Power System Protection

Introduction

Introduction SIPROTEC 3 SIPROTEC 4

1
Siemens is one of the world’s leading sup-
pliers of protective equipment for power
systems.
Thousands of our relays ensure first-class
performance in transmission and distribu-
2 tion networks on all voltage levels, all over
the world, in countries of tropical heat or
arctic frost.
For many years, Siemens has also signifi-
cantly influenced the development of pro-
3 tection technology.
■ In 1976, the first minicomputer (process
computer)-based protection system was
commissioned: A total of 10 systems
for 110/20 kV substations were supplied
4 and are still operating satisfactorily today.
■ Since 1985, we have been the first to
manufacture a range of fully numerical Fig. 12: Numerical relay ranges of Siemens
relays with standardized communication
interfaces.
Today, Siemens offers a complete pro-
5 gram of protective relays for all applica- State of the art
tions including numerical busbar protec- Mechanical and solid-state (static) relays
tion. have been almost completely phased out
To date (1999), more than 150,000 numer- of our production because numerical relays
ical protection relays from Siemens are are now preferred by the users due to
6 providing successful service, as stand- their decisive advantages:
alone devices in traditional systems or
■ Compact design and lower cost due to
as components of coordinated protec-
tion and substation control. integration of many functions into one
Meanwhile, the innovative SIPROTEC 4 relay
series has been launched, incorporating ■ High availability even with less mainte-
7 the many years of operational experi- nance due to integral self-monitoring
ence with thousands of relays, together ■ No drift (aging) of measuring characteris-
with users’ requirements (power author- tics due to fully numerical processing
ity recommendations). ■ High measuring accuracy due to digital
filtering and optimized measuring algo-
rithms
8 ■ Many integrated add-on functions,
for example, for load-monitoring and
event/fault recording
■ Local operation keypad and display de-
signed to modern ergonomic criteria
9 ■ Easy and secure read-out of information
via serial interfaces with a PC, locally or
remotely
■ Possibility to communicate with higher-
level control systems using standardized
10 protocols (open communication)

6/8 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Introduction

52
1

21 67N FL 79 25 SM ER FR BM
2

85

3
Serial link to station – or personal computer
to remote line end kA,
kV,
Hz, 01.10.93
21 Distance protection MW,
67N Directional ground-fault protection MVAr, 4
Load monitor MVA,
FL Distance-to-fault locator
79 Autoreclosure Fault report
25 Synchro-check Fault record
85 Carrier interface (teleprotection) 5
SM Self-monitoring Relay monitor
ER Event recording
Breaker monitor
FR Fault recording
BM Breaker monitor Supervisory control
6
Fig. 13: Numerical relays, increased information availability

Modern protection management All relays can stand fully alone. Thus, the Measuring included 7
traditional protection concept of separate
All the functions, for example, of a line pro- For many applications, the protective-current
main and alternate protection as well as
tection scheme can be incorporated in one transformer accuracy is sufficient for oper-
the external connection to the switchyard
unit: ational measuring. The additional mea-
remain unchanged.
■ Distance protection with associated suring c.t. was more for protection of
add-on and monitoring functions measuring instruments under system fault 8
■ Universal teleprotection interface
”One feeder, one relay“ concept conditions. Due to the low thermal with-
stand ability of the measuring instruments,
■ Autoreclose and synchronism check Analog protection schemes have been en-
they could not be connected to the protec-
gineered and assembled from individual
tion c.t.. Consequently, additional measur-
Protection-related information can be relays. Interwiring between these relays
ing c.t.s and measuring instruments are
called up on-line or off-line, such as: and scheme testing has been carried out
now only necessary where high accuracy 9
manually in the workshop.
■ Distance to fault is required, e.g. for revenue metering.
■ Fault currents and voltages
Data sharing now allows for the integration
of several protection and protection related
■ Relay operation data (fault detector pick-
tasks into one single numerical relay. Only
up, operating times etc.)
a few external devices may be required for 10
■ Set values completion of the total scheme. This has
■ Line load data (kV, A, MW, kVAr) significantly lowered the costs of engineer-
To fulfill vital protection redundancy require- ing, assembly, panel wiring, testing and
ments, only those functions which are in- commissioning. Scheme failure probability
terdependent and directly associated with has also been lowered.
each other are integrated in the same unit. Engineering has moved from schematic
For back-up protection, one or more addi- diagrams towards a parameter definition
tional units have to be provided. procedure. The documentation is provided
by the relay itself. Free allocation of LED
operation indicators and output contacts
provides more application design flexibility.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/9
 Power System Protection
Introduction

On-line remote data exchange

A powerful serial data link provides for
1 interrogation of digitized measured values Personal computer Recording
and other information stored in the pro- DIGSI
tection units, for printout and further
processing at the substation or system
control level.
2 In the opposite direction, settings may be
altered or test routines initiated from a re-
mote control center. Assigning
For greater distances, especially in outdoor
switchyards, fiber-optic cables are prefera-
bly used. This technique has the advantage
3 that it is totally unaffected by electromag- Protection Laptop
netic interference.

