BAEN 375 Design Fundamentals of Agricultural Machines and Structures (Fall 2020)

Homework #01 Introduction and Units and Conversions

Objectives
1. Name the ten steps in the design process enumerated in your textbook by Norton.

Answers:
a. Identification of need
b. Background research
c. Goal statement
d. Task specifications
e. Synthesis
f. Analysis
g. Selection
h. Detailed design
i. Prototyping and testing
j. Production

2. Define simple machines

Answer:
Simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (leverage) to multiply force

3. Give two examples of complex machines

Possible answers:
a. Bicycle
b. Automobile
c. Internal Combustion Engine

4. Differentiate machines versus structures

Answer:
a. Structures typically involve negligible motion so the principal consideration is statics
loads
b. Machines typically involve significant motion and hence we must consider both static
and dynamic loads

5. Define computer aided engineering (CAE)

Answer:
CAE involves analysis of forces, stresses, deflections, or other aspects of the physical
behavior of the design is included, with or without the solid geometry aspects
6. Conversion in Various Systems of Units 1. The weight of a typical bicycle is 20 lbf.
Convert this weight into mass units in the SI, cgs, fps and ips system. Convert this weight
into lbm as well.

Solutions:
a. Mass in slugs for ips system
𝑊 20 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑚= = = 0.62 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
𝑔 𝑓𝑡
32.2 2
𝑠
b. Mass in blobs for the ips system

𝑊 20 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑚= = = 0.052 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑠
𝑔 𝑖𝑛
386 2
𝑠

c. SI system
4.448 𝑁
𝑊 = 20 𝑙𝑏𝑓 × = 88.96 𝑁
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑊 88.96 𝑁 𝑁 − 𝑠2
𝑚= = 𝑚 = 9.07 = 9.07 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81 2 𝑚
𝑠
d. cgs system

4.448𝐸5 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑊 = 20 𝑙𝑏𝑓 × = 8.9𝐸6 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝑙𝑏𝑓

𝑊 8.9𝐸6 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 − 𝑠 2

𝑔𝑐 386 𝑖𝑛/𝑠 2
𝑚=𝑊 = 20 𝑙𝑏𝑓 × = 20 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑔 386 𝑖𝑛/𝑠 2
f. Note that lbm is numerically equal to lbf and so must not be used as a mass unit unless
one is using the form of Newton’s law.

7. Conversion in Various Systems of Units 2. Convert the following to appropriate SI units.

Solutions:
a. A length, l = 5 ft to meters
𝑚
𝐿(𝑚) = 5𝑓𝑡 × = 1.52 𝑚
3.28 𝑓𝑡
b. A stress, σ = 90 kpsi to MPa
 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎 (𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 90 × 103 𝑝𝑠𝑖 × 6.895 × 10−3 = 620.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝑠𝑖
c. A pressure , p = 25 psi to kPa
𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝(𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 25 𝑝𝑠𝑖 × 6894.8 × = 172.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝑠𝑖 1000 𝑃𝑎
d. A section modulus, Z = 12 in3 to cm3
𝑚𝑚3 𝑐𝑚 3
𝑍 (𝑐𝑚3 ) = 12 𝑖𝑛3 × 16387.2 3 × ( ) = 196.6 𝑐𝑚3
𝑖𝑛 10 𝑚𝑚
e. A unit weight, w = 0.205 lbf/in to N/m

𝑁 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑁 12 𝑖𝑛 3.28 𝑓𝑡 𝑁
𝑤 ( ) = 0.208 × 4.448 × × = 36.4
𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑡 𝑚 𝑚
f. A deflection, δ = 0.00189 inch to mm
𝑚𝑚
𝛿 (𝑚𝑚) = 0.00189 𝑖𝑛 × 25.4 = 0.0480 𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑛
g. A velocity, v = 1200 ft/min to m/s
𝑚 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑚
𝑣 ( ) = 1200 × × = 6.1
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3.28 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
h. A unit strain, ε = 0.00215 in/in to mm/mm
𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑖𝑛/𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝜀( ) = 0.00215 × = 0.00215
𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛 2.54 𝑖𝑛/𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
i. A volume, V = 1830 in3 to mm3
3) 3
25.4 𝑚𝑚 3
𝑉(𝑚𝑚 = 1830 𝑖𝑛 × ( ) = 30 × 106 𝑚𝑚3
1 𝑖𝑛

8. Factor of Safety. A rod with a cross sectional area, A and loaded in tension with an axial
force of P = 5,000 lbf undergoes a stress of σ = P/A. Using a material strength of 24 kpsi and
a design factor of 2, determine the minimum diameter of solid circular rod. Select a nominal-
sized diameter rod and determine the rod’s factor of safety

Solution:
a. Solve for diameter (d) using A = πd2/4 and σ = P/A and rearranging design factor
equation, we have the following
1⁄
𝑃 4𝑃 𝑆 4𝑃𝑛𝑑 2
𝜎 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑2 = 𝑛 𝑑=( )
𝑑 𝜋𝑆
b. Hence, diameter d may be calculated as follows:
1⁄ 1⁄
4𝑃𝑛𝑑 2 4×5000×2 2
𝑑=( ) 𝑑(𝑖𝑛) = ( 𝜋×24000 ) = 0.7284 𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝑆
c. Refer to tables of nominal sized rods the next higher size is 3/4 inch or 0.75 in. Thus,
the rod factor of safety is recalculated as follows:
𝜋𝑆𝑑 2 𝜋 × 24000 × 0.752
𝑛= = = 2.12
4𝑃 4 × 5000