ETIPWind

Roadmap
etipwind.eu
 AUTHORS
ETIPWind Executive Committee
Alexander Vandenberghe, WindEurope
Pierre Tardieu, WindEurope

DESIGN
Formas do Possivel - Creative Studio
www.formasdopossivel.com

COVER PHOTO
Francisco Javier Domínguez

Legal notice: This report has been produced with the support of the European
Commission. The views represented in the report are those of its authors and do not
represent the views or official position of the European Commission.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
under grant agreement No 826042

2
 Table of contents

1
Executive summary
P.04 2
3
Immediate action and scale
required for energy transition
P.05

The time to act is now........................................7

A robust all-encompassing policy framework
for a successful energy transition.......................8
Place Europe ahead in the global renewable
energy market....................................................8
Research & Innovation
priorities 2020-2027

4
P.10

Grid & system integration.................................. 12

Operations & maintenance................................ 14
Next generation technologies............................ 16
Offshore balance of plant................................... 18
Floating offshore wind........................................ 20
Skills & human resources................................... 22
The value proposition

5
of wind energy
P.24

Improve the health of all Europeans.................. 24

Reduce environmental footprint........................ 24
Reduce carbon footprint.................................... 25
Reduce external costs......................................... 26
Provide thousands of green jobs........................ 28
Annexes
P.29

Annex 1 – Methodology..................................... 29
Annex 2 – References......................................... 30
 Executive summary
1

Our climate is undergoing dramatic changes and the Energy experts and policymakers expect wind energy
effects on our society are becoming more visible and to take a leading role in the power sector, with a
more intense. To halt the disastrous effects of climate total installed capacity of up to 1200 GW by 2050.
change most governments, including the European Such ambitious targets need to be supported with
Union, have pledged to keep global warming well a dedicated industrial policy on wind energy. Wind
below 2° Celsius by 2100. energy holds a unique place in the European industrial
fabric. It is at the same time a high-tech green and
Achieving this goal will require a near complete
heavy manufacturing industry. Innovation and
decarbonisation of the energy system and a
technology development play a big part in the success
significant increase in renewable power generation.
of wind energy in Europe and further technology
This energy transition must be swift, sustainable and
advancement will be essential for a successful and just
fair. Wind energy is expected to become the flagship
energy transition.
of this transition and provide for at least half of the
EU’s electricity demand. Deploying wind energy To sustain this trend the industry needs continued
as part of the energy transition will bring several support to design and manufacture new component
benefits to European citizens and businesses. Carbon structures and materials and develop new high precision
emissions will drop, air quality will improve, the manufacturing lines suited to mass production of larger
environmental impact of the electricity sector will and more efficient turbines. New materials and multi-
reduce and thousands of new jobs will be created material solutions should reduce weight, increase
across Europe. durability and improve mechanical performance.
Still, the clean energy transition will require At the same time, the wind industry is committed to
substantial Research & Innovation at all Technology sustainable production by enhancing circularity and
Readiness Levels (TRLs). To deliver on the ambitious developing new materials. Improved and more cost
climate and energy targets Europe needs strong and effective recycling technologies will further reduce
fit-for-purpose industrial and research programmes the ecological footprint of the sector. Critical materials
to further develop and improve technology solutions such as glass and carbon fibres can be recovered and
and applications. And to support existing European re-used in a circular economy. Research into new, more
supply chains. In particular, EU policy should recyclable materials will reduce EU’s dependence on
underpin the immediate and large scale deployment rare earths and other critical raw materials.
of renewable energy technologies by supporting
Targeted R&I support will also strengthen the leading
Research & Innovation to:
role of the European industry in the global market.
• improve performance and reduce cost of utility- Competition from non-EU players is rapidly increasing
scale renewable energy production and bring new and the associated cost reduction pressures have a big
concepts faster to market; impact on revenues and employment, especially in the
European supply chain.
• enhance sustainability and promote circularity
within European industries; and ETIPWind therefore recommends European and
national governments to align their R&I funding
• accelerate renewables-based electrification (direct
programmes with the priorities laid out in this report.
and indirect) of hard-to-abate sectors.

4
 Immediate action
2
and scale required
for energy transition

Climate change has detrimental effects on Europe’s communication on the Long Term Strategy for
society and economy. To stop climate change the EU decarbonisation. As part of this Strategy the European
has committed to help keep global warming under 2° Commission modelled several decarbonisation
Celsius and aiming for 1.5° Celsius and is a party to the pathways. In all of them they expect electricity to
Paris Agreement. As a result, the EU has pledged to meet between 41% and 53% of total energy demand in
reduce CO2 emissions by 2050 to at least 80% compared Europe by 2050. And wind energy alone would provide
to 1990 levels.1 And the new Commission President more than half of that electricity. This equals to a total
Ursula Von Der Leyen wants Europe to become the installed capacity of between 700 and 1,200 GW.4
first climate-neutral continent.2 Significant reductions
WindEurope estimates that a direct electrification rate
have been achieved in the past, but in recent years
of 62% by 2050 will see the EU comply with the Paris
emission levels have plateaued.3 The challenge thus
Agreement. In this scenario electricity demand will
remains acute.
nearly double, but as electricity is a highly efficient
To reach the goals of the Paris Agreement, Europe energy carrier, Europe’s total energy demand will
must decarbonise its energy system. Polluting reduce.5
fossil fuels need to be phased out and replaced
The European Commission’s scenarios are matched
by renewable energy sources. Renewables-based
and even surpassed by those of EURELECTRIC, the
electrification is the best option for cost-effective and
association of the electricity industry. They foresee a
efficient decarbonisation. However, today electricity
much higher electrification rate with a similar share
accounts for just 24% of Europe’s total energy use and
of wind energy. Installed capacity for wind would be
renewables provide just 30%.
between 900 and 1,100 GW by 20506. See figure 1 for
In 2018 the European Commission launched its more details on the scenarios.

