© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–1.

A tension test was performed on a steel specimen having an Load (kip) Elongation (in.)
original diameter of 0.503 in. and gage length of 2.00 in. The
data is listed in the table. Plot the stress–strain diagram and 0 0
determine approximately the modulus of elasticity, the yield 1.50 0.0005
4.60 0.0015
stress, the ultimate stress, and the fracture stress. Use a scale
8.00 0.0025
of 1 in. = 20 ksi and 1 in. = 0.05 in.>in. Redraw the elastic 11.00 0.0035
region, using the same stress scale but a strain scale of 11.80 0.0050
1 in. = 0.001 in.>in. 11.80 0.0080
12.00 0.0200
16.60 0.0400
20.00 0.1000
Solution 21.50 0.2800
19.50 0.4000
1 18.50 0.4600
A = p(0.503)2 = 0.1987 in2
4
L = 2.00 in.
s(ksi) P(in.>in.)
0 0
7.55 0.00025
23.15 0.00075
40.26 0.00125
55.36 0.00175
59.38 0.0025

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
59.38 0.0040

W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
60.39 0.010
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y

83.54 0.020
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es

100.65 0.050
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

108.20 0.140
is
te f t ss th nite

98.13 0.200
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

93.10 0.230
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec

48
de o rse de ot

Eapprox = = 32.0(103) ksi Ans.

ill le u vi pr

0.0015
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
(su)approx = 110 ksi, (sf)approx = 93.1 ksi,
(sY)approx = 55 ksi, Eapprox = 32.0(103) ksi

140
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–2.

Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are given

in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and the S (ksi) P (in./in.)
first point. Plot the diagram, and determine the modulus of 0 0
elasticity and the modulus of resilience. 33.2 0.0006
45.5 0.0010
49.4 0.0014
51.5 0.0018
53.4 0.0022

Solution
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram

33.2 - 0
E = = 55.3 1 103 2 ksi Ans.
0.0006 - 0

Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the
linear portion of the stress–strain diagram (shown shaded).

1 lb in. in # lb
ur = (33.2) 1 103 2 ¢ 2 ≤ ¢0.0006 ≤ = 9.96  Ans.
2 in in. in3

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

in # lb
Ans:
E = 55.3 1 103 2 ksi, u r = 9.96
in3

141
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–3.

Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are given

in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and the S (ksi) P (in./in.)
first point. Plot the diagram, and determine approximately the 0 0
modulus of toughness. The fracture stress is sf = 53.4 ksi. 33.2 0.0006
45.5 0.0010
49.4 0.0014
51.5 0.0018
53.4 0.0022

Solution
Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the
stress–strain diagram (shown shaded).

1 lb in.
(u t)approx = (33.2) 1 103 2 ¢ 2 ≤(0.0004 + 0.0010)¢ ≤
2 in in.

lb in.
+ 45.5 1 103 2 ¢ ≤(0.0012) ¢ ≤
in2 in.
1 lb in.
+ (7.90) 1 103 2 ¢ 2 ≤(0.0012) ¢ ≤
2 in in.

)
eb
1 lb in.

er or in ing
(12.3) 1 103 2 ¢ 2 ≤(0.0004) ¢ ≤

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
+

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la
2 in.
m ld a
in
an ing rnin tors igh

in # lb
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

= 85.0 Ans.
in3
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

in # lb
Ans:
(u t)approx = 85.0
in3

142
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–4.

The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an original s (ksi)

diameter of 0.5 in. and a gage length of 2 in. is given in the 80
figure. Determine approximately the modulus of elasticity
70
for the material, the load on the specimen that causes
yielding, and the ultimate load the specimen will support. 60
50
40
30
20
Solution
10
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 40 ksi P (in./in.)
0
when P = 0.001 in.>in. 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
0 0.0005 0.0010.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
40 - 0
Eapprox = = 40.0 1 103 2 ksi Ans.
0.001 - 0

Yield Load: From the stress–strain diagram, sY = 40.0 ksi.

p
PY = sY A = 40.0 c a b ( 0.52 ) d = 7.85 kip Ans.
4

Ultimate Load: From the stress–strain diagram, su = 76.25 ksi.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
p w
b ( 0.52 ) d = 15.0 kip
t p W em ch
Pu = su A = 76.25 c a Ans.

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
4
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Eapprox = 40.0 1 103 ) ksi,
PY = 7.85 kip,
Pu = 15.0 kip

143
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–5.

The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an original s (ksi)

diameter of 0.5 in. and a gage length of 2 in. is given in the 80
figure. If the specimen is loaded until it is stressed to 70 ksi,
70
determine the approximate amount of elastic recovery and
the increase in the gage length after it is unloaded. 60
50
40
30
20
Solution
10
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 40 ksi P (in./in.)
0
when P = 0.001 in.>in. 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
0 0.0005 0.0010.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
40 - 0
E = = 40.0 1 103 ) ksi
0.001 - 0

Elastic Recovery:
s 70
Elastic recovery = = = 0.00175 in.>in.
E 40.0 ( 103 )
Thus,

)
Ans.

eb
The amount of Elastic Recovery = 0.00175(2) = 0.00350 in.

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
Permanent Set:
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

Permanent set = 0.08 - 0.00175 = 0.07825 in.>in.

e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

Thus,
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

Permanent elongation = 0.07825(2) = 0.1565 in. Ans.

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Elastic recovery = 0.00350 in.,
Permanent elongation = 0.1565 in.

144
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–6.

