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Branch/Year/Sem: CSE/IV/VIII SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
PART-A

UNIT 1
1. Draw the schematic hierarchical view of software quality?(APR/MAY 2010)
It is based upon a set of quality criteria, each of which has a set of measures or
metrics associated with it.

McCall model.

Boehm model.

2. Give a short note on Bohem Model? (APR/MAY 2010)

It was developed in the year 1978. It is to provide a set of ‘ well-defined, well-
differentiated characteristics of software quality.It is hierarchical in nature but the
hierarchy is extended, so that quality criteria are subdivided. This model is based
upon a much larger set of criteria than McCall’ smodel, but retains the same emphasis on
technical criteria.
3. Define software Quality .What is it form the user’s point of view? (MAY/JUNE 2009)
Kitchen ham (1989 b) refers to software quality “ fitness for needs ” and claims quality involves
matching expectations.
The Department of Defense (DOD, 1985) in the USA defines softwarequality as “ the degree to
which the attributes of the software enable itto perform its intended end use
In users point of view ,
 Receiving the right product for their use
 Being satisfied that their needs have been met
 Meeting their expectations
 Being treated with integrity, courtesy and respec

4. List out the atleast four important measures of maintainability? (MAY/JUNE 2009)
 Understandability
 Completeness
 Maintainability
 Conciseness
 Portability

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 Consistency
 Testability
 Usability
 Reliability
 Structured ness
 Efficiency
 Security

5. Mention the project parameters that affect the quality of product?(APR/MAY 2008)
Parameter that affect the quality of the product:
 Reliability, maintainability and usability

6. Differentiate the terms “validity” and “reliability”. (APR/MAY 2008)

Reliability: the results should be precise and repeatable.

Validity: the metric must measure the correct characteristic

7. What is the first step to ensure software quality?(NOV/DEC 2003)

8. Define Software Quality Assurance?(NOV/DEC 2003)

Software quality assurance is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the

evaluation of the quality and adherence to software product standards of processes
and procedures.

9. Define quality as defined by iso?(NOV/DEC 2004)

ISO 9000:2000 definition of quality- It is the degree to which a set of inherent
characteristics fulfils requirements. Quality is fitness for use of the product.

10. What are the five methods detailed by watts(1987) as part of the MQ
Approach?(NOV/DEC 2004)

11. Why is software quality important?(APR/MAY 2005)

 It is people and human organizations who have problems to be solved by

computer software
 It is people who define the problems and specify the solutions
 It is still currently people who implement designs and product code.
 It is people who test code

12. Define software quality assurance?(APR/MAY 2005)

Software quality assurance is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the

evaluation of the quality and adherence to software product standards of processes
and procedures.

13. Give the different vies of quality. NOV/DEC2005

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 The transcendent view

 The product-based view
 The user-based view
 The manufacturing view
 The value-based view

14. Expand FURPS. NOV/DEC2005

FURPS–Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance & Service.

15. What are the criteria for quality?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

 Objectivity
 Reliability
 Validity
 Standardization
 Comparability
 Economy
 Usefulness

16. What is the significance of quality metrics?(APRIL/MAY 2006)

The goal is obtaining objective, reproducible and quantifiable measurements, which
mayhave numerous valuable applications in schedule and budget planning, cost
estimation,quality assurance testing, software debugging, software performance
optimization, andoptimal personnel task assignment
17. What are the criteria in established the software goals.(MAY/JUNE 2013)
 Objectivity
 Reliability
 Validity
 Standardization
 Comparability
 Economy
 Usefulness

18. What are the three areas addressed by McCalls model?(MAY/JUNE 2013)
 Product operation
 Product revision
 Product transition

UNIT 2

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19. What is svv and sqa ?Draw its relation? (APR/MAY 2010)
Software quality assurance is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the
evaluation of the quality and adherence to software product standards of processes
and procedures.

20. What is Quality Software Assurance? (APR/MAY 2010)

Software quality assurance is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the
evaluation of the quality and adherence to software product standards of processes
and procedures.