© Wendy Curran

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 5
 WindEurope
EURELECTRIC European
Baseline Breaking New
Decarbonisation Commission 1.5
(2017) Ground Paris
Pathway Scenario 3 TECH scenario
scenario

Timing 2017 2050 2050 2050

GHG reduction 27% 90% 95% 100%

Electrification
24% 62% 60% 50%
rate

Electricity
3,650 TWh 5,450 TWh 4,739 TWh 3,989 TWh
demand

Wind energy
169 GW 840 GW 1,100 GW 1,210 GW
installed capacity

Figure 1 Different scenarios to reach an energy system compliant with the Paris Agreement by 2050

1400

451.4
1200
457

1000

800
Installed capacity in GW

758.7
600
643

400
70

200 19 253
160
0
WindEurope WindEurope Eurelectric 95% European Commission
2017 2030 scenario 2050 1,5 TECH 2050

Onshore wind Offshore wind

Figure 2 Scenarios for wind energy deployment

6
 The time to act is now

Urgent action is required to deliver the energy transition. At a global

level renewable power production needs to more than double
just to maintain emissions level, let alone reduce them.7 However, At a global level renewable
many governments struggle to formulate an adequate response
to this challenge. More focused support is needed but essential
power production needs
investments and political decision are often postponed due to short- to more than double just
term thinking.8 Inaction only further increases the cost of the energy to maintain emissions level,
transition.9 let alone reduce them.
Fossil fuel subsidies are a good example of this inaction. In spite
of political rhetoric, significant cost reduction in renewable power
generation and overwhelming popular support for renewable
energies, fossil fuel subsidies have not declined.10,11 On a global level,
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates almost $5,000
billion was spent on fossil fuel subsidies in 2017 alone.12
Also in Europe fossil fuel subsidies remained stable and even
increased from 2008 to 2016 with €1.8 billion. In 2016, €55 billion was
spent in support of fossil fuels and €75 billion went to renewables.
In other words, for every Euro in support of renewables, 73 cents
went to support polluting fossil fuels.13 And this while subsidies for
renewables do make an impact. Every Euro of public support to the
wind energy sector helped avoid 8 kilogrammes of CO2 emissions.
From 2011 to 2016 wind energy helped avoid 819 million tonnes of
CO2 emissions.14

35

30

25
Subsidies in € billion (2017 prices)

20

15

10

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Coal / Lignite Natural Gas Oil Other fossil

Wind Solar PV Biomass Other RES

Figure 3 Evolution of energy subsidies in the European Union 2008 - 2016

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 7
 200 25

180

160 20

Public support in € billion (in 2017 prices)

Avoided CO2 emissions in Mtonnes

140

120 15

100

80 10

60

40 5

20

0 0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Avoided CO2 emissions Subsidy

Figure 4 Wind energy public support and avoided CO2 emissions

A robust all-encompassing Place Europe ahead in the

policy framework for a global renewable energy
successful energy transition market

The insufficient sense of urgency and distribution of R&I support is also essential to ensure Europe re-
limited resources severely limits the success of the en- tains its global leadership in renewable energy tech-
ergy transition and puts Europe on a dangerous path nology. In the wind sector European companies were
of no return. Transforming the energy system requires able to capitalise on their first mover advantage and
significant investments in generation and transmission are still leading in the global wind energy market. In
infrastructure. These investments have significant lead recent years European turbine manufacturers have
times, so the time to act is now. had an average global market share of 45%.15
The European institutions play a vital role in delivering However, European leadership should not be taken
the energy transition. Powering Europe’s economy with for granted. Increased global interest in wind en-
renewable electricity requires immediate and large ergy solutions has made European manufacturers
scale deployment of renewable energy technologies. increasingly dependent on revenues from non-EU
The EU should lead the way by steering investments to- markets (sometimes up to 50%).16 And growth in
wards high impact technologies and supporting Mem- the non-EU markets is expected to accelerate expo-
ber States that heavily depend on the fossil fuel econ- nentially.17 This makes European companies more
omy with an inclusive clean energy transition based on vulnerable to international competition and directly
renewable energy sources. puts European jobs and revenues at risk.
To deliver on the ambitious targets for 2050, Europe Investments in optimising the European supply chain
needs strong industrial and innovation policies that and improving the manufacturing capabilities of Eu-
set the right market conditions and investment signals, ropean companies will be essential to retain a strong
lower the risk of investment and support existing Euro- European wind industry in Europe and the global
pean supply chains. It also requires allocating substan- market. Policymakers should acknowledge the re-
tial and targeted budgets for R&I in wind turbine tech- newable energy sector is a sector of strategic impor-
nology and the wider system integration of renewables. tance to the EU.

8
We call for an European strategic industrial policy • Enhance sustainability and promote circularity with-
to support the EU’s global leadership in renewables. in European industries; and
Policy instruments such as strategic value chains and
• Accelerate the renewables-based electrification (di-
Important Projects of Common European Interest
rect and indirect) of hard-to-abate sectors.
should be coupled with robust R&I policy and pro-
grammes such as Horizon Europe and the Emissions The next chapter spells out the specific research ac-
Trading Scheme (ETS) Innovation Fund play a vital role tions that will allow the European wind industry to
to ensure lasting technological leadership. meet the ambitions of European policymakers and
citizens, to sustain its cost competitiveness compared
R&I support from these programmes should focus on
to other energy sources and keep Europe as global
technologies and tools that:
leader in wind energy technology. The priorities build
• Improve performance and reduce costs of utili- on the recommendations from the 2018 ETIPWind
ty-scale renewable energy production and bring Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda and provide
new concepts faster to market; an in-depth perspective on the 5 pillars of wind ener-
gy R&I. As there are more than 60 research actions,
• Facilitate large scale integration of variable renew-
only a summary is presented in this report. For the full
ables in the existing energy system;
details, please visit https://etipwind.eu/.
• Prepare the build-out of a more decentralised and
distributed grid;

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION PRIORITIES

NEXT OFFSHORE
GRID & SYSTEM OPERATIONS FLOATING
GENERATION BALANCE
INTEGRATION & MAINTENANCE WIND
TECHNOLOGIES OF PLANT

DIGITALISATION / ELECTRIFICATION / INDUSTRIALISATION / HUMAN RESOURCES

Figure 5 The 5 pillars of wind energy Research & Innovation

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 9
 3
Short-term 2020-2022

• Integrated forecasting of power production & demand

• Short-term energy storage

• Lifetime assesment and condition monitoring

Research • Digital tools for control and monitoring

& Innovation • Development and validation of components & materials

• Blade recycling demonstration

priorities • Integrating wind energy in the surrounding natural and social environment

2020-2027
• Lean production • Mooring and anchors
• Validation of design tools • Dynamic electric cables
Technology Roadmap • Control methods

• Expand and harmonise wind energy teaching in Europe

• Long-term energy storage

• Robotic inspection and repair methods

High priority
• New transportation methods for large components

Medium priority
• Data availability & sharing
• Serial production – analysis of substructure production processes
Low priority

• Multi-cultured wind farms

• Modelling future system needs

Grid & system integration

Operations & maintenance

Next generation technologies

Offshore balance of plant

Floating offshore wind

Skills & human resources

10
Medium-term 2023-2024
Long-term 2025-2027
• Optimising transmission infrastructure
• Stable system with 100% RES
• Dynamic cable repair solutions
• Digital solutions for smart operations
• Predicting environmental parameters