The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an original s (ksi)

diameter of 0.5 in. and a gage length of 2 in. is given in the 80
figure. Determine approximately the modulus of resilience
70
and the modulus of toughness for the material.
60
50
40
30
20
Solution
10
Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area P (in./in.)
0
under the linear portion of the stress–strain diagram. 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28
0 0.0005 0.0010.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
1 lb in. in # lb
(u r)approx = (40.0) ( 103 ) a 2 b a 0.001 b = 20.0  Ans.
2 in in. in3
Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the total area under
the stress–strain diagram and can be approximated by counting the number of
squares. The total number of squares is 45.
kip in. in # kip
(u t)approx = 45 a 10 2
b a 0.04 b = 18.0  Ans.
in in. in3

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
in # lb
(u r)approx = 20.0 ,
in3
in # kip
(u t)approx = 18.0
in3

145
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–7.

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at C and an A-36 steel

guy wire AB. If the wire has a diameter of 0.2 in., determine
how much it stretches when a distributed load of w = 100 lb>ft A
acts on the beam. The material remains elastic.

C 30 B

Solution
+ ΣMC = 0;  FAB sin 30°(10) - 0.1(10)(5) = 0; w

FAB = 1.0 kip

10 ft
FAB 1.0
sAB = = = 31.83 ksi
AAB p
(0.2)2
4
s = EP;  31.83 = 29 ( 103 ) PAB;  PAB = 0.0010981 in.>in.

120
dAB = PAB LAB = 0.0010981 a b = 0.152 in. Ans.
cos 30°

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
dAB = 0.152 in.

146
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–8.

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at C and an A-36 steel

guy wire AB. If the wire has a diameter of 0.2 in., determine
the distributed load w if the end B is displaced 0.75 in. A
downward.

C 30 B

Solution
0.0625
sin u = ; u = 0.3581° w
10
a = 90 + 0.3581° = 90.3581° 10 ft
10
AB = = 11.5470 ft
cos 30°

AB′ = 2102 + 5.77352 - 2(10)(5.7735) cos 90.3581°

= 11.5782 ft

AB′ - AB 11.5782 - 11.5470

PAB = = = 0.002703 in.>in.

)
eb
AB 11.5470

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
sAB = EPAB = 29 ( 103 ) (0.002703) = 78.38 ksi
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

p
FAB = sAB AAB = 78.38 a b(0.2)2 = 2.462 kip
th k ( de f i es

4
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

+ ΣMC = 0;  2.462 sin 30°(10) - 10w(5) = 0;

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e

w = 0.246 kip>ft Ans.

th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
w = 0.246 kip>ft

147
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–9.

Acetal plastic has a stress–strain diagram as shown. If a bar  (psi)

of this material has a length of 3 ft and cross-sectional area
of 0.875 in2, and is subjected to an axial load of 2.5 kip,
determine its elongation.
  9.5(103)P1/3

P (in./in.)

Solution
P 2.5
s = = = 2.857 ksi
A 0.875

s = 9.5 ( 103 ) P1>3

2.857 ( 103 ) = 9.5 ( 103 ) P1>3

P = 0.0272 in.>in.

d = LP = 3(12)(0.0272) = 0.979 in. Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
d = 0.979 in.

148
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–10.

The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy specimen s (ksi)

having an original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gage length
70
of  2  in. is given in the figure. Determine approximately
60
the  modulus of elasticity for the material, the load on the 50
specimen that causes yielding, and the ultimate load the
specimen will support. 40
30
20
10
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
0 0.0025 0.005 0.0075 0.01 0.01250.015 0.0175 0.02 0.0255 0.025
Solution
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 50.0 ksi when
P = 0.005 in.>in. Thus

50.0 - 0
Eapprox = = 10.0 ( 103 ) ksi Ans.
0.005 - 0

Yield Load: From the stress–strain diagram, sy = 50.0 ksi. Thus

p
PY = syA = 50.0c ( 0.52 ) d = 9.82 kip Ans.
4

Ultimate Load: From the stress–strain diagram, su = 68.0 ksi. Thus,

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
p w
( 0.52 ) d = 13.4 kip
t p W em ch
Pu = suA = 68.0c Ans.

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
4
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Eapprox = 10.0 ( 103 ) ksi,
PY = 9.82 kip,
Pu = 13.4 kip

149
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–11.

The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy specimen s (ksi)

having an original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gage length of 2 in.
70
is given in the figure. If the specimen is loaded until it is
60
stressed to 60 ksi, determine the approximate amount of 50
elastic recovery and the increase in the gage length after it
is unloaded. 40
30
20
10
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
0 0.0025 0.005 0.0075 0.01 0.01250.015 0.0175 0.02 0.0255 0.025
Solution
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 50.0 ksi when
P = 0.005 in.>in. Thus

50.0 - 0
Eapprox = = 10.0 ( 103 ) ksi
0.005 - 0

Elastic Recovery and Permanent Set: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 60 ksi
when P = 0.04 in.>in. Thus

s 60
= = 0.006 in.>in.
E 10.0 ( 103 )

)
Thus,

eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
Elastic Recovery = (0.006)(2) = 0.012 in. Ans.
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

And
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

Permanent set = 0.04 - 0.006 = 0.034 in.>in.

ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

Then
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d

Permanent elongation = 0.034(2) = 0.0680 in. Ans.

ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Elastic recovery = 0.012 in.,
Permanent elongation = 0.0680 in.

150
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–12.

The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy specimen s (ksi)

having an original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gage length of
70
2 in. is given in the figure. Determine approximately the
60
modulus of resilience and the modulus of toughness for the 50
material.
40
30
20
10
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
0 0.0025 0.005 0.0075 0.01 0.01250.015 0.0175 0.02 0.0255 0.025
Solution
Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the
linear portion of the stress–strain diagram.

