PHOTOSINTESION IN PLANTS

CREATED BY :
GROUP
1. MARSINAH
2. AMAN SOLIHIN
3. IRFANSYAH
4. IRNA MEILANI
5. JAINUL ARIFIN
6. NURSINAH

SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

(STKIP) TAMAN SISWA BIMA
TAHUN 2019
 PREFACE

By mentioning the name of Allah SWT, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, We offer
praise and thankfulness for His presence, who has bestowed His mercy, guidance, and
blessings on us, so that we can complete scientific papers on " PHOTOSINTESION IN
PLANTS”.

We have compiled this scientific paper to the maximum and get help from various parties so
that it can facilitate the making of this paper. For this reason, we express our gratitude to all
those who have contributed to the making of this paper.

Apart from all that, we are fully aware that there are still shortcomings in terms of both the
composition of the sentence and the grammar. Therefore with open arms we accept all
suggestions and criticism from readers so that we can improve this scientific paper.

Finally, we hope that this scientific paper on " PHOTOSINTESION IN PLANTS " can
provide benefits and inspiration to readers.

Bima, January 2019

Creator
 TABLE OF CONTENS

COVER ............................................................................................................................... i
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENS ...................................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background ............................................................................................................. 1
B. Formulation Of The Problem ................................................................................. 2
C. The Purpose Of Writing A Paper ........................................................................... 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Photosynthesis .................................................................................. 3
B. Historis of Photosynthesis ...................................................................................... 3
C. The Process of Photosynthesis in Plants ................................................................. 5
D. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis ........................................................................... 6
E. Photosynthetic reactions ......................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER III CLOSSING

A. Conclussion ............................................................................................................ 11
B. Suggestion .............................................................................................................. 11

BIBIOLYGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 12
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Photosynthesis is the event of the compilation (synthesis) of organic matter (sugar)
from inorganic substances (water and carbon dioxide) with the help of solar energy (photons).
In photosynthesis, glucose (carbohydrate) and oxygen are produced. Almost all living things
depend on the results of photosynthesis. So photosynthesis is very important for life on earth.
Organisms capable of compiling organic compounds from inorganic compounds are called
autrotof organisms.
In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, Austrian royal doctor, repeated Priestley's experiment. He
showed that sunlight had an effect on plants so they could "recover" "damaged" air. He also
found that plants also 'polluted the air' in the dark so he suggested that plants be removed
from the house at night to prevent the possibility of poisoning its inhabitants.

Artinya :
Fotosintesis adalah peristiwa penyusunan (sintesis) zat organik (gula) dari zat anorganik (air
dan karbon dioksida) dengan bantuan energi cahaya (foton) matahari. Dalam fotosintesis,
dihasilkan glukosa (karbohidrat) dan oksigen. Hampir semua makhluk hidup bergantung pada
hasil fotosintesis. Sehingga fotosintesis menjadi sangat penting bagi kehidupan di bumi.
Organisme yang mampu menyusun senyawa organik dari senyawa anorganik dinamakan
organisme autrotof.
Pada tahun 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, dokter kerajaan Austria, mengulangi eksperimen
Priestley. Ia memperlihatkan bahwa cahaya matahari berpengaruh pada tumbuhan sehingga
dapat "memulihkan" udara yang "rusak". Ia juga menemukan bahwa tumbuhan juga
'mengotori udara' pada keadaan gelap sehingga ia lalu menyarankan agar tumbuhan
dikeluarkan dari rumah pada malam hari untuk mencegah kemungkinan meracuni
penghuninya.
B. Problem
1. What is the process of photosynthesis?
2. what is the history of photosynthesis?
3. How the influence of visible light on the process of photosynthesis?
4. How is the environment after photosynthesis takes place ?

C. Tujuan Penelitian
1. to explain about process of photosynthesis.
2. to explain about history of photosynthesis.
3. to explain about influence of visible light on the process of photosynthesis.
4. to explain about environment after photosynthesis takes place.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Photosynthesis
The definition of photosynthesis is a biochemical process of the formation of food
substances such as carbohydrates carried out by plants, especially plants that contain leaf
green or chlorophyll.
While the meaning of photosynthesis according to KBBI is the utilization of sunlight
energy by leafy green plants or bacteria to convert carbon dioxide and water into
carbohydrates
The definition of photosynthesis in general is the process of plants in making their own food
by utilizing sunlight.

artinya :
Pengertian fotosintesis adalah suatu proses biokimia pembentukan zat makanan
seperti karbohidrat yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan, terutama tumbuhan yang mengandung zat
hijau daun atau klorofil.
Sementara arti fotosintesis menurut KBBI adalah pemanfaatan energi cahaya matahari
oleh tumbuhan berhijau daun atau bakteri untuk mengubah karbondioksida dan air menjadi
karbohidrat
Definisi fotosintesis secara umum adalah proses tumbuhan dalam membuat makanan
sendiri dengan memanfaatkan cahaya matahari.

