77

Chapter 3

SOLUTION OF MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR PROBLEMS

The computer solution to such problems can follow exactly the usual
manua1 method, and involves solution of simultaneous equations,
coupled with an iterative procedure (1), (2), (3), (4).
Assumptions: The method to be described rests upon the
following assumptions:
all effects are of the same area ;
heat losses are negl 1gi b1e ;
no carry over of 1 i quJ d i nto the vapour phase occurs.
In the example which follows, {urther simplifications are
made: boiling point elevations are ignored;
only forwdrd feed systems are
considered; thermal recompression is
not included.
Obviously, none of these assumptions are fundamental, and they can be
omitted if desired. Figure 3.1 shows the arrangement and nomenclature for
a forward feed system. Details of specific evaporation
problems can be found in specialist texts (5), (6) (7).
Procedure: The following values must be known or calculable:
overall heat transfer coefficient in edch effect;
temperature of the heating medium;
pressure and hence temperature of saturated vapour from the last
effect (presumed to be governed by conditions at the
condenser);
feed flowrate, temperature and concentration;
desired product concentration.
Obviously, enthalpy data and boiling point elevation data (if
applicable) must also be employed. The calculation procedure then involves
the following steps:

a. For n effects, product flowrate and total evaporation are

calculated from a mass ba1.ance:

Fx F • L x
(3.1)
Knock ng x , product f1oWra te Ln Can be cal cu1ated .
F = L « + V , + V ,...........V «
(3.*)
Figure 3.1. Flow diagram for Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporator System

Condensate Condensate
Nomenclature: S,F - flowrates of steam, feed
V , , \/a , ...Y» - vapour f1oWra tes from is t, 2nJ , effect
...nth efJ ect
L ›, L „ ...L p - 11quor f1oura tes from 1st, 2nd , ... nth
X„ X„ ... x, - wt. fraction of solute in liquor
... nth 1st, 2nd,
fromeffect
xy - wt. fraction of solute in feed
 79

there bo11 ng poi n t rJ ses and entha1p \ es , dependent on concentra t i on as

well as temperature , have to be emp1 oyed , t 1s necessary to deters ne the
concentration in each effect. This can be done approximately at this
stage, by making the further assumption of equal evaporation in each
effect.
In this case

= V, + V, +. . . .V, (3.3)
n

F = V, + L, Hence L, is obtained

Fx,= L,x, Hence x, is obtained, and so on for each

effect.

b. Initially, the temperature driving force in each effect is

evaluated by sharing the overall difference available, amongst the effects
in proportion to the individual thermal resistances.Overall available
temperature difference,

IT Q g ' Ts Tg - \ ( 6T ) R

(3. 4)

where (AT)# = boiling point rise in effect

Ts = temperdture of the heating medium

T, = temperature in the final effect. Then temperature driving force in the
first effect,
dT , = 6T« x 1/U, (.5)
1/U, + 1/U, + ... 1/ U

where U„ U, , etc. are overall heat transfer coefficients in effects 1, 2,

etc.
The values of AT, etc. and the consequent effect temperatures are
adjusted at the second and subsequent iterations.

c. Evaporation rate from each effect is obtained from heat and

material balances. An equation can be written for each effect and
these simultaneous equations can be solved for the unknowns.

d. Knowing the vapourisation rates, heat loads can now be calculated

for each effect, and the required heat transfer areas A„ A„ etc,
calculated from the rate equation q - UAAT.

e. Assuming that effects of equal area are required, (as mentioned

before), then the mean area is calculated, and values of temperature
driving force in each effect are adjusted:
A = A , + A, +..............A»
( 3. 6)
n
(3.7)
80

f. The new AT values are again adjusted so that their

sum =

T s- T# - \ IT) p 1 . e.
( 3. 8)
6T ,“ ' IT -¥- (Ts - Tq - Z (IT )p )
zdT‘

g. From the new AT values new effect temperatures are obtained and fresh
calculation of evaporation from each effect is made (step c).
If necessary, new boiling point rise values can be incorporated.
Steps c. to f. are repeated until the effect areas are the same within
suitable limits.

