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Recap: - Port: - Harbour: - There Are Ports That Are Not Sheltered and Harbours That Have No Ports. - Roadstead

This document discusses ports, harbors, and ships. It defines key terms like port, harbor, and provides classifications for harbors and ports. It also discusses ship dimensions, size classifications like deadweight tonnage, and types of ship movement within harbors. The operations of ships within a harbor are summarized from arrival to departure, including activities like berthing, loading/unloading, and departing.

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55 views25 pages

Recap: - Port: - Harbour: - There Are Ports That Are Not Sheltered and Harbours That Have No Ports. - Roadstead

This document discusses ports, harbors, and ships. It defines key terms like port, harbor, and provides classifications for harbors and ports. It also discusses ship dimensions, size classifications like deadweight tonnage, and types of ship movement within harbors. The operations of ships within a harbor are summarized from arrival to departure, including activities like berthing, loading/unloading, and departing.

Uploaded by

lance carter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Recap

• Port:
– A place where cargoes are load and unloaded.
• Harbour:
– A place that provides shelter and anchorage for
ships:
• There are ports that are not sheltered and
harbours that have no ports.
• Roadstead:
– A partly sheltered anchorage outside harbour
Recap
• Harbour Classifications:
– Natural Harbour
– Semi-Natural Harbour
– Artificial Harbour
• Harbour Classification in terms of Utility
– Refuge Harbour
– Commercial Harbour
– Military Harbour
• Harbour Classification in terms of Location
– Sea Harbour
– Canal Harbour
– River/estuary Harbour
– Lake Harbour
2.4 Ports
• The term port is used to indicate a harbour
where terminal facilities, such a stores,
landing of passengers and cargo, etc. are
added to it.
• A port includes everything on the landward
side of those lines i.e. piers, slips, wharves,
sheds, tracks, handling equipment, etc.
2.4.1 Classification of Ports
• Depending upon the location, the ports can be
classified as;
– Sea ports
– Inland ports
– Fishing ports
– Warm water ports
– Dry Ports
– Cruise home ports
– Cargo Ports
Sea Ports
• Most common type of Port used for
commercial shipping.
• Built on a sea location
• It is furnished with the facilities for loading
and unloading; for storing goods and
reshipping them by land or water; and for
supplying fuel.
Inland Ports
• built on comparatively smaller water bodies
such as rivers or lakes.
• Serve the purpose of cargo or for passengers
or for both.
• May have access to sea with the help of a
canal system
Fishing Ports
• mainly donates to the commercial sphere as it
participates in fishing.
• The existence of a fishing port entirely relies
upon the availability of fishes in that region of
the ocean.
• A fishing port can be an inland port or a
seaport.
Warm Water Ports
• Ports where water does not freeze during the
frosty winters.
• Free to operate all year round without a
temporary shutdown during the freezing time
• A few notable examples may include Ukraine’s
Odessa, Russia’s Vostochny Port and
Murmansk Port, Japan’s Kushiro and Alaska’s
Valdez.
Dry Ports
• Dry ports are defined as inland terminals that
can be interconnected with a seaport via road
or rail transportation facilities, and they
usually act as centers of multimodal logistics.
• Its functions are quite similar to that of a
seaport, with the only difference that is not
situated near the coastline.
Cruise Home Ports
• specializes in dealing with the activities of a
cruise ships, and provide the platform for the
passengers to enter and disembark the cruises at
the beginning and the end of the journeys,
respectively.
• Similarly, Port of Call, is a type of port which is
paid a brief visit by a ship on voyage. It is mainly
required for necessary cargo discharge, or for
carrying out essential repair works.
• Many passengers can also leave the vessel at a
“port of call”.
Cargo Ports
• these ports act according to the cargo it manages and the
amenities available differ from one port to the other.
• These ports are also known as “bulk ports” or “break bulk
ports”.
• A cargo port may be designed to deal with single, as well as
multiple types of products. Items such as liquid fuels,
chemicals, food grains, timber, machines and motorcars,
are transported to various places, employing the adeptness
of a cargo port.
• Deep water ports are sometimes used along with those
cargo ports which do not have sufficient depth to allow big
ships.
Difference Between Ports and
Terminals
• Ports are strategic geographical locations
which are situated at the edge of ocean, seas,
rivers, or lakes.
• These locations are then developed to
inculcate facilities for loading and unloading of
cargo ships.
• The facilities provided for a port depends on
the purpose for which the port is being used.
• A terminal is referred to as the set of facilities
at a port where loading and unloading of
cargo/container takes place
• Terminals are named on the basis of type of
cargo that can be handled by them.
• Some of the most common types of terminals
are container terminal, bulk cargo terminal,
LNG terminal etc.
2.4.2 Requirements of a Good Port
• It should be centrally situated for the hinterland.
For a port, the hinterland is that part of the
country behind it which can be served with
economy and efficiency by the port.
• It should get good tonnage i .e. charge per tonne
of cargo handled by it.
• It should have good communication with the rest
of country.
• It should be populous
• It should be advanced in culture, trade and
industry.
Requirement of Good Port
• It should be a place of defence and for resisting
the sea-borne invasion
• It should command valuable and extensive trade.
• It should be capable of easy, smooth and
economic development.
• It should afford shelter to all ships and at all
seasons of the years
• It should provide the maximum facilities to all the
visiting ships including the servicing of ships.
2.5 Ships