B. Historis of Photosynthesis
Although there are still steps in photosynthesis that have not yet been understood, the
general equation of photosynthesis has been known since the 1800s. In the early 1600s, a
doctor and chemist, Jan van Helmont, a Flemish (now part of Belgium), conducted
experiments to find out what factors caused plant mass to increase over time. From his
research, Helmont concluded that the plant mass increased only because of water supply.
However, in 1727, the English botanist Stephen Hales hypothesized that there must be other
factors besides water which play a role. He argued that some plant foods came from the
atmosphere and light involved in certain processes. At that time it was not known that air
contained different elements of gas.
 In 1771, Joseph Priestley, a British chemist and pastor, found that when he closed a
burning candle with a jar upside down, the flame would die before the candle burned out. He
later discovered that if he put the mouse in a jar upside down with a candle, the mouse would
suffocate. From the two experiments, Priestley concluded that the flame of the candle had
"damaged" the air in the jar and caused the death of the rat. He then showed that the air that
had been "damaged" by the candle could be "restored" by plants. He also showed that rats can
stay alive in a closed jar provided that there are also plants.
In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, Austrian royal doctor, repeated Priestley's experiment. He
showed that sunlight had an effect on plants so they could "recover" "damaged" air. He also
found that plants also 'polluted the air' in the dark so he suggested that plants be removed
from the house at night to prevent the possibility of poisoning its inhabitants. Finally in 1782,
Jean Senebier, a French priest, showed that the "restored" and "destructive" air was carbon
dioxide absorbed by plants in photosynthesis. Shortly thereafter, Theodore de Saussure
succeeded in showing a connection between Stephen Hale's hypothesis and experiments with
"recovery" of air. He found that the increase in plant mass was not only due to the absorption
of carbon dioxide, but also by giving water. Through this series of experiments, experts
finally succeeded in describing the general equation of photosynthesis that produces food
(such as glucose).

Artinya:
Meskipun masih ada langkah-langkah dalam fotosintesis yang belum dipahami,
persamaan umum fotosintesis telah diketahui sejak tahun 1800-an. Pada awal tahun 1600-an,
seorang dokter dan ahli kimia, Jan van Helmont, seorang Flandria (sekarang bagian dari
Belgia), melakukan percobaan untuk mengetahui faktor apa yang menyebabkan massa
tumbuhan bertambah dari waktu ke waktu. Dari penelitiannya, Helmont menyimpulkan
bahwa massa tumbuhan bertambah hanya karena pemberian air. Namun, pada tahun 1727,
ahli botani Inggris, Stephen Hales berhipotesis bahwa pasti ada faktor lain selain air yang
berperan. Ia mengemukakan bahwa sebagian makanan tumbuhan berasal dari atmosfer dan
cahaya yang terlibat dalam proses tertentu. Pada saat itu belum diketahui bahwa udara
mengandung unsur gas yang berlainan.
Pada tahun 1771, Joseph Priestley, seorang ahli kimia dan pendeta berkebangsaan
Inggris, menemukan bahwa ketika ia menutup sebuah lilin menyala dengan sebuah toples
terbalik, nyalanya akan mati sebelum lilinnya habis terbakar. Ia kemudian menemukan bila ia
meletakkan tikus dalam toples terbalik bersama lilin, tikus itu akan mati lemas. Dari kedua
percobaan itu, Priestley menyimpulkan bahwa nyala lilin telah "merusak" udara dalam toples
itu dan menyebabkan matinya tikus. Ia kemudian menunjukkan bahwa udara yang telah
“dirusak” oleh lilin tersebut dapat “dipulihkan” oleh tumbuhan. Ia juga menunjukkan bahwa
tikus dapat tetap hidup dalam toples tertutup asalkan di dalamnya juga terdapat tumbuhan.
Pada tahun 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, dokter kerajaan Austria, mengulangi eksperimen
Priestley. Ia memperlihatkan bahwa cahaya matahari berpengaruh pada tumbuhan sehingga
dapat "memulihkan" udara yang "rusak". Ia juga menemukan bahwa tumbuhan juga
'mengotori udara' pada keadaan gelap sehingga ia lalu menyarankan agar tumbuhan
dikeluarkan dari rumah pada malam hari untuk mencegah kemungkinan meracuni
penghuninya. Akhirnya di tahun 1782, Jean Senebier, seorang pastor Perancis, menunjukkan
bahwa udara yang “dipulihkan” dan “merusak” itu adalah karbon dioksida yang diserap oleh
tumbuhan dalam fotosintesis. Tidak lama kemudian, Theodore de Saussure berhasil
menunjukkan hubungan antara hipotesis Stephen Hale dengan percobaan-percobaan
"pemulihan" udara. Ia menemukan bahwa peningkatan massa tumbuhan bukan hanya karena
penyerapan karbon dioksida, tetapi juga oleh pemberian air. Melalui serangkaian eksperimen
inilah akhirnya para ahli berhasil menggambarkan persamaan umum dari fotosintesis yang
menghasilkan makanan (seperti glukosa).

