Connector/Linking Words

Linking words
A linking words is a word that joins two words, phrases or, clauses together in a sentence.
Karim and Rahim are friends.
He is poor but honest.
I went to bed because I was extremely tired.
He is both wise and intelligent.

Linking words-‡K cÖ_gZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :

(i) Coordinating Linking words
(ii) Sub-ordinating Linking words.
(iii) Co-relative Linkingwords.

Co-ordinating Connectors
Coordinating Linking words:
‡h mKj Linking words `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kÖwYi word ev Clause sentence ‡K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
Coordinating Linking words e‡j| And, but, also, or, nor, as well as, both BZ¨vw` Co-
ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t
Habib is strong and brave.
Romel is weak but active.
Both Rima and Shima went to school.
Walk quickly or you will miss the train.

Co-ordinating Linking words Avevi Pvi cÖKvi| h_v t

1. Copulative or, cumulative Linking words.
2. Adversative Linking words.
3. Alternative Linking words.
4. Illative Linking words.

Copulative or, Cumulative Linking words :

‡h mKj Linking words `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kÖwYi Clause ev Sentence -‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
Cumulative ev Copulative Linking words e‡j| And, also, as well as, both and, too, not
only but also, further, moreover BZ¨vw` Copulative or Cumulative Linking words wnmv‡e
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
Read attentively and you will succeed.
Karim as well as his friend has come.
He is not only rich but also kind.
Both he and his brother are guilty.

Alternative Linking words:

`ywU e¨w³, e¯‘ ev Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU wba©viYK‡í †h mKj Linking words e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Alternative
Linking words e‡j| Either.....or, Neither.....nor, otherwise, or, else BZ¨vw` Alternative
Linking words wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
Either karim or his brother has done the work.
 Work hard otherwise you will fail in the examination.

Adversative Linking words:

‡h mKj Linking words ` y w U wec wiZv_ © K fv‡ ei g‡ a¨ ms‡ h vM ¯’ v c b K‡ i Zv‡` i‡ K Adversative
Linking words e‡j| But, yet, still, while, only, whereas, however, On the contrary
BZ¨vw` Adversative Linking words wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
He ran fast yet he could not catch the bus.
He is poor but honest.
He is rich still he is unhappy.
I love him while he hates me.

Illative Linking words:

‡h mKj Linking words ‡Kvb Kvh© Kvib m¤ú‡K© ev Abygvb eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Illative Linking
words e‡j| Therefore. for, so, as, then, thus, consequently BZ¨vw` Illative Linking words
wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
Everybody likes him as he is a good man.
Nobody likes him for he is dishonest.
He was proved innocent therefore he was set free.
We must go now for it's already late.

Sub-ordinating Connectors

Sub-ordinating Linking words: ‡h mKj Linking words GK ev GKvwaK Subordinate

clause- ‡K Principal clause Gi m‡½ mshy³ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Sub-ordinating Linking words e‡j|
Because, if, whether, since, before, so that, as, so, thought, although BZ¨vw` Sub-
ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
As he was ill, he couldn’t attend his class.
We study hard so that we can succeed in life.
The patient had died before the doctor came.
Karim said that he had not done the work.

Sub-ordinating Linking words ¸‡jv wb¤œwjwLZ wewfbœ A_© cÖKv‡k e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:

mgq eySv‡Z Till, until, when, after, while, since BZ¨vw` sub-ordinate Linking words wnmv‡e
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
I came here before you were born.
Wait until I return.
Do not play while you are in the class.
I was busy when he called me.

Kvib eySv‡Z since, as, because BZ¨vw` Sub-ordinating Ling words wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
I like him since he is an honest man.
He will succeed because he works hard.
As I was ill, I could not go to school.

‡Kvb kZ© ev Condition eyS v‡Z whether, if, unless, as if, in case, provided that Sub-
ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
 He will not respect you unless you respect him.
If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
I can go there provided that you won't create any trouble.
You will not succeed unless you work hard.

D‡Ïk¨ e¨³ Ki‡Z Lest, that so that, in order that BZ¨vw` Sub-ordinating Linking words
wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
We eat that we may life. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
We work hard so that we may succeed in life.