1 in # lb
(u r)approx = 3 50.0 ( 103 ) lb>in2 4 (0.005 in.>in.) = 125 3  Ans.
2 in
Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the entire area under
the stress–strain diagram, which can be approximated by counting the number of
squares. The total number of squares is 63.
in # kip
(u t)approx = 63 ( 10.0 kip>in2 ) (0.02 in.>in.) = 12.6  Ans.
in3

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
in # lb
(u r)approx = 125 ,
in3
in # kip
(u t)approx = 12.6
in3

151
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–13. 

A bar having a length of 5 in. and cross-sectional area of

0.7 in.2 is subjected to an axial force of 8000 lb. If the bar 8000 lb 8000 lb
stretches 0.002 in., determine the modulus of elasticity of 5 in.
the material. The material has linear elastic behavior.

Solution
Normal Stress and Strain:

P 8.00
s = = = 11.43 ksi
A 0.7

d 0.002
P = = = 0.000400 in.>in.
L 5
Modulus of Elasticity:

s 11.43
E = = = 28.6(103) ksi Ans.
P 0.000400

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
E = 28.6(103) ksi

152
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–14. 

The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an A-36 steel

guy wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of 0.25 in., determine B
how much it stretches when a load of P = 600 lb acts on
the pipe.

4 ft P

A D
C
Solution 3 ft 3 ft
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a

a+ ΣMA = 0;  FBD 1 45 2 (3) - 600(6) = 0  FBD = 1500 lb

The normal stress developed in the wire is

FBD 1500
sBD = = = 30.56(103) psi = 30.56 ksi
ABD p
4 (0.252)
Since sBD 6 sy = 36 ksi, Hooke’s Law can be applied to determine the strain in
the wire.

)
eb
er or in ing
sBD = EPBD;  30.56 = 29.0(103)PBD

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

     PBD = 1.054(10 - 3) in.>in.

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

The unstretched length of the wire is LBD = 232 + 42 = 5 ft = 60 in. Thus, the
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

wire stretches
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

dBD = PBD LBD = 1.054(10 - 3)(60)

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d

= 0.0632 in. Ans.

ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
dBD = 0.0632 in.

153
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–15. 

The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an A-36 guy

wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of 0.25 in., determine B
the load P if the end C is displaced 0.075 in. downward.

4 ft P

A D
C
Solution 3 ft 3 ft
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a
a+ ΣMA = 0;  FBD 1 45 2 (3) - P(6) = 0  FBD = 2.50 P
  

The unstretched length for wire BD is LBD = 232 + 42 = 5 ft = 60 in. From the
geometry shown in Fig. b, the stretched length of wire BD is
LBD′ = 2602 + 0.0752 - 2(60)(0.075) cos 143.13° = 60.060017

Thus, the normal strain is

LBD′ - LBD 60.060017 - 60
= 1.0003(10 - 3) in.>in.

)
PBD =
  =

eb
er or in ing
LBD 60

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

Then, the normal stress can be obtain by applying Hooke’s Law.

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

sBD = EPBD = 29(103) 3 1.0003(10 - 3) 4 = 29.01 ksi

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

Since sBD 6 sy = 36 ksi, the result is valid.

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U

FBD 2.50 P
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

sBD = ; 29.01(103) = p
in o e r
y y p d le d

ABD 2
4 (0.25 )
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr

P = 569.57 lb = 570 lb Ans.

w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
P = 570 lb

154
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–16. 

Direct tension indicators are sometimes used instead of s (MPa)

torque wrenches to ensure that a bolt has a prescribed
tension when used for connections. If a nut on the bolt is 3 mm 600
tightened so that the six 3-mm high heads of
450
the indicator are strained 0.1 mm>mm, and leave a
contact area on each head of 1.5 mm2, determine the tension
in the bolt shank. The material has the stress–strain
diagram shown.
P (mm/ mm)
0.0015 0.3

Solution
Stress–Strain Relationship: From the stress–strain diagram with
P = 0.1 mm>mm 7 0.0015 mm>mm

s - 450 600 - 450

=
0.1 - 0.0015 0.3 - 0.0015

s = 499.497 MPa

Axial Force: For each head

P = sA = 499.4971 ( 106 ) (1.5) ( 10-6 ) = 749.24 N

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
Thus, the tension in the bolt is
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

T = 6 P = 6(749.24) = 4495 N = 4.50 kN Ans.

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
T = 4.50 kN

155
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–17. 

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at C and an A992 steel

guy wire AB of length 6 ft. If the wire has
a diameter of 0.2 in., determine how much it stretches when
a distributed load of w = 200 lb>ft acts on the beam. The
A
wire remains elastic.

30

C
B
Solution
Support Reactions: Referring to the FBD of the beam, Fig. a,
w
a+ ΣMC = 0; FAB cos 30°(10) - 0.2(10)(5) = 0 FAB = 1.1547 kip
10 ft
Normal Stress and Strain Relation: The normal stress is
FAB 1.1547
sAB = = = 36.76 ksi
AAB p
( 0.22 )
4

For structural A992 steel alloy, Est = 29.0 ( 103 ) ksi.

s = EP; 36.76 = 29.0 ( 103 ) PAB

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
PAB = 0.001267 in.>in.
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y

Thus,
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es

dAB = PABLAB = (0.001267 in.>in.) (72 in.) = 0.0913 in. Ans.

of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
dAB = 0.0913 in.

156
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–18. 

