Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination

Physics

The following list of data, formulae and relationships will be provided in the question papers for
candidates’ reference:
 List of data, formulae and relationships

Data

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1
acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m s−2 (close to the Earth)
universal gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
speed of light in vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
charge of electron qe = 1.60 × 10−19 C
electron rest mass me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
permittivity of free space 0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N−1 m−2
permeability of free space 0 = 4 × 10−7 H m−1
atomic mass unit u = 1.661  10−27 kg (1 u is equivalent to 931 MeV)
astronomical unit AU = 1.50  1011 m
light year ly = 9.46  1015 m
parsec pc = 3.09  1016 m = 3.26 ly = 206265 AU
Stefan constant  = 5.67  10−8 W m−2 K−4
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Rectilinear motion Mathematics

For uniformly accelerated motion : Equation of a straight line y = mx + c

Arc length =rθ
v = u + at
1 Surface area of cylinder = 2rh + 2r2
s = ut + at 2
2
Volume of cylinder = r2h
v2 = u2 + 2as
Surface area of sphere = 4r2
4 3
Volume of sphere = r
3
For small angles, sin  ≈ tan  ≈  (in radians)

Astronomy and Space Science Energy and Use of Energy

GMm 
U =− gravitational potential energy E= illuminance
r A
P = T 4 Stefan’s law Q A(TH − TC )
= rate of energy transfer by conduction
f v  t d
  Doppler effect
f0 c 0 
U = thermal transmittance U-value
d
1
P = ρAv 3 maximum power by wind turbine
2
Atomic World Medical Physics
1 1.22
me vmax = hf −  
2
Einstein’s photoelectric equation Rayleigh criterion (resolving power)
2 d
1 
m q 
4
 13.6 power =
1
power of a lens
En = − 2  e2 e2  = − 2 eV
n    f
 8h 0 n
energy level equation for hydrogen atom
I
L = 10 log intensity level (dB)
I0
h h Z = c acoustic impedance
= = de Broglie formula
p mv I r ( Z 2 − Z1 ) 2
= = intensity reflection coefficient
1.22 I 0 ( Z 2 + Z1 ) 2
 Rayleigh criterion (resolving power)
d I = I 0 e − μx transmitted intensity through a medium
 Q1Q2
A1. E = mc ∆T
energy transfer during heating D1. F= Coulomb’s law
and cooling 4π 0 r 2
Q
A2. E = l ∆m
energy transfer during change D2. E= electric field strength due to
of state 4π 0 r 2 a point charge
V electric field between parallel plates
A3. pV = nRT equation of state for an ideal gas D3. E=
d (numerically)
1 l
A4. pV = Nmc 2 kinetic theory equation D4. R= resistance and resistivity
3 A
3 RT
A5. EK = molecular kinetic energy D5. R = R1 + R2 resistors in series
2N A
1 1 1
D6. = + resistors in parallel
R R1 R 2
v p
B1. F = m = force D7. P = IV = I 2 R power in a circuit
t t
B2. moment = F  d moment of a force D8. F = BQv sin  force on a moving charge in a
magnetic field
force on a current-carrying
B3. EP = mgh gravitational potential energy D9. F = BIl sin 
conductor in a magnetic field
1 2 0 I magnetic field due to a long
B4. EK = mv kinetic energy D10. B =
2 2 πr straight wire
 0 NI magnetic field inside a long
B5. P = Fv mechanical power D11. B =
l solenoid

v2 Φ
B6. a= =  2r centripetal acceleration D12.  = N induced e.m.f.
r t
Gm1 m2 V N
B7. F= Newton’s law of gravitation D13. s  s ratio of secondary voltage to
2 Vp N p primary voltage in a transformer
r

D fringe separation in
C1. y = E1. N = N0e−kt law of radioactive decay
a double-slit interference
ln 2
C2. d sin  = n diffraction grating equation E2. t1 = half-life and decay constant
2 k
1 1 1
C3. + = equation for a single lens E3. A = kN
activity and the number of
u v f undecayed nuclei

E4. E = mc 2 mass-energy relationship