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Modeling an simulation of an autothermal reformer

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Latin American Applied Research 36:289-294 (2006)

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN AUTOTHERMAL REFORMER

J. PIÑA and D. O. BORIO

PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7. (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina.

[email protected]

Abstract - The steady–state operation of the auto- provides the heat required by the endothermic reforming
thermal reformer is simulated as two reactors in reactions to proceed. The ATR unit, illustrated in Fig. 1,
series by means of a detailed mathematical model. is a refractory-lined pressure vessel containing a burner,
An input-output model is selected to describe the a combustion chamber and a catalyst bed. The hydro-
upper combustion chamber. The possible occur- carbon feedstock is mixed with steam and pure oxygen,
rence of homogeneous steam reforming and water- enriched-air or air in a specially designed burner located
gas-shift (WGS) reactions is considered. The catalyst at the top of the reactor. In the combustion chamber
bed is represented through a one-dimensional het- (upper part), the partial combustion reactions take place.
erogeneous model, which allows calculating the axial In the lower section of the reactor, loaded with a high-
variations of composition, temperature and pressure temperature resistant reforming catalyst, the steam re-
of the process gas stream. The strong intraparticle forming and shift conversion reactions occur as the gas
diffusional limitations are taken into account by rig- passes through the fixed-bed.
orous solution of the mass balances inside the cata-
Oxygen/Air
lyst particle. The gas-solid heat-transfer resistances (or enriched-air)
are also evaluated. An intrinsic kinetics is used for
Feedstock
the steam reforming and WGS reactions. Heat losses and steam Burner
to the environment are considered. The influence of Combustion
the main operating variables on the reactor per- chamber

formance is studied. The proposed mathematical has 0 Catalyst

bed
been checked successfully against data available in
z
the open literature.
L
Keywords - Autothermal reforming, synthesis gas,
reactor modeling. Synthesis
gas

I. INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Scheme of a typical ATR unit.

Synthesis gas is a major route from hydrocarbons to
Numerous tests for pilot- and full-scale demonstrations
many important chemicals made up from H2 and CO.
plants at different operating conditions have been re-
The interest in conversion of natural gas (NG) to liquid
ported in the open literature (Christensen and Primdahl,
fuels (GTL) has grown significantly over the last dec-
1994; Aasberg-Petersen et al., 2001). However, there is
ades (Christensen et al., 1998). GTL processes require
a lack of modeling and simulation studies about the op-
different ratios between H2 and CO depending on the
eration of ATRs. The overall goal of this work is to
specific synthesis. For all the products, the synthesis gas
evaluate the influence of the main operating parameters
section is the most capital and energy intensive part of
(e.g., steam-to-carbon ratio, composition of the hydro-
the plant (Dybkjaer and Christensen, 2001). The tradi-
carbon feed) on the reactor performance by means of a
tional technology for syngas production is steam re-
rigorous mathematical model. The CH4 content, H2/CO,
forming. The main drawbacks of this technology for
and CO/CO2 ratios at the outlet of the ATR are critical
GTL applications are the significant energy requirement
variables as they determine the properties of the pro-
(due to the strong endothermicity of the reforming reac-
duced syngas. The values of these process variables
tions) and the high initial investments (the steam re-
depend on the steam-to-carbon ratio, pressure, inlet and
forming section is responsible for 50-75% of the capital
outlet temperatures and the compositions of the feed
costs; Dybkjaer and Christensen, 2001).
streams (Christensen et al., 1998).
Autothermal reforming (ATR), one of the alternatives to
steam reforming of methane, has received considerable II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
attention for several advantages, including its relative
A. Chemical Reactions
compactness, lower capital cost, greater potential for
economies of scale and its flexibility with respect to the The ATR of NG (mainly CH4) can be represented by a
product composition (Christensen and Primdahl, 1994). combination of partial combustion and steam reforming,
The ATR consists of a single reactor system, in which according to the following reactions.
hydrocarbons are completely converted into a mixture Combustion zone:
of H2 and CO. The process is “autothermal” in that the CH 4 + 3 2 O2 → CO + 2 H 2 O (1)
partial combustion of a portion of the hydrocarbon feed
289
Latin American Applied Research 36:289-294 (2006)