Off-line dialog with numerical relays DIGSI

4 A simple built-in operator panel which Recording and
requires no special software knowledge or confirmation
codeword tables is used for parameter
input and readout.
This allows operator dialog with the protec-
tion relay. Answers appear largely in plain-
5 text on the display of the operator panel. Fig. 14: PC-aided setting procedure
Dialog is divided into three main phases:
■ Input, alternation and readout of settings
■ Testing the functions of the protection to remote control
device and System level
6 ■ Readout of relay operation data for the
three last system faults and the autore-
close counter. Substation Coordinated
level
protection & control
Modern system protection Modem
7 management (option)
A more versatile notebook PC may be ERTU RTU
used for upgraded protection manage- Data
ment.
concentrator
The MS Windows-compatible relay opera-
8 tion program DIGSI is available for entering
and readout of setpoints and archiving of Bay level
protection data.
The relays may be set in 2 steps. First, all 52
relay settings are prepared in the office
9 with the aid of a local PC and stored on a
floppy or the hard disk. At site, the set- Relay Control
tings can then be downloaded from a PC
into the relay. The relay confirms the set-
tings and thus provides an unquestionable
record.
10 Vice versa, after a system fault, the relay Fig. 15: Communication options
memory can be uploaded to a PC, and
comprehensive fault analysis can then take
place in the engineer’s office.
Alternatively, the total relay dialog can be
guided from any remote location through a
modem-telephone connection (Fig. 15).

6/10 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Introduction

Relay data management

Analog-distribution-type relays have some
20–30 setpoints. If we consider a power
Setpoints Relay operations 1
system with about 500 relays, then the
number adds up to 10,000 settings. This 300 faults p. a.
requires considerable expenditure in set- 10 000 1200 approx. 6,000 km
ting the relays and filing retrieval setpoints. setpoints flags OHL (fault rate:
A personal computer-aided man-machine
system
1 p. a. 5 p. a. and 100 km) 2
dialog and archiving program, e.g. DIGSI, approx.
assists the relay engineer in data filing and 500
retrieval. The program files all settings system
200 relays
systematically in substation-feeder-relay
order. setpoints
3
Corrective rather than preventive 1
20 sub 4
maintenance
setpoints flags
Numerical relays monitor their own hard-
ware and software. Exhaustive self-moni- 4
toring and failure diagnostic routines are 1 bay
not restricted to the protective relay itself, bay
OH-Line
but are methodically carried through from
current transformer circuits to tripping re-
lay coils.
Equipment failures and faults in the c.t. cir- Fig. 16: System-wide setting and relay operation library
5
cuits are immediately reported and the pro-
tective relay blocked.
Thus, the service personnel are now able
to correct the failure upon occurrence, re-
sulting in a significantly upgraded availability 6
of the protection system.
1000 Parameter
D
1000 1100
ParameterLine data
Adaptive relaying
C
Numerical relays now offer secure, con- 1100 Line data O/C Phase settings
venient and comprehensive matching to
1000 1200
Parameter
B
7
changing conditions. Matching may be initi- 1000 1100 Line data O/C Phase settings
1200
Parameter
ated either by the relay’s own intelligence 1500
A O/C Earth settings
or from the outside world via contacts or 1100 Line data O/C Phase settings
1200 1500 O/C EarthFault
2800 settings
Recording
serial telegrams. Modern numerical relays
contain a number of parameter sets that 1200 O/C PhaseO/C
1500 settings
2800 Earth settings 8
can be pretested during commissioning of Fault
3900 Recording
Breaker Fall
the scheme (Fig. 17). One set is normally 1500 O/C Ground settings
operative. Transfer to the other sets can be 2800 Fault Recording
3900 Breaker Fall
controlled via binary inputs or serial data
link. There are a number of applications for 2800 Fault recording
3900 Breaker Fall
which multiple setting groups can upgrade 9
the scheme performance, e.g. 3900 Breaker fail
a) for use as a voltage-dependent control
of o/c relay pickup values to overcome
alternator fault current decrement to be-
low normal load current when the AVR 10
is not in automatic operation. Fig. 17: Alternate parameter groups
b) for maintaining short operation times
with lower fault currents, e.g. automatic
change of settings if one supply trans- d) for autoreclose programs, i.e. instanta-
former is taken out of service. neous operation for first trip and delayed
c) for “switch-onto-fault” protection to pro- operation after unsuccessful reclosure.
vide shorter time settings when energiz- e) for cold load pick-up problems where
ing a circuit after maintenance. high starting currents may cause relay
The normal settings can be restored operation.
automatically after a time delay. f) for ”ring open“ or ”ring closed“ operation.

