2 0
fe 900 3 3 2
Sulphurous acid wL 1 20 3 0 0 2 2 1 0 1
H2 SO3 wL 5 20 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
wL 10 20 3 0 0 0 0
wL ges 20 2 0 0 2 0 1 3
Tannic acid wL 5 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

45
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
5 SP 3 0 0
10 20 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
10 SP 3 0 0
50 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
50 SP 3 0 0
Tar 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
SP 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Tin Schm 100 300 2 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
Schm 100 400 3 1 1
Schm 100 500 3 3 3
Schm 100 600 3 3 1
Tin chloride 20 3 1LS 1LS 3 3 0 3
SP 3 3LS 3LS 1 3

Titaniuim sulphate 10 20 1
10 SP 1
Toluene 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tri-chloro acetic acid >10 20 3 3 0
50 20 3 3 0 0 0
50 100 3 3 1
Trilene tr 100 20 0 0L 0L 0 0 0 0 0 0
tr 100 70 0L 0L 0 3
tr 100 SP 0L 0L 0 0 1 1 1 3
fe 20 2 0L 0L 0 0 1 2 1 3
fe SP 3 1L 0L 0 0 1 2 1 3
Trinitrophenol 20 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (0) (0) 0 0
200 3 0 0 0 0 0
Trinitrophenol Schm 100 150 3 3
wL 3 20 3 0 0 1
25 20 3 0 0 3 (1) 3 3 3
ges 20 3 0 0 3 3 3 2 0 3 3 3
Turpentine oil 100 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
100 SP 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Tyoglykolacid 20 1
SP 1
Urea 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 150 3 1 0 1 3 1 0 3
Uric acid wL konz 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
wL konz 100 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
Urine 20 0L 0L 0 0 1
40 0L 0L 0
Vaseline 100 SP 0 0 0 0
Vegetable soup SP 0 0
Vinegar 20 0 0 1 3 1 0
SP 0 0 3 3 3 3
Vinegar acid 10 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0
10 SP 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 2
20 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
20 SP 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2
50 20 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
50 SP 3 3 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 2
80 20 3 0L 0L 1 1 0 0 1 0
80 SP 3 3L 0L 1 2 1 0 0 2
99 20 3 0L 0L 2 1 2 0 0 0 0
99 SP 3 1L 1L 2 1 1 0 0 0
Vinyl chloride 20 0 0 0 0 0
400 1 1 1
Water
H20 dest. 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
dest. SP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
River water 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
River water SP 0 0 0 1
Tap water hard SP 1 0 0 0 1
Tap water soft SP 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Tap water alkaline SP 2 0 0 0 3
Pit water sour 20 1 0 0 1 1 2 2
Pit water sour 20 1 0 0 2 2 3 3
Mineral water 20 1 0 0 3
Rainwater flowing 20 2 0 0 0 0 1
Rainwater still 20 3
Sweat 20 1 0 0 3

46
 Inconel 600 2.4816

Incoloy 825 2.4858

Hastelloy C 2.4819
Monel 400 2.4360
Temperature (°C)

unlalloyed steels
Concentration %

18/8+Mo-Steel

Aluminium
Medium

18/8-Steel

Titaniuim
Tombak
Copper

Bronce
Nickel
Sea water 20 1 0LS 0LS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
SP 2 2LS 1LS 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3
Water condensate, pure <200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
plus CO2 <200 2 1 1 0 1 0
plus O2 <200 2 1 0 1 0 0
plus C1 <200 2 2LS 2LS 2
plus NH3 <200 2 0 3 2 0
Wattle wL 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
SP 3 0 0 0 0 0
Whiskey 20 3
Wine acidity wL 3 20 0 0 0 0 0
wL 10 20 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
wL 10 SP 3 0 0 2 2 2 0 1 3 3 0 2
wL 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
wL 25 SP 1 0 1 0 1 0 3
wL 50 20 0 0 0 0 2
wL 50 SP 1 0 1 0 3
wL 75 20 0 0 0 0 2
wL 75 SP 2 2 1 0 3
wL all 1 0 3
Wine vinegar wL 5 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
Wine, white & red 20 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3 3
SP 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 3
Xylene 20 0 0 0 0
SP 0 0 0 0
Yoghurt 0 3
Zinc Schm 100 500 3 3 3 3 3 3
Zinc chloride wL 5 20 3 3LS 2LS 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 3
wL 5 SP 3 3LS 2LS 1 2 2 0 1 2 3 2 0 3
Zinc silicone sulfide wL 30 20 0
wL 30 65 2
wL 40 20 0
wL 50 65 3
Zinc sulphate wL 10 20 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 1
wL 25 SP 3 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 3
wL hg 20 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
wL hg SP 0 0 1 3
Zyanide baths 25 0

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Specifications subject to change without notice 47

17-01