MANUAL SOLUT ION 0 F A MULTI EFFECT EVAPORAT ION PROBLEM

EXAMPLE 3.1
Use the method outlined above to solve the following problem:

A solution with a negligible boiling-point rise is evaporated in a

triple-
O
effect evaporator, which it enters at 30 C. Saturated steam at 121.8
O
C (395K) enters the calandria of the first effect. The pressure of the
vapoF in the last effect is 26 Kpa. 6 Kg/s of solution containing 10%
solids enter the system. The product leaves the last effect
containing 30% solids. The heat transfer coefficients are U, = 3000,
U, = 2000, U, = l500W/m’K.
Assuming a forward feed system, with effects of equal area, calculate
the
fo1l owl ng:
the tenpera ture n each effect;
the vapours sati on from each effect ;
the area required in each effect.

Solution
O
From steam tables, the temperature in the last effect is found to be 65.9
C.
The temperature driving force available therefore =
TS - Tn ( st nce there are no BPt r1ses ) , = 12 1.8 - 65. 9 = 55. 9OC ' sT

This is apportioned between the effects as follows:

6“I , = AT„ x 1/U,
1/U, + l/U, + (equation 3.5)
l/U,

.“. dT , = 55. 9 x
1/3000 O
1/3000 + 1/2000 + = 12.4 C
1/5000
 8

1/2000
dT, = 55. 1/3000 + 1/2000 + 1/ 1500 = 18. 6 C
9

Similarly:

IT = SP. 9 - 12. 4 - 18. 6 = 24. 9 C.

Hence, the effect tempera tures are:

1st effect temperature = 121.8 - 12.4 =

O
l09.4 C.
2nd effect temperature = 109.4 - 18.6 =
O
90.8 C.
3rd effect temperature = 65.9 as already
determÀned.
By an overa11 mate rJ at ba1ance , the Rei ght of product and the e vapora t i on
effected are ca1 cu1a ted:

Fx r -- x
6 x 0.1 = L, a 0.3. Hence weight of product = 0.6 = 2.0 Kg/s.
0. 3
Total evaporation = 6.0 - 2.0 = 4.0 Kg/s.

Evapora t i on and heat load i n each effect are now cal cut a ted us ng heat and
ma terl a1 ba1ances as lollows :

1st effect values of

So + Fh , ' L h ›+ V H , but enthalpies
obtained
F = V ,+ L , .". L , = F -V ,
from steam
values of enthalpies obtained from steam tables tables
are: are:

feed liquid at h, = 125.7KJ/kg;

0
30 C,
lluid at 109.4 C, h, = 458.4KJkg;
vapour at 109.4 H, = 2690KJ/kg;
O
C,
latent heat steam, , - 2198KJ/kg;
heating

.'. 2198S + 6 125 . 7 = (6-\/ , ) 458. 4 + Y , x 26 90

21985 + 6 x ( 125 .7-454.3) = Y , (2690 - 458. 4)
2198S - 1996 = 2232 V ,

2n d effect
V , ( H - h , ) + L , h , ' L a h z + V , H, but

L , = V ,+ L , .”. L , = L , - V, ° F - V , - Y,
8

(3. 9)

( 3. 9a )

( 3. 10)
 liquid at 90.8OC, h, =
380.0KJ/kg; vapour at 90.8OC, H,
= 266lKJ/kg.

.”. ¥,(H ,- h ,) + (F - V, ) h , = ( F - Y, - y, ) h, + V,H,

V,(H,- 2h , + h, ) + F (5 - h ) - Y, (H, - h,)
V ,(2690 - 2 x 458. 4 + 380) + 6 (458. 4 - 380) =
V, (2661 - 380)
.”. 2153\/ , + 470. 4 = 2281 V,
( 3. 10a )
3rd effect
V, (H,- h, ) + L,h, = L h, + V H
(3.11)
L, = Y + L , .’. L = L, - V =
F - Y, - V - V, but
V, + V, + V, = 4kg/s as calculated
above and L, = 2kg/s as calculated
above.
va1 ues of enthal pi es obta i ned from steam tabl es are:
1 qu i d a t 65 C , h = 276KJ/ kg ;
vapour at 65OC , H, = 2619KJ/ kg.