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/11
 Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

Mode of operation PC interface

Numerical protection relays operate on the LSA interface
1 basis of numerical measuring principles.
The analog measured values of current and
voltage are decoupled galvanically from the Meas. Input filter V.24 FO Input/ Binary
plant secondary circuits via input transduc- inputs output inputs
Serial ports
ers (Fig. 18). After analog filtering, the
Interfaces
2 sampling and the analog-to-digital conver-
sion take place. The sampling rate is, de-
pending on the different protection princi-
ples, between 12 and 20 samples per Alarm
period. With certain devices (e.g. generator Current Amplifier relay
protection) a continuous adjustment of the inputs
3 sampling rate takes place depending on (100 x /N,
1 s)
the actual system frequency.
The protection principle is based on a cy- Com-
clic calculation algorithm, utilizing the sam- mand
pled current and voltage analog measured relay
4 values. The fault detections determined by Voltage A/D Processor Memory:
this process must be established in several inputs converter system RAM Input/ LED
sequential calculations before protection (140 V output
contin- EEPROM dis-
reactions can follow. 0001 units plays
uous) 0101 EPROM
A trip command is transferred to the com- 0011
mand relay by the processor, utilizing a
5 dual channel control.
The numerical protection concept offers a 100 V/1 A, 10 V digital Input/output
variety of advantages, especially with re- 5 A analog analog contacts
gard to higher security, reliability and user
Fig. 18: Block diagram of numerical protection
friendliness, such as:
6 ■ High measurement accuracy:
The high ultilization of adaptive algo-
rithms produce accurate results even Plausibility check of input quantities
during problematic conditions e.g. iL1 + iL2 + iL3 = iE
■ Good long-term stability: uL1 + uL2 + uL3 = uE
7 Due to the digital mode of operation,
drift phenomena at components due to
ageing do not lead to changes in accura-
cy of measurement or time delays Check of analog-to-digital conversion
■ Security against over and underfunction A by comparison with
With this concept, the danger of an unde- converted reference quantities
8 tected error in the device causing protec- D
tion failure in the event of a network fault
is clearly reduced when compared to con-
ventional protection technology. Cyclical Hardware and software monitoring of
and preventive maintenance services have Micro- the microprocessor system incl. memory,
9 therefore become largely obsolete. processor e.g. by watchdog and
system cyclic memory checks
The integrated self-monitoring system
(Fig. 19) encompasses the following areas:
– Analog inputs
– Microprocessor system Relay Monitoring of the tripping relays
10 – Command relays. operated via dual channels

Tripping check or test reclosure by local

or remote operation (not automatic)

Fig. 19: Self-monitoring system

6/12 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

Implemented Functions
SIOPROTEC relays are available with a
variety of protective functions. See relay 1
charts (page 6/20 and following).
The high processing power of modern nu-
merical devices allow further integration of
non-protective add-on functions.
2
The question as to whether separate or
combined relays should be used for pro-
tection and control cannot be uniformly an-
swered. In transmission type substations,
separation into independent hardware units
is still preferred, whereas on the distribu- 3
tion level a trend towards higher function
integration can be observed. Here, com-
bined feeder relays for protection, monitor-
ing and control are on the march (Fig. 20).
Most of the relays of this guide are stand- 4
alone protection relays. The exception in
the SIPROTEC 3 series is the distribution
feeder relay 7SJ531 that also integrates
control functions. Per feeder, only one re-
lay package ist needed in this case leading
to a considerable reduction in space und 5
wiring. Fig. 20: Switchgear with numerical relay (7SJ62) Switchgear with combined protection
and traditional control and control relay (7SJ63)
With the new SIPROTEC 4 series (types
7SJ61, 62 and 63), Siemens supports both
stand-alone and combined solutions on the
basis of a single hardware and software The following solutions are available within ■ Combined feeder relays for protection, 6
platform. The user can decide within wide one relay family: monitoring and control
limits on the configuration of the control ■ Separate control and protection relays Mixed use of the different relay types is
and protection functions in the feeder, ■ Protection relays including remote con- readily possible on account of the uniform
without compromising the reliability of the trol of the feeder breaker via the serial operation and communication procedures.
protection functions (Fig. 21). communication link 7

7SJ61/ 7SJ62/63
Busbar 62/63
52
Local/Remote control PLC logic Vf (option) Directional (option)
8
Commands/Feedback indications
Trip circuit Fault locator Rotating field
supervision Lockout 810/U 59 27 monitoring
Motor & 21FL
control 74TC 86 47
(only 7SJ63) 9
HMI Communica- Fault Metering values V, Watts,
tions module recording Vars f.p.f.
RS23/485 I2 limit values
fiber optic
IEC 60 870-5-103 Metered power Calculated
values pulses
PROFIBUS FMS
10
Motor protection (option)
Starting time 67 67N
Inrush
50 51 50N 51N 46 49 restrain 50BF
37 48 66/86
Breaker Directional ground-
failure Start fault detection (option)
Auto reclosing protection 14 Locked inhibit
79M rotor

