MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS IN THE FLUID MECHANICS

Sobia Sattar, Siddra Rana
Department of Mathematics, University of Wah
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
Dimensionless numbers have high importance in the field of fluid mechanics as they determine
behavior of fluid flow in many aspects. These dimensionless forms provides help in
computational work in mathematical model by sealing. Dimensionless numbers have extensive
use in various practical fields like economics, physics, mathematics, engineering especially in
mechanical and chemical engineering. Segments having size 1, constantly called dimensionless
segments, mostly it happens in sciences, and are officially managed inside territory of
dimensional examination. We discuss about different dimensionless numbers like Biot number,
Reynolds number, Mach number, Nusselt number and up to so on. Different dimensionless
numbers used for heat transfer and mass transfer. For example Biot number, Reynolds number,
Peclet number, Lewis number, Prandtl number are used for heat transfer and other are used for
mass transfer calculations. In this paper we study about different dimensionless numbers and
the importance of these numbers in different parameters. This description of dimensionless
numbers in fluid mechanics can help with understanding of all areas of the fluid dynamics
including compressible flow, viscous flow, turbulance, aerodynamics and thermodynamics.
Dimensionless methodology normally sums up the issue. Alongside that dimensionless numbers
helps in institutionalizing on condition and makes it autonomous of factors sizes of the reactors
utilized in various labs, as to state, since various substance labs utilize diverse size and state of
hardware, it's essential to utilize conditions characterized in dimensionless amount.

1. INTRODUCTION: is the fluid? All things consider liquid as a

Fluid mechanics is that part of applied material which is delicate and effectively
mechanics that is concerned with the statics disfigured when yield pressure is connected.
and elements of fluids and gases. The
In any scale framework or scale model,
assessment of the direct of liquids depends
various factors are utilized to structure the
absolutely upon the basic laws of connected
model or way to deal with the real world so
mechanics that identify with the
we can get results or end effectively.
preservation of mass, vitality and energy.
Presently to lessen these factors, to control
Presently, the principal question is that what
the test information, to control the
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

perplexing condition, genuine task and Engineering. In dimensional assessment, a

rearrange model we present dimensionless non-dimensional number (for example
numbers. In spite of the fact that these different with the elements of one) is an
numbers neither have any physical measures unadulterated amount with none substantial
nor measurement yet characterize the units. It doesn't trade in the event that one
conduct of liquid on a base of explicit changes one's arrangement of devices of
hindrance. Here we examine measurement. Moreover, dimensionless
nonmeasurement numbers in fluid administrative work additionally enable us to
mechanics which mark effect in the conduct give the arrangement in a minimal manner.
of fluid and inform us concerning the sort of Dimensionless shape licenses us to think
stream. about the general impact of the few
expressions acting inside the conditions.
Non-dimensional numbers in fluid
Moreover, it grants us to analyze particular
mechanics have a significant position inside
frameworks.
the conduct of fluids. Segments having size
1, constantly called dimensionless segments,
2. WHAT ARE
much of the time happen in sciences, and are
officially managed inside the territory of DIMENSIONLESS
dimensional examination. In the NUMBERS?
century, French mathematician Joseph The non-dimensionalization of the
Fourier and Scottish physicist James Clerk overseeing conditions of fluid drift is
Maxwell drove tremendous inclinations in fundamental for both hypothetical and
cutting edge thoughts of measurement and computational thought processes.
unit. After that, British physicists Osborne Nondimensional scaling offers a technique
Reynolds and Lord Rayleigh added to the for developing dimensionless offices which
information of these numbers in material could give physical observation into the
science. Expanding on Rayleigh's significance of assorted expressions inside
methodology of dimensional investigation, the arrangement of overseeing conditions.
Edgar Buckingham demonstrated the pi [1]Non-dimensional numbers in fluid
hypothesis to normalize the character of mechanics are a firm of these amounts which
those bits. A few diverse dimensionless include an imperative position inside the
numbers, typically proportions, have been lead of fluids. With the help of those
instituted in the mid-1900s, specifically numbers we can without issues expect the
inside the locales of liquid mechanics and float direct of fluid. [2]Computationally,
warmth move. dimensionless administrative work have the
additional favors of giving numerical scaling
Dimensionless numbers are extremely of the machine discrete conditions, thus
significant in Mechanical Engineering and providing a substantial connected
Chemical Engineering including methodology for improving the
Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Mass unwellmolding of the gadget of conditions
switch, warmth switch, solid Mechanics, [1]. Those numbers are the extents of strain
Momentum switch and Chemical reaction to drive, uncommon extents grant novel
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