Thermal and Catalytic zones: Gas Phase

CH 4 + H 2 O ↔ CO + 3H 2 (2) Mass balances
CO + H 2 O ↔ CO2 + H 2 (3) dxCH 4
= Ωρ B (η 2 r2s + η 4 r4s ) / FCH ,0 (5)
CH 4 + 2 H 2 O ↔ CO2 + 4 H 2 (4) dz 4

dxCO2
The CH4 combustion takes place through numerous = Ωρ B (η3 r3s + η 4 r4s )/FCH ,0 (6)
radical reactions, but it can be represented as a single dz 4

( ) ( )
molecular reaction, i.e. the highly exothermic combus- V dV
tion to CO and H2O (Eq. 1, Christensen and Primdahl, where: η i = ∫ ri p s , j ri p ss, j i = 2, 3, 4. (7)
0 V
1994). The excess CH4, after complete consumption of
the O2 in the combustion zone, is further converted by Energy balance
the homogeneous steam reforming (Eqs. 2 and 4) and dT 1 ⎡ Qloss ,bed ⎤
= ⎢h f av (Ts − T ) − ⎥ (8)
WGS reaction (Eq. 3) in the thermal zone, which is part dz c p ρ g u s ⎣ Ω ⎦
of the combustion chamber. Final methane conversion
occurs through heterogeneous catalytic reactions (Eq. 2 Momentum equation
to 4). The possible occurrence of carbon formation is dpt fρ g u s2
not considered. =− (9)
dz gd p
B. Model Equations
Boundary conditions
The steady-state operation of the ATR is simulated as
two reactors in series: combustion zone and catalyst z = 0 : xCH = xCH ,0 ; xCO = xCO ,0 ; T = T0 ; pt = pt,0 (10)
4 4 2 2
bed. The essential features of these models are de- Catalyst Particle
scribed in this section. The selected catalyst particle, Ni/MgAl2O4 spinel, is the
B.I. Combustion Chamber industrial Haldor Topsoe RKS-2-7H (tablet-shaped with
An input-output model, based on global mass and en- seven holes and convex ends). The complex geometry
ergy balances and equilibrium equations, is selected to of the real particle is represented by means of an equiva-
describe the upper combustion chamber. Complete oxy- lent annular model (Piña et al., 2001). The component
gen consumption is considered. The occurrence of the fluxes on the particle surface, required for the evalua-
homogeneous steam reforming and WGS reactions is tion of the effectiveness factors (Eq. 7) and the heat
taken into account. To this end, a given approach to the transferred to the catalyst surface from the bulk gas
equilibrium (ΔTe,SR) is assumed for reaction (2), while (first term of the right-hand side of Eq. 8), are obtained
the WGS-reaction (3) is supposed to be in equilibrium by the solution of the following model:
(ΔTe,WGS =0). The stoichiometric and equilibrium rela- Mass balances
tionships for reactions (1) to (3) are solved together with
the enthalpy balance equation to estimate the tempera- DCHe
4
1 d dps,CH4
r dr
(r
dr
[ ]
) = R T r2 ( ps, j ) + r4 ( ps, j ) ρ p (11)
ture and composition of the gas mixture that leaves the
combustion section. Heat losses to the environment
through the wall of the reactor are considered.
e
DCO 2
1 d dps,CO2
r dr
(r
dr
[ ]
) = −R T r3 ( ps, j ) + r4 ( ps, j ) ρ p (12)
B.II. Catalyst Bed Energy balance
The catalyst bed is represented through a one- 4
ρ B ∑ (−ΔH i )risη i = h f av (Ts − T ) (13)
dimensional heterogeneous model. The axial dispersion i=2
of mass and heat is neglected because of the high gas Boundary Conditions:
space velocities. Since the reactor operates under near r = rin : p s ,CH 4 = p CH 4 , p s ,CO2 = p CO2
adiabatic conditions (small heat losses), the radial gradi-
ents of temperature and composition are ignored. Due to r = req : dp s ,CH 4 dr = dp s ,CO2 dr = 0 (14)
the high reaction rates on the catalyst surface caused by
C. Numerical Solution
the high temperature levels, the gas-solid heat-transfer
resistance is included in the model (Rostrup-Nielsen, The non-linear algebraic equations that constitute the
1993). The strong intraparticle diffusional limitations combustion chamber model are solved by means of a
(Christensen and Primdahl, 1994) are taken into account Broyden routine. The differential equations for the gas
by rigorous solution of the mass balances inside the phase are integrated via a Gear method. The differential
catalyst particle, which is assumed isothermal (Raghu- equations for the particle are discretized by means of
nandanan and Reddy, 1994). Fresh catalyst conditions second order finite differences, using an adaptive grid of
are considered. The intrinsic kinetic expressions derived two elements with variable width. Thirty and ten grid
by Xu and Froment (1989) for reactions (2) to (4) are points are assigned to the first (near the catalyst surface)
adopted. and the second element, respectively. For each axial
Thus, the governing equations for the bulk phase are: position, the resultant 89 non-linear algebraic equations
are solved through the Broyden algorithm.