60N 51N 67 64

Fig. 21: SIPROTEC 4 relays 7SJ61/62/63, implemented function

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/13
 Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

Integration of relays in the substation

automation
DIGSI 4 DIGSI 4
1 Basically, Siemens numerical relays
are all equipped with an interface to IEC Telephone
60870-5-103 for open communication with SICAM
connection
substation control systems either from SAS
Siemens (SINAUT LSA or SICAM, see
PROFIBUS FMS
2 page 6/71 ff) or of any other supplier.
The relays of the newer SIPROTEC 4 Modem IEC 60870-5-103
series, however, are even more flexible
and equipped with communication options. DIGSI 4
SIPROTEC 4 relays may also be connected
3 to the SINAUT LSA system or to a system
of another supplier via IEC 60870-5-103.
But, SICAM 4 relays were originally de-
signed as components of the new SICAM
substation automation system, and their IEC 60870-5-103
common use offers the most technical and
4 cost benefits.
SIPROTEC 4 protection and SICAM station Fig. 22: SIPROTEC 4 relays, communication options
control, which is based on SIMATIC, are of
uniform design, and communication is based
on the Profibus standard.
5 SIPROTEC 4 relays can in this case be
connected to the Profibus substation LAN
of the SICAM system via one serial inter- 1
face. Through a second serial interface, 1
e.g. IEC 60 870-5-103, the relay can sepa-
6 rately communicate with a remote PC via a 2
modem-telephone line (Fig. 22).
2

3 3
Local relay operation
All operator actions can be executed and 4
7 information displayed on an integrated user 4 5
interface.
6 6
Many advantages are already to be found
on the clear and user-friendly front panel: 7
7
■ Positioning and grouping of the keys
8 supports the natural operating process
(ergonomic design) 1 Large illuminated display 4 Control (7SJ61/62 6 Freely programmable
■ Large non-reflective back-lit display 2 Cursor keys uses function keys) function keys
■ Programmable (freely assignable) LEDs 3 LED with reset key 5 Key switches 7 Numerical keypad
for important messages
9 ■ Arrows arrangement of the keys for Fig. 23: Front view of the protection relay 7SJ62 Fig. 24: Front view of the combined protection,
easy navigation in the function tree monitoring and control relay 7SJ63
■ Operator-friendly input of the setting val-
ues via the numeric keys or with a PC
by using the operating program DIGSI 4
■ Command input protected by key lock
10 (6MD63/7SJ63 only) or password
■ Four programmable keys for frequently
used functions >at the press of a but-
ton<

6/14 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

DIGSI 4 the PC program for operating

SIPROTEC 4 relays
For the user, DIGSI is synonymous with 1
convenient, user-friendly parameterizing
and operation of digital protection relays.
DIGSI 4 is a logical innovation for operation
of protection and bay control units of the
SIPROTEC 4 family. 2
The PC operating program DIGSI 4 is the
human-machine interface between the
user and the SIPROTEC 4 units. It features
modern, intuitive operating procedures.
With DIGSI 4, the SIPROTEC 4 units ca be
configured and queried. 3
■ The interface provides you only with
what is really necessary, irrespective of
which unit you are currently configuring. Fig. 25: Substation manager for managing of substation and device data
■ Contextual menus for every situation
provide you with made-to-measure func- 4
tionality – searching through menu
hierarchies is a thing of the past.
■ Explorer – operation on the MS Win-
dows 95® Standard – shows the options
in logically structured form. 5
■ Even with marshalling, you have the
overall picture – a matrix shows you at a
glance, for example, which LEDs are
linked to which protection control
function(s). It just takes a click with the
mouse to establish these links by a 6
fingertip.
■ Thus, you can also use the PC to link up
with the relay via star coupler or channel
switch, as well via the PROFIBUS® of a
substation control system. The integrat- 7
ed administrating system ensures clear
addressing of the feeders and relays of a
substation.
■ Access authorization by means of pass-
words protects the individual functions,
such as for example parameterizing, 8
commissioning and control, from unau-
thorized access. Fig. 26: Function range
■ When configuring the operator environ-
ment and interfaces, we have attached
importance to continuity with the SICAM 9
automation system. This means that you
can readily use DIGSI on the station con-
trol level in conjunction with SICAM.
Thus, the way is open to the SIMATIC
automation world.
10

Fig. 27: Range of operational measured values

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/15
 Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

DIGSI 4 matrix
The DIGSI 4 matrix allows the user to see
1 the overall view of the relay configuration
at a glance. For example, you can display
all the LEDs that are linked to binary inputs
or show external signals that are connect-
ed to the relay. And with one click of
2 the button, connections can be switched
(Fig. 28).