numbers which characterize any things of measure which offers a prompt sign of the
fluid. Many numbers characterize the drift of overall significance of the conduction and
fluid, warmness move, mass switch, etc. convection in making sense of the
Those are numbers which are gotten by temperature history of a casing being
methods for dividing the torpidity control warmed or cooled by utilizing
through gravity control or gooey control or convection at its surface. [5] 1.1.1
versatile control. As that is the proportion of
once weight to various, it'll be a Definition
dimensionless amount. Those likewise are A Biot number is defined as
alluded to as non-dimensional parameters.
[3]
Dimensionless amounts are routinely gained Where,
as items or proportions of amounts that Heat transfer coefficient
aren't dimensionless, anyway whose
measurements counteract inside the Characteristic dimension, which is
numerical task. A case of this kind of commonly defined as
proportion is designing weight, a proportion
of substantial distortion. It is characterized
as an adjustment long separated through the
Thermal conductivity of the body 1.1.2
starter term, taking into account that the
two amounts have the size length, their Lumped System
proportion is dimensionless [4].
In warmth move, a number of bodies are
Some of the significant dimensionless seen to carry on like "Lump" in which
numbers utilized in fluid mechanics and temperature of the body remains same at
warmth move are given underneath. unsurpassed during warmth move
(isothermal/ uniform temperature
1.1 BIOT NUMBER conveyance). Along these lines, lumped
The Biot number ( ), a non-dimensional System is just appropriate if temperature
amount is utilized in warmth move conveyance is uniform at unequaled.
computations. It is known after the
To decide the quantity of bumps, the Biot
century French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot
number ( ), a dimensionless parameter of
(1774-1862), and offers a straightforward
the framework, is utilized. Bi is characterized
file of the proportion of the glow switch
as the proportion of the conductive warmth
protections inward of edge and on the
obstruction inside the article to the
outside of the body. This proportion decides
convective warmth move opposition over
if or never again will the temperatures go
the item's limit with a uniform shower of
altogether in space, while the body warms or
various temperature. At the point when the
cool after some time, from a warm slope
warm protection from warmth moved into
connected to its surface. The numerical
the article is bigger than the protection from
expense of Biot wide assortment (Bi) is a
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

warmth being diffused totally inside the (uniformality in temperature).

item, the Biot number is under 1. suggests warmth move opposition inside
the body is extremely high methods heat
conduction inside the body is slower than
the warmth convection far from the surface
of body. This demonstrates
temperature inclination inside the body.
suggests warm opposition of body
to warm conduction is zero. [6]
In Lumped System Analysis, body
A tiny copper ball can behave like a Lump, temperature is consistently conveyed for
but a roast beef cannot be treated as example isothermal. Thus, when warm
Lumped system. obstruction of body to warm conduction is
zero different words, , lumped
framework investigation is accurate. 1.1.4
Applications of Biot number
It is utilized in insecure state (transient) heat
move condition.
A substance with is marked as
thermally dainty, and temperature can be
thought consistent all through the volume.
The inverse is additionally valid: A
(a "thermally thick" substance) shows that
1.1.3 Significance of Biot number one can't make this suspicion [5].

