S.

Y 2020 - 2021

INTERA C TIVE
NOTEBOOK IN
GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
Ms. Janieca Pradas

FRANCENE F. FELIPE
12 - SIKORSKY
C
CHHA
ARRA
ACCTTEERRIIS
STTIIC
CSS
O
OFF
LLIIV
VIIN
NGG
TTH
HIIN
NGGS
S
 q u ir e
emm e
enntts
s
Re
Req ui r
ffo
orr lli
iffee

1. Living Things Are Made Up of Cells

Unicellular organisms are made of 1 cell
Multicellular organisms are made of more than 1 cell
EUKARYOTIC CELLS - can be either multicellular or
unicellular cells. (Humans, animals, plants) and has
2 Types of Cells nucleus
PROKARYOTIC CELLS - They are unicellular cells.
(Bacteria and Archae) and it doesn't have a nucleus

2. Living Thing Reproduce

Sexual Reproduction:  The mixing of
genetic material from 2 members of
the same species.
Asexual Reproduction:  Offspring are
genetically identical to the parent. No
mixing of genetic material.

3. Living Things Are Based on a Universal Genetic Code

All organisms store the
WHAT IS A DNA? complex information they
- Deoxyribonucleic acid is a
need to live, grow and
molecule that contains the
instructions an organism reproduce.
needs to develop, live and
All information is written in
reproduce.
a molecule called DNA.

4. Living Things Grow and Develop

During development a single egg divides
again and again.

New cells can be created and differentiate

to perform certain functions for the
organism as time passes.
 e nt s orr
ffo lliiffee
quireem
m en ts
Reequir
R

5.  Living Things Obtain and Use Energy

Energy is obtained and used to grow,

develop and reproduce.

Metabolism:  The total sum of all

chemical reactions in the body.

6.  Living Things Respond to Their Environment

Energy is obtained and used to grow, develop and reproduce.

STIMULUS IRRITABILITY ADAPTATION

a signal to immediate an inherited behavior
or characteristic that
which an response by an enables an
organism organism to a   organism to survive
responds stimulus & reproduce.

7. Living Things Maintain a Stable Internal Environment

This process is called homeostasis.
WHAT IS A HOMEOSTASIS?
- a relatively stable equilibrium
between interdependent elements,
especially as maintained by
physiological processes.

8.  Taken as a Group, Living Things Evolve

Basic traits individual

organisms inherit from their
parents usually do not
change.
C E L L
C E L L
 fro m
m L
Liif
fee
e
Liiffe fr
L o

Genesis
The origin or mode of formation of something
Abiogenesis Biogenesis
Known as the "spontaneous
generation" Living matter arises only from other
Living things can appear from non- living matter
living things.

Francesco Redi (1668)

He made an experiment were he Maggots were found in uncovered
placed meat in an uncovered jars. jars only!
Placed meat in jars covered with
He was convinced that maggots are
cheesecloth (air but not flies could
pass through) not reproduced by abiogenesis.

Louis Pasteur
Investigated PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT
FERMENTATION ,
FERMENTATION HYPOTHESIS:  air itself is the
a process that “active principle” because it
converts grape contains microbes. 
juice to wine, TEST: exclude air
barley to beer, from nutrient broth and it
sour milk. will not teem with life.

hi s t o
o r
ryy o
o ff
h i st
l
tthhee cceelll

1590
Hans and Zacharias Janssen are
lens makers that created the
microscope by conjoining two
lenses in a tube.
This microscope is capable of
magnifying 3x up to 10x using its
lenses.

1665
Robert Hooke was an English scientist and architect,
and a polymath. He discovered a honeycomb-like
structure in a cork. He coined the term "cell" and
described it as "tiny rooms".
 1683
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist known as the
“Father of Microbiology” considered as the first person who
discovered living microorganisms in his microscope.
Cells from protozoans and sperm cells were described as tiny
animals - “animalcules”

ic r o
o sscco
oppee
M
M i c r
e ll T
Thhe
eoorry
y
The
The C
C el l o lo g
g y
y
T
Teecch
h nn o l o

Compound-Light
Microscope
uses glass lenses
can magnify images up to 1000X
without blurring
Modern: Binocular microscope
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
He was a German botanist, proposes
that all plant tissues are composed of
cells, and that cells are the basic
building blocks of all plants matter.
Theodor Schwann (1839)
He was a German physiologist/zoologist
supposed that all animals are Transmission Electron
composed of cells. Microscope (TEM)
Schwann and Schleiden founded the cell
uses electron
theory.
beam in
Rudolf Virchow (1855) magnifying objects
He was a German physician who can view image at
suggested the theory of BIOGENESIS. 1000X to 250000X
He noticed that the cells are dividing used to view
under the microscope, and finds that structures of thin-
bone cells develop from cartilage cells sliced specimen
He concluded that cells only arise from
other cells.” Scanning  Electron
Microscope (SEM)
Then, Cell Theory was created.
It states three things.