Display editor
A display editor is available to design the
3 display on SIPROTEC 4 units. The prede-
fined symbol sets can be expanded to suit
the user. The drawing of a one-line dia-
gram is extremely simple. Load monitoring
values (analog values) can be placed where Fig. 28: DIGSI 4 allocation matrix
required (Fig. 29).
4
Commissioning
Special attention has been paid to commis-
sioning. All binary inputs and outputs can
5 be read and set directly. This can simplify
the wire checking process significantly for
the user.

CFC: Planning instead of programming

6 logic
With the help of the graphical CFC (Contin-
uous Function Chart)Tool, you can config-
ure interlocks and switching sequences
simply by drawing the logic sequences; no
7 special knowledge of software is required.
Logical elements such as AND, OR and
time elements are available (Fig. 30) .

Hardware and software platform

8 ■ Pentium 133 MHz or above, with at
least 32 Mbytes RAM Fig. 29: Display Editor
■ DIGSI requires about 200 Mbytes hard-
disk space
■ Additional hard-disk space per installed
9 protection device 2 Mbytes
■ One free serial interface to the protec-
tion device (COM 1 to COM 4)
■ One CD ROM drive (required for in-
stallation)
■ WINDOWS 95/98 or NT 4
10

Fig. 30: CFC logic with module library

6/16 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

Operation of SIPROTEC 3 Relays

Most of the Siemens numerical relays be-
long to the series SIPROTEC 3. (Only the 1
distribution protection relays 7SJ61/62,
the combined protection and control relay
7SJ63 and the line protection 7SA522 are
presently available in the version SIPRO-
TEC 4). 2
Both relay series are widely compatible and
can be used together in protection and con-
trol systems. SIPROTEC 3 relays however
are not applicable with PROFIBUS but only
with the IEC 60870-5-103 communication
standard. 3
The operation of SIPROTEC 3 and 4 relays
is very similar. Some novel features of the
PC operating program DIGSI 4 like the CFC
function and the graphical setting matrix
are however not contained in DIGSI 3. 4
Operation of SIPROTEC 3 relays via inte- Fig. 31: Operation of the protection relays using PC and DIGSI 3 software program
gral key pad and LCD display:
Each parameter can be accessed and al-
tered via the integrated operator panel or a
5
PC connected to the front side serial com-
munication interface.
The setting values can be accessed directly
via 4-digit addresses or by paging through
the menu. The display appears on an alpha- 6
numeric LCD display with 2 lines with
16 characters per line.
Also the rear side IEC 60870-5-103 com-
patible serial interface can be used for the
relay dialog with a PC, when not occupied 7
for the connection to a substation automa-
tion system. This rear side interface is in
particular used for remote relay communi-
cation with a PC (see page 6/19).
Most relays allow for the storage of several
setting groups (in general 4) which can be Fig. 32: Parameterization using DIGSI 3
8
activated via binary relay input, serial inter-
face or operator panel.
Binary inputs, alarm contact outputs, indi- DIGSI 3 the PC program for operating ■ PC 386 SX or above, with at least
cating LEDs and command output relays SIPROTEC 3 relays 4 Mbytes Ram
can be freely assigned to the internal relay For setting of SIPROTEC 3 relays, the ■ 10 Mbytes hard-disc space for DIGSI 3 9
functions. DIGSI 3 version is applicable. (Figs. 31 and ■ 2 to 3 Mbytes additional hard-disc space
32). It is a WINDOWS-based program that per installed protection device
allows comfortable user-guided relay set- ■ One free serial interface to the protec-
ting, load monitoring and readout of stored tion device (COM 1 to COM 4)
fault reports, including oscillographic fault ■ One floppy disc drive 3.5", high density 10
records. It is also a valuable tool for com- with 1.44 Mbytes or CD ROM drive for
missioning as it allows an online overview program installation
display of all measuring values. ■ WINDOWS version 3.1 or higher
DIGSI comes with the program DIGRA for These requirements relate to the case
graphic display and evaluation of oscillo- when DIGSI 3 is used as stand-alone ver-
graphic fault records (see next page). sion. When used together with DIGSI 4,
For remote relay communication, the pro- the requirements for DIGSI 4 apply. In this
gram WINDIMOD is offered (option). case DIGSI 3 and DIGSI 4 run under the
common DIGSI 4 substation manager.
The DIGSI 3 program requires the follow-
ing hardware and software platform:

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/17
 Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