For the most part we can say that Biot 1.2 REYNOLDS NUMBER
number is the proportion of inward warm
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (
opposition which is heat conduction to outer
) is a non-dimensional sum that is used to
warm obstruction which is heat convection
assist expect comparable stream plans in
different fluid stream circumstances. The
thought was displayed by George Gabriel
demonstrate the time rate of change of Stokes in 1851 and named by Arnold
temperature. Sommerfield in 1908 [7].

suggests warmth move 1.2.1 Definition

obstruction inside the body is low than the
It is defined as:
warmth convection. This demonstrates no
temperature slope inside the body
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

Where, Uncommon practically speaking in water

frameworks
ρ = density of fluid (usually lb/ft³ or kg/m³) ѵ
= velocity (usually ft/s or m/s)
D = characteristic dimension or length (L) of
travel (usually ft or m)
µ =dynamic viscosity of fluid Turbulent Flow:

1.2.2 Significance of Reynolds number .

is the proportion of inertial forces to the Speed of fluid is high

viscous forces. The stream is portrayed by the sporadic
Basically utilized for analyzation of different development of particles of the fluid.
types of flow. Smooth movement is toward the stream
When viscous forces are superior (i.e. low The stream speed profile for fierce stream is
value of ) then the flow is laminar. genuinely level over the inside segment of a
When inertial forces are superior (i.e. high pipe and drops quickly very near the dividers.
value of ) then the flow is turbulent. [8]. The usual speed of fluid is almost equal to
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow speed at center of pipe.

Laminar flow: Numerical investigation is troublesome.

. Most regular kind of stream. [9]

Speed of fluid is low At Reynolds numbers between around 2000

and 4000 the stream is unsteady because of
Liquid particles move in straight lines the beginning of choppiness.
Stream lines more than each other at
various velocities with essentially no These streams are now and again alluded to
blending within the layers. as transitional streams.

The stream speed profile for laminar stream

in roundabout funnels is illustrative fit as a
fiddle, with a most extreme stream in the
center of the pipe and a base stream at the
pipe dividers. 1.2.3 Applications of Reynolds number
The normal speed of stream is roughly one
Utilized in warmth move condition
part of the most extreme speed.
1) Reynolds number has a significant
Straightforward numerical examination is
influence in fluid mechanics.
conceivable.
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

2) It is utilized when displaying the where,

development of living beings swimming
= relaxation time.
through water.
= for the "time of observation"
3) Atmospheric air is viewed as a fluid.
Thus, the Reynolds number can be 1.3.2 Significance of Deborah number
determined for it.
Proportion of the unwinding time (relaxation
4) It is significant in determination of time) of a material to the perception or trial
wind lift on air ship. time or observation time.
5) By separating between the streams Materials can show both fluid like and strong
routines, we know which exact co-relations like conduct, conditioned on unwinding and
to be utilized to have a precise estimation of perception time.
grinding misfortunes in the channels. This is
one of the straightforward utilization of the The more noteworthy the Deborah number,
Reynolds number in the field of fluid the more strong the material; the littler the
mechanics. [10] Deborah number, the more fluid the
material.
1.3 DEBORAH NUMBER For instance, for a Hookean versatile strong,
The Deborah Number is a non-dimension the unwinding time will be unbounded. For
number, regularly utilized in rheology to fluid water, is regularly sec
describe the smoothness of objects beneath [11]
explicit stream conditions. The Deborah
number was given by Markus Reiner. He 1.3.3 Application of Deborah number
named it by a verse of Bible "The The Deborah number is especially valuable in
Mountains streamed before the Lord" [11] time - temperature superposition rule. Time-
The littler the Deborah number, the material temperature superposition maintains a
carries on progressively fluid like with a strategic distance from the wastefulness of
related Newtonian gooey stream. At higher estimating a polymer's conduct over
the value of Deborah numbers, the material extensive stretches of time at a
conduct changes to nonNewtonian routine, predetermined temperature by using the
progressively commanded by flexibility, Deborah number. [12]
achieving strong like conduct with high
1.4 ECKERT NUMBER
Deborah numbers.
[12] The Eckert number is a non-dimensional
number, named after Ernst R. G. Eckert. The
1.3.1 Definition Eckert number gives a proportion of the
The Deborah number is defined as: motor vitality of the stream with respect to
the enthalpy distinction over the warm limit
layer. It is utilized to describe heat dispersal
in fast streams for which gooey
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