• Development of sustainable materials

• Standards
• Manufacturing processes • Recycling methods for materials and components

• Cross-industry agreement and standards

• Cabling and connections
• Integrated optimised design plan
• Verification of methods and procedures

• Boost wind energy higher education

• Quantification of system services

• Sustainable hybrid solutions

• Decommissioning strategies and technology

• Solutions for operating in extreme conditions

• Sensor technologies, diagnostics and response

• Next generation generators
• Noise reduction • Disruptive technologies
• Reliability of components

• Material durability and protection

• Integrated design process in supply chain • Park level control

• Joint academia-industry educational programmes

• Supply chain logistics (decommissioning)

• Floating installation, assembly and heavy maintenance

 Grid & system
integration

Wind energy has become a mainstream source of erators, as well as an updated market design. In
power generation, meeting 14% of Europe’s power particular, innovation is needed to facilitate com-
demand.18 It will become the backbone of Europe’s munication between wind power plants and system
energy system with estimations for the share of wind operators, to develop more robust technologies for
energy in the power mix ranging from 30% to 50% grid integration and to transfer wind power quickly,
and more by 2050.19 The International Energy Agency efficiently and safely from the site of production to
(IEA) estimates wind will become the largest power wherever it is needed.
source in Europe by 2027.20
Apart from including more variable renewable ener-
A renewables-based power system will be distinctly gy sources, the future electricity system will also be
different from the current system. Research is need- much larger than the current one. As shown earlier
ed to identify and quantify the stability needs of the the electricity demand is set to at least double by
future power system and innovative technologies 2050. Development of enabling technologies for di-
will help establish a new grid architecture that values rect and indirect electrification in other sectors will
flexibility, efficiency and reliability. maximise the decarbonisation potential of green re-
newable power. Short- and long-term storage solu-
To integrate these vast amounts of variable renew-
tions will help overcome periods of low natural re-
able energy in just a few decades will require a new
sources without relying on polluting fossil fuels.
range of technologies and solutions for system op-

Challenge 1
Preparing the system for 100% of renewables
As more and more Member States will increasingly rely on variable renewables to decarbonise their economies,
the power system will undergo a transformation. Currently renewable power operators are asked to emulate con-
ventional power plants. This is an ineffective use of the resources and often leads to additional costs. There will
be a shift from demanding renewables to adapt to the existing system to demanding the existing system adapts to
renewables.
This shifting notion of how the power system works will raise some significant challenges. As more distributed
generation will enter the grid, it is essential to enhance and accelerate communication and coordination between
all actors including plant operators, system operators (TSOs/DSOs) and consumers. With increased digital commu-
nication, data management and cybersecurity become paramount. In a converter-based grid, optimising the use
of existing grid infrastructure and developing High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology and grid-forming ca-
pabilities will be essential. In addition, hybrid projects and virtual power plants need to be demonstrated at larger
scale and across Europe.

12
Challenge 2
Flexibility at the heart of a 100% renewable system
To decarbonise the EU economy more variable renewable energy power plants will be installed and wind is set to
become the largest source of electricity in Europe. In the short term, this will require grid operators to add more
flexibility to the grid. A lack of flexibility in hardware and software at system level would lead to unnecessary and
unsustainable costs. The need for flexibility is present at various time intervals. Real-time flexibility is needed to
stabilise the system, short-term solutions to balance the system and sustaining system adequacy will require solu-
tions operable on the long term.21
Wind farm operators can also be expected to take on more and different responsibilities towards grid management
by providing ancillary services, and to develop new solutions to decouple energy production from energy harvest-
ing, so that power can be provided to the system when resources are low. This requires innovation in short-term
and seasonal storage, multi-cultured wind farms (wind farms with more than 1 type of turbine installed) and hybrid
systems. At the same time, more accurate and precise forecasting of both power production and demand well help
to better link demand and production and ensure optimal use of available resources.

Wider regulatory requirements

Whilst new technologies will help manage an energy system with high shares of renewables, the capabilities to
absorb high shares of wind energy are more determined by economics and market design. Technical constraints
exist, but market barriers and existing operating paradigms and principles are often more restrictive. To ensure op-
timal integration of wind energy in the system, policymakers should tackle following regulatory issues for a sound
implementation of the Clean Energy Package:
• Increase flexibility in the electricity market design so that it can integrate new technologies and adapt to their
characteristics (e.g. by updating the market, operation and connection codes), in line with article 59§2 and article
60 of the recently adopted Electricity Regulation;22
• Establish effective intraday markets so that electricity can be traded as close to the moment of production as
possible, in line with article 6§4 of the Electricity regulation;23
• Enable daily procurement of balancing reserves to allow variable resources to participate and products should be
short to reflect real-time variability as stated in Annex 1 of the Electricity Regulation;24 and
• Promote virtual aggregation of different power generation technologies as a standard practice, rather than an
exception.

Short-term
2020-2022
Medium-term
• Integrated forecasting 2023-2024
of power production & Long-term
2025-2027
demand
• Optimising transmission
• Short-term energy storage infrastructure • Stable system with 100%
Criticality RES
priorities

High
• Quantification of system
Medium • Long-term energy storage services

Low
• Sustainable hybrid solutions

• Multi-cultured wind farms

• Modelling future system
needs

Figure 6 Research & Innovation action areas for grid & system integration

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 13
 Operations
& maintenance

Operations & maintenance (O&M) lies at the core of tion, robotics and big data analytics. Cybersecurity
wind energy technologies. The O&M sector is a highly will grow in importance as the wind sector becomes
competitive arena for the wind energy industry. Next increasingly reliant on digital technologies to commu-
to the wind turbine manufacturers, there are now nicate and integrate with other actors in the energy
many specialised companies providing O&M services. system.
This means that for manufacturers the service con-
tracts only make up between 15 and 20% of the an- With regards to operations, the focus for research
nual revenues.25 At the same time, it is estimated that and innovation should be on improving the overall
operational costs for wind projects can account for up performance of the technology at the lowest possible
to 20% of the total budget.26 cost (seen from a lifetime point of view). With regard
to maintenance, research should focus on improving
As such, technology development in O&M is mostly condition monitoring and reducing manned interven-
covered by the private sector. Still there is a need for tions to a bare minimum (e.g. by enhancing automat-
more research in transversal areas such as automa- ed repair methods).

Challenge 1
Optimising operations
Wind turbines are exposed to a wide variety of weather phenomena including extreme winds, lightning, frost and
heat. These external conditions are highly variable and turbines are built to endure them throughout their lifetime.
However, due to these ever-changing external conditions, wind turbines experience a wide range of changing
loads. These loads build up stress levels in key components such as blades and generators.
More accurate understanding of the stress levels in critical components is vital to ensure wind turbines operate at
their optimum capacity. Better performance management will allow the asset to be operational for a longer period
of time and will increase the value of each MWh produced. Operators will need to connect and aggregate real
time data from turbine components. The amount of data gathered for analysis will require new big data analytic
techniques and solutions using the development of artificial intelligence.