290
 J. PIÑA, D. O. BORIO

D. Model Validation ture difference is maximum at the bed inlet (around

The model above presented has been checked success- 45ºC at Z =0) as a consequence of the highest heat con-
fully against data available in the open literature for an sumption rate on the catalyst surface. The reforming
industrial H2+CO plant (Christensen and Primdahl, reaction rates are higher in this zone because both CH4
1994; Aasberg-Petersen et al., 2001). For all the studied partial pressure and temperature levels are higher.
experimental conditions the authors reported carbon free 1200

operations.
1150
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION T
To evaluate the capabilities of the proposed model, 1100
typical ATRs operating conditions are used (Table 1). Ts

T (ºC)
1050
Table 1. Industrial ATR – Reference conditions.
Parameter Reported Values*
1000
Catalyst Zone
Internal diameter (m) 1.0 950
Height (m) 0.74
Feed 900
NG feed (Nm3/h) 3500 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
H2O/C 1.4 Z/L
Figure 2: Axial profiles of the gas and solid temperatures in
CO2/C 0.02
the catalyst bed.
O2/C 0.54
Preheat Temperatures Figures 3 and 4 present the composition distributions
(gas-phase) and observed reaction rates (2) to (4) along
NG+H2O (ºC) 525
the catalyst bed, respectively.
O2+H2O (ºC) 230 0.2
0.48
Reported Calculated
Parameter
Values* Values CO
Product Gas 0.44 0.16

Temperature (ºC) 950 950

Pressure (bar) 25 25 0.4 H2 0.12

H2 (dry mol %) 65 64.5

yi
yi

N2 (dry mol %) 1.2 1.2 0.36 H 2O 0.08

CO2
CO (dry mol%) 22.9 23.1
CO2 (dry mol%) 9.7 9.3
0.32 0.04
Ar (dry mol%) 0.1 0.1 CH 4
CH4 (dry mol%) 1.1 1.8
0.28 0
H2O (mol%) 29.4 29.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
H2/CO 2.84 2.79 Z/ L
H2+CO (dry mol%) 89.7 87.6 Figure 3: Mole fraction profiles of each component along the
CO2+CH4 (dry mol%) 10.8 11.1 axial distance in the catalyst bed.
*
Christensen and Primdahl, 1994; Aasberg-Petersen et al., 2001. Most of the CH4 conversion is achieved in the first sec-
The estimated value for the gas temperature in the com- tion of the bed, due to the temperature decrease. The
bustion chamber is 1150 ºC, within the range reported increase in the H2 content is mainly explained by the
by Christensen and Primdahl (1994). The calculated CH4 reforming to CO (curve r2obs , Fig. 4). The CO2
values for the temperature and composition of the syn- generation by means of reaction (3) and (4) is not so
gas product, obtained with an approach to the equilib- important (curves r3obs and r4obs , Fig. 4). Therefore, the
rium for the steam reforming reaction in the combustion
CO/CO2 ratio augments continuously through the cata-
chamber ΔTe,SR =326 ºC and heat losses of around 2.5%
lytic zone. Although the gas that leaves the combustion
of the total energy generated by partial combustion, are
chamber is assumed to be in equilibrium with respect to
given in Table 1. The CH4 conversion at the outlet of
the combustion zone is 80%, with 64 and 16% of the the WGS-reaction, r3obs is not zero at the bed inlet
CH4 fed to the ATR being consumed by reactions (1) (Z=0). This behavior is a result of the strong gas-solid
and (2), respectively. For this reference case, Fig. 2 heat-transfer resistance. In fact the WGS-reaction rate
shows the axial profiles of the gas and solid tempera- on the surface of the catalyst particle, which is evaluated
tures in the catalyst bed. The temperatures of both gas at Ts, is slightly positive ( r3 at r*=0, Fig. 5). However
and catalyst particle as well as the difference between
them decrease along the axial direction. This tempera- r3obs and its corresponding effectiveness factor are nega-