Zzjbv eySv‡Z Sub-ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e than, as, so, so-as BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:
Mary is taller than her sister.
Salam is not so wise as his father.
Karim is not as bad as You think

djvdj eySv‡Z Sub-ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e in order that, that so- that e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
He is so weak that he can't move.
You lie so often nobody believes you.
He worked so hard that he passed the examination.

¯^ x K… w Z ev Zz j bv ey S v‡Z Sub ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e although, though,

however, whatever, whoever BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
Tareq was intelligent although he was illiterate.
Although he is poor, he is honest:
Whoever you maybe, I here.

aib ev c×wZ eySv‡Z Sub-ordinating Linking words wnmv‡e so, as, according to as, than, as if
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
As you sow, so shall you reap.
I spoke as I liked
Do the word as I tell.

Co-relative Linking Words

Correlative Link ing words:, ‡h mKj †Rvov Linking words mgRvZxq word ‡K hy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ
nq, Zv‡`i‡K Co-relative Linking words e‡j| †hgb: both....and, either or, Other than,
Neither nor, not only but also, the same as whether, or not, so that, such that, no sooner... than,
hardly...when, scarcely... when, else, than, else but, Though.......yet, as soon as, such as,
Example:
He is not such a fool as you think.
I have no other friend than you.
He i s as goo d as hi s fat her.
H e w a s b o th w i s e a n d go o d .
This is the same book as I bought yesterday.
Neither Karim nor his brother has done this.
N.B. hardly — when, No sooner — than, Scarcely — when Gi †ÿ‡Î Subject mvavibZt
auxiliary verb Gi c‡i e‡m| †hgb :
Hardly had he gone when his friend came.
 No sooner had I started than began to rain.

Some other Linking words: (‡hgb after, before, since, when, while, whenever, once,
until BZ¨vw` hviv mgq m¤ú‡K© avibv †`q Zv‡`i c‡i Subject Ges Main verb Gi cwi‡eZ© verb Gi ing-
form ev Past Participle form e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
I always feel better after talking to you.
She has been quite different since coming back from America.

Some Important Connectors

1. Since: Since, Linking words wnmv‡e `ywU clause- ‡K hy³ K‡i| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Since-Gi c~e©eZ©x
clause-Gi Verb-wU Simple present ev Simple perfect Tense n‡j cieZ© x Clause-Gi
Verb-wU Past Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb :
It is two months since he left for Dhaka.
Twenty years have passed since his father died. ‡h Clause-wU Kvib A‡_© e¨eüZ nq Zvi c~‡e© Since
e‡m| †hgb :
I t rust him si nce he is honest.
Since we have no money, we can't buy a car.

2. As/because: Linking words wnmv‡e as/because DfqB Kvib A‡_© e¨eüZ nq Ges `y w U
Clause-‡K mshy³ K‡i| †hgb :
I could not attend school because I was ill.
As I was ill, I could not attend school.
He was late at school because it had been raining.
As it had been raining, he was late at school.
Note: mvavibZ as, Sentence-Gi ïiæ‡Z Ges because, Sentence-Gi gv‡S e‡m|

3. That: ‡Kvb Kv‡Ri Kvib, D‡Ïk¨ ev djvdj cÖKvk Ki‡Z that e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
1 He studiestthat he can pass the examination.
2. I am so tired that I can't go on.
3. We eat that we may live.
4. He is so weak that he can't walk.
Avevi †Kvb Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z In order that ev so that e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
We took medicine so that/in order that we might get well.
Men work so that/ in order that they may earn a living.

4. Before/after: c~‡e© ev c‡i eyS‡Z Past perfect tense-Gi †ÿ‡Î h_vµ‡g before I after e¨eüZ nq|
Before-
Gi c~‡e© after Gi c‡i past perfect tense e‡m| †hgb :
1 The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. The doctor came after the patient had died.

5. As if/As though: ‡hb ev hw` A‡_© Conditional sentence- Gi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb unreal ev Aev¯Íe NUbv eY©bv
Ki‡Z
as if ev as though e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
The home looks as if it's going to fall down.
He asked me for food as if he was hungry.
He takes as if / as though he were going mad.
N.B: - eZ©gvb m¤ú‡K© K_v ej‡Z KLbI KLbI as if, as though- Gi c‡i past tenses e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb:
1. I don't like Kamal. He talks as if he knew everything.
Avevi †Kvb Unreal comparison- Gi †ÿ‡Î was-Gi cwie‡Z© were e¨eüZ nh|
They treat me as if I were their own son.
He talks as if he were mad.