Fault analysis
The evaluation of faults is simplified by nu-
1 merical protection technology. In the event
of a fault in the network, all events as well
as the analog traces of the measured volt-
ages and currents are recorded.
The following types of memory are avail-
2 able:
■ 1 operational event memory
Alarms that are not directly assigned to
a fault in the network (e.g. monitoring
alarms, alternation of a set value, block-
3 ing of the automatic reclose function).
■ 5 fault-event histories
Alarms that occurred during the last
3 faults on the network (e.g. type of
fault detection, trip commands, fault lo-
cation, autoreclose commands). A re-
4 close cycle with one or more reclosures
is treated as one fault history. Each new
fault in the network overrides the oldest
fault history.
■ A memory for the fault recordings for Fig. 33: Display and evaluation of a fault record using DIGSI
5 voltage and current. Up to 8 fault record-
ings are stored. The fault recording
memory is organized as a ring buffer, i.e. Evaluation of the fault recording Data security, data interfaces
a new fault entry overrides the oldest
fault record. Readout of the fault record from the pro- DIGSI is a closed system as far as protec-
■ 1 earth-fault event memory (optional for tection device by DIGSI is done by fault- tion parameter security is concerned. The
6 isolated or resonant grounded networks) proof scanning procedures in accordance security of the stored data of the operating
Event record of the sensitive earth fault with the standard recommendation for PC is ensured by checksums. This means
detector (e.g. faulted phase, real compo- transmission of fault records. that it is only possible to change data with
nent of residual current). A fault record can also be read out repeat- DIGSI, which subsequently calculates a
edly. In addition to analog values, such as checksum for the changed data and stores
The time tag attached to the fault-record
voltage and current, binary tracks can also it with the data. Changes in the data and
7 events is a relative time from fault detec-
be transferred and presented. thus in safety-related protection data are
tion with a resolution of 1 ms. In the case
DIGSI is supplied together with the reliably detected.
of devices with integrated battery back-up
clock, the operational events as well as the DIGRA (Digsi Graphic) program, which DIGSI is, however, also an open system.
fault detection are assigned the internal provides the customer with full graphical The data export function supports export
clock time and date stamp. operating and evaluation functionality like of parameterization and marshalling data in
8 The memory for operational events and
that of the digital fault recorders (Oscil- standard ASCII format. This permits simple
lostores) from Siemens (see Fig. 33). access to these data by other programs,
fault record events is protected against fail-
Real-time presentation of analog distur- such as test programs, without endanger-
ure of auxiliary supply with battery back-up
bance records, overlaying and zooming of ing the security of data within the DIGSI
supply.
curves and visualization of binary tracks program system.
The integrated operator interface or a PC
(e.g. trip command, reclose command, etc.) With the import and export of fault records
9 supported by the programming tool DIGSI
are also part of the extensive graphical in IEEE standard format COMTRADE (ANSI),
is used to retrieve fault reports as well as
functionality, as are setting of measurement a high-performance data interface is pro-
for the input of settings and marshalling.
cursors, spectrum analysis and fault resist- duced which supports import and export of
ance derivation. fault records into the DIGSI partner program
DIGRA.
10 This enables the export of fault records
from Siemens protection units to custom-
er-specific programs via the COMTRADE
format.

6/18 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

Remote relay interrogation

The numerical relay range of Siemens can Office
also be operated from a remotely located 1
PC via modem-telephone connection.
Analog
Up to 254 relays can be addressed via ISDN
one modem connection if the star coupler
7XV53 is used as a communication node DIGSI Modem
(Fig. 34). PC, remotely located 2
The relays are connected to the star cou-
pler via optical fiber links.
Every protection device which belongs to Substation
a DIGSI substation structure has a unique
Star coupler
address. 3
The attached relays are always listening,
but only the addressed one answers the DIGSI 7XV53
operator command which comes from the Modem,
PC,centrally located optionally with
central PC. in the substation call-back function
If the relay located in a station is to be op- (option) 4
erated from a remote office, then a device
file is opened in DIGSI and protection dia-
log is chosen via modem. Signal converter
After password input, DIGSI establishes a
connection to the protection device after opt.
receiving a call-back from the system. RS485 RS485 Bus 5
In this way secure and timesaving remote
setting and readout of data are possible.
Diagnostics and control of test routines are
also possible without the need to visit the
substation. 6
7SJ60 7RW60 7SD60 7**5 7**6
Housing and terminal system
The protection devices and the corre-
sponding supplementary devices are avail- Fig. 34: Remote relay communication
able mainly in 7XP20 housings (Figs. 35 to 7
42). The dimension drawings are to be
found on 6/36 and the following pages. The heavy-duty current plug connectors For mounting of devices into cubicles, the
Installing of the modules in a cubicle with- provide automatic shorting of the c.t. cir- 8MC cubicle system is recommended. It is
out the housing is not permissible. cuits whenever the modules are with- described in Siemens Catalog NV21.
The width of the housing conforms to the drawn. This does not release from the care The standard cubicle has the following 8
19" system with the divisions 1/6, 1/3, 1/2 to be taken when c.t. secondary circuits dimensions:
or 1/1 of a 19" rack. The termination mod- are concerned. 2200 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm (HxWxD).
ule is located at the rear of devices for In the housing version for surface mount- These cubicles are provided with a 44 U
panel flush mounting or cubicle mounting. ing, the terminations are wired up on ter- high mounting rack (standard height unit
minal strips on the top and bottom of the U = 44.45 mm). It can swivel as much as
For electrical connection, screwed termi- 180° in a swing frame. 9
nals of the SIPROTEC 3 relay series and device. For this purpose two-tier terminal
also parallel crimp contacts are provided. blocks are used to attain the required num- The rack provides for a mounting width of
For field wiring, the use of the screwed ber of terminals (Fig. 36 right). 19", allowing, for example, 2 devices with
terminals is recommended; snap-in con- According to IEC 60529 the degree of pro- a width of 1/2 x 19" to be mounted. The
nection requires special tools. tection is indicated by the identifying IP, devices in the 7XP20 housing are secured
followed by a number for the degree of to rails by screws. Module racks are not 10
To withdraw crimp contact terminations of required (see Fig. 65b on page 6/33).
the SIPROTEC 3 relay series the following protection. The first digit indicates the pro-
tool is recommended: tection against accidental contact and in-
Extraction tool No. 135900 (from Weid- gress of solid foreign bodies, the second
müller, Paderbornstrasse 157, D-32760 digit indicates the protection against water.
Detmold). 7XP20 housings are protected against ac-
cess to dangerous parts by wire, dust and
dripping water (IP 51).