14
Challenge 2
Increasing energy availability
Operating wind power plants is very different from operating conventional energy plants. Wind power plants of-
ten comprise multiple connected, yet independent assets that are geographically distributed. So wind operations
come with a unique set of challenges, of which we underline two.
Firstly, unlike conventional power plants, wind turbines are often installed in more remote and less densely pop-
ulated areas. This often makes it difficult to get the people, materials and components to the asset on time, espe-
cially when an unexpected error occurs. The sector’s priority is to prevent unexpected failure modes, but R&I in
digital solutions and remote sensing will help increase the active range of O&M personnel in case an error occurs.
Secondly, wind farm operators and portfolio managers also operate and maintain a large amount of assets com-
pared to conventional power plant operators. More research into digital portfolio management systems will help
ensure operators can optimise power production at fleet level rather than at individual turbine level. In addition,
as more and more wind turbines assets are installed, operators will also need to develop comprehensive decom-
missioning strategies to deal with the number and variety of assets that will reach the end of their designed life in
the coming years. Decommissioning strategies and technology need further development.

Wider regulatory requirements

Standardisation and harmonisation of regulatory requirements will simplify manufacturing, installation and oper-
ational procedures and bring additional cost reductions. This is especially true for the offshore wind sector. Based
on the recommendations of the North Seas Energy Forum, the wind energy sector calls for:
• Standard recognition and/or harmonisation of certification standards for crew and technicians and the alignment
of crew requirements;
• Standard definition, recognition and/or harmonisation of certification standards for waste maritime operations;
and
• More flexible regulatory requirements for park layout to allow optimal yields. In particular, straight lines should
be avoided.
As 20 GW of installed capacity will reach the end of its designed life by 2022, decommissioning and dismantling will
become an essential part of the wind energy business.27 To ensure safe and cost-effective decommissioning across
Europe, we call for policymakers to:
• Standardise and align the requirements for wind farm developers across Europe with sector developments.

Short-term
2020-2022
Medium-term
2023-2024
• Lifetime assesment and
condition monitoring Long-term
• Dynamic cable repair solutions 2025-2027
• Digital tools for control • Digital solutions for smart
and monitoring operations
Criticality • Predicting environmental
priorities parameters

High
• Decommissioning strategies and
Medium • Robotic inspection and technology
repair methods
Low • Solutions for operating in extreme
conditions

Figure 7 Research & Innovation action areas for operations & maintenance

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 15
 Next generation
technologies

Today wind energy is the cheapest source of new in- tage the sector continuously needs to develop and
stalled power capacity in many regions of Europe. Still, market the best technology available. This requires
governments and consumers expect wind energy to significant investments in R&I, and given the cost
continue decreasing costs to accelerate the shift away reduction pressures, companies need stable and se-
from fossil fuels. The sector is under continuous pres- cure revenues to sustain investments in technology
sure to deliver high quality end products at low costs. development.

This pressure is exacerbated by the following aspects. However, development of new technology is not a
Firstly, the new auction system, which has helped straightforward line. R&I is by definition risky and un-
drive down costs for wind energy rapidly, has also certain and the maturing wind industry cannot take
reduced the operational margins of the supply chain. on all the risk by itself. EU support for R&I in wind
Secondly, non-EU suppliers are now able to provide energy plays a pivotal role to help the energy sector
high quality materials and components and outprice nurture radical solutions that challenge the status
the European supply chain. Thirdly, restrictive trade quo. The development of new breakthrough applica-
policies increase the price of materials such as steel tions and technologies will help establish wind ener-
and glass fibre used in key components. gy at the heart of the energy transition and boost the
competitiveness of the European wind industry in the
The European wind industry is competitive mostly global market.
due to its excellence. To retain a competitive advan-

Challenge 1
Cost competitiveness of the EU wind industry
Wind energy holds a unique place in the European industrial fabric. It is at the same time a high-tech green and
heavy manufacturing industry. Innovation and technology development plays a big part in the success of wind en-
ergy in Europe and EU funding for R&I acted as a catalyst for the impressive cost reductions in the sector.
To sustain this trend the industry needs continued support to innovate, design and manufacture new component
structures and materials and to develop new high precision manufacturing lines suited to the mass production of
larger and more efficient turbines. Research and development of new materials and/or multi-material solutions
should reduce component weight, increase durability and improve mechanical performance. Transportation and
installation technology also needs to be improved and scaled up to match the development of bigger wind turbines
in the coming years.

16
Challenge 2
Towards a 100% sustainable wind energy sector
To ensure Europe will lead the way in a sustainable energy transition, the EU must prioritise R&I funding to diversify
and scale up recycling technologies as part of the next R&I framework programme, Horizon Europe. Most wind
turbine components such as the foundation, tower and gearbox are recyclable, making wind turbines 85% to 90%
recyclable. However, rotor blades represent a specific challenge due the composite materials used. Large scale
demonstrations of and further innovation in recycling technologies is needed to recover critical materials such as
glass or carbon fibres and magnetic materials.
In addition to recycling solutions, new materials will need to be developed. These materials will have to be lighter,
more durable and more recyclable to increase sustainability and reduce the EU’s dependence on imports of rare
earth minerals and other critical raw materials.

Wider regulatory requirements

To continue cost reductions and sustain the European manufacturing base, R&I support to wind energy is vital,
but not sufficient. A wider and more holistic approach is needed to ensure the European wind industry can meet
the ambitions of policymakers and deliver low-cost energy to consumers. Therefore, we call for policymakers to:
• Establish a European industrial policy for wind and other renewables focused on:
• Development of high precision manufacturing lines for wind turbine components;
• Further integration of circularity in the renewables sector; and
• Development of new digital solutions and applications.
• Ensure Europe retains access to high-quality raw materials and components by:
• Promoting free trade policy with non-EU markets;
• Supporting innovation in the European supply chain so that materials and components (e.g. high-grade grain-ori-
ented electrical steel) manufactured in Europe meet the necessary quality and eco-design requirements; and
• Establishing a new regulatory framework for heavy freight transportation to ease transportation of very large
components.