dissemination is noteworthy. [13] 1.4.1 1.4.3 Application of Eckert number

Definition Eckert number decides if the job of the force

vitality is transfered to warm vitality is
The Eckert number is characterized as the noteworthy to influence the stream. This
proportion of the advective mass exchange impact is significant in circumstances where
to the warmth dissemination potential. It rapid is included. This reality proposes that
communicates the connection between a Eckert number is identified with Mach
stream's motor vitality and enthalpy, and is number. [14]
utilized to describe dissemination.
1.5 MACH NUMBER
Mach number, in fluid mechanics,
proportion of the speed of a liquid to the
Where
speed of sound in that fluid, named after
= the local velocity of flow [m/s] Ernst Mach (1838- - 1916). In the instance of
= the constant-pressure [m²/K.s⁻²] an item traveling through air or a fluid, for
example, a flying machine in flight, the Mach
ΔT = the temperature difference between number is equivalent to the speed of the
wall and local temperatures [K]. article in respect to the fluid separated by
the speed of sound in that fluid. [19] It is
1.4.2 Significance of Eckert number
usually used to speak to the speed of an item
The Eckert number links the motor vitality to when it is making a trip near or over the
the enthalpy of a fluid. The is utilized to speed of sound. 1.5.1 Definition:-
describe the impact of self-warming of a fluid
It is defined as:
as a result of dispersal impacts. At high
stream speeds, the fluidic temperature
framework isn't simply commanded by the
temperature angles that are available in the where,
framework, yet additionally be impacts of U= the velocity of moving object in fluid. c=
dissemination because of inward grating of
the fluid. [14] speed of sound in the medium.

1.5.2 Significance of Mach number

For instance, gas streaming with a Mach
number of under three-tenths might be
viewed as incompressible, or of consistent
thickness, an estimate that incredibly
rearranges the investigation of its conduct.
For Mach numbers more noteworthy than
one, streamlining reduces stun wave
impacts.
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

• On the off chance that , the nearby weight drop brought about by a
stream speed is less than the sound limitation and the dynamic vitality per
speed - and there will be subsonic volume of the stream, and is utilized to
speed. portray vitality misfortunes in the stream,
• On the off chance that the , the where an ideal frictionless stream relates to
stream speed is roughly similar to the an Euler number of 1.[16]
sound speed - and the speed will be
1.6.1 Definition
transonic.
• On the off chance that the , the It is defined as:
stream speed is around like the
sound speed - and there will be
transonic speed.
• On the off chance that the , Where,
the stream speed is greater than the p=characteristic pressure.
speed of sound - and there will be
supersonic speed. ρ=the density of fluid.
• On the off chance that the , U=velocity of fluid flow.
the stream speed is a lot greater than
the speed of sound - and there will be 1.6.2 Significance of Euler number
hypersonic speed. [20]
It communicates the connection between a
1.5.3 Applications of Mach number
nearby weight drop brought about by a
Mach number is generally utilized both with confinement and the dynamic vitality per
articles going at rapid in a fluid, and with fast volume of the stream, and is utilized to
fluid streams inside channels, for example, describe vitality misfortunes in the stream,
spouts, diffusers or wind burrows. As it is where an ideal frictionless stream compares
characterized as a proportion of two rates, it to an Euler number of 1. The opposite of the
is a non-dimensional number. The speed Euler number is alluded to as the Ruark
spoken to by Mach 1 is anything but a steady; Number with the image . [17]
for instance, it is for the most part subject to
1.6.3 Application of Euler number
temperature and barometrical creation and
generally autonomous of weight. Hydrodynamics (stream weight versus
idleness powers)
In Chemical Engineering, the Mach number is
usually utilized in computations including The Euler Number is a dimensionless worth
high speed gas stream. utilized for breaking down fluid stream
elements issues where the weight contrast
1.6 EULER NUMBER between two is significant. Portrayal of
The Euler number ( ) is a non-dimensional vitality misfortunes in fluid streams.
number utilized in liquid stream counts. It
communicates the connection between a
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1.7 GRASHOF NUMBER The significant power that opposes the