.' V,(H,- h,) + (6 - V, - V,)h, = 2h, + (4 - V,

- V,)H, V,H,- h,) + V (H- 2h, + H) -
2h, + 4H, - 6h,
V(2619 - 280) + V, 2661 - 2x380 +
2619) = 2 a 276 + 4x26l9 - 6+380
( 3. 11a )
2239V, + 4520V, = 8748
.' 215V, = 842 - 4346V,

Subs tJ tuts ng nto equa tJ ons 3. 10a , hence

V, = 8412 + 470.
4346 + 2281= 1. 34 kg/s hence
U, = 8412 - 4346a 1 34 I . 202 kg/s and by dJ fference
2153
Y = 4 - 2. 542 = 1. 458 kg/ s . From equati on 3. 9a
S = 2232 x 1.202 + 1996
2198 = 2.129 kg/s

Heat loads and requJ red areas n each effect are now ready 1y ca1 cu1 ab1 e:
1st effect heat load = Sl, = ( 3. 12)
2. 1*9 2198 = 4. 68 x 10 ^ KJ/ s
required area =
4.68 to°
3000 -x- 12.4 = 126m’
2nd effect head load = V, (H, - h,) =
1.202 (2690 - 458. 4) = 2. 682 x 10’ KJ/ s
requJ red area =
2. 682 10°
2000 x 18. = 72. 1ri’
6
3rd effect head load = V, (H, - h, ) =
1.34 (2661 - 360) = 3. 05 x 10° KJ/ s
required area =
3.05 x IO’
1500 < 24. 9 = 81.
6m*
126 + 72.1 + 81. 6 = 93.2m’
#m- 3
Corrected values of driving forces and temperatures in the affects are:
IT, = 12. 4 126
93.2 = 16.7
72.4
6T, = 18. 6 x 0
93.2 = 14. 4
dT, = 24. 9 81.6 = 21. 80
93.2 fi2. 9^
The ca1cu1a tJ on \ s now repeated using the foll ow ng values adjus ted to gJ ve
6T = 55. 9 .

AT, 17.6 T, = 104.2

=
0
AT, = 15.2 T, = 89.0
0 0
AT = 23.7 T, = 65.9

The remainder of the calculation is left as an exercise for the

reader; the result may be checked by comparison with the computer
calculation described next.
COMPUTER SOLUT ION OF MULTI -EFFECT EVAPORATOR PROBLEMS
Program EVAP1 which follows, is based on the assumptions which have
already been stated. It is capable of handling any number of effects, the
simultaneous equations generated being solved by either matrix algebra, or
Seidel iteration.
The equations for the effects are dealt with
below: First effect
 S%ce L, = F - U, this equaton can be rearanged as:

Ffh )' - s V b’ h) ( 3. 15)

Intermediate effect
L,h +V, (H,-h,) =V,H, +L,h
Since L, = L, - V, = F - V, - V, the equation can be
rearranged as:
F ( h - h, ) = V , (2h , - H , - h, ) + V, (H, - h, ) (3. 16a)
Similar heat and mass balances lead to further equations for additional
i ntermed ate effects:
Third effect
F (h, - h, ) = V , ( h, - h, ) + \/, ( 2h, - H, - h, ) + V, ( H, - h, ) (3.16b )
Fourth effect
F ( h - h, ) - V , ( h, - h ) + V, (h - h )
+ V (2h , - H, - h ) + V (H - h ) (3. 16c)
Since enthalpy values are known, the only unknowns in these
equations are S; V, ; V, ; etc.
Table 3.1 shows these equations arranged in matrix form.
Final effect
Suppose that Effect 2 is the last; then using xp to denote product
concentration,
Fx = L ,xp. By a hea t ba1ance , as before
L ,h, + V , (H - h, ) - V,H, + L, h,. But
L, = Fx F /x and
V, = L , - L, = F - V , - Fx F /xp
.". ( F-\/ , ) h , + V , (H, - h , ) = ( F - V, - Fx F/ Jp) /p F hg
Xp
Rearranging:
F h , - H , + x (H , - h ,) = V ,(2h , - H , - 8 ,) (3.17a)