Short-term
2020-2022
Medium-term
• Development and validation 2023-2024
of components & materials Long-term
2025-2027
• Blade recycling
demonstration • Development of sustainable
materials
• Integrating wind energy in
• Standards • Recycling methods for
the surrounding natural and
materials and components
social environment • Manufacturing processes
Criticality
priorities

High • Sensor technologies,

diagnostics and response
Medium • New transportation methods
• Next generation generators • Disruptive technologies
for large components
Low • Noise reduction
• Reliability of components

Figure 8 Research & Innovation action areas for next generation technologies

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 17
 Offshore balance
of plant

The sector’s push towards developing offshore wind for-purpose installation and cabling vessels. Balance
is driven by two considerations. Firstly, there are bet- of plant can account for as much as 50% of the off-
ter wind conditions at sea. The winds are stronger shore wind farm cost and is one of the most difficult
and the air is denser. Secondly, going offshore also al- areas to yield cost savings.
lows for larger turbines to be installed and run more
operative hours. Whilst cost are higher to develop Offshore wind costs are higher than onshore in large
offshore, offshore wind farms deliver green bulk part due to the high cost of offshore foundations, the
power and present good value for money. In recent hostile maritime environment and the scale. Not only
years the sector has seen significant cost reductions are the turbines significantly larger and heavier, the
from 150 €/MWh to 65 €/MWh or less.28 wind farms themselves are also bigger. The average
nominal capacity of an offshore wind farm increased
The balance of plant cost is the most challenging of from 79.6 MW in 2007 to 561 MW in 2018. This poses
problems and consists of offshore foundations, ca- significant challenges with regard to logistics, installa-
bling and transformer platforms. In addition, it is tion and maintenance.
linked to the optimisation of support ports and fit-

Challenge 1
Installing large volumes offshore
In offshore wind, sector size matters. Offshore wind turbines installed today are already the largest rotating ma-
chines in the world and the sector continues to develop bigger turbines, with 12-15 MW turbines due to reach
the market in the next decade. These larger and heavier wind turbines require more space, deeper draughts and
stronger installation vessels and cranes. The current stock of installation vessels is unable to install the designed
15 MW turbines. Innovative concepts and designs are needed to develop next generation vessels able to lift over
1,000 tonnes.
Cabling is essential to the success of offshore wind. Without solid electrical infrastructure, offshore wind farms
are rendered idle. Cable faults cause prolonged disconnections that result in significant loss of production and
revenue and often it takes weeks to repair. Cable faults affect both the inter-array cables connecting the turbines
and the export cable from the wind farm to the grid connection point onshore.
Twisting, overloading and erosion of the seabed cover are some of the main causes of cable failures. The latter
causes the cables to sway in ocean currents creating unforeseen loads to the already connected cables. Better
methods to test the integrity of cables post-production, post-transportation and post-installation are needed to
limit faults and avoid high repair costs.

18
Challenge 2
Common methodology for integrated offshore wind farm design
and development
To reach large-scale commercialisation, the industry has identified several potential bottlenecks in the supply
chain that could hinder offshore wind development in the coming years. The major issues relate to ports infra-
structure requirements for serial production, dynamic export cables, and auxiliary equipment to withstand elec-
tric loads, as well as operations and maintenance technology.
The wind industry and its supply chain should develop logistics models for offshore wind and identify common
installation technologies and manufacturing requirements. Bigger vessels, with cranes able to lift heavier compo-
nents, will alter the existing logistic flow for assembly and installation of wind turbines.
In addition, standardisation in foundation systems will facilitate offshore wind development. Common junction
boxes to ease and standardise termination of inter-array cables will significantly ease installation. This would
avoid costly faults and allow the same foundation systems to be used by different manufacturers, enlarging the
market for the European supply chain. R&I should help find new solutions and set better standards for corrosion
protection for jacket foundations.

Wider regulatory requirements

Offshore wind farms are multi-billion euro projects and such investments require extensive and careful planning
throughout the entire supply chain. A stable market outlook will be essential to unlock further investment in tech-
nology and R&I, skill development and jobs. Policymakers can improve investment clarity by:
• Integrating ambitious deployment plans for offshore wind to 2030 and beyond in their National Energy and Cli-
mate Plans;
• Stepping up cooperation in maritime spatial planning, cumulative environmental impact assessments and off-
shore grid connections (including interconnectors and hybrid projects);
• Coordinating the timeline of tenders across the various sea basins; and
• Increasing investments in port infrastructure and the maritime supply chain.

Short-term
2020-2022
Medium-term
2023-2024
Long-term
2025-2027

• Cabling and connections • Cross-industry agreement and

standards
Criticality
priorities • Integrated optimised design plan
• Verification of methods and
High
• Data availability & sharing procedures
Medium • Serial production – analysis • Material durability and
of substructure production protection
Low processes

• S upply chain logistics

(decommissioning)

Figure 9 Research & Innovation action areas for offshore balance of plant

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 19
 Floating
offshore wind

Floating offshore wind is a fast-maturing technology chain, the EU and the Member States must act imme-
with the potential to cement Europe’s leadership in diately as other countries (e.g. Japan, South Korea)
renewables globally. European companies are floating are significantly increasing their investments in float-
pioneers and are leading three quarters of the more ing offshore wind.
than 50 projects worldwide today. However, Asian
markets are opening at an increasing pace whilst Eu- EU support should ensure that cost reduction contin-
ropean plans for floating wind have lost momentum. ues and that European companies are in a position
to break global markets with European technology.
Europe still has the possibility to capitalise its first To do so, the sector needs economies of scale (vol-
mover advantage. To maximise the local economic umes), low financing costs and R&I funding.
benefits of a nascent floating offshore wind supply

Challenge 1
Serial production
To make floating offshore wind cost-competitive with other energy sources, large volumes of floaters need to be
produced and installed. The characteristics of offshore conditions vary across European waters, meaning there
will not be a single “one size fits all” solution. As such the first step to industrialisation is to identify and select the
best designs for each environment and market.
R&I is needed to develop deployment models, case studies and market assessments to identify which designs and
concepts are marketable under which conditions. Ease of manufacturing, transportation, installation and oper-
ation in a variety of markets and environments should be clearly assessed. The priority is to develop the floating
design that offers best value for money. A design that performs well and can be easily mass-produced at low costs.
Kick-starting a new supply chain will require detailed planning and harmonisation across many economic sectors.
R&I support to increase the manufacturing capacities of the suppliers, upgrade port infrastructure, develop new
maritime vessels and design new grid connections support will drive floating wind forward and create significant
economic impact too.

Challenge 2
Floating wind farms
Wind and wave interactions cause floating wind turbines to oscillate much more heavily. Whereas bottom-fixed
turbines have Eigen periods ~less than 3 sec., floating wind turbines will have natural periods of up to more than
100 sec. Better understanding of the wind and wave interactions at park is essential to optimise the layout of float-
ing wind parks and the design of floating wind turbines. The need for accurate wind resource assessment in deep
waters, where meteorological masts are proscribed, is also crucial.