21. State four quality attributes due to Glilb? (MAY/JUNE 2009)

 Gilbs proposed four quality attributes:
 Workability
 Adaptability
 Usability
 Availability
 Gilbs proposed four quality resources;
 Time
 Money
 People
 Tools

22. What is the need for Software Quality assurance plan? (MAY/JUNE 2009)
The purpose of this Software Quality Assurance Plan (SQAP) is to define the
techniques, procedures, and methodologies that will be used at the Center for Space
Research (CSR) to assure timely delivery of the software that meets specified
requirements within project resources.
23. Define cost of quality? (APR/MAY 2008)
The cost of quality includes all costs incurred in the search of quality related
activities. It may be divided into three types.

 Prevention cost
 Appraisal cost
 Failure cost

24. Differentiate “Bugs” ,”ERRORS” and “DEFECTS” (APR/MAY 2008)

Error: It is the Deviation from actual and the expected value

Bug : It is found in the development environment before the product is shipped to the
respective customer.

Defect: It is found in the product itself after it is shipped to the respective customer.

25. What are software quality standards?(NOV/DEC 2003)

 Standards are the key to effective quality management.
 They may be international, national and organizational or project standards.

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 Product standards define characteristics that all components should exhibit e.g. a
commonprogramming style.
 Process standards define how the software process should be enacted
Example:
 IEEE Std 610.12:1990
 ISO 9000-3
 IEEE Std 1061-1992

26. How is the effectiveness of formal technical review measured?(NOV/DEC 2003)

 A formal technical review (FTR) is a software quality assurance activity
performed by software engineers with the following objectives:
- uncover errors in function, logic or implementation of the software.
- verify that the software meets its requirements.
- ensure that the software has been developed according to the standards.
- achieve uniform software.
- make projects manageable.

27. ”Qality is conformance to requirements,both explicit and implicit”,Explain the terms

“explicit” and “Implict” requirements in the context of Gavins view of
quality.(NOV/DEC 2004)
28. Explain Kitchenham’s Quality profile with diagram?(NOV/DEC 2004)

29. Mention the tools used for software quality?(APR/MAY 2005)

Ishikawa basic tools are also called the seven quality control tools.
o Check list or check sheet
o Pareto diagram
o Histogram
o Scatter diagram
o Run chart
o Control chart
o Cause-effect diagram

30. Define quality standards?(APR/MAY 2005)

 Standards are the key to effective quality management.
 They may be international, national and organizational or project standards.
 Product standards define characteristics that all components should exhibit e.g.
a common programming style.
 Process standards define how the software process should be enacted

31. Name any four tools for quality NOV/DEC2005.

 Check list or check sheet
 Pareto diagram
 Histogram
 Scatter diagram

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32. Name any four basic measures for quality. NOV/DEC2005

 Usability
 Reliability
 Maintainability
 Testability
33. What are quality standards?(APRIL/MAY 2006)
 Standards are the key to effective quality management.
 They may be international, national and organizational or project standards.
 Product standards define characteristics that all components should exhibit e.g. a
common programming style.
 Process standards define how the software process should be enacted
34. List four tools of quality?(APRIL/MAY 2006)
 Scatter diagram
 Run chart
 Control chart
 Cause-effect diagram

35. What are Quality standards?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

Software Quality standards are specific, measurable expectations of desired quality of
some service or some activity. They define the level of quality or performance that a
organization is willing to accept as representing quality for their particular services
Example: ISO 9000, CMM, SPICE

36. List four tools of quality?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

 Check list or check sheet
 Pareto diagram
 Histogram
 Scatter diagram
37. Differentiate between inspection, review and walkthrough.(MAY/JUNE 2013)
38. What are the responsibilities of Quality Assurance Engineer?(MAY/JUNE 2013)

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UNIT 3
1. List out the Ishikawa’s seven basic tools? (APR/MAY 2010)
Ishikawa basic tools are also called the seven quality control tools.
Check list or check sheet
Pareto diagram
Histogram
Scatter diagram
Run chart
Control chart
Cause-effect diagram

2. Define Fagan and Jone’s error detection and defect removal efficiency? (APR/MAY
2010)

 Fagan Inspection is a group review method used to evaluate output of a given

process.
 Fagan Inspection defines a process as a certain activity with a pre-specified entry
and exit criteria. In every activity or operation for which entry and exit criteria are
specified Fagan Inspections can be used to validate if the output of the process
complies with the exit criteria specified for the process.

