Industrial

development in
Pakistan

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |1
Q1. Name the agricultural raw materials for industries? [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Cotton.  Rice  Millet
 Sugarcane.  Oil seeds.  Tobacco
 Wheat  Maize

Q2. Name the imported raw materials for industries? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Crude oil  Coal
 Edible oil  Iron and steel.

Q3. Give examples of large scale industries. [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Cotton Textile  Steel Industry  Oil Refineries.
Industry  Fertilizer Industry
 Cement Industry  Sugar Industry

Q4. Give examples of Small scale or Craft Industries? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Sports good  Jewelry  Embroidery
Industry  Pottery  Ceramics
 Brick kiln Industry  Surgical  Metal Work etc.
 Traditional instruments
Textiles Industry
 Woodwork  Carpet Industry

Q5. Explain the difference between Small Scale and Craft Industry? [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Capital required by Small Scale is higher than Craft Industry.
 Small Scale Industry hire more labours than Craft Industry where the work is done
mostly in homes and no hired labour is required.
 Craft Industries are mostly found in rural areas whereas Small Scale Industries are
found in both rural and urban areas.
 Small Scale Industry use electric power for running simple machineries but Craft
industries does not require electricity in most cases.

Q6. Explain the importance and disadvantages of mechanization to the Craft

Industry and other Small Scale Industries? [4]
KEY POINTS:
IMPORTANCE: DISADVANTAGES:
 Faster and large production  Unemployment
 Better quality products.  Loss of traditional skills.
 More income

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |2
Q7. Describe the characteristics of Large Scale Industry. [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Many labours are required.  Goods are manufactured on a large
 Capital is high. scale.
 Modern technology is used.  Constructed in proper buildings.
 Raw material is mostly imported.  Skilled and unskilled labours are
 Heavy machineries are used. employed in Large Scale Industries.
 Mostly found in urban areas.

Q8. In what type of Industry do most of the people work and what type of Industry
contributes the most to the economy? [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Most of the people in Pakistan work in Small Scale Industries but Large Scale
Industries contributes the most to the economy.

Q9. Explain the importance of human inputs for an Industry. [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Electricity for power.  Telecommunications for sales.
 Road and railways for transport.  Machinery for fast production
 Labour for production.  Capital for investment.

Q10. Why is it difficult to provide human inputs for industry which is located on an
undeveloped area? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Far from settlements.  Poor infrastructure.
 Lack of skilled labour.  Lack of local entrepreneurs.
 Labour force unreliable.

Q11. Describe the factors influencing Industrial location. [4]

KEY POINTS:

PHYSICAL:
 Raw Materials: The factory needs to be close to the sites containing the raw material
to avoid expenses for transportation of raw materials.
 Energy Supply: This is needed to work the machines in a factory. Early industries
were near to coal fields. Today electricity allows more freedom.
 Natural Routes: River valleys and flat areas were essential in the days before; but
now railways and motorways made the movement of materials easier.
 Site and Land: Most industries require large accessible areas with flat land to build
their factories.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |3
HUMAN AND ECONOMIC:
 Labour: A large cheap labour force is required for labour intensive manufacturing
industries. High tech industries have to locate where suitable skilled labour force are
available.
 Govt. Policies: Industrial development encouragement in some areas and restriction
in others. Industries that locate in depressed areas may receive financial incentives
from the Government.
 Market: An accessible place to sell the products is essential for many industries.
Those that produce bulky goods are expensive to transport, those that produce
perishable goods, and those that provide services to people. The market is not so
important for other industries such as high – tech whose products are light weight and
cheap to transport. Such industries are said to be ‘footloose’.
 Transport: A good transport network helps reduce costs and make the movement of
material easier.
 Capital: This is the money that is invested to start the business. The amount of capital
will determine the size and location of the factory.
 Cost of Land: Greenfield sites in rural areas are usually cheaper than brown field
sites in the city.