movement is the thick power. [13]
The Grashof number ( ) is a nondimensional
number in fluid elements and warmth move When Gr >> 1, the gooey power is irrelevant
which are the proportion of the lightness to contrasted with the lightness and inertial
thick power following up on a fluid. It was powers. At the point when light powers beat
termed after Franz Grashof the thick powers, the stream begins a
[18]. progress to the fierce routine [18].

1.7.1 Definition
It is defined as:

Where,
g= gravity β= thermal expansion
1.7.3 Application of Grashof number
coefficient
Grashof number is utilized when convective
= temperature of hot wall warmth move is occurring between the
bodies.
= reference temperature
The Grashof number is a dimensionless
L= characteristic length ν =
amount utilized in investigating the speed
the kinematic viscosity dispersion in free convection frameworks.
Free convection is the normal inclination of a
1.7.2 Significance of Grashof number substance to move because of some main
Proportion of Buoyancy power to thick thrust. In free convection, the main impetus
power in characteristic convection. is a lightness power brought about by a
temperature inclination, as the fluid would
Reynolds number is utilized in constrained be very still without temperature varieties.
convection of fluid stream. Grashof number The Grashof number is closely resembling
is critical in instances of liquid stream the Reynolds number in constrained
because of regular convection. convection. The Grashof number gives the
In the event that this movement and primary paradigm in deciding if the fluid
blending is brought about by thickness stream is laminar or tempestuous in
varieties coming about because of common convection. [19]
temperature contrasts inside the fluid.
1.8 PRANDTL NUMBER
Generally the thickness diminishes because
of an expansion in temperature and makes The Prandtl number is a non-dimensional
the fluid ascent. This movement is brought number, its named was given after its
about by the light (lightness power) power. innovator, a German architect Ludwig
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

Prandtl, who additionally recognized the

limit layer.

1.8.1 Definition
It is defined as:

Where, v = viscous diffusion 1.8.3 Applications of Prandtl number

rate [m²/s] α = thermal Utilized in warmth move conditions
diffusivity [m²/s] Prandtl Number of Water and Air
1.8.2 Significance of Prandtl number The value of Prandtl number of air at room
temperature is 0.71 and for water its value is
Prandtl ( number gives the data about the
7.56 at which implies that the warm
sort of liquid. Additionally it gives the data
diffusivity is more overwhelming for air than
about the thickness of warm and velocity
for water. For a Prandtl number of solidarity,
limit layer. On the off chance that
the energy diffusivity approaches the warm
>>1 higher force diffusivity contrasted with
diffusivity and the instrument and rate of
warmth diffusivity….More thickness of
warmth move are like those for force move.
speed limit layer.
Prandtl Number of Liquid Metals
In the event that <<1 higher diffusivity of
warmth than energy diffusivity… more For fluid metals the Prandtl number is
thickness of the warm limit layer. For extremely little, for the most part in the
instance, the ordinary incentive for fluid range from 0.01 to 0.001. This implies the
mercury, which is about 0.025, shows that warm diffusivity, which is identified with the
the warmth conduction is increasingly huge rate of warmth move by conduction,
contrasted with convection, so warm unambiguously rules. This extremely high
diffusivity is overwhelming. warm diffusivity results from exceptionally
high warm conductivity of metals, which is
In contrast with Reynolds number, the
around multiple times higher than that of
Prandtl number isn't reliant on geometry of
water.
an article engaged with the issue, however is
needy exclusively on the fluid and the fluid Laminar Prandtl Number - Turbulent
state. Prandtl Number
When managing Prandtl numbers, we need
to characterize a laminar piece of Prandtl
number and a violent piece of Prandtl
number. The condition
=ѵ/α
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