3. What are the ISHIKAWA’s seven basic tools? (MAY/JUNE 2009)

 Ishikawa basic tools are also called the seven quality control tools.
 Check list or check sheet
 Pareto diagram
 Histogram
 Scatter diagram
 Run chart
 Control chart
 Cause-effect diagram

4. Explain briefly the significance of time between failure models and fault count
models? (MAY/JUNE 2009)

Time between failures models: This model’s variable under study is the time
between failures. This is the earliest class of models proposed for software
reliability assessment. A common approach in this model is that the time between
(i-l)st and the ith failure follows a distribution whose parameters related to the
number of latent defects remaining in the product after the (i -l)st failure.

 Jelinskimoranda model
 Littlewooa models
 Goel-orkumoto imperfect debugging model

Fault count models: Here, the variable criterion is the number of faults or failures
in a specified time interval. The time can be CPU execution time or calendar time
such as hour, week, or month. The time interval is fixed a priori and the number of
defects or failures observed during the interval is treated as a random variable. As

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defects are detected and removed from a system it is expected that the observed
number of failures per unit time will decrease.

• Musa-Orkumoto Logarithmic Poisson Execution Time model

5. Write the formula to compute defect removal effiency? (APR/MAY 2008)

Defect removal Efficiency= Defect found *100

Defect found +Defect not found

6. Mention the criteria for evaluating the reliability model? (APR/MAY 2008)

Reliability growth models have gained a dominant role in the evaluation of the
reliability of software products Some of the criteria to be looked into for evaluating a
particular model are those models which gives an answer to the typical questions
which arise during the quality assurance phase: •Is the software ready for release?

 How long will it take before it is ready?

 How is it possible to improve the effectiveness of testing?’ etc.

7. How do you set the quality in Software Development?(NOV/DEC 2003)

8. How do you Consider ISO9000 for Software Quality Management?(NOV/DEC 2003)

ISO 9000 can be an extremely powerful incentive to organizations to get their quality
procedure right. It concentrates on all aspects of QMS. So ISO 9000 can be
appropriate for QMS.

9. Explain COQUAMO toolset with neat diagram?(NOV/DEC 2004)

10. Name the five components of a QMS as listed by the ISO definition?(NOV/DEC
2004)
 Organizational structure
 Responsibilities
 Procedures
 Processes
 Resources

11. What are the goals of software quality management?(APR/MAY 2005)

Software quality Management means organizing, monitoring the development process

to achieve the required quality.Software Quality Management simply stated comprises
of processes that ensure that the Software Project would reach its goals. In other
words the Software Project would meet the clients expectations.

The key processes of Software Quality Management fall into the following three
categories:

1)Quality Planning
2) Quality Assurance
3) Quality Control

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12. What factors should be taken into account when selecting staff to work on a software
development project?(APR/MAY 2005)
13. What human factors are needed for QMS. NOV/DEC2005
14. What is time management. NOV/DEC2005
 Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the right time is
allocated to the right activity.
 Effective time management allows individuals to assign specific time slots to
activities as per their importance.
 Time Management refers to making the best use of time as time is always limited.

15. What is quality management system?(APRIL/MAY 2006)

 A system by which an organization aims to reduce and eventually eliminate non-
conformance to specifications, standards, and customer expectations in the most
costeffective and efficient manner.
 A QMS can be defined as the managing structure, responsibilities,
procedures,processes, and management resources to implement the principles and
action lines neededto achieve the quality objectives of an
organisation.Management system to direct and control an organization with regard
to quality

16. What are the elements of quality management system?(APRIL/MAY 2006)

 Organizational structure
 Responsibilities
 Procedures
 Processes
 Resources

17. what is quality management system?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

Theorganisational structure,responsibilities,procedures,processesandresourcesfor
implementingqualitymanagement.

18. what are the elements of quality management systems?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

19. What are the objectives of technical review?(MAY/JUNE 2013)
i. Evaluation ofaspecific softwareelements.
ii. Identification of anydiscrepancies from specification and standards.

20. List the causes that lead to the problem /effect in Ishikawa-Diagram(MAY/JUNE
2013)
The causeandeffectdiagramisalsoknownasfishbone diagram.Itshowsthe relationship
between the quality characteristics and factors that affect the characteristics.It
identifies all casual factors ofaqualitycharacteristics in one chart.

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UNIT 4

1. What are the five extra activities of QIP involved? (APR/MAY 2010)

A special quality improvement program (QIP) was then proposed, evaluated,

approved, and swiftly implemented. The QIP involved five extra activities:

 Blitz testing- “artistic” testing in stressful environments.