Suppose that Effect 3 is the last; then

Fx F = L ,x p
SIm11 a r arguments to those above then 1ead to the equatl on:
F h, - H, + x (H, - h,) = V,(h, - H,) + V,(2h, - H, - H,) (3.17b)
x . .
Tab1e 3.2 tdbuT ates i n mdtr1x form the va ri ous equations that may are se from
the heat bad ance around the f1na1 effect. The approprJ ate va1ues must be
ncorpo rated n the n t h row of Table 3. 1.
 TABLE 3. I Vector and Matrix Values for FirSt & Subsequent
Effects, but excluding
the FinalEffect

Matrix Vec tor

K = 1 H,-h, 2h,- H,- h 5 ...n
J=l 0 F ( hr - h , )
2 4
h,
3
h,- h h
H,- h, 0
h - -h H-
2 00 2h - H -h h,

n- 1

TABLE 3.2 Vector and Matrix Values for the Final Effect
The Values listed are
foralternatives
the ni row of Table 3.1

Matrix Dec tor

0 2h ,- H ,- H,
h•- H h •- H• 2h•-H- H H •+h H•+
•- H •+ xr ( H h- )) h )

h •- H • h •- H 2h •- H •- 0
x r’ (H •- ( H • -
86

EVAP1. BAS

Process

Proc.ess

Process

Print

Repeat
Process

Differen
O E ffectś
?W

End
lo gEM s «+»»ess es v»ss «+«s ss «s«»+es»»»++s» e»ss»»»»sss «›c
20 REM — PROGRAM EVAP 1 . BAS TH I S PROGRAM SOLVES
30 REM - FORWARD FEED HULT I -EFFECT EVAPORATOR PROBLEMS
40 REH — UP TO 10 EFFECTS
60 REH — PRO*RAH NOMENCLATURE
60 REM - A(J) - Heat trw•eer area, Jth effect, sg m
70 REM - B(J) - Intermediate values used in
80 REM correction of temperature differences
90 REM - D(J) - Temperature difference across effect,
100 REM Deg C
110 REM - H(J) - Heat load across effect, KJ/s
120 REM - L(J} - Liguid flowrate from effect, kg/s
130 REM - P(J) - Vectors for matrix calculations
140 REM - R(J) - Thermal resistance, used in
150 REM calculation of D(J) values
160 REM - T(J) - Temperature in effect, DEG C
170 REM - U(J) - Overall heat transfer coefficient
180 REM in effect, W/sg m,K
190 REM - V(J) - Yapour rate from effect, kg/s
200 RfiH - W(J) - Previously oalculated values of Y(J)
210 REM - X(J) - Vapour enthalpy. KJ/kg
220 REM - Y(J) - Liguid enthalpy, KJ/kg
230 OEM - M(J,J) - Mntrix of enthalpy values
240 REM - NiJ,J) - Inverse matrix of enthalpy values
250 REM - PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
260 REM - LINES 1000 - 1320 Array dimensions are declared,
270 REM — arid choice of solution method is made. The
?80 REM - relevant data concerning flows, temperatures, etc,
2SU REM - a‹e then input to the program
30U REM - LINES 1330 - 1450 Driving forces and
310 h£M - temperatures ir the effects are calculated
320 REM - using eQuations 3.4 and 3.5
330 OEM - LINEG l2?O, 1460 - 1500 The properties of rure
340 REM - water have been assumed for the process fluid.
350 REM - Enthalpies of saturated liquid and vapour, taken
360 REN - from steam tables over a limited temperature range
37† REM - have bees fitted to linear equations using
S0 H?M - regression snslysis (see example 2. 1;
39† RKM — LINES lti† - l56U Calculations are performed for
400 REM - a single effect system, using equations 3. 1, 3.2,
4i0 ?tEM - ?J.2. eirid 3. *
é2† SEP LIWES 1570 1600. 2140 — ?56O, and 2t80 - 2960