indicates us in reality just the laminar part limit layer. The Schmidt number relates to
which is legitimate for laminar streams. The the Prandtl number in warmth move. A
tempestuous Prandtl number is a Schmidt number of solidarity demonstrates
nondimensional term characterized as the that energy and mass exchange by
proportion between the energy whirlpool dissemination are tantamount, and speed
diffusivity and the warmth move swirl and focus limit layers nearly correspond with
diffusivity. It essentially portrays blending one another. Mass dispersion in fluids
due to twirling/turn of fluids. [13] develops with temperature, generally
conversely corresponding consistency
variety with temperature, so the Schmidt
number, =ѵ/D, rapidly diminishes with
1.9 SCHMIDT NUMBER temperature.
The Schmidt number is a non-dimensional
number, it is named was given after the
German engineer Ernst Heinrich Wilhelm
Schmidt (1892-1975).

1.9.1 Definition
It is defined as

1.9.3 Applications of Schmidt number

Turbulent Schmidt Number

Where, Similarly as for the Prandtl number, also

Schmidt number has a special formula for
Ѵ = kinematic viscosity [m²/s] turbulent flow. It is defined as:
= the mass diffusivity [m²/s]
= Prandtl Number Where,
= Lewis number 1.9.2 Significance of
= the eddy viscosity [m²/s]
Schmidt number It is closely related to K = the eddy diffusivity [m²/s][13]
Heat Transfer.
1.10 LEWIS NUMBER
Utilized in fluid streams in which there is
The Lewis number is a non-dimensional
concurrent force and mass dissemination.
number, its named was given after Warren K.
It is additionally the proportion of fluid limit Lewis (1882-1975). The Lewis number can
layer to mass exchange limit layer thickness. likewise be communicated regarding the
Prandtl number and the Schmidt number as
It physically relates the general thickness of
the velocity boundary layer and mass-move /
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1.10.1 Definition
It is defined as:

Where,
thermal diffusivity [m²/s]
The mass diffusivity [m²/s]
1.10.3 Applications of Lewis number
1.10.2 Significance of Lewis number The Lewis number puts in relationship the
Proportion of warm diffusivity to mass mass dissemination and the warm
diffusivity. conductivity of a fluid. Like the Prandtl
number, which relates energy transport and
Fluid stream with synchronous Heat and
warm transport properties of a fluid, and
mass exchange by convection
like the Schmidt number, which
It is likewise proportion of Schmidt number corresponds force transport and mass
to Prandtl number. transport of a fluid, the Lewis number
Correspondingly concerning Schmidt and connects mass transport to warm transport
Prandtl number, the Lewis properties of the liquid. [14]
number physically relates the overall 1.11 PECLET NUMBER
thickness of the warm layer and mass-move
(focus) limit layer. The Peclet number ( ) is a class of
nondimensional numbers. Its name was
A Lewis number of solidarity demonstrates
given after the French physicist Jean Claude
that warm limit layer and mass exchange by
Eugene Peclet. It is defined to be the
dispersion are practically identical, and
proportion of the rate of advection
temperature and focus limit layers nearly
harmonize with one another. Mass transport rate to diffusive transport rate.
diffusivity or dissemination coefficient is a [22] 1.11.1 Definition
proportionality steady between the molar It is defined as:
motion because of sub-atomic dispersion
A) Peclet Number for Heat Transfer
and the angle in the grouping of the species
(or the main thrust for dissemination). [13]

B) Peclet Number for Mass Transfer

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Peclet Number in Heat Transfer

In heat transfer problems, the Peclet number
is the proportion of the warm energy
convected to the warm energy conducted
Where, within the fluid.
U=local flow velocity L=
characteristic length
α, = diffusion rate