20
The meandering wake and the wind field coherence inside the park also need to be well defined to optimally design
the floating wind turbines. The larger motion of floating turbines creates a design challenge in terms of load fatigue to
several components. The most obvious are the rotating components in the nacelle, the tower, blades, power cable and
mooring lines. R&I in design models and control methods will alleviate load problems.
As the size of the turbines increases, assembly and heavy maintenance operations become a challenge. Regular
jack-up vessels cannot be used for installation and heavy maintenance in a floating wind farm. Innovative solutions
and concepts need to be developed to ensure low cost installation and maintenance operations. The installation and
hook-up of the mooring system and the dynamic electrical cable is another crucial part of the installation process
of floating wind farms.
Monitoring the aging of these components under cycling loads and marine growth can significantly contribute to cost
reduction through lifecycle management. In waters deeper than 100m it is difficult to fix the array cables to the sea-
bed. R&I will need to find solutions to overcome these challenges. Public funding and dedicated joint programming
initiatives are instrumental to ensure Europe will lead the way in floating offshore wind.

Wider regulatory requirements

Expansion of floating offshore wind will allow Europe to tap into massive offshore resources and secure the tech-
nology leadership of European companies on the global market. In addition to supporting development of floating
wind technology, large scale deployment of floating offshore wind farms will be paramount. The following recom-
mendations will ensure floating offshore wind becomes a true European success story:
• Member States should set their ambitions for capacity, project pipelines and supporting policies for floating off-
shore wind in their National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) to 2030;
• The European Commission should publish the aggregated European volume of floating offshore wind projects to
2030 to enable a clear market visibility for investors and industry;
• Member States should coordinate their schedules of deployment and supporting policies for floating offshore
wind in order to maximise regional cooperation in the development of a European supply chain;
• The EU should earmark funding instruments targeted to provide access to low cost financing for floating offshore
wind projects and increase the funding to R&I focused on cost-competitiveness; and
• The EU should dedicate Cohesion Funds to support coastal areas and regions upgrading their infrastructure to
facilitate development of floating offshore wind.

Short-term
2020-2022
Medium-term
2023-2024
• Lean production
Long-term
• Validation of design tools 2025-2027
• Mooring and anchors
• Dynamic electric cables
• Control methods
Criticality
priorities

High
• Integrated design
• Park level control
Medium process in supply chain

Low
• Floating installation,
assembly and heavy
maintenance

Figure 10 Research & Innovation action areas for floating offshore wind

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 21
 Skills & human
resources

The European wind energy sector is rapidly growing. lations of close to 20 GW (offshore and onshore com-
In just 15 years installed capacity increased more than bined) will be required to reach Europe’s ambitious
fivefold, from 34 GW in 2004 to more than 190 GW climate and energy targets.
installed in 2019.29 At the same time the number of
employees quadrupled to over 300,000 in 2019.30 Job The skills gap is undermining the future of the wind
growth in the wind energy sector is driven by two fac- energy sector as companies struggle to fill in the nec-
tors. One is a growing market, which sees more tur- essary positions. As a result, companies are increas-
bines being built and installed. The other is the ageing ingly targeting their competitors with aggressive
of the existing fleet, as older turbines require more headhunting strategies, especially in the operations
regular and intensive maintenance. and maintenance and component manufacturing
sectors. For some profiles the needed talent is avail-
However, the growth of the industry is not supported able outside Europe. This could explain in part why
by an equally stable growth in available skilled labour more European companies investment in their non-
and excellent scientists. By 2030 there could be a mis- EU based research and development and manufac-
match between demand and supply of up to 15,000 turing facilities. Broadening the available European
jobs, mostly in operations and maintenance.31 And pool of talent could therefore keep significant invest-
more workers are needed; from 2021, annual instal- ments in Europe.

Challenge 1
Ensure a stable pool of skilled and qualified talent
In the short term, industry and educational institutions should come together and map out the required skills on
the one hand and the available Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualifications programmes on the other.
This skill map should include cross-sectoral dialogues to discover possible synergies and develop joint skills road-
maps. For offshore wind this includes the ocean energy and offshore Oil & Gas sectors. For onshore synergies with
regard to the reskilling and retraining of coal workers should be explored.
Whilst certain skills are transversal for the entire energy sector, specific multi-disciplinary profiles such as includ-
ing project managers, mechanical, electrical and civil engineers, plant operators, logistic experts, and offshore
technicians for operations and maintenance are in high demand by the wind energy industry. In addition, the
sector will need to fill in new profiles related to commerce, stakeholder management and digitalisation (e.g. big
data analysts and robotics experts).

22
In the long term, more investments are needed to support the wind energy academic community. Professors and
researchers are essential to form and educate the next generation of wind energy workers. Today many teaching
positions are heavily dependent on erratic funding streams. Multi-annual EU grants can significantly strengthen
and stabilise academic research and teaching in wind energy.
Universities and higher education institutes should also develop more sector-specific degrees or an integrated
umbrella degree (mechanical, electrical engineering, etc.). Where relevant, this should be in joint efforts with
industry players who can pass on manufacturing trends and increase focus on product design and digitalisation.
As the wind sector demands a highly mobile workforce, universities should offer more mobility schemes to ear-
ly-stage researchers and students so that future workers can get accustomed to working in different European
regions early on.

Wider regulatory requirements

To ensure Europe remains a global innovation hub for renewable energy, and wind energy in particular, the grow-
ing skills gap will need to be addressed with immediate effect. To close the gap we recommend that policymakers:
• Establish EU-wide industrial policies for the energy transition that include funding programmes for re-training
and skilling of workers from unsustainable sectors such as coal mining and offshore Oil & Gas;
• Strengthen opportunities for industrial learning experiences, support joint initiatives by industry and higher ed-
ucational institutes for in situ training and skill development programmes;
• Harmonise Vocational Education & Training programmes across Europe so that worker qualifications are more
easily recognisable across Europe and worker mobility increases;
• Standardise technical training and Health & Safety (H&S) standards to further improve worker mobility between
sectors and across Europe within the same sector; and
• Ensure Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) skills of students are of a high standard so that young
professionals can enter engineering sectors such as the wind energy sector effortlessly.