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/19
 Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

SIPROTEC 3 Relay Series

1
SIPROTEC 3 relays come in 1/6 to 1/1 of
19" wide cases with a standard height of
243 mm.
Their size is compatible with SIPROTEC 4
2 relays. Therefore, exchange is always pos-
sible.
Versions for flush and surface mounting
are available.

3 Terminations:

1/1 of 19" width

Flush-mounted version:
Each termination may be made via screw
4 terminal or crimp contact. The termination
modules used each contain:
4 termination points for measured volt-
ages, binary inputs or relay outputs
(max. 1.5 mm2) or
5 2 termination points for measured cur-
rents (screw termination max. 4 mm2,
crimp contact max. 2.5 mm2)
2 FSMA plugs for the fiber optic termina-
tion of the serial communication link
6
Surface mounted version:
1/3 1/2 of 19" width
Screw terminals (max. wire cross sec-
tion 7 mm2) for all wired terminations at
the top and bottom of the housing Fig. 35a/b: Numerical protection relays of the SIPROTEC 3 series in 7XP20 standard housing
7
2 FMS plugs for fiber optic termination
of the serial communication link at the
bottom of the housing

Fig. 35c
8

10

Fig. 36: SIPROTEC 3 relays left: Connection method Fig. 36 Right: Connection method for panel surface
for panel flush mounting including fiber-optic inter- mounting
faces;

6/20 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Relay Design and Operation

SIPROTEC 4 Relay Series

1
SIPROTEC 4 relays come in 1/6 to 1/1 of
19" wide cases with a standard height of
243 mm.
Their size is compatible with SIPROTEC 3
relays. Therefore, compatible exchange is
always possible.
2
All wires (cables) are connected at the rear
side of the relay via ring tongue terminals.
A special relay version with loose cable-
connected operator panel (Fig. 42) is also
available. It allows for example installation
3
of the relay itself in the low-voltage com-
Fig. 38: 1/6 of 19" Fig. 39: 1/3 of 19"
partment and of the operator panel sepa-
rately in the door of the switchgear.
In this version voltage terminals are of the
plug-in type. Current terminals are again 4
screw-type.

Terminations:

Standard relay version with 5

screw terminals:
Current terminals:
Connection Wmax = 12mm W
ring cable lugs d1 = 5mm d1 6

Wire size 2.7 – 4 mm2

(AWG 13–11)
7
Direct Solid conductor, flexible
connection lead, connector sleeve Fig. 40: 1/2 of 19" Fig. 41: SIPROTEC 4 relay case versions
Wire size 2.7 – 4 mm2
(AWG 13–11)
Voltage terminals: 8
Connection Wmax = 10mm
ring cable lugs d1 = 4 mm
Wire size 1.0 – 2.6 mm2
(AWG 17–13)
Direct
connection
Solid conductor, flexible
lead, connector sleeve
9
Wire size 0.5 – 2.5 mm2
(AWG 20–13)

Special relay version (Fig. 42)

with plug-in terminals: 10
Current terminals:
Screw type as above
Voltage terminals:
2-pin or 3-pin 0.5 – 1.0mm2
connectors 0.75 – 1.5mm2
Wire size 1.0 – 2.5mm2

Fig. 37 Fig. 42: SIPROTEC 4 combined protection, control and monitoring relay 7SJ63 with separate operator panel

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/21
 Power System Protection
Relay Selection Guide