Q12. Explain how the building of Industrial Estates could help to increase industrial
production in Pakistan? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Better quality products
would be made.
 Regular power supply
and telecommunication
facilities.
 Regular water supply
and sanitation facilities.
 Roads and railways
connecting estates would
be developed.
 Attraction to investors
through different
incentives.
 Modern technology is
introduced.
 Industrial linkage develops.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |4
Q13. Why Industrial Estates have been developed in many locations in Pakistan? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 To attract local or foreign investors.  To boost industrialization.
 To encourage Small Scale  To create employment.
Industries.

Q14. How the govt. of Pakistan has encouraged the development of Industrial Estates?
[2]
KEY POINTS:
 Infrastructure facilities are provided by the Government.
 Establishment of technical institutions which will produce the technocrats for
Industrial Sector.
 Establishment of financial institutions to provide loans.
 Tax exemptions on imported machinery.
 Government announces various policies in order to encourage industrial development.

Q15. Describe the features and lay out of an Industrial Estate? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Wide metal roads.
 Good road and railway network
 Linear plantation and parks along the site.
 Small factories are separated from large factories.
 Housing schemes near industrial zones.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |5
Q16. What are the advantages for the Industrial estate of being situated in a major
city? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Availability of good infrastructure.
 Land is provided by the government for establishing industrial estates.
 Good road and railway network.
 Almost every kind of labour is available.
 A large market is available.
 Investors are available.
 Facility of dry port might be present.

Q17. Explain the importance and drawbacks of Export Processing Zones? [4]
KEY POINTS:

IMPORTANCE: DRAWBACKS:
 Create new employments.  High construction and maintenance
 Generated foreign exchange. cost.
 Expanded National Revenues.  Primarily employee on low wage,
 Accelerated the pace of unskilled female labour.
Industrialization in a country.  Offer an unstable employment base.
 Enhance the volume of exports by  Generate little domestic added
creating an environment for value.
investors.  Develop few labour or managerial
 Brought in new technology. skills.
 Attract foreign investors.  Transfer little modern technology.
 Infrastructure gets developed.  Large EPZs may promote
 Better marketing of products with undesirable migration from rural
better quality standards. areas

Q18. Why foreign investment is needed in Pakistan? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Pakistan needs money from outside because of lack of capital.
 There will be benefits from foreign skills and expertise.
 Limited number of wealthy people in the country who could invest.
 Best way to get money to stimulate development.

Q19. Name the main centers of textile factories in Pakistan. [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Karachi  Faisalabad  Hyderabad

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |6
Q20. Describe the process which takes place in ginning mill. [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Ginning mill separates cotton fibers from
the seed bolls and dust particles.
 The main application of ginned cotton
referred to as lint is for spinning
operations, where lint is converted to
yarn.

Q21. Describe the process which takes place at spinning mill. [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Spinning is the process of making yarn
from unbundled fibers.
 Bale fibers are usually fed to air cleaners
to remove extra matter from cotton lint.
 Carding is the process of straightening or
paralleling the fibers. Carding separates
single continuous strand, and removes
impurities. A silver of approximately one
meter width is then obtained.
 A result of drawing the silver is
condensed into a thinner strand and
becomes more uniform.
 The silver is fed to several rubber rollers rotating at increasingly higher speed.
 Cotton bleaching and dying often occur at this stage.
 Eventually, several silvers are drawn and twisted together to form the final yarn.

Q22. Describe the process which takes place at weaving mill. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Weaving involves the interlacing of two
sets of threads at right angles to each
other, the warp and the weft.
 The warp threads are held taut and in
parallel order by means of loom.
 The weft thread is wound on to spools
called bobbins.
 The bobbins are placed in a shuttle
which carries the weft thread through
the shed.
 The raising and lowering sequence of
warp threads gives rise to many possible weave structures from the simplest plain
weave, through twills and satins to complex computer generated interlacing.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |7
Q23. Why cotton factory has been developed in Faisalabad? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Close to cotton belt of Pakistan.
 Availability of labour force.
 A large local market in Punjab for cotton goods.
 Infrastructure has been developed by the government of Pakistan.