Short-term
2020-2022
Medium-term
2023-2024
Long-term
2025-2027
• Expand and harmonise wind
energy teaching in Europe
• Boost wind energy higher
education

Criticality
priorities

High

Medium • Joint academia-industry

educational programmes
Low

Figure 11 Research & Innovation action areas for skills & human resources

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 23
 The value proposition
4
of wind energy

The EU has pledged to a strong Improve the health

decarbonisation of its economy of all Europeans
and this will require a radical
Fossil fuel and biomass power plants all propel
energy transition
harmful particles in the air and transitioning to clean
renewable energy sources will drastically improve
air quality. More than 400,000 people die each
The EU has pledged to a strong decarbonisation of its
year in Europe due to air pollution. It is the single
economy and this will require a radical energy tran-
largest environmental health risk in Europe.34,35 Coal
sition. To do so, all consumers will need to change
power plants alone contribute to more than 22,000
energy consumption habits, reduce dependency
premature deaths each year. In 2013 the total health
on polluting fossil fuels and make full use of readily
costs caused by coal power generation could have
available clean renewable energy sources.
been up to €62 billion.36
However, the energy transition also offers Europe
Wind energy is a clean, free and abundant resource
new opportunities to improve environmental condi-
that can be extracted and converted into electricity
tions, develop new, clean economies and industries,
without any emissions. Phasing out fossil-fuelled
increase energy independence and strengthen glob-
power plants and replacing them with more wind
al and local competitiveness in renewable energy
power will be a big help in fighting climate change and
technology.
as such help to reduce unnecessary health problems,
The energy transition requires significant invest- increase lifetime expectancy and avoid billions of
ments, but maintaining the existing system comes health-related costs.
at a cost too. Estimations are that the investments
needed to maintain the status quo are almost equal
to those needed for the energy transition.32 How-
ever, the societal cost of the status quo would be
Reduce environmental footprint
significantly higher.33 This shows that economics and
Wind and other variable renewable power generators
ecology can go hand-in-hand.
also have the benefit that they do not require water
In this chapter we will highlight the benefits of to operate, unlike thermal generation (coal, gas and
wind energy to reduce the environmental impact nuclear). In 2015 the European power sector withdrew
of the European power sector and at the same time 74,000 billion litres of fresh water or close to 42% of
strengthen Europe’s industrial footprint. all water extraction in Europe that year. Most of the

24
 water was surface water extracted from rivers and lakes. Some 3,800
billion litres were consumed and never returned to the waterways.37
Prolonged periods of heat and drought put stress on a power system
based on thermal generation. Thermal plants require massive amounts
of surface water for cooling, so any decrease in the debit of rivers or any In 2015 the European power
increase in the average water temperature has a direct negative effect sector withdrew
on their operation. In fact, thermal plants already need to reduce their
power output during summer, at moments when demand is typically 74,000 billion litres
high.38,39 of fresh water
With the expected increase in extreme weather events due to climate
change, the reliance on thermal power generation is a direct threat to
Europe’s energy security. Wind energy has a negligible impact on the
water table. So, more wind power will reduce the stress on Europe’s
water supply, decrease water scarcity and guarantee stable power
supply during prolonged moments of extreme heat.

40,000
36,900

30,600
Water withdrawn in billion litres

30,000

20,000

10,000
5,200
561 475 1
-

Solid fuels Nuclear Gas Oil Biomass Other RES

Figure 12 Water withdrawal by the European power sector in 2015

Reduce carbon footprint

As established earlier in this report, a decarbonised average it emits just 11.1 grams of CO2eq for each
power system is essential to reach the Paris Agreement kWh produced throughout its lifetime.41,42 This is
targets. In 2017 the European power sector had a more than 4 times less than solar photovoltaics (48g/
total carbon footprint of more than 1 billion tonnes kWh) and 80 to 100 times less than solid fossil fuels
of CO2equivalent (CO2eq) and 97% came from (820-1075g/kWh).43
combusting fossil fuels.40 This carbon footprint does
So installing more wind turbines and phasing out
not only include emissions during power production,
fossil-fuelled power plants is the most effective way
but rather all the emissions during the lifecycle.
to abate CO2 emissions. An accelerated coal phase-
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate out coupled with increased deployment of onshore
Change (IPCC), wind energy has the lowest carbon wind could already see a reduction of 204 million
footprint of all power generation technologies. On tonnes of CO2 each year.44

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 25
 1200

1,075

1000

820
800
gC02eq/kWh

600

490

400

230
200

48 38 24 17 12 11
0
Lignite Hard Gas Biomass Solar Geothermal Hydro Ocean Nuclear Wind
coal PV energy

Figure 13 Carbon emissions per energy technology across the lifecycle

Reduce external costs

The wind energy sector has seen massive cost been researched since the 1980s.48 For the power
reductions in recent years. Wind power is increasingly sector, these costs are mostly comprised of costs
competitive vis-à-vis the conventional, polluting of emissions and land use. According to the IPCC
energy sources like coal and lignite.45,46 Strike prices for wind has the lowest external cost. The external cost
onshore wind auctions have dropped from over €100/ of solid fuels are at least 50 times higher and even
MWh in 2013 to €40/MWh or less in 2017. Onshore other renewables such as solar photovoltaics and
wind is now the cheapest source of new installed biomass bring significantly more external costs.49
power capacity in many parts of Europe. Offshore wind
From the external cost values calculated by the
is not far behind. In the same period costs fell from
IPCC we can estimate that the total external cost
over €150/MWh to €65/MWh.47
of the European power sector in 2017 amounted
However, the auction strike prices and Levelised Cost to €86.9 billion.50 Fossil-fuelled power generation
of Energy (LCOE) do not tell the whole story. Every accounted for 88% of that, a staggering €77 billion.
economic activity also has external costs. These Decarbonising the power system would thus not
costs (called externalities) account for the wider only help reduce carbon emissions, but also reduce
environmental and societal impact and they have the external cost of the power sector.

26
 90

80 77.53

70
66.46
The external costs of solid fuels are at least
60
50 times higher
External cost in € billion

50.77
50 than those of wind energy

40

33.23
30

20

12.92
10 9.23
4.52 4.17
1.75 1.38
0
Lignite Hard Other Gas Biomass Solar Geothermal Nuclear Hydro Wind
coal fossil PV

Figure 14 External cost of power generation technologies

60

53.73
50

40 The total external cost of the European

External cost in € billion

power sector in 2017 amounted to

30 €86.9 billion
22.17
20

10
3.69 2.89 1.87 1.08 1.01 0.48 0.05
0
Hard coal Gas Nuclear Biomass Oil Solar Hydro Wind Other
& lignite PV RES