4:O REM - For two or more effects it is necessary to write
440 RAM - General equntions for the first, intermediate. wad
45a h£M - f:na- e-fects. The simultaneous liiieai’
eguatiorin
460 HEN - gonernted nre then solved ty aither matrix algebra
47† NEW - cr Ly Sez3el iteration. Subroutines to do this
:1b† hEM - are accessed at lines 1570 — 1600
49G REM - SUBROUTINE FOB o0LJTION OF VAPOUR QUANTITIES BY
†% RzM — !VTBIK ALGEBRA LINES 2140 - ?560
510 REM - Li:res 21%0 to 2150 establish the required matrix
’2' BEM - dbr‹er:sire:=i lines 2?OU tc 241t) ascribe the
matrix h30 8YN - vsluos from tables 3.1 arid 3.2 to the
matrix M;
540 kEM lines 2420 to ?470 ascribe tho vsctor values from
55† REM - Tables 3. 1 and 3. 2 to the matrii: P. Solution
of E60 REM - khe uriknowns (steam supply rate S8,
vapourisation 97C REM — from each effect V(J)) is obtained
by
hBO SIM - multiplication of the inverse matrix by the vector
°9† REV - at lines 248† snd ?4g0
* GO REM — 3UTROR'" I N* *"OR YOU T ISH 0? \*APOUR QUAIL TI T YES B’*
i O ITEM — BE i*DE* I TEMA'I' I Oh L I NES 2580 — 2960
620 REM - First a set of duplicate values of V(J) are
630 REM - established as W(J) (lines 2600 to 2660). If a
640 REM — double effect solution is required, then direct
650 REM - solution is possible, wi€hout iteration. This
G60 REM - is doric usir‹g equation 3.17a (lines 2840 and
2850)
670 REM - a1;d equation 3. 15 (line 2860). Determination of
%80 REM — vapour from the last effect is not carried out
690 REM - within the subroutine.
700 REM - For cases involving more than two effects, first
710 REM - effect vapour is calculated using equation 3. 16a
720 REM - (lines 2680 and 2690). Yapour rates from
730 REM - intermediate effects are calculated using
740 REM - equations 3. 16b, c etc (lines 2710 to 2770).
750 REM - Yapour from the last but one effect is calculated
760 REM - using equations 3. 17b,c etc (lines 2780 to 2830).
770 REM - Steam rate is then calculated, as for the double
780 REM - effect case, at lins 2860. A test is then made
790 REM - to determine whether the values of V(J) and
8OU REM - W(J) agree within preset limits. If thcy do
510 REM - riot, another iteration is carried out (lines
5zG REM — 2920 to 2950)
830 REM - LINES 1610 - 1710 Vepour flowrate from the last
840 REM - effect is calculated, then for each cffect, liguor
050 REM - flawreto, heat load, and required area for heat
8G0 REM - trar:sfer, are calculated.
970 2EM - LUES 17 0 - 1d7O Values calculated fr,l eech
880 REM - effect are printed.
S9O OEM - UMES 1890 — 2C0O If inspection ot the areas
SOfi REM - oaloulatod for tho effects shows thest to differ
9iO RAM - bevor,d acceptable limits, then the calculation
920 PEW - is repeated. Lines 1930 to 2040 recalculate
03U OEM - tmmperat,ure driving fo:’ces usi:a6 equations 3.6
04† REN - and 3.7;lines 20tG to 2070 correct these new
950 R2?1 - v:,lust uuir‹g equation 3.'
060 REM - LINEG 2090 - 2120 Provide ar opportunity to
97O PLM - roruri using a different numLer of effects arid/or