Q24. What are the advantages of developing cotton manufacturing industry in

Pakistan? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 More employment for the people.
 Skills will develop among labour force.
 Competition will improve standards.
 Foreign exchange will increase.
 Modern technology will be introduced.
 Infrastructure facilities will be developed.
 Increase income of the people.

Q25. Explain why cotton textile industries have been developed in non – cotton
growing areas? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 To meet the demands for the local population.
 To avail the resources available for setting up cotton industry.
 To make the country sufficient in cotton textiles and increase export as there is much
demand in the international market of cotton goods.

Q26. Why a cotton mill must be developed near a cotton growing region? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Cotton crop has much volume and bulky thus if ginning mills are not close, this will
add to the transportation cost.
 To make an efficient use of the cotton crop.
 Availability of labour and working conditions.
Q27. Give the disadvantages of cotton textile industry in Karachi. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 It is not located close to cotton growing areas, so raw material has to be transported to
the mills and factory from upcountry.
 Secondly, because of mainly thermal power generation, the cost of electricity in
Karachi is high; the cost of production is high.
 Thirdly, Karachi has become a city with violence and increase crime rates.
 Hyderabad, the neighbouring city is a textile manufacturer. The raw material is being
divided in both cities as well as electricity too.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |8
Q28. Explain why Karachi is the largest cotton textile manufacturing centre in
Pakistan? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Karachi possesses an infrastructure that is not available in other regions.
 There is no shortage of labour in Karachi.
 Karachi has the advantage of being the only commercial port of Pakistan.
 Any incoming machinery can be set up minus transportation charges and problems.
 Finished and unfinished goods / products can be exported directly from Karachi
without transportation cost.
 Karachi is the business nucleus of Pakistan and trade and commerce are major
activities.
 Prices of raw cotton, semi artifact, manufactured goods etc. are all regulated through
Karachi.

Q29. Explain why the ginning factory employs 200 workers from October to March
but only 15 for the rest of the year? [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Labour is required for cotton picking during this period.
 Cotton grown in Pakistan is not sufficient to keep the ginning mills open throughout
the year.
 Less labour is required for the rest of the year for repairing machineries etc.

Q30. Explain why Lahore is an important centre of Textile Industry? [4]

KEY POINTS:
 Near to cotton belt.
 Water is available for washing purpose from River Ravi.
 Machineries are available from HMC (Heavy Mechanical Complex) Taxila.
 Skilled and unskilled labour is available.
 Power supply available from various sources.
 Good road and railways network
 Tele-communication facilities are available.
 Education facilities are available in Lahore thus educated labour for managerial posts
are available.
 Export Processing Zones (EPZ) and Industrial Estates are present.
 Many investors are present in Lahore.

Q31. What are the problems of Cotton Textile Industry? [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Non conducive govt. policies and non – guaranteed energy supply hinder the
competitiveness.
 The textile industry has obsolete equipment and machinery. The inability to timely
modernize the equipment has led to decline in international orders.
 Pests and floods destroy the cotton crop increasing the price of raw cotton.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit Page |9
Q32. State the inputs of Iron and Steel Industry. [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Coal  Power supply  Electricity
 Iron ore  Labour  Land.
 Limestone  Manganese
 Chromites.  Oxygen

Q33. State the outputs of Iron and Steel Industry. [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Raw steel  Steel slabs  Girders
 Cast iron  Galvanized
 Steel sheets products

Q34. Name the port where iron ore and coal are imported. [1]
KEY POINTS:
 Port Qasim.

Q35. Name the site of Pakistan steel mills. [1]

KEY POINTS:
 Pipri.

Q36. Name the lake that supplies water to the Pakistan Steel Industry. [1]
KEY POINTS:
 Haleji Lake.

Q37. Explain why Pipri was chosen as the location for steel mill at Karachi? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Coastal location so import of raw materials becomes easy.
 Berths for unloading materials.
 45 km long navigational channel which provides safe navigation for vessels.
 Proximity of national transport facilities. National Highway and the National Railway
Network along with Jinnah International Airlines.
 A residential area in the neighbourhood for the workers.
 Large space for storage and disposal of waste and future expansion.
 Every kind of labour is available in Karachi
 Most of the industries that use iron and steel are located in Karachi
 Sea water available for cooling purpose.