 Customer evaluation- customers conducting testing in the development
laboratory.
 Code inspections- additional inspections of error-prone modules, especially
routines that are difficult to test such as the error recovery/exception handling
routines.
 Design reviews- rereview of designs of suspect components and modules.
 Extension of system test- improvement of test suites and extension of testing
schedules to allow thorough final test execution.

2. Write briefly on the logistic model for customer satisfaction analysis? (APR/MAY
2010)

The analysis process starts by performing statistical tests to reveal relationships or

differences in customer ratings of the performance on different product and service
attributes, and how they affect overall satisfaction. We compare the performance to
the peers, utilizing The Benchmark database to describe how the performance rates on
a relative basis. We identify the customers’ product and service priorities and we
compare these to their perceptions of the performance through Quadrant Analysis. In
most cases, The analysis is aimed at identifying the key drivers of satisfaction – those
product or service elements that are most closely related to customer satisfaction

3. What is the problem tracking report(PTR) model? (MAY/JUNE 2009)

4. Definecyclomaticcomplexity.What is its use is software? (MAY/JUNE 2009)
It is computed using a graph that describes the control flow of the program. The nodes
of the graph correspond to the commands of a program. A directed edge connects two
nodes if the second command might be executed immediately after the first command.

5. Give the pictorial view of inception effort/defect rate when the actual is compared
with model? (APR/MAY 2008)

6. Definecyclomatic complexity? (APR/MAY 2008)

It is computed using a graph that describes the control flow of the program. The nodes
of the graph correspond to the commands of a program. A directed edge connects two
nodes if the second command might be executed immediately after the first command.

7. What is capability Maturity model?(NOV/DEC 2003)

The capability maturity model (CMM) for s/w is a widely accepted set of guidelines
for developing high performance s/w organizations.

8. Distinguish Process,Product and Project for software Management?(NOV/DEC 2003)

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software process model.

One specific embodiment of software process architecture.

9. Enlist Ishikawa’s 7 basic technique for monitoring and controlling

processes?(NOV/DEC 2004)
 Ishikawa basic tools are also called the seven quality control tools.
 Check list or check sheet
 Pareto diagram
 Histogram
 Scatter diagram
 Run chart
 Control chart
 Cause-effect diagram

10. What are capability levels with in Spice?(NOV/DEC 2004)

 Level0: Not performed
 1: Performed informally
 2: Planned and tracked
 3: Well defined
 4: Quantitatively controlled
 5: Continuously improving

11. What are the questions asked in W5HH principles?(APR/MAY 2005)

The “W5HH Principle” is about organizing your project to meet and satisfy (not
strayed, nor delayed, nor slipped) your project objectives, milestones and schedules,
responsibilities, management and technical approaches, and required resources.
12. What is defect removal efficiency?(APR/MAY 2005)
DRE is a measure to detect defects before delivery.It is calculated as a percentage of
the defects identified and corrected internally with respect to the total defects in the
complete project life cycle. Thus, DRE is the percentage of bugselimiated by reviews,
inspections, tests etc.

13. What is W5HH principle. NOV/DEC2005

The “W5HH Principle” is about organizing your project to meet and satisfy (not
strayed, nor delayed, nor slipped) your project objectives, milestones and schedules,
responsibilities, management and technical approaches, and required resources.

14. What is CMM? NOV/DEC2005

The capability maturity model (CMM) for s/w is a widely accepted set of guidelines
for developing high performance s/w organizations.

15. Bring out the difference b/w a process and product?(APRIL/MAY 2006)

Process: How things are done, usually in order to produce a product.

Product: What a company sells in order to make money. Products are made using
defined processes.

16. List the uses of MCCabe Index.(MAY/JUNE’13)

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17. What are the principle aspects of a QMS for Software

development.?(MAY/JUNE’13)

Theorganisational
s t r u c t u r e , r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , p r o c e d u r e s , p r o c e s s e s andresourcesforimplement
ingqualitymanagement.