291
Latin American Applied Research 36:289-294 (2006)

0.56 5
tive at the bed inlet due to the inversion of the WGS-
reaction inside the catalyst particle (Fig. 5). For Z/L>
0.1, r3obs becomes positive as a consequence of the tem-
4
perature decrease (Fig. 4). For all the axial positions, the

O2/C (f eed stream)

0.54

Product Ratios
reactions occur in a narrow zone close to the catalyst H2/CO
surface with effectiveness factors in the order of 10-3. 3
This phenomenon is illustrated in Fig. 5 for a particle
located at the catalyst bed entrance. 0.52
0.07 CO/CO2
2

r2obs
0.05
0.5 1
ri obs ( kmol/ kg cat s)

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4

S/C
0.03 Figure 6: Effect of S/C on H2/CO and CO/CO2 product ratios.
Adjustment of O2/C to keep TL=950 ºC. ΔTe,SR =326 ºC and
ΔTe,WGS =0 ºC.
r4obs
0.01 Figure 7 displays the gas temperature axial profiles in
the catalyst bed, for three different S/C ratios. The
r3obs higher the S/C ratio, the lower is the temperature drop
-0.01 along the catalytic zone (TL-T0) due to the lower CH4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 partial pressures at the outlet of the combustion chamber
Z/L
(i.e., higher CH4 and energy consumption by the homo-
Figure 4: Observed reaction rate profiles for reactions (2) to
(4) as function of the catalyst bed length.
geneous reactions 2 to 4).
1200
4.5
S/C=2.1
S/C=1.4
1150
3.5
r2 S/C=0.7

1100
ri ( kmol/ kg cat s)

T (ºC )

2.5

r4 1050

1.5
1000

0.5
950
r3
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 Z/L
r* Figure 7: Gas temperature axial profiles for different S/C.
Figure 5: Reaction rate profiles for reactions (2) to (4) inside TL=950 ºC, ΔTe,SR =326 ºC and ΔTe,WGS =0 ºC.
a catalyst particle located at the bed entrance.
A.II. Carbon dioxide-to-carbon ratio (CO2/C)
A. Influence of the feed composition Different CO2/C ratios have been selected to study the
The steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) and the CO2 content in effect of the feed composition on the ATR performance.
the hydrocarbon stream have been recognized as critical The feed gas molar flowrate (Fgas) has been kept con-
operating parameters (Christensen et al., 1998). stant by decreasing the S/C ratio. The CO2/C and O2/C
A.I. Steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) ratios have been simultaneously varied to maintain the
To simulate situations where the S/C ratio is varied, the outlet gas temperature at 950 ºC (Fig. 8). As it can be
steam flowrate has been modified from the value of the seen in Fig. 8, higher CO2/C ratios lead to a product gas
reference case (Table 1). To keep constant the gas tem- with lower H2/CO and CO/CO2 ratios. The simulation
perature at the reactor outlet (TL=950 ºC), the oxygen- results are consistent with the pilot plant tests performed
to-carbon ratio (O2/C) has been simultaneously adapted by Christensen et al. (1998).
(Fig. 6). Figure 6 also shows that lower S/C ratios give a Figure 9 shows the WGS observed reaction rate for dif-
syngas with lower H2/CO and higher CO/CO2 ratios. ferent CO2/C ratios along the catalyst bed. Due to the
These trends are in agreement with the experimental higher CO2 contents, the WGS-reaction proceeds re-
data reported by Christensen and Primdahl (1994) and verse ( r3obs <0) in higher fractions of the total length.
Christensen et al. (1998).