Relay Selection Guide

1

Pilot wire differential

Generator protection
Fiber-optic current

Motor protection
2

Overcurrent
comparison

Differential
Distance

7SS50/52

7UM511
7UM512
7UM515
7UM516
Type
7SA511
7SA513
7SA522
7SD600
7SD502
7SD503
7SD511
7SD512

7UT512
7UT513
7SJ551
7SJ511
7SJ512
7SJ531

7VH80

7VH83
7SJ60
7SJ61
7SJ62
7SJ63
Protection functions

ANSI Description
4 No.*
14 Zero speed and underspeed dev. – – – – – – – – – – ■ – – – – ■ – – – – – – – – –
21 Distance protection, phase ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■
5 21N Distance protection, ground ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
24 Overfluxing – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ –
25 Synchronism check ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
27 Undervoltage – – – – – – – – – – ■ – – ■ ■ ■ – – – – – ■ ■ ■ –
6
27/59/ U/f protection – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ –
81
32 Directional power – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ – – ■

7 32F Forward power – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – ■

32R Reverse power – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – ■
37 Undercurrent or underpower – – – – – – – – – – ■ – ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – ■ – –
40 Field failure – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ – – –
8
46 Load unbalance, negative phase – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – ■ ■ – ■
sequence overcurrent
47 Phase sequence voltage ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – –
48 Incomplete sequence, locked – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – –
9 rotor, failure to accelerate
49 Thermal overload ■ – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – ■ ■ – – ■ – – –
49R Rotor thermal protection – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – –
49S Stator thermal protection – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – ■ – – –
10
50 Instantaneous overcurrent – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – ■ ■ – – ■ – – –
50N Instantaneous ground fault – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – –
overcurrent
51G Ground overcurrent relay – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – ■ – – – – ■ ■ –

* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers

Fig. 43a

6/22 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition
Power System Protection
Relay Selection Guide

Pilot wire differential

Generator protection
Fiber-optic current

Motor protection
2

Overcurrent
comparison

Differential
Distance

7SS50/52
Type

7UM511
7UM512
7UM515
7UM516
7SA511
7SA513
7SA522
7SD600
7SD502
7SD503
7SD511
7SD512
7SJ511
7SJ512

7SJ531

7UT512
7UT513
7SJ551
7VH80

7VH83
7SJ55

7SJ60
7SJ61
7SJ62
7SJ63
Protection functions

ANSI Description
No.*
4
51GN Stator ground-fault overcurrent – – – – – – – – – – – ■ – – – – ■ – – – – – ■ ■ ■ –
51 Overcurrent with time delay – – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – ■ ■ – – ■ ■ – ■
51N Ground-fault overcurrent ■ ■ ■ – – – ■ ■ ■ – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – ■ ■ – – 5
with time delay
59 Overvoltage – ■ ■ – – – – – – – – ■ – – ■ ■ ■ – – – – – ■ ■ ■ –
59N Residual voltage ground-fault – – – – – – – – – ■ – ■ – – ■ ■ – – – – – – ■ – ■ ■
protection
6
64R Rotor ground fault – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ –
67 Directional overcurrent – – – – – – – – – ■ – ■ – – ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – –
67N Directional ground-fault ■ ■ – – – – – – – ■ – ■ – – ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – –
overcurrent 7
67G Stator ground-fault, directional – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ – –
overcurrent
68/78 Out-of-step protection ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■
79 Autoreclose ■ ■ ■ – – – – ■ – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – 8
81 Frequency relay – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – – – – – – ■ ■ ■ –
85 Carrier interface ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
86 Lockout relay, start inhibit – – – – – – – – – – – ■ – ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – –
9
87G Differential protection, generator – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – – – – – –
87T Differential protection, transf. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – – – – – –
87B Differential protection, bus-bar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – – – –
87M Differential protection, motor – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ ■ – ■ – – – – 10
87L Differential protection, line – – – ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
87N Restricted earth-fault protection – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ■ – ■ – – – – – –
92 Voltage and power directional rel. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
50BF Breaker failure – ■ ■ – – – – – ■ ■ – ■ – ■ ■ ■ – – – – ■ – – – – –

* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers

Fig. 43b

Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition 6/23
 Power System Protection
Relay Selection Guide

Relay Selection Guide

1 Synchronism check

Voltage, Frequency
Breaker failure
Synchronizing
Autoreclose +

3
7RW600

Type
7SV512
7SV600
7VK512

7VE51

Protection functions

ANSI Description
4
No.*
24 Overfluxing – – – – ■
25 Synchronism check ■ – – – –
5 Synchronizing – ■ – – –
27 Undervoltage – – – – ■
27/59/ U/f protection – – – – ■
81
6 50BF Breaker failure – – ■ ■ –
59 Overvoltage – – – – ■
79 Autoreclose ■ – – – –
7 81 Frequency relay – – – – ■

10

* ANSI/IEEE C 37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device

Function Numbers

Fig. 43c

6/24 Siemens Power Engineering Guide · Transmission and Distribution · 4th Edition