Building Service II

Unit 1:MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

 Mechanized transportation in buildings:

 Lifts,
 escalators,
 Conveyors,
 Traveletors.
 Hot water boilers and diesel generators.
Mechanized transportation in buildings:
Elevator:
 An elevator (or lift) is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or
goods between floors of a building.
 They are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and
counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston.

A set of lifts in the lower level of a

London Underground station in the
United Kingdom. The arrows
indicate each lift's position and
direction of travel.
Observation elevators at the 240
Sparks shopping center

An elevator in National University of Singapore

  Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to
pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car (see
Hydraulic elevators below).

 Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and
lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent magnet motors, machine room-less
rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.

 The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic

lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes
impractical for very high lift hoist ways.

 For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be employed instead.
Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.
Elevator doors:
 Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common
configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally.

 In a cascading configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited

space), the doors run on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked
behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side.

 This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the
center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab.

 In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a
single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally.
Uses of elevators:
Passenger service
 A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors.
 Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally
passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 pounds (450–2,700
kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments.

 Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or

electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min (1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/
min electric.
 In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have
speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min
(2.5 m/s) up to 2000 ft/min (10 m/s).
Types of passenger elevators:
Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform,
including:
 Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and
other uses.
Express Elevator:
 An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the
ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range
of floors, skipping floors in between. These are especially popular in eastern Asia.
The former World Trade Center's twin towers used skylobbies, located on the 44th and 78th floors of each
tower.
Capacity:
 Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while
some are large enough for more than a dozen.
 Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a
wheelchair 6 ft (1.8 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair
at a time with a load of 1000 lb (450 kg).
Freight elevators:
 A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than
passengers.
 Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that
the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain
freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser.
 Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a
passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg.
 Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged
interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading.

 Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy
efficient for the work of freight lifting.

A specialized fright elevator from 1905 for lifting narrow gauge railroad cars between a railroad
freight house and the Chicago Tunnel Company tracks below.
Stage lifts:
 Stage and orchestra lifts are specialized lifts, typically powered by hydraulics, that
are used to lift entire sections of a theater stage.
For example,
Radio City Music Hall has four such lifts, an "orchestra lift" that covers a large area
of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage.

 In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise

an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers
Vehicle elevators:
 Vehicular elevators are used within buildings with limited space (in lieu of ramps)
to move cars into the parking garage.
 Geared hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform
and there are no counterweights.
 To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may
rotate so that the driver only has to drive forward.
 Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons, while some are large
enough for 20-ton commercial vehicles.
Boat elevators:
 In some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of
a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock.
Aircraft elevators:
 On aircraft carriers, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar
deck for operations or repairs.
 These elevators are designed for much greater capacity than other
elevators, up to 200,000 pounds (90 tonnes) of aircraft and
equipment.
 Smaller elevators lift munitions to the flight deck from magazines
deep inside the ship.
Residential elevator:
 The residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than
full commercial elevators.
 They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as
hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of
commercial elevators.

 Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter

maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall
arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.
Dumb waiter:
 Dumbwaiters are small freight
elevators that are intended to
carry food rather than
passengers.
 They often link kitchens with
rooms on other floors.

View of a dumb waiter

Paternoster:
 A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving
chain of boxes.

 A similar concept, the humanlift, moves only a small platform,

which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen
in multi-story industrial plants.
Material handling belts and belt elevators:
 A different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of
an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes
partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards.

 These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When
such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate
grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain
elevator.
There have occasionally been lift belts for humans:
 These typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt,
which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to
the one above.

 These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking
garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use.
 Types of lifts-Based on working principle:

 Traction
- Geared traction - Gearless traction
 Hydraulic
Components of an
Elevator:
 an elevator car
 a counterweight
 drive means including a drive motor
connected to a drive sheave, drive sheave
having a periphery rotatable about a drive
axis

 Cable groove means on the periphery of

sheave which defines at least one cable
groove
 Cable interconnecting elevator car and
counterweight while disposed about drive
sheave.
Geared Traction Elevators:
 Geared Traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors
 Geared machines use worm gears to mechanically control movement of elevator
cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a
gearbox driven by a high speed motor.
 These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction
use for speeds up to 350 ft/min. Machine roomless traction elevators:
Gearless Traction Elevators:

 Gearless Traction machines are

high speed electric motors
powered by AC or DC current.