292
 J. PIÑA, D. O. BORIO

0.565 3.2
As expected, lower extents of the homogeneous reaction
(2) (i.e., higher ΔTe,SR values) lead to higher tempera-
0.56
tures and lower CH4 conversions in the combustion
2.8
chamber (T0 and xCH4,0 in Fig. 10 and 11, respectively).
O2/C (f eed stream)

0.555
The total methane conversion (xCH4,L) is almost un-

Product Ratios
changed due to the assumption of constant TL. However
0.55 CO/CO2 2.4
as ΔTe,SR is augmented, the H2/CO and CO/CO2 ratios in
the product decrease and increase respectively.
0.545
H2/CO 1300 6
2
0.54
1200

0.535 1.6
1100 T0 4

Qloss/Qcomb (%)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
CO2/C

T (ºC)
1000
Figure 8: Effect of CO2/C on H2/CO and CO/CO2 product TL
ratios. Adjustment of O2/C to keep TL=950 ºC. Fgas=3500
Nm3/h, ΔTe,SR =326 ºC and ΔTe,WGS =0 ºC. 900
T e,SR
2

0.006
800

0.004 700 0
200 300 400 500
r3 obs ( kmol/ kg cat s)

ΔT e,SR (ºC)
Figure 10: Effect of ΔTe,SR on Te,SR, T0 and TL. Adjustment of
0.002

Qloss/Qcomb to keep TL=950 ºC.

0 1 3

x CH 4,L
CO2/C=0.05
-0.002
CO2/C=0.2
CO2/C=0.4 0.9 H2/CO 2.8

Product Ratios
-0.004
x CH 4,0
x CH 4

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Z/L
Figure 9: WGS observed reaction rate axial profile in the 2.6
0.8 CO/CO2
catalyst bed for different CO2/C. Fgas=3500 Nm3/h, TL=950
ºC, ΔTe,SR =326 ºC and ΔTe,WGS =0 ºC.
B. Influence of the extents of the homogeneous reac-
tions in the combustion chamber
0.7 2.4
Several experimental data for industrial and pilot scale 200 300 400 500
ATRs are reported in the literature (Christensen and ΔT e,SR (ºC)
Primdahl, 1994; Christensen et al., 1998; Aasberg- Figure 11: Effect of ΔTe,SR on xCH4,0, xCH4,L, H2/CO and
Petersen et al., 2001). However there is a lack of infor- CO/CO2 product ratios for TL=950 ºC.
mation about the composition and temperature of the
B.2. Extent of the homogeneous WGS-reaction
gas leaving the combustion chamber. This fact does not
allow to validate the model assumptions for the combus- To study the effect of the homogeneous WGS-reaction
tion chamber, introducing uncertainties in the prediction on the ATR operation, the reference case has been simu-
of the inlet conditions to the catalyst bed. To analyze the lated for different ΔTe,WGS, at constant ΔTe,SR and
influence of the assumed extents for the homogeneous Qloss/Qcomb. The methane conversions at the outlet of the
reactions in the combustion zone, the reference case combustion chamber and catalyst bed (xCH4,0 and xCH4,L)
presented in Table 1 has been chosen. are almost independent of ΔTe,WGS as a result of the
lower reaction enthalpy of the WGS-reaction in com-
B.1. Extent of the homogeneous methane reforming
parison with the reaction enthalpy of the partial combus-
The ΔTe,SR and the percentage of heat loss with respect tion and steam reforming reactions (Fig. 12). Even
to the total energy generated by partial combustion though the extent of the WGS-reaction in the combus-
(Qloss/Qcomb) have been simultaneously varied to keep tion chamber diminishes as ΔTe,WGS is augmented, the
constant the outlet temperature (TL curve, Fig. 10). The H2/CO and CO/CO2 product ratios increase and de-
gas temperatures at the outlet of the combustion cham- crease, respectively (Fig. 12). This behavior is a conse-
ber (T0), as well as the temperature at which the equilib- quence of the higher extent of the WGS-reaction in the
rium of reaction (2) is evaluated in the combustion zone catalyst bed. In this zone, the gas temperature levels for
(Te,SR), are also shown in Fig. 10 for different ΔTe,SR.

293
 Latin American Applied Research 36:289-294 (2006)

different ΔTe,WGS are very similar but the CO partial r* = [(r-rin)/(req-rin)].

pressure increases with ΔTe,WGS. req = outer radius of the equivalent particle, (mcat)
1 3.2 ri = rate of the reaction i, (kmol/kgcats).
rin = inner radius of the equivalent particle, (mcat).
x CH 4,L riobs = observed reaction rate for reaction i, (kmol/kgcats).
3
T = gas temperature, (K).
0.9 Ts= solid temperature, (K)
H2/CO

Product Ratios
2.8 us = superficial velocity, (mf3/mr2 s).
V =volume of the catalyst particle, (mcat3).
x CH 4

x CH 4,0 xCH4 = methane conversion.