Q38. Name the important items that are manufactured in Taxila Steel Plant [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Military tracked  Gauges.  Tank Guns
vehicles.  Jigs and Fixtures.
 Tools.  Tanks

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 10
Q39. Describe the factors that led to the development of Iron and Steel Industry at
Taxila in North Pakistan. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Demand of Iron and Steel products in North Pakistan.
 Defense requirements of Pakistan.
 Need of Pakistan Railways.
 Need of Automobiles.
 Availability of Hydel Power in Northern Pakistan.
 Need for Industrial and agricultural machinery.

Q40. Explain the importance of Iron and Steel Industry to Pakistan. [3]
KEY POINTS:

IMPORTANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT:

 The annual production capacity of steel mill is 1.1 million tons

DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING INDUSTRY:

 The production of steel mill will improve the engineering industry.

INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT:
 Provided the job to 20,000 persons for the construction work.

SELF RELIANCE:
 Provided the sound base for Industrialization and reliance to Industrial Sector.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE SAVING:

 Our imports will be reduced due to steel mill product and will save a lot of foreign
exchange.

SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY:
 Supplying surplus electricity to the KESC (now known as KE – Karachi Electric)

Q41. Why most of the raw materials are imported at Pakistan for steel mill? [2]
KEY POINTS:
 There is lack of development of resources in Pakistan and also resources are not
sufficient.
 Major raw material that is iron ore is mined in minor quantity in Pakistan and thus has
to be imported.
 Poor quality of coal is present in Pakistan.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 11
Q42. Describe the importance of HFF (Heavy Forge Factory). [3]
KEY POINTS:
 The Wah Cantonment Ordnance Complex consists of three nearby armament facilities
in Wah (Pakistan Ordnance Factories - POF), Kamra (Air Weapon Complex -
AWC), and Taxila (Heavy Industries Taxila -HIT)
 Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), employing over 7000 workers, is a manufacturing
facility which has built the MBT 2000 "Al-Khalid", APC M-113, IFV Al-Zarar
fighting vehicles for the Pakistan Army. In 1971, a Heavy Rebuild Foundry Project
(P-711) was conceived with Chinese assistance and technology to rebuild T-59 tanks.
 As the fleet of T-59 manufactured by China grew, Heavy Rebuild Factory (HRF) was
established in Taxila in the late 70s to undertake rebuild and modernization of tanks.
The experience acquired in enhancing firepower, mobility and protection significantly
enhanced the capabilities of HRF, which subsequently grew into a multi-factory
environment renamed Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) in September 1992.
 Activities now include the cost effective manufacture of armored fighting vehicles,
Armored Personnel Carriers (APC) and tank guns. In addition, in-house
manufacture of a large array of components required has been undertaken and an
infrastructure built for interacting with the indigenous industry for development of
materials and components required.

Q43. Explain why sugar industry has been developed in many areas of Pakistan? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Increase in the areas and production of sugar canes
 Increasing demand for sugar with increasing population.
 Increase in the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan.

Q44. Explain why mills for the processing of sugarcane are situated in the areas of
cultivation. [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Sugarcane is bulky thus its transportation is very costly.
 Sugarcane starts to lose weight if crushing is delayed, decreasing its sugar contents.

Q45. Explain why Pakistan is still not sufficient in sugar? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Increase in population and demand.
 The per capita consumption of sugar has
increased in Pakistan.
 There is great fluctuation in the yield of
sugarcane due to pests, disease and
weeds.
 Sugarcane is not only used for making
sugar, it is also used to make gur and
other products.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 12
Q46. Name the raw materials which are used to make fertilizers. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Natural gas  Ammonia  Phosphate
 Sulphur  Nitrogen  Animal remains
 Potassium  Gypsum

Q47. Why Nitrogen fertilizer account for the bulk of the total production? [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Pakistan’s soil is highly deficient in organic matter.
 Development of natural gas resources in Pakistan provided with the main raw material
for the production of nitrogenous fertilizers.

