Reflect on practical and aesthentic values of life

Ancient Goal for a well-rounded development of mind

Greece
(500-146BC)

His virtue is reflected by todays teaching

Socrates Questions six ideas; Truth, beauty, goodnes, liberty, equality, and justice
(470-399BC)

Socrates Student
idealist and believed ideas are ultimately reality
Plato Founded first free, coeducation. Worlds first university
Include Music, Math, and Gymnastics for noble emotions
(428-348BC)

Platos Student
studied and taught at the academy for 20 years
Aristotle realists and believed that reality, knowledge, and value exists in physical world
(348-322BC)

Influenced by Greek Education

Roman school had elementary and secondary
Boys and Girls 7-12yrs attended to read, write, and compute
Ancient Rome Boys 12-16yrs studied Greek and Latin
(27BC-AD395) Boys 16-20 rhetoric, grammar,dialectic, music, aritmetic, geometry, and astronomy

Roman Catholic Church influenced Schools in Europe

instruction was in monasteries and cathedral school
Middle Ages Universities were in Spain, France, and England
(14th Century) Humanists wanted an education like Rome

aka Age of Enlightment or the Age of Reason

Educational used to improve society
Thought in Jean-Jacques Rouseau (1712-1778)believed child progress through growth and development
Europe Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1945) Swiss educator
(18th Century) Johann Friedrick Herbart (1776-1841) believed education focus on developing moral
 Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838) divided schools by aga and monitoring

Settlers tried to develop a system like the British

American
Colonies Lower class only attended elementary school.
Stress religion objectives
(1620-
1750)
Had minimal qualifications
Low Pay
Status of Respect increased with grade level and education
Teachers Dan Lortie (1975) expected to have high moral character

New England
Schools were created to teach children the basic of reading and writing to learn scriptures
Influenced by Puritans, would curb child natural instints and become an adult as soon as possible
Colonial Middle
Schools more diverse. based religious belief

initial instruction for boys, only schooling for girls

run by widows or housewifes in the kitchen
The Dame learned barest essentials of reading, writing, and arithmetic with a few weeks to a year
Schools Females also taught sewing or homemaking skills

Based on the bible

Reading various religion catechisms and The New England Primer (1690)
and Writing introduced alphabet
Schools

Boston Latin School founded in 1635

7 year school then made to 4
Latin todays secondary school
Grammar Boys enrolled 7/8 yrs then attend Harvard
Schools Latin and Greek principal studied, arithmetic introduced in 1745

African started by Elias Neau in New York City in 1704

Americans spoke out against slavery
and Native
American
Massachussets Act of 1642
got childrens parent to choose if to educate child at home or at school
Church and civic leaders chose that it will no longer be voluntarily
The Origins Puritans decided it would become stronger for religious beliefs will be held
of Massachusset Act of 1647
Mandated
Education Old Deluder Satin Act
teachers need to be paid by teachers or master
 Original settlers who had emerged from Europe were replaced by new generation
Rise of civil town governments
Goals of Education
During Revolution break from Europe, (1776)
(1750-1820)

designed and Promoted Philadelphia Academy

private secondary school
Benjamin
Franklin also focused on English language
supported by private funds
(1706-1790)
Academy Emphasized the classics
(1751)

English Academies
reached 6,185 schools in 1855
enrollment of 263,096
Sarah Pierce's usually served male students only
Female Sarah began her academy in her dining room with two students then to 140 from every state
Academy and canada
(1767-1852) girls had little education in 17th and 18th century, not learning the same as boys

author of Declaration of Independence

viewed education as the preserve of liberty
providing basic education kept high ground
Thomas dedicated to Human Freedom and repulsed by tyranny or absolutism
Jefferson 1779 his Bill for more General Diffusion of Knowledge
(1743-1826) no cost to parents and 3 years of reading, writing, and arithmetic to all white children
Philosophy Poor taught free for maximum of 6 years

Textbooks seen as promoting democratic ideals and cultural independence from England
Noah Webster filled with Patriotic and Moralistic maxims
declared that purpose is to help teachers instill in students
(1758-1843)
taught pupils to be content, work hard, and respect the property of others
Speller
(1783)

half million African Americans were slaves

literates were taught by masters or church programs
Education for Native and Mexican recieved training through missionaries
African schools were started by Quakers
American adn
Native Anthony Benezet started best school in 1770
Americans
Struggle Won 1821- first-supported high school in the US, Boston English Classical School
For State 1824- renamed to English HS
-Supported free common schools
Common
Schools
(1820-1865)

lawyer, Massachusets senator, and the first secretary of a state board of education
Harace Mann champion of common school movement
(1796-1859) led to free, public, locally controlled elementary schools
Contibutions

Mann used power to change quality in schools

Improving wrote books that explained why public schools are cheaper
Schools
(1837)