 In this case the drive sheave is

directly attached to the end of
motor.
TRACTION
ELEVATORS:
PLAN AND MACHINE ROOM DETAILS
 Hydraulic elevators
 Hydraulic elevator
systems lift a car using
a hydraulic ram, a fluid-
driven piston mounted
inside a cylinder.
The cylinder is connected to
a fluid-pumping system
(typically, hydraulic systems
like this use oil, but other
incompressible fluids would
also work). The hydraulic
system has three parts

 A tank (the fluid reservoir)

 A pump, powered by an electric motor
 A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
Types of hydraulic elevators

 Holed
hydraulic
elevators

 Holeless
hydraulic
elevators
 Holed Hydraulic
system
• In Holed Hydraulic
systems, a car is
connected to the top of
a piston that moves up
and down in a cylinder.
Movement is controlled
by a hydraulic valve. As
fluid is pumped into the
cylinder, the car rises;
as the fluid returns to
the reservoir, the car
lowers.
Holeless Hydraulic
system
• The Holeless Hydraulic
system eliminates the
need for either a well
hole or buried piping.
The best application for
the Holeless product is
most any 2-story
building with less than
14' of travel from one
floor to the other.
 Hydraulic elevators

 Holeless hydraulic elevators

 Holed hydraulic elevators
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR-PLAN AND
MACHINE ROOM DETAILS
HYDRAULIC
ELEVATOR
 Planning for Elevators:
 Architectural finishing of the walls and floors in the vicinity of the entrance hall
after installation has been completed.
 Code-compliant construction of a legal, ventilated and waterproof hoist way and
controller room as required by engineering criteria to be famished later.
 A ladder to the elevator pit.
 Provision for cutting the necessary openings as required by elevator contractor.
 Rail and building supports as required by elevator contractor.
 All work normally related to building construction.
 All necessary electrical power required for elevator operation, delivered to
elevator controller room and hoist way.
 The installation of conduit between the elevator pit and the terminating point for
the emergency bell, intercom, fire-panel, etc.
Temporary power for installation and final testing.
 Code-compliant barricades, work lighting and acceptable electrical power during
installation and testing.
 The provision of a suitable, locked storage space for elevator equipment and tools
during elevator installation.
* Work responsibilities during installation and construction shall be determined
according to local codes and building practices.
Escalators:
Escalators- History of escalators:

Around 1900,Charles Seeberger

came up with the name “Escalator”
is a combination of “elevator” and
“Scala” (steps).

The Seeberger-otis produced the

first step-type escalator and it was
installed at the Paris Exhibition of
1900.
Escalator or Moving Stairway at Sixth Avenue
and Thirty-third Street Station of Elevated
Railway, New York City.
An escalator is just a simple
variation on the conveyer belt.A
pair of rotating chain loops pull a
Early escalators were known as : series of stairs in a constant cycle.
Travelling Elevators
 Inclined elevators
Magic stairway
A Duplex Escalator of the Cleat Type in a Department Store This type of
escalator makes use of hard wood cleats in place of steps..

 In the original type of escalator the

steps flatten out into a level platform
at top and bottom, easy to step on and
off, and divide into regular steps as they
climb upward.

 The Cleat Escalator: In the Cleat

Escalator there are no steps, it is
composed of hardwood cleats moving in
longitudinal ridges and grooves, with a
handrail on either side moving at the
same speed. The platform glides
through the prongs of a comb at a
Estimated stepping on or off at the bottom or moderate speed..
top, more than 10,000 people an hour.
A Cleat Type Escalator, Showing
the Hardwood Cleats Used in
Place of Steps.

A Gravity Conveyor - Single Spiral Open Type

For the quick and safe conveyance of heavy
goods from upper to lower levels….
How Escalators
work:
 An escalator is a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transport
passengers up and down short vertical distances

 Escalators and moving walkways, are powered by constant speed alternating

current motors and move at approximately 1-2 ft (0.3-0.6 m) per second.

 The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30 degrees

with a standard rise up to about 60 ft (18 m). On the top of each balustrade, a handrail
should be provided at a height of 0.85 to 1.10 m.

 The handrail at each extremity of the escalator, where the steps move horizontally,
should extend at least 0.30 m beyond the landing plate and the newel including the
handrail at least 0.60 m beyond.

 The incline of an escalator should not exceed 30°, though it may be increased to 35°
if the vertical rise is 6 m or less and the speed along the incline is limited to 0.50
m/s. The clear height above the steps at all points should be not less than 2.30 m.
How Escalators
work:
How Escalators
work:
 The core of an escalator is a pair of
chains, looped around two pair of gears.
An Electric motor turns the drive gears
at the top, which rotate the chain loops.
The motor and the chain system are
housed inside the truss, a metal
structure extending between two floors.