1.11.2 Significance of Peclet number

Warmth transported through convection to
Heat transported through conduction.
1.11.4 Applications of Peclet number
Result of and for (HT) and result of
& for (MT). It is used in convective heat transfer
calculation.
On the off chance that <1, at that point this
implies diffusive rate is prevailing and on the It is an important parameter for heat transfer
off chance that >1, at that point this within the fluid.
implies advective rate is overwhelming. It is related to both the Prandtl number
What's more, at 1 then impact is which links momentum transport and heat
comparative. transport, as well as the Reynolds number,
1.11.3 Peclet Number in Mass Transfer which links the inertia and viscous forces.
[23]
In mass exchange issues, the Peclet number
is the result of the Reynolds number, which 1.12 NUSSELT NUMBER
depicts the stream routine, and the Schmidt The Nusselt number is a non-dimensional
number. number, termed after a German engineer
Wilhelm Nusselt. The Nusselt number is
closely linked to Peclet number and both
numbers are used to determine the
proportion of the convective heat energy of
the fluid to the conductive heat energy
within the fluid. [13]

1.12.1 Definition It
is defined as:
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flow regimes, the Nusselt number and a

given correlation can be used to find the
convective heat transfer coefficient. [22]
Where,
h= the convective heat transfer coefficient 1.13 RICHARDSON NUMBER
[W/m².K] Richardson number, parameter that can be
L=the characteristic dimension used to judge the occurrence of fluid
turbulence. It was defined by the British
= Thermal conductivity of the fluid meteorologist Lewis Fry Richardson,
[W/m.K] (18811953) a pioneer in mathematical
weather forecasting. The Richardson
1.12.2 Significance of Nusselt number
number can be defined as a product of
The Nusselt number represents the Grashof number and Reynolds number.
increment of heat transfer by a fluid layer.
1.13.1 Definition It
If =1, then, than your fluid is at rest
position and all heat is transfer through is defined as:
conduction. With >1, the motion of the
fluid increases the heat energy through
advection. [13]

Where, = Grashof
number
= Reynolds number.
g= gravity β= thermal expansion
coefficient.
1.12.3 Applications of Nusselt number
=temperature of warm wall.
Used in heat transfer conditions
=reference temperature.
Nusselt number is required to find `h' which
is convective heat transfer coefficient. L=characteristic length

Nusselt Number for Liquid Metal Reactors U= velocity scale

Convective heat transfer correlations are 1.13.2 Significance of Richardson number

usually presented in terms of Nusselt • If the , buoyancy is
number versus Peclet number. Typical Peclet unnecessary in the flow.
number for normal operation are from 150 • If , buoyancy is dominant.
to 300 in the fuel bundles. As for another
 MDSRIC - 2019 Proceedings, 26-27, November 2019 Wah/Pakistan

• If the , then the flow energy In this thesis we study about different
comes from potential energy in the dimensionless numbers and the importance
system originally. of these numbers in different parameters.
1.13.3 Applications of Richardson number This description of the dimensionless
numbers in fluid mechanics can help with the
The Richardson number has extensive use in understanding of all areas of the fluid
judging density and turbidity currents in dynamics including compressible flow,
oceans, lakes, and reservoirs and in case of viscous floe, turbulence, aerodynamics and
weather forecasting. thermodynamics. Dimensionless
Flying methodology normally sums up the issue.
For fluid mechanics perspective,
In flying (air transport), the Richardson arrangement of dimensionless structure is
number is utilized as a harsh proportion of the arrangement of a specific issue. Be that
expected air disturbance. A lower worth as it may, dimensionless arrangement relies
shows a higher level of disturbance. Qualities upon a lot of dimensionless parameters.
in the range 10 to 0.1 are average, with Utilizing one dimensionless arrangement
qualities underneath solidarity showing one can portray numerous dimensional
critical choppiness. arrangement.
Warm convection Alongside that dimensionless numbers helps
in institutionalizing on condition and makes
In warm convection issues, Richardson
it autonomous of factors sizes of the reactors
number speaks to the significance of
utilized in various labs, as to state, since
characteristic convection with respect to the
various substance labs utilize diverse size
constrained convection. Regularly, the
and state of hardware, it's essential to utilize
common convection is unimportant when
conditions characterized in dimensionless
<0.1, constrained convection is immaterial
amount.
when >10, nor is insignificant when 0.1 <
< 10. It might be noticed that typically the
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