Figure 15 External costs of the European electricity system in 2017

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 27
 Provide thousands of green jobs
Investing in the energy transition will increase employment. The
International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that investments in
line with limiting global warming to 2° Celsius will bring a net increase
of 2.1 million jobs in renewable electricity alone at a global level.51
Many of those new jobs will be in the wind sector.
Thanks to the success of European wind turbine manufacturers and
ambitious European climate and energy policies, Europe is the cradle of
wind energy technology. More than 15 countries have established wind
energy research centres. At the same time the wind energy sector has In the last 15 years
become an integral part of the European industrial fabric and provides
jobs to many thousands of people all across Europe.
employment in the
In the last 15 years employment in the wind energy sector has
wind energy sector
quadrupled. In 2004 the wind sector provided for 72,275 jobs.52 In 2019 has quadrupled
this is already more than 300,000, equal to two thirds of the coal sector
today.53,54 Wind energy is also one of the most labour-intensive sectors.
Every GWh produced supports almost 1 full-time job.55

600,000 1,200
569,049

500,000 1,000

Annual power production in TWh

Number of jobs provided

400,000 800
356,000

300,000 600
256,234

200,000 400
154,000

100,000 200
72,275

0 0

2004 2009 2014 2020 2030

Contribution to employment (jobs) Wind energy generated (in TWh)

Figure 16 Projected employment in the European wind energy sector

28
 Annexes
5
Annex 1 Methodology

Energy system
WindEurope’s projected evolution of the European energy system and the growth of the wind energy sector is
based on data provided to WindEurope by DNV GL. This data builds on the 2018 edition of the annual DNV GL
Energy Transition Outlook and has also been used for the 2018 WindEurope publication Breaking new ground. The
assumptions for the analysis and scenarios are explained in the Breaking new ground report.
To retain methodological consistency throughout the report, we have also used DNV GL data for the 2017 base-
line, even if EUROSTAT data for that year was already available. We did note only minor discrepancies between
the data reported by EUROSTAT and DNV GL.

Carbon footprint
To calculate the carbon footprint of the electricity system, we have used the life-cycle carbon emissions of every
power generation technology as calculated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These val-
ues are shown in figure 13.
As the IPCC did not distinguish between hard coal and lignite, we calculated an average carbon emission value for
lignite based on data from a German study form 2007.56
The estimated total carbon footprint of the European electricity system in 2017 was obtained by matching the
IPCC's carbon footprint value of each technology’s with Europe’s gross electricity production for 2017. For this
calculation we have used the data provided by DNV GL.

External costs
To calculate the external costs of the European electricity system, we have used the external cost values as calcu-
lated by the IPCC. These values are shown in figure 14.
We note that there has been extensive research into calculating external costs or externalities, but no single
methodology is used. As a result, external cots values can vary greatly from study to study.
Even if the values defined by the IPCC are global values and at times rather conservative compared to the findings
of other studies (especially with relation to gas and nuclear), they are an internationally recognised benchmark.
The estimated total external cost of the European electricity system in 2017 was obtained by matching the IPCC's
external cost value of each technology with Europe’s gross electricity production for 2017. The result is shown in
figure 15.

ETIPWind ROADMAP | 29
 Annex 2 References

1 European Union: Council of the European Union, Presidency 35 European Environment Agency (EEA), Air quality in Europe 2016 report,
conclusions 29/30 October 2009, 15265/1/09 REV 1, available at: 2016
https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/ 36 CAN Europe, Europe’s dark cloud. How coal-burning countries are mak-
communications/2009/european-council-conclusions-2930- ing their neighbours sick, 2016
october-2009 37 Magagna D., Hidalgo González I., Bidoglio G., Peteves S., Adamovic M.,
2 Ursula Von Der Leyen, A Union that strives for more. My agenda for Bisselink B., De Felice M., De Roo A., Dorati C., Ganora D., Medarac H.,
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2024, 2019 rope, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2019, ISBN
3 Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/ 978-92-76- 03385-1, doi: 10.2760/968197, JRC115853.
bloc-4a.html 38 Ibid.
4 European Union: European Commission, Communication from 39 Medarac, H., Magagna, D. and Hidalgo González, I., Projected fresh
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11 Overseas Development Institute (ODI), G20 coal subsidies. Tracking (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
government support to a fading industry, 2019 York, NY, USA.”
12 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies 42 According to the IPCC, onshore wind emits 11g CO2eq/kwh and offshore
Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates, working wind 12 g CO2eq/kwh. As in 2017 offshore wind accounted for 10% of
paper, 2019 total installed capacity in Europe the LCA value of European wind power
13 Trinomics, Study on Energy Prices, Costs and Subsidies and their equalled 11.1g CO2eq/kwh.
Impact on Industry and Households, 2018 43 Wagner, H-J. et al., “CO2-Emissionen der Stromerzeugung Ein ganzheitli-
14 WindEurope, Breaking New Ground, 2017 cher Vergleich verschiedener Techniken”, in: BWK : das Energie-Fachmagaz-
15 Lacal-Arántegui, R., “Globalization in the wind energy industry: in, vol. 59, Nr. 10, pages 44-52, 2007 (ETIPWind calculation)
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17 DNV GL, Energy transition outlook. A global and regional forecast 45 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Power
of the energy transition to 2050, 2017 Generation Costs in 2017, 2018
18 WindEurope annual statistics (2019) 46 Lazard, Lazard’s levelised cost of energy analysis version 11.0,
19 See figure 1. 2017
20 International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook, 2018 47 ETIPWind, Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda, 2018
21 Immediate is defined as shorter than a minute, short-term is iden- 48 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Wind Energy The Facts, 2009
tified as a range from minutes to daily and long-term as a range from 49 “Fischedick, M., R. Schaeffer, A. Adedoyin, M. Akai, T. Bruckner, L.
months to seasons. Clarke, V. Krey, I. Savolainen, S. Teske, D. Ürge-Vorsatz, R. Wright, “2011:
22 Regulation (EU) 2019/943 of the European Parliament and of the Mitigation Potential and Costs”. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Ener-
Council of 5 June 2019 on the internal market for electricity, accessed gy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madru-
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23 Ibid. S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow
24 Ibid. (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
25 ETIPWind analysis of financial statements. York, NY, USA.”
26 P. Tchakoua, et al., "Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: State- 50 By comparison, in 2014 Ecofys estimated the total hidden cost of the
of-the-Art Review, New Trends, and Future Challenges". in Energies, European power sector to be around €200 billion. This mainly due to a
2014, 7, p. 2595-2630 different, more EU centric, methodology.
27 Based on WindEurope market analysis. 51 International Labor Organization (ILO), World Employment Outlook
28 ETIPWind, Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda, 2018 2018. Greening with jobs, 2018
29 Based on WindEurope market analysis. By the end of 2018 there 52 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), Wind Energy The Facts,
was 189 GW of capacity installed in Europe. 2004
30 WindEurope, Local Impact Global Leadership, 2017 53 WindEurope, Local Impact Global Leadership, 2017
31 TPWind, Workers wanted. The EU wind energy sector skills gap, 54 Alves Dias, P. et al., EU coal regions: opportunities and challeng-
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