The rigid beam is supported by a pin at C and an A992 steel

guy wire AB of length 6 ft. If the wire has a diameter of
0.2 in., determine the distributed load w if the end B is
displaced 0.12 in. downward. The wire remains elastic.
A

30

C
B
Solution
Support Reactions: Referring to the FBD of the beam, Fig. a,
w
1023
a+ ΣMC = 0; FAB cos 30°(10) - 10w(5) = 0 FAB = w
3 10 ft

Normal Stress and Strain Relation: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b, and
applying cosine law and sine law,
LAC = 2102 + 62 - 2(10)(6) cos 120° = 14 ft
sin f sin 120°
= ; f = 21.7868°
6 14

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
0.01
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
sin u = ; u = 0.05730°

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
10
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

Thus,
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

LAB ′ = 2142 + 102 - 2(14)(10) cos (21.7868° + 0.05730°) = 6.008665 ft

ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

Then
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d

LAB ′ - LAB
ro n an o te

6.008665 - 6
st f a s d s ec

PAB = = = 0.001444 in.>in.

de o rse de ot

LAB 6
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk

For structural A992 steel alloy, Est = 29.0(103 ) ksi. Thus,

th nd wo
a his

sAB = EPAB = 29 ( 103 ) (0.001444) = 41.88 ksi 6 50 ksi 

T

(O.K!)

1023 p
FAB = sABAAB; w = (41.88) c ( 0.22 ) d
3 4

w = 0.2279 kip>ft = 228 lb>ft Ans.

Ans:
w = 228 lb>ft

157
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–19. 

The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown, and can be P

described by the equation P = 0.45110-6 2 s +
-12 3
0.36110 2 s , where s is in kPa. Determine the yield s
strength assuming a 0.3% offset.

P  0.45(106)s + 0.36(1012)s3

P P

Solution
P = 0.45(10-6)s + 0.36(10-12)s3,

dP = 1 0.45(10-6) + 1.08(10-12) s2 2 ds

ds 1
E = ` = = 2.22(106) kPa = 2.22 GPa
dP 0.45(10 - 6)
s=0

The equation for the recovery line is s = 2.22(106)(P - 0.003).

This line intersects the stress–strain curve at sYS = 2027 kPa = 2.03 MPa Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
sYS = 2.03 MPa

158
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–20. 

The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown and can P

be described by the equation P = 0.45110-6 2 s +
0.36110-12 2 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the modulus s
of toughness and the amount of elongation of a 200-mm-long
region just before it fractures if failure occurs at
P = 0.12 mm>mm.

P  0.45(106)s + 0.36(1012)s3

P P

Solution
When P = 0.12

120(10-3) = 0.45 s + 0.36(10-6)s3

Solving for the real root:

s = 6873.52 kPa
6873.52

LA L0
ut = dA = (0.12 - P)ds

6873.52

L0
ut = (0.12 - 0.45(10-6)s - 0.36(10-12)s3)ds

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
6873.52
= 0.12 s - 0.225(10-6)s2 - 0.09(10-12)s4  0

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r

= 613 kJ>m3
or ud a uc y

Ans.
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es

d = PL = 0.12(200) = 24 mm Ans.
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
u t = 613 kJ>m3,
d = 24 mm

159
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–21. 

The two bars are made of a material that has the stress– P
strain diagram shown. If the cross-sectional area of bar AB 4 ft
is 1.5 in2 and BC is 4 in2, determine the largest force P that C
can be supported before any member fractures. Assume B
that buckling does not occur.
3 ft

Solution
+ c gFy = 0;   FAB - P = 0;
3
FAB = 1.6667 P (1)
5
4
d+ ΣFx = 0; FBC - (1.6667P) = 0;    FBC = 1.333 P (2)
5
Assuming failure of bar BC:
s (ksi)
From the stress–strain diagram (sR)t = 5 ksi
25
FBC FBC
s = ; 5 = ; FBC = 20.0 kip 20
ABC 4
15
From Eq. (2), P = 15.0 kip compression

)
eb
10

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
Assuming failure of bar AB:

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
5 tension
an ing rnin tors igh

From stress–strain diagram (sR)c = 25.0 ksi

.
r

–3
or ud a uc y

0 P (10 ) (in./in.)
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.75

FAB FAB
th k ( de f i es

s = ; 25.0 = ; FAB = 37.5 kip

of or stu e o tat

AAB 1.5
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

From Eq. (1), P = 22.5 kip

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te

Choose the smallest value:

st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr

P = 15.0 kip Ans.

w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
P = 15.0 kip

160
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–22. 

The two bars are made of a material that has the stress– P
strain diagram shown. Determine the cross-sectional area of 4 ft
each bar so that the bars fracture simultaneously when the C
load P = 3 kip. Assume that buckling does not occur. B

3 ft

A
s (ksi)
Solution
3 25
+ c ΣFy = 0;    FBA a b - 3 = 0;    FBA = 5 kip
5 20
15
compression
+ ΣFx = 0;    - FBC + 5 a 4 b = 0;   FBC = 4 kip
S
5 10
5 tension
For member BC: –3
0 P (10 ) (in./in.)
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.75
FBC 4 kip
(smax)t = ; ABC = = 0.8 in2 Ans.
ABC 5 ksi

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la
For member BA:
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

FBA 5 kip
= 0.2 in2
th k ( de f i es

(smax)c = ; ABA = Ans.

of or stu e o tat

ABA 25 ksi
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
ABC = 0.8 in2, ABA = 0.2 in2

161
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–23.

The pole is supported by a pin at C and an A-36 steel guy B

wire AB. If the wire has a diameter of 0.2 in., determine how
much it stretches when a horizontal force of 2.5 kip acts on
3 ft
the pole.
30 2.5 kip

4 ft
Solution
FAB 2.857
sAB = = = 90.94 ksi
AAB p A C
( 0.22 )
4
sAB 90.94
PAB = = = 0.003136
E 29 ( 103 )

7(12)
dAB = PAB LAB = 0.003136 a b
cos 30°

= 0.304 in. Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
dAB = 0.304 in.

162
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–24.