C. The Process of Photosynthesis in Plants

Before photosynthesis is carried out, only green plants can do it because they have
chlorophyll. Besides photosynthesis can only be done during the day when there is sunlight.
Plants also need water and carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthetic chemical reactions.
Plants can get carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air that enters the leaves of plants through
stomata or leaf mouths. While water (H2O) can be obtained through plant roots which are
then channeled to the leaves through plant stems.
When sunlight falls on the surface of the leaf, chlorophyll captures energy from the
sun's light. Light will pass through the epidermis layer without color or transparent, then
forwarded to the mesophyll. It is in mesophyll that most photosynthesis occurs.
The energy is then used to convert water into sugar / glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen
(O2). After that, from the process of photosynthesis will produce food for plants.
While the oxygen produced is released by plants through the stomata. This oxygen is then in
the air free to be inhaled by other living things namely humans and animals.

Artinya :
 Sebelum proses fotosintesis dilakukan, hanya tumbuhan hijau saja yang bisa
melakukannya karena memiliki klorofil. Selain itu fotosintesis hanya bisa dilakukan siang
hari saat ada cahaya matahari. Tumbuhan juga membutuhkan air dan karbondioksida untuk
melakukan reaksi kimia fotosintesis.
Tumbuhan bisa mendapatkan karbondioksida (CO2) di udara yang masuk ke daun
tumbuhan lewat stomata atau mulut daun. Sementara air (H 2O) bisa didapatkan lewat akar
tumbuhan yang kemudian disalurkan ke daun melalui batang tumbuhan.
Saat sinar matahari jatuh ke permukaan daun, klorofil menangkap energi dari cahaya
matahari tersebut. Cahaya akan melewati lapisan epidermis tanpa warna atau transparan,
kemudian diteruskan menuju mesofil. Di mesofil inilah sebagian besar proses fotosintesis
terjadi.
Energi tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk mengubah air menjadi gula/glukosa (C6H12O6)
dan oksigen (O2). Setelah itu dari proses fotosintesis akan menghasilkan makanan bagi
tumbuhan.
Sementara oksigen yang dihasilkan dikeluarkan oleh tumbuhan lewat stomata. Oksigen ini
kemudian berada di udara bebas untuk dihirup oleh makhluk hidup lain yaitu manusia dan
hewan.

D. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

There are 4 factors that influence photosynthesis needed by plants to be able to carry
out the process of photosynthesis, including chlorophyll, sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
The following is an explanation of the components of photosynthesis and their understanding.

1. Chlorophyll
To carry out photosynthesis, plants must have chlorophyll or commonly known as
leaf green matter. The definition of chlorophyll according to KBBI is the most important
greening agent (especially in leaves) in photosynthesis.
Organisms or plants that do not have chlorophyll cannot carry out photosynthesis.
While plants that have chlorophyll are autotrophs, which are organisms that can produce their
own food through photosynthesis.
2. Sunlight
One of the most important factors of photosynthesis is the presence of sunlight. If
there is no sunlight, green plants cannot carry out photosynthesis. This is what makes
photosynthesis only happen during the daytime when the sun shines.
The intensity of sunlight will be very influential in the process of photosynthesis. The
higher the intensity of sunlight, the more energy produced so that the photosynthesis process
will be faster and vice versa.

3. Water (H2O)
In carrying out photosynthetic reactions, plants need water or H2O as one of the
ingredients. The absence of water can inhibit the photosynthesis process that will be carried
out by plants. Water can be obtained by roots that absorb water through the soil.
Lack of water during drought can cause stomata in closed plants. This can cause the
absorption of carbon dioxide to decrease and can inhibit photosynthesis. For that water is
needed in photosynthesis.

4. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Besides water, plants also need carbon dioxide or CO2 to carry out photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide is an important component of photosynthesis. Plants can get carbon dioxide
in free air through the stomata, including the residual respiration by humans and animals.
The more carbon dioxide in the air, the more amount of carbon dioxide that plants can
use to carry out photosynthesis.

