Unit 2

Physical Quantities
&
Measuring Length
 Lesson Objectives
• Show understanding that all physical quantities consist of a
numerical magnitude and a unit

• Recall the following base quantities and their units: mass

(kg), length (m), time (s), current (A) and temperature (K)

• use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate

decimal sub-multiples and multiples of the SI units: nano (n),
micro (μ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M)

• show an understanding of the orders of magnitude of the

sizes of common objects ranging from a typical atom to the
Earth

• describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate

accuracy by means of tapes, rules, micrometers and calipers,
using a vernier scale as necessary
1.1 Physical Quantities
• A physical quantity is a quantity which can be
measured. It is a number with a unit.

• Examples of physical quantities are:

- Length
- Volume
- Time
- Temperature
- Mass
Physical Quantities
Accurate measurement of physical
quantities can be done by accurate
and universal instruments.
• Length-metre rule
• Volume-measuring cylinder
• Time-electronic stopwatch
• Temperature-thermometer
• Mass-electronic balance
1.2 S.I. Units

• Since 1960, scientists all over the world

have agreed to adopt a single system of
units
 SI Units (Système International
d’Unités)

• An adaptation of the metric system

S.I. Units
Physical SI unit Symbol for
quantity unit
Length, l metre m
Mass, m kilogram kg
Time, t second s
Temperature, kelvin K
T
Electric ampere A
current, I
 1.3 Prefixes
•There is a need to use
a prefix when the
numbers get unusually
large or small.
E.g. 1 000 000 m

•So we can convert this

value to 1000km, which
is shorter to write.

•This will make things

more meaningful.
 Prefixes
The Use of Prefixes in Our Daily Lives
• Nanotechnology
equipments:
 Computer circuit
boards
 Mobile phones
 Enhancing car
car bumpers.
• Astrology
 Travelling in
light years
1.3 Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Meaning
tera T trillion
giga G billion
mega M million
kilo k thousand
hecto h hundred
deca da ten
deci d tenth
centi c hundredth
milli m thousandth
micro  millionth
nano n billionth
pico p trillionth
Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Value
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106 135 nm = 135x10-9 m
kilo k 103 350 mg = 350x10-3 g
hecto h 102 92 km = 92x103 m
deca da 10 68 MW = 68x106 W
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro  10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
Complete the table below with the correct
symbol/ prefix /factor.

Symbol prefix Factor

M 106
kilo
c
milli
 10-6
nano
 1.5 Standard form
• Standard form is a way of writing down very
large or very small numbers easily.

For example:
i. 1.23 x 106 s
ii. 6.1 x 10 kg
iii. 5.55 x 10-9 m

What do you observe?

A number in standard form is of the form A x 10n,
where 1 A<10 and n is an integer.
How do you perform
standard form tricks:
e.g. 1 x 10 = 10

1.1 x 10 = 11
1.1 x 100 = 110
1.1 x 1000 = 1100

What trend do you see? (Hint: look at the

decimal point)
How do you perform
standard form tricks:
e.g. 10 ÷ 10 = 1

1.1 ÷ 10 = 0.11
1.1 ÷ 100 = 0.011
1.1 ÷ 1000 = 0.0011

So what is your conclusion?

Try it yourself!

Convert the following into standard form in

S.I. units: 10-9

1.35 x 102
135 nm = _________nm 1.35 x 10-7
= __________m
350 mg = _________mg = __________g
92 km = __________km = __________m
68 MW = _________MW = __________W
1.6 Measuring length
The accuracy of an instrument is the degree to
which the results of readings of an instrument
approach the true value of the calculated or
measured quantities.
Usually, we take the accuracy of an instrument as
the smallest division on the scale of the
instrument.

Instruments for measuring length:

•Measuring tape
•Metre rule
•Vernier calipers
•Micrometer screw gauge
 Measuring length

Accuracy of a measuring tape

0.1cm or 1mm

Accuracy of a ruler
0.1cm or 1mm
Measurement of length
Metre rule:
• For length from several cm to 1 m.
• Accuracy to 0.1 cm or 1 mm
• Precaution: Avoid parallax error
Parallax error:
Error arises due to a relative movement
between the scale when an observer’s eye is
moved from side to side.
Test yourself

Complete the following conversion

1 km = _____m = ______cm = _____mm
_____km = 1 m = _____cm = ______ mm
_____km = _____ m = 1 cm = ______mm
_____km = _____ m = _____ cm = 1 mm
 Test yourself: Answers

Complete the following conversion

1 km = 1000 m = 100 000 cm = 1 000 000 mm

0.001 km = 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
0.000 01 km = 0.01 m = 1 cm = 10 mm
0.000 001 km = 0.001 m = 0.1 cm = 1 mm
Vernier Calipers

This instrument measures short LENGTH especially

suitable for measuring diameters or radii of
circular objects.
Accuracy of a vernier calipers is 0.01cm or 0.1mm
How to read the Vernier Calipers?
How to read the Vernier Scale?
How to read the Vernier Scale?
How to read the Vernier Scale?

mm

Main scale reading = 0.8cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.05cm
Measured length = 0.8cm + 0.05cm = 0.85cm
Reading the vernier scale
cm

Main scale reading = 1.4cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.04cm

Measured length = 1.4cm + 0.04cm = 1.44cm

Test yourself!