The bar DA is rigid and is originally held in the horizontal

position when the weight W is supported from C. If the E
weight causes B to displace downward 0.025 in., determine
the strain in wires DE and BC. Also, if the wires are made of 3 ft
A-36 steel and have a cross-sectional area of 0.002 in2,
determine the weight W. 2 ft 3 ft

D B A

4 ft
Solution
3 7 C
=
0.025 d
d = 0.0417 in. W

d 0.0417
PDE = = = 0.00116 in.>in. Ans.
L 3(12)
sDE = EPDE = 29 ( 103 ) (0.00116) = 33.56 ksi

FDE = sDEADE = 33.56(0.002) = 0.0672 kip

a+ ΣMA = 0;   - (0.0672)(5) + 3(W) = 0

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
W = 0.112 kip = 112 lb Ans.

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

W 0.112

.
r

sBC = = = 55.94 ksi

or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

ABC 0.002
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

sBC 55.94
ity s w g us d S

PBC = = = 0.00193 in.>in. Ans.

E 29 ( 103 )
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
PDE = 0.00116 in.>in.,
W = 112 lb,
PBC = 0.00193 in.>in.

163
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–25.

The acrylic plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15 mm in

diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is applied to it, determine 300 N 300 N
the change in its length and the change in its diameter.
200 mm
Ep = 2.70 GPa, np = 0.4.

Solution
P 300
s = = 2
= 1.678 MPa
A p
4 (0.015)

s 1.678 ( 106 )
Plong = = = 0.0006288
E 2.70 ( 109 )
d = Plong L = 0.0006288(200) = 0.126 mm Ans.

Plat = - nPlong = - 0.4(0.0006288) = -0.0002515

∆d = Platd = -0.0002515(15) = -0.00377 mm Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
d = 0.126 mm, ∆d = - 0.00377 mm

164
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–26.

The plug has a diameter of 30 mm and fits within a rigid p

sleeve having an inner diameter of 32 mm. Both the plug
and the sleeve are 50 mm long. Determine the axial pressure
p that must be applied to the top of the plug to cause it to
contact the sides of the sleeve. Also, how far must the plug
be compressed downward in order to do this? The plug is
made from a material for which E = 5 MPa, n = 0.45.

Solution
d′ - d 32 - 30
Plat = = = 0.06667 mm>mm
d 30
Plat Plat 0.06667
v = - ;  Plong = - = - = - 0.1481 mm>mm
Plong v 0.45

p = s = E Plong = 5 ( 106 ) (0.1481) = 741 kPa Ans.

d =  Plong L  =  -0.1481(50)  = 7.41 mm Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
p = 741 kPa,
d = 7.41 mm

165
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–27.

The elastic portion of the stress–strain diagram for an s (MPa)

aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The specimen from
which it was obtained has an original diameter of 12.7 mm 490
and a gage length of 50.8 mm. When the applied load on the
specimen is 50 kN, the diameter is 12.67494 mm. Determine
Poisson’s ratio for the material.

Solution P (mm/ mm)

0.007
Average Normal Stress:

N 50 ( 10 )
3
s = = = 394.71 ( 106 ) Pa = 394.71 MPa
A p
( 0.0127 )
2
4

Average Normal Strain: Referring to the stress–strain diagram, the modulus of

490 ( 106 )
elasticity is E = = 70.0 ( 109 ) Pa = 70.0 GPa.
0.007

s 394.71 ( 106 )
Plong = = 0.0056386 mm>mm

)
=

eb
er or in ing
E 70.0 ( 109 )

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

d - d0 12.67494 - 12.7

.
Plat = = - 0.0019732
r

=
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

d0 12.7
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

Poisson’s Ratio: The lateral and longitudinal strain can be related using Poisson’s
e rt ss fo U

ratio, that is
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te

Plat ( - 0.019732)
st f a s d s ec

n = - = - = 0.350 Ans.
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr

Plong 0.0056386
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
n = 0.350

166
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–28.

The elastic portion of the stress–strain diagram for an s (MPa)

aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The specimen from
which it was obtained has an original diameter of 12.7 mm 490
and a gage length of 50.8 mm. If a load of P = 60 kN is
applied to the specimen, determine its new diameter and
length. Take n = 0.35.

Solution P (mm/ mm)

0.007
Average Normal Stress:

N 60 ( 10 )3
s = = = 473.65 ( 106 ) Pa = 473.65 MPa
A p
( 0.0127 )
2
4

Average Normal Strain: Referring to the stress–strain diagram, the modulus of

490 ( 106 )
elasticity is E = = 70.0 ( 109 ) Pa = 70.0 GPa.
0.007

s 473.65 ( 106 )

)
Plong = = = 0.0067664 mm>mm

eb
er or in ing
E 70.0 ( 109 )

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

Thus,

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

dL = Plong L0 = 0.0067664(50.8) = 0.34373 mm

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

Then
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U

L = L0 + dL = 50.8 + 0.34373 = 51.1437 mm Ans.

gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te

Poisson’s Ratio: The lateral strain can be related to the longitudinal strain using
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot

Poisson’s ratio.
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo

Plat = - nPlong = - 0.35(0.0067664) = - 0.0023682 mm>mm

a his
T

Thus,

dd = Plat d = - 0.0023682(12.7) = -0.030077 mm

Then
d = d 0 + dd = 12.7 + ( - 0.030077) = 12.66992 mm

= 12.67 mm Ans.

Ans:
L = 51.1437 mm,
d = 12.67 mm

167
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–29.

The brake pads for a bicycle tire are made of rubber. If a

frictional force of 50 N is applied to each side of the tires,
determine the average shear strain in the rubber. Each pad
has cross-sectional dimensions of 20 mm and 50 mm.
Gr = 0.20 MPa.