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UNIT5

1. Draw the graph for capability maturity model? (APR/MAY 2010)

 Level0: Not performed
 1: Performed informally
 2: Planned and tracked
 3: Well defined
 4: Quantitatively controlled
 5: Continuously improving

2. What is the role of CMM? (APR/MAY 2010)

CMM is one of the most renowned models of software maturity. Its latest update is
known as CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration), developed by SEI. It
consists of 5 levels of process maturity that determine effectiveness of software
quality. The focus of CMMI model is to organize processes of large enterprises,
though it fits to any organization starting from a start-up level and mature it every step
of the way till it becomes a large entity. Below is a bit of brief about the levels of
CMMI.

3. What are the main standard of iso9000 series?Where do you make use of these
standars in software development? (MAY/JUNE 2009)
ISO 9001, ISO 9000-3, ISO 9004-4., ISO DIS.

4. What are the six sigma limits?Explain their importants in quality management?
(MAY/JUNE 2009)4
It is a rigorous and disciplined methodology that uses data and statistical analysis to
measure and improve a company’s operational performance by identifying and
eliminating “defects” in manufacturing and service-related processes.

The two major types of six sigma metrics are:

 Classical measures of six sigma metrics

 Typical of six sigma measures

5. Why the quality standards are needed? (APR/MAY 2008)

 Encapsulation of best practice- avoids repetition of past mistakes.
 They are a framework for quality assurance processes - they involve checking
complianceto standards.
 They provide continuity - new staff can understand the organisation by
understanding thestandards that are used

6. In which way CMM differs from CMMI? (APR/MAY 2008)

 The Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM) is a framework that
describes the key elements of an effective software process. There are CMMs
for non software processes as well, such as Business Process Management
(BPM).

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 CMMI: Capability Maturity ModeI@ Integration (CMMI) is a process

improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements
of effective processes.

7. What are the metrics for software quality?(NOV/DEC 2003)

Direct measures
 Cost and effort applied (in SEing process)
 Lines of code(LOC) produced
 Execution speed
 CPU utilization
 Memory size
 Defects reported over certain period of time

Indirect Measures
 Functionality, quality, complexity, efficiency, reliability,maintainability.

8. List the product Matrics and briefly explain?(NOV/DEC 2003)

 Mean Time to failure
 Defect density
 Customer problems
 Customer Satisfaction

9. How do software process metrics differ from software project metrics?(NOV/DEC

2004)
 Process metrics takes a strategic view to the effectiveness of a software process
 Project metrics are tactical that focus on project work flow and technical approach

10. What is mean by BACKLOG management index?

 backlog is a workload statement for software maintenance.
 It is related to both the rate of defect arrivals and the rate at which fixes for
reported problems become available.
 It is a simple count of reported problems that remain at the end of each time
period (week, month, etc.)
11. List the six steps of GQM process. ?(APRIL/MAY 2006)

 Develop a set of corporate

 Generate questions
 Specify the measures
 Develop mechanisms
 Collect, validate and analyze the data
 Analyze the data in a postmortem.

12. What are the three levels of GQM? ?(APR/MAY 2005)

 Conceptual level – Goals to identify what we want to accomplish relative to

product.
 Operational level – Questions help us understand how to meet the goal.

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 Quantitative level – Metrics identify the measures that are needed to answer
the questions.

13. Give the equations to calculate the McCall structureness? . NOV/DEC2005

14. What are the types of metrics? ?(APR/MAY 2005)

Metrics are classified into two types according to whether they are,
 Predictive
 Descriptive

15. Structuredness as it simplest may be calculated in terms of the average length of code
modules within the programs.
McCall structureness metric = n 01 / ntot

16. How will you measure the software reliability?(nov/dec2009)

Software reliability can measure in terms of:
 Accuracy
 Consistency
 Error tolerance
 Simplicity

17. . What are the roles of software project? ?(MAY/JUNE 2006)

 Project manager
 Business analyst
 Implementation programmer
 Quality auditor
 End user
 Line manager
 Project sponsor

18. . What are the metrics used in six sigma? MAY/JUNE 2006)

The two major types of six sigma metrics are:

 Classical measures of six sigma metrics

 Typical of six sigma measures
19. What are the Goals of ISO models?(MAY/JUNE 2013)

 ISO-9001 covers the entire process from product design through after
sales service.
 ISO-9002 covers only the manufacture (or a specific service such as a
QC/QA laboratory) of the product.
 ISO-9003 covers the "final inspection" of the product only.
 ISO-9004 is an "Internal Use" standard - it cannot be registered and is
not subject to the third party audits

20. List the weakness of ISO 9000?(MAY/JUNE 2013)

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