"PORWAPD NEED° TG 1†EFFECTS” STEAMTEMP,DEG c”,

NUTL'QUOE TEMP,DEG C ;
?1
1 46 0 X( J ) =2 5OE . 3 +1 . G 3 0 3 9*T ( J )
i 49 0 Y I J ) -4. 21 1 19*T I ) - . 9 63S7
l h OO fIEXT J
15 1 O IF N 1 i THEN 1 5 70
152G V( 1 ) =F 1 * ( 1—C1,*C2 )
1530 H ( 1 ) =''7 ( 1 ; *X ( 1 ) +F i * ( Y( 1 ) vC 1/C2—4 . 1068 IT { 1 ) )
15 40 #. ( 1 i —-II ( 1 ) * 1OOO/ ( II( 1 ) *D ( 1 ) )
1 F› C›3 =H ( 1 ) /52
50
1560 GOTO 1720
1570 IF C#-"B” THEN 1600
1580 GOSUB 2140
15D0 GOTO 1610
16OO GOSUB 2560
1610 .I =N 1
1620 V( J / =F 1 —’'/ 1—F 1 DC1/C2
1630 L ( 1 ) =F 1 -V( 1 )
1640 H( 1 ) =L ( 1 ) BY ( I ) +V t 1 ) IX ( 1 ) —F 1T4. 18 68IT 1
1G 50 FOR J-2 TO N1
1660 L ( J ) =L ( J— 1 ) -V( J )
1670 H( J I =L ( J ) BY ( J } V( J ) MX ( J ) —L ( J — 1 ) BY ( J — 1 )
1680 NEXT J
1690 FOR J= 1 TO N1
1T 00 A( J ) =II ( J ) * 1000/ ( U( J ) ID ( J ) )
17 10 NEXT J
1720 PR INT “EFFECT TEMP DEL . T HEAT AREA VAP I "
1730 PR I NT ” DEG C DEG C KI/S S8 1'1 KG/S “
1 740 FOR J= 1 TO N1
1750 PR I NT J ; “ ”;
1760 PRINT USI NG ” ttd# . # ” ; T( J ) ;
1770 PRI NT ” “;
1780 PR INT US IHG " tt#ti . # “ ; D( J ) ;
1790 PR UT “ ”;
1800 PR INT US UiG ” tt#dtt . # ” ; H( J ) ;
1810 PR IN T " ”;
1820 PRINT USUG “ #tt4 . It “ ; A( J ) ;
1630 PR INT “ “;
2090 PR I NT “DI FFEREII T NUiqBER OF EFFECT3?”

21lo II P8-”I’” THE 1240

2120 G1T0 2970
21 40 REM — SOLUT ION OF VAPOUR TO EACH EFFECT
215G HEM — E\' MATR IX ALGEBRA
21 G G CAT M=ZER ( N1, N 1 )
2 1’7 0 MAT N=ZER( N1, N 1 )
2180 MAT P -ZER( N1 )
2190 MAT V-ZEP(N1)
2200 M(1,1)-—S2
2210 FOR .T-1 TO (?T1-1}
2220 K-J+1
2230 M(J,K)-X(J?-Y(JT
2240 NEXT J
2250 IF N1-2 THEN 2390
2260 FOR J-2 TO (N1-1}
2270 K-J
2280 M(J,K)-? Y(J-1}-X(J-1}—Y(J)
2290 I7EXT J
2300 FOR J-3 TO (N1-1}
2310 FOR K=2 TO (J-1)
2320 M(J,K):Y(J-1}-Y(J)
2330 NEXT M
2340 NEXT J
2350 J-N1
2360 FOR K=2 TO J-1
2370 M(J,K)=Y(J-1)-X(J)
2380 NEXT K
2390 J=N 1
2 400 K=J
2410 N( J , K) -2 BY( J -1 ) —X( J-1 ) —X( J )
2420 P ( 1 ) =F 1* 1 4. 1868*T 1—Y( 1 ) )
2430 FOR J=2 TO ( N1— 1 )
2440 P ( J ) =F 1* ( Y( J - 1 ) —Y ( J ) )
L ‹,- †*,E:.i'.›
246tJ J-NI
247† -(J)-F'*(’f(I-1)-K(J)+(C1,^ .*(X(Ji-Y(J))!
?4:o r‹.^.:›:-:N’:(u!
4.°'?' N*.? V-N*P
25† o3--V'1)
2510 ’v'l —U
2520 FIE .12 TU N1