 Instead of moving a flat belt as in a

conveyer belt,the chain loops move a
series of steps.At the top and bottom of
the escalator, the steps collapse on
each other creating a flat platform.
Escalator
s:
lower landing
Platform located at the foot of the
escalator.
upper landing
Platform located at the head of the
escalator.
comb
Part with teeth that mesh with the
grooves in the step, preventing objects
from entering the escalator’s internal
mechanism.
step
balustrade Articulated horizontal part for standing
Chest-high part on each side of the on when going up or down.
escalator. skirt
Section projecting from each side of the
handrail escalator; its function is to secure the
Moving part along the balustrade forbalustrade.
holding onto. newel
Rounded section of the balustrade,
Escalator
s:

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel,

crisscross and multiple parallel

parallel (up and down

escalators "side by side or
separated by a distance",
Escalator
s:

crisscross (minimizes structural space requirements by "

stacking" escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in
department stores or shopping centers)
Escalator
s:

multiple parallel (two or more

escalators together that
travel in one direction next to
one or two escalators in the
same bank that travel in the
other direction)
Escalators are required to
have moving handrails that
keep pace with the movement
of the steps. The direction of
movement (up or down) can be
permanently
Components of an Escalator:

 Top and bottom landing platforms

 The truss

 The tracks

 The steps

 The railing
 Landing platforms:

 These two platforms house the curved

sections of the tracks, as well as the
gears and motors that drive the stairs.
The top platform contains the motor
assembly and the main drive gear

 the platforms contain a floor plate and

a comb plate.

The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step
onto the moving stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either
hinged or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below.
The truss:
The truss is a hollow metal
structure that bridges the lower
and upper landings.
It is composed of two side sections
joined together with cross braces
across the bottom and just below
the top.
The ends of the truss are attached
to the top and bottom landing
platforms via steel or concrete
supports.
The truss carries all the straight
track sections connecting the upper
and lower sections.
 Tracks:

 The track system is built into the

truss to guide the step chain,
which continuously pulls the steps
from the bottom platform and
back to the top in an endless loop.

 There are actually two tracks:

one for the front wheels of
the steps (called the step-
wheel track) and one for the
back wheels of the steps
(called the trailer-wheel
track).
The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as
they move out from under the comb plate.
Tracks:
The tracks are spaced
apart in such a way that
each step will always
remain level.
At the top and bottom of the
escalator, the tracks level off
to a horizontal position,
flattening the stairway.

This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after
another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of
track.
STEPS:

The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or

steel.Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate
their edges.

In most escalator models , both

the riser and the tread of each
step is cleated (given a ribbed
appearance) with comblike
protrusions that mesh with the
combplates on the top and
bottom platforms and the
succeeding steps in the chain.
STEPS:

The steps are linked by a

continuous metal chain that
forms a closed loop.
The front and back edges of
the steps are each connected
to two wheels.
The rear wheels are set
further apart to fit into the
back track and the front
wheels have shorter axles to
fit into the narrower front
track.
HAND RAIL:
 A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels,
provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator.

 In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected
to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

 This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the
steps, to give riders some stability.
Safety considerations:
 Fire protection automatic sprinklers or fireproof shutters to the opening, or by
installing the escalator in an enclosed fire-protected hall.
 overheating, adequate ventilation for the spaces that contain the motors and gears
must be provided.
 It is preferred that a traditional staircase be located adjacent to the escalator if
the escalator is the primary means of transport between floors.
 It may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift adjacent to an escalator for
wheelchairs and disabled persons.

LINEAR HEAT DETECTION

Safety measures-Escalator:
Conveyor system:
 Conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves
materials from one location to another.

 Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of

heavy or bulky materials.

 Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of
materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging
industries.

Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are used according to the various needs of different
industries
Horizontal moving
Walkways:

Moving walkways, also known as moving sidewalks, travelators, walkalators, are

built in one of two basic styles:

 Pallet type -- a continuous series of flat metal plates mesh together to form a
walkway. Most have a metal surface, though some models have a rubber surface
for extra traction.
 Moving belt -- these are generally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking
surfaces over metal rollers. The walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy"
feel.
 Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with combplates at
the ends. Also, all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those
on escalators.

 Moving walkways are often used in airports where there is a long distance to walk
between terminals, and in metro stations.
 TRAVELATOR
S:
 A moving walkway, moving sidewalk, or travelator is a slow
conveyor belt that transports people horizontally up to the
practical limitations of about 300 m.
 They work in a similar manner to an escalator. In both cases, riders
can walk or stand.
 The walkways are often supplied in pairs, one for each
direction.
 They are particularly useful in large railways and airports terminals, as well
shopping complexes, and may be inclined up to about 15 degree where level differentials
occurs.
 Speed range between 0.6 and 1.3 ms-1, limitations being imposed because of the
difficulty in getting off.