Q48. Why Pakistan has to import large quantity of fertilizers? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Pakistan’s soil is deficient in nutrients.
 Chemical fertilizers produced in
Pakistan are not enough to meet the
requirement.
 Crops are now grown three to four
times a year, taking up the nutrients
from the soil.
 Increase in population thus increase in
the area of cultivation.
 High yielding varieties of seeds
consumes much nutrients from the soil
thus they need to be replaced.

Q49. Why is it important that Pakistan manufactures its own fertilizers? [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Pakistan has an agricultural based economy.
 It is expensive to buy fertilizers from other countries.
 Reduce imports and improves balance of payments.
 Greater crop production improves the economy and provides more food for the
increasing population.
 It is bulky thus reduces transportation costs, when importing from other countries.
 Increases employment opportunities.

Q50. Name the main locations of fertilizers factories. [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Faisalabad and Daud Khel (Punjab).
 Haripur (KPK).
 Dharki (Upper Sindh).

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 13
Q51. State the inputs of cement industry. [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Limestone  Land.  Kiln
 Powdered coal.  Clay  Labour
 Electricity supply  Calcium Sulphate.

Q52. Give the outputs of cement industry. [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Cement.  Bricks.  Pre – Cast Cement.
 Cement Blocks.  Cement Powder.  Slabs.

Q53. Why Pakistan has to import cement? [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Increase in population demands for more houses, factories, shops and offices etc.
 The boom in the domestic construction industry has increased the domestic demand
for cement.

Q54. Describe the features of a cement factory. [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Chimneys and air pollution
 Large plant.
 Built on a flat land
 Found near to limestone hills, the main raw
material, saving transportation cost.
 Wide road for transporting raw material and
manufactured goods.
 Residential buildings may be present for
accommodation of labour.

Q55. What are the uses of concrete? [2]

KEY POINTS:
 Roads  Offices  Shops
 Houses  Bridges
 Street furniture  Factories

Q56. Explain the importance of concrete to the development of Karachi? [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Karachi is developing day by day and with increasing population there is a need to
more houses, schools, offices and factories etc.
 Better roads and bridges with concrete.
 Concrete is a strong building material and long lasting.
 Construction with concrete gives more modern appearance.
 This may be used to improve slums and quarters.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 14
Q57. Describe the cement making process. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Limestone is taken from the quarry; a major ingredient to make cement. Small
quantity of sand and clay is also required.
 Boulder size limestone are transported from the quarry to the cement plant and fed
into a crusher who then crushes the boulders into marble size pieces.
 The limestone pieces then go through a blender where they are added to the other raw
materials in the right proportion. The raw materials are ground to a powder.
Everything then goes into a huge, hot furnace heated up to 1480 °C
 The clinker is cooled and ground into a fine gray powder. Gypsum is also added to it.

Q58. Explain the factors which have limited the growth of large scale industries in
Pakistan. [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Lack of exploited minerals in  Lack of trained labour
Pakistan.  Lack of infrastructure facilities.
 Lack of capital in Pakistan.  Political instability.
 Lack of power resources in Pakistan

Q59. Why is Karachi such an important Industrial city in Pakistan? [4]

KEY POINTS:
 Capital is available from rich businessmen in Karachi. Also banks provides loans to
industrialists through easy schemes
 Import of raw material and machinery is easy due to the port facility.
 Every kind of labour is available in Karachi.
 Large population provides a large market for the goods produced.
 Many thermal power plants near Karachi.
 Good road and railway network.
 Karachi has an International Airport.