1. All organisms are composed of one or

more cells.  (Schleiden and Schwann)

2. The cell is the smallest functional unit uses high-energy electron beams
of life. (Hooke and Leeuwenhoek) can view image up to 500 000X
used to view the surface
3. All cells are produced from pre-
topography and composition of a
existing cells. (Virchow)
specimen
 C
CEELLLL
S
STTRRU
UCCTTU
URREES
S

A
ANND
D II TT S
S

FF U
UNNC
C TT II O
ONN
 L evveel
l ooff
Le
g an iiz
zaa t
tiio
onn
r
Orga
O n

ORGAN
CELLS TISSUE ORGAN ORGANISM
SYSTEM

These are internal compartments that carry out

Ceellll
C specific cell functions.
They allow the cell to grow larger and become
rga n
neel
llleess
O
Org a more specialized.

FOR PROTECTION AND SUPPORT

a semi-permeable barrier which regulates what

Cell Membrane goes in and out of the cell.
A jelly-like fluid in which the organelles are
suspended.
Cytoplasm It is where most of the cell’s chemical reaction
takes place
It is responsible for giving a cell its shape.
A network of filaments and tubules which
provides mechanical support, keeps the cell’s
Cytoskeleton organelles in place and aids in the movement of
organelles throughout the cell
A tough, flexible and rigid layer of the cell besides
the cell membrane.
Cell Wall It gives protection and structure to the cell.
Can only be seen in plant cells.

FOR STORING GENETIC INFORMATION

Nucleus
Serves as the Control Center of the cell as it regulates the activities of the
cell and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.
Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pore
It regulates the
A round body located A double membrane layer transportation of molecules
inside the nucleus of a that separates nucleus from between the nucleus and
the cytoplasm in eukaryotic
eukaryotic cell that cells. It encloses the nucleus the cytoplasm. Also, it can
produces ribosomes. and its contents. allow substances (RNA) to
leave
 It contains coils of DNA responsible for our
physical characteristics
Chromosomes It facilitates proper cell division and replication to
fit the DNA  inside the nucleus.

FOR PRODUCTION
The cellular components that carry out protein
synthesis.
Ribosomes Link amino acids together in the order specified
by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to
form polypeptide chains.

A network of membranous tubules within the

Endoplasmic
cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with
Reticulum the nuclear membrane.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic

synthesizes steroids (lipids) Reticulum
detoxifies poisons (alcohol)transports substances
synthesizes proteins
regulates calcium levels for muscle contraction
ribosomes are attached
ribosomes are not attached

A membrane-bound structure
It is responsible for transporting, modifying, and
Golgi Apparatus
packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for
delivery to targeted destinations.

A membranous sac that transports materials

Vesicle
inside and outside of the cell.

It contains mostly water and dissolved nutrients

for the cell
Vacuole
It functions as a storage, waste disposal,
protection and growth a cell needs.

the digestive system of the cell, serving both to

degrade material taken up from outside the cell
Lysosomes
and to digest obsolete component
"suicidal bags" break down molecules into their base
components with strong digestive enzymes

FOR ENERGY PROCESSING

serves as the Powerhouse of the Cell.

Mitochondria energy production for cells (ATP)sites of aerobic
respiration“mitochondria makes me mighty”

contains the green pigment called chlorophyll

Chloroplast It is where sunlight is trapped for photosynthesis
occurs.
Can only be seen in plant cells.
FOR LOCOMOTION

It is a fine, hair-like projections on surfaces of

Cilia cells.
Provides movement and protection for the cell.

These are long and hair-like projections.

Flagella Used for locomotion and to propel a cell through
liquid (i.e. bacteria and sperm)

A
N
I
M
A C
L E
L
L

P
L
A
N
T C
E
L
L