266G NEXT J
26 70 IF N1=2 'I'HEN 28 40
2 b" 9O V( 1 ) =FI ( Y( I ) —Y t2 ) —V ( 2 ) V ( X ( 2 j —Y( 2 ) )
* 690 V \ 1 ) =’7( 1 ) / ( 2 BY( 1 ) —X( 1 ) —Y ( ? } }
2700 IF N1-3 THEN 2790
2710 FOR J:2 TG Nl-2
2’/ 2 0 V( .I ) =F 1* I Y( J ) —Y ( J +1 ) ) —V( J +1 ) * ( X( J+ 1 ) —Y( J+ 1 ) )
2730 FOR K=1 TO J - 1
27 40 V( J ) -V( I ) —V I K ) * ( Y( J I —Y ( J +1 ) )
27 so Nxy.T K
2 7 G 0 V ( J ) -V( J ) / ( 2 BY( J ) X ( J ) -Y ( J+ 1 ) )
277O NEX7 J
2780 V( N1 —1 ) =F 14 ( Y( N1— 1 ) —X ( N1 ) + ( C 1/C2 ) * ( X( N1 ) —Y ( N1 ) ) )
2790 FOR K= 1 TO N 1 --2
2300 V( N1— 1 ) —V ( N1 — 1 ) —V( K ) * ( Y( N I— 1 ) —X ( N1 ) )
2810 NEXT K
2820 V(N1-1)-V(N1-1)/(2*Y(N1-1)-X(N1-1)-K(N1)}
2930 GITO 2860
2840 V(1)=F1*(Yt1)-X(2)+(C1/C2)*(X(2)-Y(2}))
2850 Y(1)=V(1)/(2*Y(1)-X(1)-X(2))
2860 S3-(Y(1)*(X(1)-Y(1))-F1 (4.1868*T1-Y(1)))/S2
2870 V1=O
2880 FOR J=1 TO N1-1
28go vi=vi+V(J)
2900 NEXT J
2910 IF N1-2 THEN 2960
2920 FOR J-1 TO N1-1
2930 IF V(J)/W(J)>1.001 THEN 2600
2940 IF W(J)/V(J)>1.001 THEN 2600
2950 NEXT J
2960 RETURN
2970 END
EXAMPLE 3.2
Use the computer program to repeat Example 3.1 It will be seen
that the first computer iteration gives results closely similar to
those obtained by the manual calculation. After a further two
iterations, closely similar valJes
are obtained for the required heat transfer
areas. LOAD”A:E‹APl

B-SEIoEL I7P ATION. INPHT P. OR B? B

OuTL&t 10UOF TEM£,DEG C7 b6 9

NUNBER OF EFFECTS

U 'VALUES , H/SQ M, 1 E fI
U(1,
"' 15OO
EFFECT TEMP DEL . T HEAT AREA VAPN
DEc C DEG C 8 /S sa M G, s
1 65 . S 55 . 9 9 361 . 9 1 11 . 7 4. 0
STEAM TO F I RET EFFECT 4 . 262322 UG /S

DI FFERENT NUHBEIi OF EFFECT S?

TYPE ’f OR N? Y

NUMBER OF EFFECTS
? 3
U VALUES,W/S8 M,DEG K
tT( 1 )
? 3000
U( 2 }
? 20G0
U( 3 1
? 1500
EFFECT TEMP DEL . 7 HEAT AREA VAPN
DEG C DEG C CJ/S SP N KG,*S
1 109. 4 12 . 4 4C7 9. 2 125. 6 1.2
2 90. 7 18. 6 26 73. 9 71 . 8 1. 3
3 65 9 24.8 3050.5 81.9 1.5
STEAM TO FIRST EFFECT 2.130355 MG/S
DO YOU iiANT TO RERUN? TYPE Y OR N
?Y
EFFECT TENP DEL . T HEAT AREA VAPN
DEG C DEG C US /S SQ M KG
/S
1 104. 1 17 . 7 4608 . 8 86 . S 1.2
2 89.0 15.2 2738.3 90.3 1.3
3 65.9 23.1 3043.3 88.0 1.4
STEAM TO yIRST EFFECT 2. 0983 1 3 VG/S
D0 YOU WANT TO RERUN? TYPE Y GR N
EFFECT TEMP DEL . T HEA'T AREA VAPN
1 DEG C DEG C KJ/S S8 M KG/S
1 04. 4 17. 4 46 1 1 . 2 8 8. 3 1.2
96. S 15. 5 2?33. 7 88 . 1 1. 3
3 bt.9 23.0 8045.9 88.3 1
4 STEAM TO FIRST EFFECT 2 099899 K0/S