2.6
0.8
xCO2 = conversion of CH4 into CO2, [(FCO2-FCO2,0)/FCH4,0].
yj = molar fraction of component j.
2.4 z = axial coordinate, (m).
CO/CO2
Greek letters
0.7 2.2
ηi= effectiveness factor for reaction i, i= 2,3,4.
0 100 200 300 ρB = bed density,(kgcat/mr3).
ΔT e,W GS (ºC) ρg = gas density, (kg/mf3).
Figure 12: Effect of ΔTe,WGS on xCH4,0, xCH4,L, H2/CO and ρp= catalyst particle density, (kgcat/mcat3).
CO/CO2 product ratios for TL=950 ºC. ΔTe,SR =326 ºC and Ω = cross section of the catalyst bed, (mr2).
Qloss/Qcomb=2.5 %. Subscripts
0 = at the catalyst bed inlet.
The curves shown in Figs. 11 and 12 can be used to
L = at the catalyst bed outlet.
estimate appropriate values of the unknown variables
Superscripts
ΔTe, SR and ΔTe,WGS from experimental data of H2/CO and s = at the catalyst particle surface.
CO/CO2 ratios in the product stream.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IV. CONCLUSIONS The authors are grateful to CONICET (Argentina) for
A detailed mathematical model to simulate the opera- the financial support during the work.
tion of industrial ATRs has been presented. The model REFERENCES
predicts the temperature and composition of the gas that
Aasberg-Petersen, K., Bak-Hansen, J., Christensen, T.,
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concentration profiles along the catalyst bed and the
Winter Madsen, S., Rostrup-Nielsen, J., “Technolo-
concentration gradients inside the catalyst particle. Sig-
gies for Large Scale Conversion”, Applied Catalysis A
nificant temperature differences between bulk gas and
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tations have been found, demonstrating the need for Christensen, T., Primdahl, I., “Improve Syngas Produc-
taking into account these heat- and mass-transfer resis- tion using Autothermal Reforming”, Hydrocabon
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let of the combustion chamber would help in the task of Christensen, T., Christensen, P., Dybkjaer, I., Bak-
determining the real extents of each of the homogeneous Hansen, J., Primdahl, I., “Developments in Autother-
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NOMENCLATURE
Piña, J., Schbib, S., Bucalá, V., Borio, D., “Influence of
av = particle surface area per unit reactor volume (mcat2/mr3).
the Heat-flux Profiles on the Operation of Primary
cp = heat capacity of the process gas, (kJ/kg K).
Steam Reformers”, Ind. & Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 5215-
Dje = effective diffusivity of comp. j, (m2/s).
5221, (2001).
dp = equivalent particle diameter, (m).
f = friction factor. Raghunandanan, K., Reddy, K., “Development of a
Fj = molar flowrate of component j, (kmol/s). Mathematical Model for Secondary Reformers”,
g = acceleration of gravity, (m/s2). Chem. Eng, Technol., 17, 273-279, (1994).
ΔHi= heat of reaction i, i=2,3,4 (kJ/kmol). Rostrup-Nielsen, J., “Steam Reforming Opportunities
hf = solid-gas heat-transfer coefficient, (kJ/m2s). and Limits of the Technology”, Catalysis Today, 18,
L = reactor length, (m). 305-324, (1993).
pj = partial pressure of comp. j (gas phase), (bar). Xu, J., Froment, G., “Methane Steam Reforming,
ps,j = partial pressure of comp. j inside the catalyst, (bar). Methanation and Water-Gas Shift I: Intrinsic Kinet-
pt = total pressure, (bar). ics”, AIChE J., 35, 88-96, (1989).
Qloss,bed = heat loss per unit length at z, (kJ/s m). Received: December 14, 2005.
r = radial coordinate of the catalyst particle, (mcat). Accepted for publication: June 20, 2006.
R = universal gas constant, (kJ/kmol K). Recommended by Editor A. Bandoni

294

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