 Combine with walking, the overall pace could be about 2.5

ms-1.

 Materials for travelators must be flexible or elastic

and include reinforced rubber or composites and
interlaced steel plates or trellised steel.

 The latter two have the facility to deviate from the

conventional straight line.
 Hot water boilers:
 A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or
vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.
Materials:
 The pressure vessel in a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy
steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel is virtually
prohibited (by the ASME Boiler Code) for use in wetted parts of
modern boilers, but is used often in superheater sections that will
not be exposed to liquid boiler water. A portable boiler

 In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily
fabricated in smaller size boilers.
Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives)
, because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more
recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and
cheaper substitutes (such as steel) are used instead.

 Cast iron may be used for the heating vessel of domestic water heaters. Although
such heaters are usually termed "boilers", their purpose is usually to produce hot
water, not steam, and so they run at low pressure and try to avoid actual boiling. The
brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high pressure steam boilers.
Fuel:
 The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood,
coal, oil, or natural gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-type
heating elements.
 Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam. Heat recovery
steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other processes such as gas
turbines.
Boilers can be classified into the following
configurations:
Pot boiler" or"Haycock boiler:
 A primitive "kettle" where a fire heats a partially-filled water container from below.
18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large volumes of very
low-pressure steam, often hardly above that of the atmosphere.

 These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low.

Fire-tube boiler:
 Here, water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume left above to
accommodate the steam steam
( space ).
 This is the type of boiler used in nearly all steam
locomotives.
The heat source is inside a furnace orfirebox that has to be kept permanently
surrounded by the water in order to maintain the temperature of theheating surface
just below boiling point.
The furnace can be situated at one end of a
fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot
gases, thus augmenting the heating surface
which can be further increased by making the
gases reverse direction through a second
parallel tube or a bundle of multiple tubes
(two-pass or return flue boiler); alternatively
the gases may be taken along the sides and
then beneath the boiler through flues (3-pass
boiler).
 In the case of a locomotive-type boiler, a
boiler barrel extends from the firebox and the
hot gases pass through a bundle of fire tubes
inside the barrel which greatly increase the
heating surface compared to a single tube and
further improve heat transfer
Diagram of a fire-tube boiler

 Fire-tube boilers usually have a comparatively low rate of steam production, but
high steam storage capacity.

 Fire-tube boilers mostly burn solid fuels, but are readily adaptable to those of the
liquid or gas variety.
Water-tube boiler:
 In this type, the water tubes are arranged inside a
furnace in a number of possible configurations:
often the water tubes connect large drums, the
lower ones containing water and the upper ones,
steam and water; in other cases, such as a
monotube boiler, water is circulated by a pump
through a succession of coils.
 This type generally gives high steam production
rates, but less storage capacity than the above.

Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any
heat source and are generally preferred in high
pressure applications since the high pressure
water/steam is contained within small diameter
pipes which can withstand the pressure with a
thinner wall.
Flash boiler:
Diagram of a water-tube boiler.
 A specialized type of water-tube boiler.
The tubes are close together and have water pumped through them. They are kept so
hot that the water feed is quickly flashed into steam and superheated. The flash boiler
was invented by Léon Serpollet, who used the design in his steam-powered cars.
 Flash boilers are lighter and less bulky than other types, and take less time to raise
steam from a cold start. On the other hand they are more prone to overheat, because
there is no large reservoir to cool the tubes if the water flow is interrupted or
Diesel generator:
 A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electrical generator
(often called an alternator) to generate electric energy.
 Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to the power grid or as
emergency power-supply if the grid fails.
 Small portable diesel generators range from about 1 kVA to
10 kVA may be used as power supplies on construction sites,
or as auxiliary power for vehicles such as mobile homes.

Diesel generator set:

 The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary

devices such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers,
jacket water heaters, starting systems etc, is referred to as a generating set or a gen
set for short.
 While the larger industrial generators can range from 8 to 30 kVA for homes, small
shops & offices up to 2,000 kVA used for large office complexes, factories.

A 2,000 kVA set can be housed in a 40ft ISO container and be fully packaged and
portable.
 Sizes up to about 5 MW are used for small power stations and these may use from
one to 20 units. In these larger sizes the engine and generator are brought to site
separately and assembled along with ancillary equipment.
Diesel generator and its types