D'O \’OU WANT TO DEFtUf'? 'I’YPE Y OR N

DO YOU NANT TO REhUN? TYPE Y OR N

PROBLEMS - CHAPTER 3
1. A forward feed evaporator system has three effects each of 80m’
heat transfer surface. Heat transfer coefficients in successive effects
are 3000, 2500 and 2000 W/m’K. Steam enters the calandria of the
first effect at a presume of 320kPa; the pressure above the liQuor in
the final effect is l8kPa. The feed enters effect one at a concentration
of 3 wt% solids and a temperature of 40 C i product leaves the flna1 effect at a
concentra tJ on of 32 stS so1Jds .
Use the program to determine the feed and flna1 product rates , as sunni ng the
so1ut\ on to have the properti es of water.
HP nt: Assume a va1ue for feedra te and use thls to run the program; s cale
thls f1gure up or down as requJ red to sa t1s fy the area requJ rement.
2. An evaporator sy s ten 1 s to be install ed for the concentra t on of an aqueous
so1u tion of an organs c materi at. I t i s desk red to make an estJrate of the
number of effects •hJ ch should be employed n order to gJ ve the l o•est annual
tota1 costs (operating p1us fixed costs) .
Pi1 ot p1ant work has es tab1J shed that the overa11 coeffJ ci ent of heat
transfer i n the evaporator, us1ng low pressure steam for heatl ng , 1s corre1a ted
approxJ mately by the lolloring s imp1e rel a t ionsh p:
U = 2500 - 2000C V/m* K where C = so1utJ on concentra t on , •t fractl on.
 Assuming a forward feed system is to be employed, use the program, and
the
data below, to estimate the optimum number of effects to be used:

Feed rate of so1utJ on

: 55 kg/ s
Feed concentrate on
: 0.05 wt fraction
Feed tempera ture
18. 0 C
Product concentra tJ on
: 0.5 wt fraction
Physical properties
of
soluti on : As for water
0
Steam tempera ture : 140 C
O
Final effect temperature : 60 C
Heating costs :
5c/KWh
Capital cost for equipment : $5,000 per m’ of heat transfer
surface
installed
In terest payabl e on caps ta1 : 15S p. a.
PaJn tenance costs and overheads: 20% p. a. on ns talled caps ta1
Additional operating costs
incurred : $25, 000 p. a.
What would be the effect on your appraisal if energy costs were to
be doubled?
Note: The figures quoted above are conjectural only; they should not be
taken as in any way typifying the industry.

3. Todd fy the program descrJ bed \ n the s chapter to hand1e :

a. Backward feed systems.

b. Crossflow systems.
c. Process fluids exhibiting boiling point rise.
d. Enthalpy data such as that discussed in Example 2.3.
e. Computation of film coefficients as functions of physical
properties.

4. Write an evaporator program using the Newton Raphson method (8).

REFERENCES
1 C.J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, Allyn and
Bacon, Boston, U.S.A. 1978.
2 C.O. Bennett, J. E. Nyers , Momentum Hea t and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill
Interna ti onal, Tokyo, Japan , 1983.
3 D. Azbel , Heat Trans fer App1 J cations n Process Eng i neer1ng , Noyes
Pub1 ca tJ ons , New Jersey, U . S.A. , 1984.
4 J. N. Cou1 son , J.F. RJ cha rdson , Chemx ca1 Engineer ng , Volume I I , 3rd Eds tJ
on ,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.
5 A. Nisenfeld, Industrial Evaporators, Principles of Operation &
Control, Instrument Society of America, 1985.
6 F. Bosnjakovic, P.L. Blackshear, Technical Thermodynamics, Holt,
Rinehart
and Winston, Eastbourne, U.K., 1965.
7 G.P. Meade, Cane Sugar Handbook, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,
 New York, U.S.A., 1977.
8 C.D. Holland, Fundamentals and Modelling of Separation Processes,
Prentice Hall International, New Jersey, U.S.A., 1975.