Teachers needed HS education to teach and trained in programs

Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) and Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
The Normal ensured that women should have same access to education as a man
School first normal school in Lexington, Massachusets
(July 3, 1839)

greatest impact on what children learned in the new school

book came out in 1836
Reverend W. H.
McGuffey's 1860, 120 million copies were sold
Readers had religious, moral, and ethical influence over milions of American readers
(1800-1873)

development of higher education

Justin Morrill's sponsored by Congressman Justin S. Morrill (1810-1898)
Land-Grant provided federal land for states to sell or rent to raise funds for establishment of colleges
(1962)
Schools

schools were segrated by race

Segregation first date was in the 1850
(17th Century to
18th)
 publicity supported common schools after WWI
Compulsary complusary education laws were passed in 32 states by 1900 and then all by 1930
Education 1869-1870 only 64.7% of 5-17yr olds attended public schools
CHange Schools 1919-1920, 78.3%
And Teaching 2006-2007, 92.8%
Profession
(1865-1920)

Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) "the garden where children grow"

stress development of activity to play,games, story telling, music, and language activities
beneficial for education and social development
Schooling for African Americal
after civil war, schools opened throughout South
The Kindergarten
500 schools by leader who raised money to support
Freedmen's Bureau provided foundations for education for former slaves

Booker T. Washington(1856-1915) had a belief that education could improve the lives of African
Americans
Higher Education Not all shared philosophy and goal
for African William E. Burghardt DuBois first to recieve a degree
Americans

National Education Affiliation (NEA) founded in 1857

American Federation of Teachers (AFT) founded in 1916
labored to raise teacher salaries
Committee of Ten (1892-1893)
9 conferences to for curriculum; Latin; Greek; English; other modern languages; mathematics; phsics,
The astronomy, and chemistry; natural history; history, civil government, and political science; geography
Professionalization Committee of Fifteen
of Teaching
examined the elementary curriculum

in 1913 the NEA appointed

Reorganization designed to accommodate individual differences
of Secondary
Education

more woman became teachers

teachers became distant from community
Womens became influential in shaping policies
Influence on
Teaching
 End of WWII education influenced by philosophy of progressivism
it is based on beliefs that life is evolving in a positive direction
intent on social reform to improve the quality of American Life
Aims of Education
During the teachers functioned as guides
Progressive Era
(1920-1945)

Educational theories most effective

tested progressive principals
John Dewey's was child-centered for interests
(1859-1952)
Laboratory School

Italian physician who was influenced by Rouseau

believed childrens mental, physcial, and spirtitual development could be enhanced by
providing them with aproppiate activities
Maria Montessori's poor pre-school age children in Rome, teachers created environment based on levels and
readiness
(1870-1952)
used prescribed materials and physical excercises
Method

start of WWII, their was a lot of critism

believed that US was Woefully
many schools seemed soft and lacking
The Decline of
Progressive

the goal of immigrant education was rapid into English speaking

loss of traditional culture was at stake
Education of US citizenship granted in 1924
Immigrants and
Minorities
 Changes addressed unanswered questioned
Education How can full and equal educationalopportunity be extended to all groups in our culturally
Change plurastic society?
During the What knowledge and skills should be taught in our nations schools?
Modern How should knowledge and skills be taught?
Postwar Era
(1945-2000)

Teachers and Education put in spotlight in 1957

The 1950s: Started to teach things that were viewed as essential in adult life
Defense National Defense Education Act of 1958
Education and research and innovation in science, mathematics, modern foreign language instruction
School
Desegration

May 17, 1954 Supreme court rejected seperate but equal

did not bring immediate end
Desegration

image of teachers was changed by books published

1960s:The Education was seen as key to break poverty
War on Elementary and Secondary Education Act helped low income students in April 1965
Poverty and by 1968 it was ammended with Title VII, the Bilingual Education Act
the Great
Society

drops in enrollment, test scores, and public confidence by about 5million

recieved less aid, voters did not support referendums to increase school funding
1970s:
Accountability Parents became activists, seeking or establishing alternative schools, or home education
and Equal
Opportunity

continued to criticize schools

Educators at middle school created small learning communities, eliminate tracking, and develop new ways
1980s: a Great to enhance student self- esteem
Debate

greater diversity, international competition

1990s: Teacher less support for public education, and decentralization and deregulation of schools
Leadership teachers went beyond the classroom
 Major teaching impacts are increasing ethics and cultural diversity
New leadership roles for teachers
Educational Priorities new technology on education
of the New Century
(2000-The Present)

minority group students

those who fail minimum competencies in reading, writing, and mathematics
Diverstiy: Equity for all
Students

2008, develop new, cost effective ways to promote excellence

2009, legistlative sessions promote excellence
Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSSI)
Council of Chief State School Office (CCSSO)
Excellence National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center)

Politician, business leaders, and citizens continued to hold schools, teachers, and administrators
accountable for student learning
link test results for rewards, increase funding, or sanctions
Accountability

Free public education to all children

provides maximal educational opportunity to the majority
Continuing the Quest
for Excellence and
Equity