50 mm

Solution 10 mm 10 mm
Average Shear Stress: The shear force is V = 50 N.
V 50
t = = = 50.0 kPa
A 0.02(0.05)

Shear-Stress – Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law for shear

t = Gg

50.0 ( 10
3
) = 0.2 ( 106 ) g
g = 0.250 rad Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
g = 0.250 rad

168
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–30.

The lap joint is connected together using a 1.25 in. diameter P

2
bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a shear P
stress–strain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the shear strain developed in the shear plane of P
the bolt when P = 75 kip. 2
t (ksi)

75

50
Solution
Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
g (rad)
+ ΣFx = 0;      75 - 2V = 0   V = 37.5 kip 0.005 0.05
S

Shear Stress and Strain:

V 37.5
t = = = 30.56 ksi
A p
1 1.252 2
4

)
eb
Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
stress–strain diagram, Fig. b.

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
30.56 50
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

= ; g = 3.06(10-3) rad Ans.

e in nt ns co

g 0.005
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
g = 3.06(10-3) rad

169
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–31.

The lap joint is connected together using a 1.25 in. diameter P

2
bolt. If the bolt is made from a material having a shear P
stress–strain diagram that is approximated as shown,
determine the permanent shear strain in the shear plane P
of the bolt when the applied force P = 150 kip is removed. 2
t (ksi)

75

50
Solution
Internal Loadings: The shear force developed in the shear planes of the bolt can be
determined by considering the equilibrium of the free-body diagram shown in Fig. a.
+ ΣFx = 0;      150 - 2V = 0      V = 75 kip g (rad)
S 0.005 0.05
Shear Stress and Strain:

V 75
t = = = 61.12 ksi
A p
1 1.252 2
4

Using this result, the corresponding shear strain can be obtained from the shear

)
stress–strain diagram, Fig. b.

eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
61.12 - 50 75 - 50
; g = 0.02501 rad
an ing rnin tors igh

=
g - 0.005 0.05 - 0.005

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es

When force P is removed, the shear strain recovers linearly along line BC, Fig. b,
of or stu e o tat

with a slope that is the same as line OA. This slope represents the shear modulus.
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U

50
gr hi in e

= 10(103) ksi
th a a ly by

G =
k
in o e r

0.005
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot

Thus, the elastic recovery of shear strain is

ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk

t = Ggr; 61.12 = (10)(103)gr gr = 6.112(10-3) rad

th nd wo
a his
T

And the permanent shear strain is

gP = g - gr = 0.02501 - 6.112(10-3) = 0.0189 rad Ans.

Ans:
gP = 0.0189 rad

170
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*3–32.

The rubber block is subjected to an elongation of 0.03 in. y

along the x axis, and its vertical faces are given a tilt so that
u = 89.3°. Determine the strains Px, Py and gxy. Take nr = 0.5.

3 in.
θ

x
4 in.

Solution
dL 0.03
Px = = = 0.0075 in.>in. Ans.
L 4
Py = - nPx = - 0.5(0.0075) = - 0.00375 in.>in. Ans.

p p p
gxy = - u = - 89.3° a b = 0.0122 rad Ans.
2 2 180°

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Px = 0.0075 in.>in.,
Py = -0.00375 in.>in.,
gxy = 0.0122 rad

171
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–33.

The shear stress–strain diagram for an alloy is shown in the t (ksi)

figure. If a bolt having a diameter of 0.25 in. is made of this
material and used in the lap joint, determine the modulus of tY  50
elasticity E and the force P required to cause the material to
yield. Take n = 0.3.
g (rad)
0.004

P
P

Solution
Modulus of Rigidity: From the stress –strain diagram,
50
G = = 12.5 ( 103 ) ksi
0.004

Modulus of Elasticity:
E
G =
2(1 + n)
E
12.5 ( 103 ) =
2(1 + 0.3)

)
E = 32.5 ( 103 ) ksi

eb
Ans.

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

Yielding Shear: The bolt is subjected to a yielding shear of Vg = P. From the stress –
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

strain diagram, tg = 50 ksi

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

Vg
is
te f t ss th nite

tg =
A
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d

P
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec

50 =
( 0.252 )
de o rse de ot

p
ill le u vi pr

4
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo

P = 2.45 kip Ans.

a his
T

Ans:
E = 32.5 ( 103 ) ksi,
P = 2.45 kip

172
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3–34.

A shear spring is made from two blocks of rubber, each P

having a height h, width b, and thickness a. The blocks are d
A
bonded to three plates as shown. If the plates are rigid and
the shear modulus of the rubber is G, determine the
displacement of plate A when the vertical load P is applied.
Assume that the displacement is small so that
d = a tan g ≈ ag. h

Solution a a
P
Average Shear Stress: The rubber block is subjected to a shear force of V = .
2
P
V 2 P
t = = =
A bh 2bh

Shear Strain: Applying Hooke’s law for shear

P
t 2bh P
g = = =
G G 2bhG

Thus,

)
eb
Pa

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
Ans.

itt W tio
d = ag = w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
2bhG
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Pa
d =
2bhG

173
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–1.

The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain diagram for s (ksi)

an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The specimen
used for the test has a gage length of 2 in. and a diameter of 70
0.5 in. When the applied load is 9 kip, the new diameter of
the specimen is 0.49935 in. Calculate the shear modulus
Gal for the aluminum.
P (in./in.)
0.00614

Solution
From the stress–strain diagram,

s 70
Eal = = = 11400.65 ksi
P 0.00614

When specimen is loaded with a 9 - kip load,

P 9
s = = = 45.84 ksi
A p
4 (0.5)2

s 45.84
Plong = = = 0.0040205 in.>in.
E 11400.65

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
d′ - d 0.49935 - 0.5

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
Plat = = = - 0.0013 in.>in.
an ing rnin tors igh

d 0.5

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

Plat - 0.0013
th k ( de f i es

V = - = - = 0.32334
of or stu e o tat

Plong 0.0040205
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

11.4(103)
e rt ss fo U

Eat
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

= 4.31(103) ksi
k

Gal = = Ans.
in o e r
y y p d le d

2(1 + n) 2(1 + 0.32334)

ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Gal = 4.31(103) ksi

174
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–2.