Q60. Explain how industries pollute river and sea water. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Discharge of effluent and liquids.
 Sewage and garbage
 Oil spills.
 Dumping of solids
 Hot water from power stations.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 15
Q61. How industrial pollution can be controlled? [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Encourage industrial settlements within the municipality.
 To make an economic survey of present and potential possibilities of the municipality
with a view to operate its industrial needs.
 Study needs of existing local industries with a view to strengthen and develop local
industries and stabilize employment conditions.
 Develop buffer zones between industrial area and other urban areas.
 Formulate zoning regulations to ensure clean and safe environment.
 Shift all industries outside the residential areas.
 Modern town planning measures should be adopted for developing new towns.
 Pollution causing industries should be penalized.
 Repeated checking of industrial units should be made to ensure that effluents of
industries are within page limits.

Q62. What can be done to improve the industrial growth? [4]

KEY POINTS:
 Increased privatization and  Encourage foreign investment.
liberalization.  Political stability.
 Opening of markets, less domestic  Fewer strikes calls
tariffs, quotas and subsidies.  Management training.
 Increase power production.  Loan schemes.
 Smaller industries such as cottage  Improve infrastructure.
industry and simple technology.
Q63. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nationalization of industries? [4]
KEY POINTS:

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
 Equal distribution of wealth.  Increase in corruption.
 Check on smuggling and hoarding.  Sick industries.
 Economic stability.  Public sector overweighed.
 Price stability  Fall in production
 End of monopoly.  Carelessness of labours
 Fair distribution of credit.  Private sectors discouraged.
 Effective planning
 Increase in social welfare.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 16
Q64. Describe the characteristics of an industry belonging to the formal sector. [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Secure employment  Found in proper buildings
 Heavy machineries  Employees are mainly skilled
 Large capital labour.
 Regular working hours  Pension schemes and other
 Fixed set wages incentives like health care and
 High value goods produced. education to children facilities.

Q65. Describe the characteristics of informal sector of industry. [4]

KEY POINTS:
 Self employment  No pension schemes or other
 Low capital incentives
 Low wages are not regular  Little machinery
 Found in homes or small workshops  Irregular working hours
 Unskilled labour usually.  Low value goods are produced.
 No legal protection

Q66. Why the number of people working in informal sector has increased in Pakistan?
[3]
KEY POINTS:
 Lack of jobs in formal sector
 Rural urban migration
 Living standards are raised, now people can afford servants, maids and drivers.
 Poverty in the country.
 Job saturation, people are forced to take jobs in the informal sector to earn their
living.
 People think that working is better than just sitting idle.

Q67. What can be done to improve brick kiln industry? [3]

KEY POINTS:
 Better working condition should be
provided to the workers.
 Health of labour should be checked
before and during employment
 Children should be discouraged from
the work.
 Labours should be trained to improve
the quality of bricks.
 Filters to be installed in the chimneys.
 Use of natural gas instead of coal for
baking process..

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 17
Q68. Describe why sports goods and surgical instrument are very useful industry
despite the fact that most of the raw material is imported. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Traditional skills are present
 Foreign investment in these industries.
 Cheap labour is available.
 Raw material locally available and imported as well.
 Good infrastructure present in Lahore and Sialkot where these have been developed.
 Produced high value goods for export
 Airport present for transporting goods to other countries.
 Export process zones and dry port facilities are available to encourage export.

Q69. Why is large proportion of the production of sports goods industry exported? [2]
KEY POINTS:
 Pakistan earns foreign exchange by exporting sports goods.
 Great demand in abroad than Pakistan.
 Sports are an important source of entertainment around the world.
 More profits are gained when sold in the international market.
 Pakistan’s fame for manufacturing sports goods.

Q70. Describe the factors which contributed to the development of small – scale and
craft industries in Pakistan. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Utilizes local raw materials and by products from large scale industries.
 Requires less capital and gives more profits.
 Meets the demands of the local population
 Requires less or no hired labour.
 Traditional skills are present.
 Required simple tools.