6. Though ..... yet: hw`I ev Z_vwc A‡_© though Ges yet GKB Sentence-G e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e
Avay w bKKv‡j yet Gi e¨envi cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| †hgb :
Though he is rich, yet he is unhappy.
Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
7. As....... as/so...as: GKB iƒc `ywU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨Zv (similarity) e¨³ Ki‡Z affirmative sentence-
G as.....as Ges dissimilarity ev •emv`„k¨Zv e¨³ Ki‡Z Negative sentence- G so.....as e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb-
He is as tall as his brother.
Milk is as white as snow.
Karim is not so good as his father.
This book is not so costly as that.

8. As well as/together with/ along with: mgRvZxq `ywU word ev clause-‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z as well as/ with,'
together with/ along with e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
Karim as well as Rahim is competent for the post.
Salam is clever as well as good looking.
Mr. Masud along with his sons was invited to the fu nction.

9. Both...and- Both and Øviv mgRvZxq `ywU word ev clause ‡K mshy³ Kiv nq|
Both.......and Øviv MwVZ sentences Gi MVb cÖYvjx| †hgb :

He is both honest and kind (both+adj+and+adj+and+adj)

Both Kamal and Jamal are strong. (both+noun+and-t-noun)

10. Either or Neither...nor: `y w Ui GKw`‡K ey S v‡Z Either.......or, Linking words wnmv‡e

`ywU Subject ev word-‡K mshy³ K‡i| Avevi `ywUi GKwUI bv Giƒc A‡_© Neither—nor, Linking words
wnmv‡e `ywU Subject ev word-‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Either-....or, Neither----nor, Gi
cieZ©x Noun ev Pronoun-Gi Number I person Abymv‡i Verb wba©vwiZ nq| †hgb :
Neither Karim nor Rahim is intelligent.
Neither Karim nor his friends are intelligent.
Either Rafiq or his friends have done this.
He is either mad or foolish.
You are neither tall nor fat.
Either he or his friend has done this.

11. Not only/but also: Not only/but also Øviv mgRvZxq `ywU Word ev clause-‡K mshy³ Kiv nq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g
word-Gi †P‡q wØZxqwUi Dci AwaK †Rvi †`qv nq| †hgb :
He is not only intelligent but also industrious.
Not only Karim but also Rahim has done the work.

12. Until/till: hZÿY ev †h ch©šÍ bv A‡_© Until/till `ywU Clause-‡K hy³ Ki‡Z Subordinate clause Gi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgb
Wait until the rain stops.
 I won't stop shouting until you let me go.
Don't leave till I arrive. Wait till it is night.

13. When/while: Indefinite duration of time A_©vr, Awbw`©ó †Kvb mg‡qi e¨wß eySv‡Z Subordinate
Clause- Gi c~‡e© while e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
Don't go out while it rains.
He fell asleep while he was doing his homework.
Avevi hLb A‡_© Subordinate clause- Gi c~‡e© when e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
It was evening when we arrived at the station.
How can they learn anything when they spend their time watching TV.

14. Durint Ges while: ‡Kvb mg‡qi g‡a¨ wKQz N‡U‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z During Ges while Dfq e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘
during mvavibZt noun phrase-Gi c~‡e© e‡m Ges while ‡Kvb clause-Gi c~‡ e© e‡m| †hgb:
I caught a bad cold during my holiday.
Shall I have a coffee while we are waiting?
The accident took place during the night.
The accident took place while they were asleep.

15. Unless:hw` bv A‡_© `ywU clause-‡K hy³ Ki‡Z Sub-ordinate clause- Gi c~‡e© unless e¨eüZ nq| unless hy³ clause-
Gi mv‡_ no ev not e¨eüZ nq bv| †hgb :
Unless you work hard, you will fail.
I sleep with the window open unless it's
Don't come tomorrow unless I phone.

16. But: Linking words wnmv‡e but ‣ecixZ¨ eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgb :
He is poor but honest. The child does nothing but watch T.V.

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Lecture Prepared by- M. ALIF AL ASIF (Dept. of IR, BUP)
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