Main scale reading = 1.4cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.06cm
Measured length = 1.4cm + 0.06cm = 1.46cm
Test yourself!

Main scale reading = 2.8cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.07cm
Measured length = 2.8cm + 0.07cm = 2.87cm
Test yourself!

Main scale reading = 0.3cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.08cm
Measured length = 0.3cm + 0.08cm = 0.38cm
Test yourself!

Main scale reading = 1.0cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.00cm
Measured length = 1.0cm + 0.00cm = 1.00cm
Test yourself!
What readings are shown on the following
scales?
Main scale: 2.0
0 cm 1 2 3 4 Vernier 0.09
scale:
2.09cm
0 10 Reading:

0 cm 1 2 3 4
Main scale: 1.1
Vernier scale:0.09
0 10
Reading: 1.19 cm
Test yourself!
What readings are shown on the following
scales?

Reading: 0.83 cm

Reading: 1.55 cm

http://members.shaw.ca/ron.blond/Vern.APPLET/
http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/%7Eteb/java/ntnujava/ruler/vernier.html
When a measuring instrument
shows a reading when there
actually should be none (i.e
the reading should be zero),
there is an error.

What is this error called?

 Zero error: -ve error

Zero Error = 0.04cm

The subsequent readings taken with this instrument is to be
decreased by this error.
Zero error-example 1

Observed reading = 0.85cm

Actual diameter = 0.85 – 0.04 = 0.81cm
In this example, the zero error is to be reduced from the
OBSERVED reading to get the ACTUAL measurement.
Zero error: +ve error

Zero Error = 0.03 cm !!!!!!

NOT 0.07 cm!
The subsequent readings taken with this instrument is to be
increased by this error.
Zero error-example 2

Observed reading = 1.44 cm

Actual length = 1.44 + 0.03 = 1.47 cm
In this example, the zero error is ADDED to the
OBSERVED reading to get the ACTUAL measurement.
Test yourself!
What zero errors are shown on the
following scales?

Zero error = 0.04 cm

Zero error = 0.03 cm

1.6 Measuring length
Micrometer screw gauge

This instrument measures very short LENGTH

especially suitable for measuring diameters or radii
of wires.
http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/Micrometer/Micrometer.html
Micrometer screw gauge
• Measure up to 25 mm
• Accuracy to 0.001 cm or 0.01 mm
Precautions:
• Zero error should be noted and
corrected.
• The ratchet must be used to avoid over
tightening.
• Several readings should be taken and
the average value is taken.
How to read the micrometer screw gauge?
DATUM LINE

Main scale = 3.0 mm The edge of thimble

Thim. scale = 0.46 mm
reading = 3.46 mm
E
X
A
M
P
L
E

1 Main scale reading= 7.5mm

Thimble scale reading= 0.22mm
Measured length= 7.5 + 0.22 = 7.72mm
E
X
A
M
P
L
E

2 Main scale reading= 7.0mm

Thimble scale reading= 0.38mm
Measured length= 7.0 + 0.38 = 7.38mm
Test yourself

Main scale reading= 3.0mm

Thimble scale reading= 0.46mm
Measured length= 3.0 + 0.46 = 3.46mm
http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/Micrometer/Flash/MicSimulation.html
Test yourself

Main scale reading= 3.5mm

Thimble scale reading= 0.06mm
Measured length= 3.5 + 0.06 = 3.56mm
Test yourself

Main scale reading= 5.5 mm

Thimble scale reading= 0.30mm
Measured length= 5.5 + 0.30 = 5.80mm
Micrometer Screw Gauge

• Similar to the usage of the vernier

calipers, the micrometer must be
checked for zero error before the
measurement is taken.
• The error is then added or subtracted
from the observed reading to get the
actual reading.
Zero error: -ve error
Zero error
= - 0.06mm

This zero error

should be
REDUCED from
the observed
reading.

This -ve error means reduce the final reading by this

amount.
Zero error: +ve error
Zero error
= 0.04 mm

This zero error

should be added
to the observed
reading.

This +ve error means to increase the final reading

by this amount.
Test yourself
Read the zero errors shown below:

All measurements should be

reduced by 0.03 mm (-0.03 mm)

Zero error = 0.00

All measurements should be

increased by 0.03 mm (+0.03 mm)