Artinya :
Ada 4 faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi fotosintesis yang dibutuhkan oleh tumbuhan
untuk dapat melakukan proses terjadinya fotosintesis di antaranya adalah klorofil, cahaya
matahari, air dan karbondioksida. Berikut merupakan penjelasan komponen fotosintesis dan
pengertiannya.
1. Klorofil 
Untuk melakukan proses fotosintesis, tumbuhan harus memiliki klorofil atau biasa
dikenal sebagai zat hijau daun. Pengertian klorofil menurut KBBI adalah  zat penghijau
tumbuhan (terutama pada daun) yang terpenting dalam proses fotosintesis.
 Organisme atau tumbuhan yang tidak memiliki klorofil tidak bisa melakukan proses
fotosintesis. Sementara tumbuhan yang memiliki klorofil bersifat autotrof yaitu organisme
yang bisa menghasilkan makanan sendiri lewat proses fotosintesis.
2. Cahaya Matahari
Salah satu faktor fotosintesis yang paling penting adalah adanya cahaya matahari. Jika
tidak ada cahaya matahari maka tumbuhan hijau tidak dapat melakukan fotosintesis. Hal
inilah yang membuat proses fotosintesis hanya bisa terjadi pada waktu siang hari saat
matahari bersinar.
Intensitas cahaya matahari akan sangat berpengaruh dalam proses fotosintesis.
Semakin tinggi intensitas cahaya matahari maka energi yang dihasilkan akan semakin banyak
sehingga proses fotosintesis akan semakin cepat dan juga sebaliknya.
3. Air (H2O)
Dalam melakukan reaksi fotosintesis, tumbuhan membutuhkan air atau H2O sebagai
salah satu bahannya. Tidak adanya air dapat menghambat proses fotosintesis yang akan
dilakukan oleh tumbuhan. Air bisa didapatkan oleh akar yang menyerap air melalui tanah.
Kekurangan air saat kekeringan dapat menyebabkan stomata pada tumbuhan tertutup.
Hal ini dapat menyebabkan penyerapan karbondioksida akan menurun dan bisa menghambat
proses fotosintesis. Untuk itu air sangat dibutuhkan dalam fotosintesis.
4. Karbondioksida (CO2)
Selain air, tumbuhan juga memerlukan karbondioksida atau CO 2 untuk melakukan
proses fotosintesis. Karbondioksida menjadi komponen fotosintesis yang penting. Tumbuhan
bisa mendapatkan karbondioksida di udara bebas lewat stomata, termasuk dari hasil sisa
respirasi oleh manusia dan hewan.
Semakin banyak karbondioksida di udara, maka semakin banyak jumlah bahan
karbondioksida yang dapat digunakan tumbuhan untuk melakukan fotosintesis.

E. Photosynthetic reactions
In general, plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose / sugar and oxygen
which is needed as food in the process of photosynthesis with the help of sunlight. The
following are the photosynthetic reaction equations.
6H2O + 6CO2 + cahaya → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Keterangan :
 H2O = air
 CO2 = karbondioksida
 C6H12O6 = gula/glukosa
 O2 = oksigen
Gambar Fotosintesis
 CHAPTER III
CLOSSING

A. Conclussion
The definition of photosynthesis is a biochemical process of the formation of food
substances such as carbohydrates carried out by plants, especially plants that contain leaf
green or chlorophyll.
Plants can get carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air that enters the leaves of plants through
stomata or leaf mouths. While water (H2O) can be obtained through plant roots which are
then channeled to the leaves through plant stems.
There are 4 factors that influence photosynthesis needed by plants to be able to carry
out the process of photosynthesis including chlorophyll, sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
In general, plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose / sugar and oxygen which
is needed as food in the process of photosynthesis with the help of sunlight. The following
are the photosynthetic reaction equations
6H2O + 6CO2 + cahaya → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Keterangan :
 H2O = air
 CO2 = karbondioksida
 C6H12O6 = gula/glukosa
 O2 = oksigen

B. Suggestion
Menyadari bahwa penulis masih jauh dari kata sempurna, kedepannya penulis akan lebih
fokus dan details dalam menjelaskan tentang makalah di atas dengan sumber – sumber yang
lebih banyak yang tentunga dapat di pertanggung jawabkan.
 BIBIOLIGRAPHY

Edi, Syahmi. 2014. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Medan : Unimed

Rachmadiarti, Fida, dkk. 2007. Biologi Umum. Surabaya : Unesa Unipress

Ryan. 2013. Makalah Fotosintesis. http://makalahfotosintesisryanrihi.blogspot.co.id/

https://www.academia.edu/5397801/MAKALAH_FOTOSINTESIS

https://www.academia.edu/28805558/MAKALAH_FOTOSINTESIS