The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain diagram for s (ksi)

an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The specimen
used for the test has a gage length of 2 in. and a diameter of 70
0.5 in. If the applied load is 10 kip, determine the new
diameter of the specimen. The shear modulus is
Gal = 3.81103 2 ksi.
P (in./in.)
0.00614

Solution
P 10
s = = = 50.9296 ksi
A p
4 (0.5)2

From the stress–strain diagram

70
E = = 11400.65 ksi
0.00614
s 50.9296
Plong = = = 0.0044673 in.>in.
E 11400.65
E 11400.65
G = ; 3.8(103) = ; n = 0.500

)
2(1 + n) 2(1 + n)

eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
Plat = - nPlong = - 0.500(0.0044673) = - 0.002234 in.>in.
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

∆d = Plat d = - 0.002234(0.5) = - 0.001117 in.

e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

d′ = d + ∆d = 0.5 - 0.001117 = 0.4989 in. Ans.

ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
d′ = 0.4989 in.

175
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–3.

The rigid beam rests in the horizontal position on two 80 kN

2014-T6 aluminum cylinders having the unloaded lengths
x
shown. If each cylinder has a diameter of 30 mm, determine
the placement x of the applied 80-kN load so that the beam
remains horizontal. What is the new diameter of cylinder A A B
after the load is applied? nal = 0.35. 220 mm 210 mm

3m

Solution
80x
a+ΣMA = 0;  FB(3) - 80(x) = 0;     FB =  (1)
3
80(3 - x)
a+ΣMB = 0;   - FA(3) + 80(3 - x) = 0;     FA =  (2)
3
Since the beam is held horizontally, dA = dB
P
P s A
s = ;  P = =
A E E
P
A PL

)
d = PL = a b L =

eb
er or in ing
E AE

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

80(3 - x) 80x
(220) (210)

.
r
or ud a uc y

3 3
w cl le tr p

dA = dB; =
e in nt ns co

AE AE
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

80(3 - x)(220) = 80x(210)

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U

x = 1.53 m Ans.
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te

From Eq. (2),

st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr

FA = 39.07 kN
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo

FA 39.07(103)
a his

sA = = = 55.27 MPa
T

A p
(0.032)
4
sA 55.27(106)
Plong = = - = - 0.000756
E 73.1(109)
Plat = - nPlong = - 0.35( - 0.000756) = 0.0002646

d′A = d A + d Plat = 30 + 30(0.0002646) = 30.008 mm Ans.

Ans:
′ = 30.008 mm
x = 1.53 m, d A

176
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*R3–4.

The wires each have a diameter of 12 in., length of

D
2 ft, and are made from 304 stainless steel. If P = 6 kip, C
determine the angle of tilt of the rigid beam AB.

2 ft
P
2 ft 1 ft
B
A

Solution
Equations of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of beam AB shown
in Fig. a,
+ΣMA = 0; FBC(3) - 6(2) = 0 FBC = 4 kip

+ c ΣMB = 0; 6(1) - FAD(3) = 0 FAD = 2 kip

Normal Stress and Strain:

FBC 4(103)
sBC = = = 20.37 ksi
ABC p 1 2
a b
4 2

)
eb
2(103)

er or in ing
FAD

ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
sAD = = = 10.19 ksi

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
AAD p 1 2
an ing rnin tors igh

a b

.
r
or ud a uc y

4 2
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es

Since sBC 6 sY and sA 6 sY , Hooke’s Law can be applied.

of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

sBC = EPBC; 20.37 = 28.0(103)PBC PBC = 0.7276(10-3) in.>in.

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

sAD = EPAD; 10.19 = 28.0(103)PAD PAD = 0.3638(10-3) in.>in.

in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot

Thus, the elongation of cables BC and AD are given by

ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.7276(10-3)(24) = 0.017462 in.

th nd wo
a his

dAD = PADLAD = 0.3638(10-3)(24) = 0.008731 in.

T

Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. b and using small angle analysis,
dBC - dAD 0.017462 - 0.008731 180°
u= = = 0.2425(10-3) rad a b = 0.0139°Ans.
36 36 p rad

Ans:
u = 0.0139°

177
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–5.

The wires each have a diameter of 12 in., length of

D
2 ft, and are made from 304 stainless steel. Determine the C
magnitude of force P so that the rigid beam tilts 0.015°.

2 ft
P
2 ft 1 ft
B
A

Solution
Equations of Equilibrium: Referring to the free-body diagram of beam AB shown
in Fig. a,
a+ΣMA = 0; FBC(3) - P(2) = 0 FBC = 0.6667P

+ c ΣMB = 0; P(1) - FAD(3) = 0 FAD = 0.3333P

Normal Stress and Strain:

FBC 0.6667P
sBC = = = 3.3953P
ABC p 1 2
a b
4 2

)
FAD

eb
0.3333P

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
sAD = = = 1.6977P

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
AAD p 1 2

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
a b
an ing rnin tors igh

4 2

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

Assuming that sBC 6 sY and sAD 6 sY and applying Hooke’s Law,

th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

sBC = EPBC; 3.3953P = 28.0(106)PBC PBC = 0.12126(10-6)P

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e

1.6977P = 28.0(106)PAD PAD = 60.6305(10-9)P

th a a ly by

sAD = EPAD;
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec

Thus, the elongation of cables BC and AD are given by

de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is

dBC = PBCLBC = 0.12126(10-6)P(24) = 2.9103(10-6)P

o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his

dAD = PADLAD = 60.6305(10-9)P(24) = 1.4551(10-6)P

T

prad
Here, the angle of the tile is u = 0.015° a b = 0.2618(10-3) rad. Using small
180°
angle analysis,
dBC - dAD 2.9103(10-6)P - 1.4551(10-6)P
u = ; 0.2618(10-3) =
36 36
P = 6476.93 lb = 6.48 kip Ans.
Since sBC = 3.3953(6476.93) = 21.99 ksi 6 sY and sAD = 1.6977(6476.93) =
11.00 ksi 6 sY , the assumption is correct.