• Influence on design
of Harbours and
Ports because of:
– Size and
– Speciaization
2.5.1 Definition of Ship Dimension
• Freeboard: the distance from
the waterline to the upper deck
level, measured with respect to
lowest point where water can
enter the ship or boat.
• Moulded depth: Vertical
distance measured from the top
of the keel to the underside of
the upper deck at side.
• Draft: vertical distance from the
bottom of the keel to the
waterline.
• Keel: a beam around which the
hull of a ship is built.
2.5.2 Size of Ships
• The size of ships is normally expressed as
– DWT: Deadweight tonnage: The carrying capacity of the
ship, namely the total weight of cargo, fuel, fresh water
etc.
– GRT: Gross Registered Tonnage: Total internal volume of
the ship expressed in "register tons", each of which is
equal to 100 cubic feet (2.83 m3)
– NRT: Net Registered Tonnage: Available volume for cargo,
i.e. GRT minus the volume of engine room, compartments
for operation and ballast tanks.
– DT: Displacement tonnage: the total weight of the ship i.e.
the weight of the sea water displaced by the ship.

Important: Dimensions of ships are normally not clearly


known at design stage of the port.
2.5.3 Wind Area of Ships
• The area where there is a force created on an
the ship by friction when there is relative
movement between air and the object.
• The area of the surface of ship exposed to the
wind.
• The port and harbour institute of Japan
proposed
– Wind area of ships 𝑚2 = 𝛼 𝐷𝑊𝑇 𝛽
, DWT in
tonnage.
2.5.4 Types of Ship Movement
• Heave: linear vertical motion
(up/down)
• Sway: the linear lateral side to
side) motion.
• Surge: the linear longitudinal
(front/back) motion.
• Pitch: the rotation of a vessel
abouts it transverse (side to side)
axis.
• Roll: the rotation of a vessel about
its longitudinal (front/back) axis.
• Yaw: the rotation of a vessel about
its vertical axis.
2.6 Operation of Ships inside Harbour
• Ranging from arrival to departure, the operation
of ships are divided into:
– Arrival at the outer harbour basin.
– Entering into the harbour
– Preparation for berthing, including possible turning of
the ship.
– Berthing, including mooring to the berth structure.
– Loading and unloading while at berth.
– Deberthing from the berth structure.
– Departure from the harbour
Approaching and berthing at
Hanstholm Harbour, Denmark

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