Q71. Describe the problems faced by the cottage and small scale industries. [3]
KEY POINTS:
 Capital shortage.
 Stiff competition between large scale industries and small scale industries.
 Not enough raw materials is purchased by the owner. Poor quality of raw material is
provided on higher price to the small industries.
 Old machines and old methods of production.
 Inadequate marketing facilities.
 No qualified and skilled labour.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 18
Q72. Explain the importance of small scale industries. [4]
KEY POINTS:
 Makes a significant contribution the GDP.
 Provides employment to the people.
 Increase the income of people, improving living standards.
 Many products of small scale industries are exported thus earning foreign exchange.
 Creates women employment.
 By products of large scale industries are utilized in a productive manner in small scale
industries.
 Promotes Rural Development and better habitat.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 19
 GLOSSARY
Define the terms:
(a) Primary Industry (k) Services
(b) Secondary Industry (l) Large Scale Industry
(c) Tertiary Industry (m) Small Scale Industry
(d) Raw Material (n) Cottage Industry
(e) Agro – based Industries (o) Industrial Estate
(f) Market Oriented Industries (p) Special Industrial Zones (SIZ)
(g) Refining (q) Export Processing Zones (EPZ)
(h) Processing (r) Heavy Industry
(i) Manufacturing (s) Sustainable Industries
(j) Infrastructure

(a) An industry involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources such as
copper and timber, as well as by activities such as farming and fishing. ]
(b) The industrial sector of an economy that is dominated by the manufacture of finished
products. Unlike primary industries which collects and produces raw materials for
manufacturing, a secondary industry makes products that are more likely to be
consumed by individuals. Examples of secondary industry divisions include
automobiles, steel production and telecommunication etc.
(c) The segment of the economy that provides services to its consumers. This includes a
wide range of business including financial institutions, schools, transport and
restaurants, tourism etc.
(d) Raw material is a basic substance in its natural, modified or semi – processed state;
used as an input to production process for subsequent modification or transformation
into a finished goods.
(e) Agro based industries depend on agricultural products as a raw material. Example
cotton textile use cotton as raw material and then process them to make dresses.
(f) Market oriented Industries are located close to the market because the product is
expensive to transport. However, the resources are not bulky or expensive to
transport. Soft drink industry is a good example.
(g) The word ‘Refining’ can be used to mean free form impurities through processing as
with oil, when it is refined it has all the impurities.
(h) Performing a series of mechanical operations on something in order to change or
preserve it. Example the stages to processing a wool.
(i) Manufacturing means to transform raw materials into finished or semi – finished
goods using machines, tools and labour.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 20
 (j) An underlying base or foundation especially for an organization or a system. The
basic facilities, services and installation of different machineries needed for the
functioning of a community or society such as transportation and communications
system, water and power lines, etc.
(k) Intangible products such as accounting, banking, cleaning, consultancy, education,
insurance etc can be classified under the heading of ‘Services.’
(l) Large Scale Industries refer to those industries which required huge infrastructure,
man power and a heavy flux of capital assets. Their investment or capital is generally
more than 1 Million.
(m) Industries which require small investments and capital are called Small Scale
Industries. These industries require less investment and less labours and thus products
are manufactured at a lesser cost.
(n) Industries which are usually confined to homes, owner works himself and family
members assist him / her. Mostly no hired labour is employed and not necessarily
electric is used.
(o) An area usually located on the outskirts of a city and zoned for a group of industries
and business.
(p) Special Industrial Zones are specific areas that are located in undeveloped areas. The
Government doesn’t develop any infrastructure. The companies develop their own
infrastructure. This infrastructure is used by the local people. It opens up employment
opportunities for people, providing work for the local people. It also guarantees better
living standards. Examples are Special Industrial Zone Pindi Bhattian and Hyderabad
(q) Trade zones set generally in developing countries by their Government to promote
Industrial and Commercial Exports. These zones also offer other incentives such as
exemption from certain taxes and business regulations. Also called Development
Economic Zone (DEZ) or Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
(r) An industry which is capital and labour intensive such as automobile, industrial
machinery, steel, rubber, mining or petroleum. Steel Mill is an example of Heavy
Industry.
(s) Industry is sustainable when it produces goods and services in such a manner as to
meet the needs and aspiration of the present without compromising the ability of
future generation to meet their own needs.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN (Geography 2059/2)

PREPARED BY: Syed Abdul Basit P a g e | 21