Ans:
P = 6.48 kip

178
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–6.

The head H is connected to the cylinder of a compressor L

C
3
using six 16 -in. diameter steel bolts. If the clamping force in
H
each bolt is 800 lb, determine the normal strain in the bolts.
If sY = 40 ksi and Est = 291103 2 ksi, what is the strain in
each bolt when the nut is unscrewed so that the clamping
force is released?

Solution
Normal Stress:
P 800
s = = = 28.97 ksi 6 sg = 40 ksi
A 1 2
p 3 2
4 16

Normal Strain: Since s 6 sg, Hooke’s law is still valid.

s 28.97
P = = = 0.000999 in.>in. Ans.
E 29(103)
If the nut is unscrewed, the load is zero. Therefore, the strain P = 0 Ans.

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
P = 0.000999 in.>in.,
P = 0

179
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–7.

The stress–strain diagram for polyethylene, which is used to s (ksi)

sheath coaxial cables, is determined from testing a specimen P
that has a gage length of 10 in. If a load P on the specimen 5
develops a strain of P = 0.024 in.>in., determine the
approximate length of the specimen, measured between the 4
gage points, when the load is removed. Assume the specimen
recovers elastically. 3

1
P
0 P (in./in.)
Solution 0 0.008 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.040 0.048

Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 2 ksi when

P = 0.004 in.>in.

2 - 0
E = = 0.500(103) ksi
0.004 - 0

Elastic Recovery: From the stress–strain diagram, s = 3.70 ksi when

P = 0.024 in.>in.

s 3.70
Elastic recovery = = = 0.00740 in.>in.

)
E 0.500(103)

eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
Permanent Set:
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

Permanent set = 0.024 - 0.00740 = 0.0166 in.>in.

e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat

Thus,
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

Permanent elongation = 0.0166(10) = 0.166 in.

e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d

L = L0 + permanent elongation
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr

= 10 + 0.166
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo

= 10.17 in.  Ans.

a his
T

Ans:
L = 10.17 in.

180
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*R3–8.

The pipe with two rigid caps attached to its ends is subjected ri
to an axial force P. If the pipe is made from a material ro
having a modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio  n,
determine the change in volume of the material. L
P Section a – a
a

a
Solution
P P
Normal Stress: The rod is subjected to uniaxial loading. Thus, slong = and slat = 0.
A
dV = AdL + 2prLdr
= APlong L + 2prLPlatr

Using Poisson’s ratio and noting that AL = pr 2L = V,

dV = PlongV - 2nPlongV

= Plong (1 - 2n)V
slong
= (1 - 2n)V

)
eb
E

er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
Since slong = P>A,
an ing rnin tors igh

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

P
(1 - 2n)AL
th k ( de f i es

dV =
of or stu e o tat

AE
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite

PL
= (1 - 2n)  Ans.
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e

E
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
PL
dV = (1 - 2n)
E

181
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–9.

The 8-mm-diameter bolt is made of an aluminum alloy. It

fits through a magnesium sleeve that has an inner diameter
of 12 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm. If the original
lengths of the bolt and sleeve are 80 mm and
50 mm
50 mm, respectively, determine the strains in the sleeve and
the bolt if the nut on the bolt is tightened so that the tension A
in the bolt is 8 kN. Assume the material at A is rigid.
Eal = 70 GPa, Emg = 45 GPa.
30 mm

Solution
Normal Stress:

P 8(103)
sb = = 2
= 159.15 MPa
Ab p
4 (0.008 )

P 8(103)
ss = = 2
= 39.79 MPa
As p
4 (0.02 - 0.0122)

Normal Strain: Applying Hooke’s Law

sb 159.15(106)
Pb = = = 0.00227 mm>mm Ans.

)
Eal 70(109)

eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
39.79(106)
an ing rnin tors igh

ss
Ps = Ans.
.
= 0.000884 mm>mm
r

=
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p

Emg 45(109)
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
Pb = 0.00227 mm>mm, Ps = 0.000884 mm>mm

182
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

R3–10.

An acetal polymer block is fixed to the rigid plates at its top 400 mm
and bottom surfaces. If the top plate displaces 2  mm P  2 kN
horizontally when it is subjected to a horizontal force P = 2 kN,
determine the shear modulus of the polymer. The width of the
block is 100 mm. Assume that the polymer is linearly elastic
200 mm
and use small angle analysis.

Solution
Normal and Shear Stress:

V 2(103)
t = = = 50 kPa
A 0.4(0.1)

Referring to the geometry of the undeformed and deformed shape of the block
shown in Fig. a,

2
g = = 0.01 rad
200

Applying Hooke’s Law,

)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
50(103) = G(0.01)

W
t = Gg;
no the iss tea s

itt W tio
w
t p W em ch

e
d on g. in t la

m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh

G = 5 MPa Ans.

.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co

D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S

is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by

k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
T

Ans:
G = 5 MPa

183