Topics ty Life Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage. cosmopolitan pollution congestion to breed crime metropolis urban cost of living irresistible lure stimulation commuter city-dwellers anonymity Most people in developed countries ze (a) _ many drawn by the (b) of the (0) The attractions of the city are many: the (@) atmosphere {foreign restaurants, different languages, international companies), the (e) _ Of cultural events or the simple hope of finding work Ali too many find, however, that the glamorous facade is false. One can be very alone in the city and the {) __which at first seems to give freedom and protection later leaves just loneliness. There isa lot to do but everything is expensive, The (g) is high There is (n) not only of the physical but also of the moral environment and the various pressures of (i) life cause cities ¢) ‘Above all, perhaps, it 's the dally stresses and strains of the city which make life there a matter of survwal rather than of enjoyment. Many a (k} struggling to work through the rush: hour (i) ___ asks, ‘Is it worth i" Issues of Education Pur each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage. elite ive potential gifted classless spontaneity cram streaming conventional labelled privileged inferiority complex Inis interesting that in some counties which are socialist and therefore supposedly (2) ___ the educational system is based on (b) _, which means that children are educated according to their ability, with the more (©) children separated from the others. Supporters of this system say that more intelligent childten will be helped to acheve ther full (d)_in this way and that these children will be held back if they have to share lessons with less clever oupils Opponents of this system, on the other hand, maintain that it creates an educated (@)___a special class of tt} peogle who are encouraged to think ot themselves as superior fo the others, Similarly the others may, as a result of being @ second-rate, develop some kind cf (h) Ina word, such a system 's()____, since it creates a division between people. Another important question in education is the amount of freedom and choice children should be given at school The conservative view is that a () system of strict rules is best. However, citics of this attitude say it causes regimentation, asin the army. and discourages children’s natural imagination and (k) We must ask ourselves what the purpose of education is: to (I) children’s heads with facts or to encourage them to develop their natural abilies in their own way?Fashion in Clothes Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage. slavishly trends slaves to fashion individualists trendy fashion houses conformist dictate the latest fashion haute couture dictates.__—_—personal ornaments Most people like to think they are (a) ‘and simply wear whatever they hike. Few people will admit to beng (b) However we are not just talking of the expensive (¢) of the Paris and Milan (d) — which not many people can afford anyway. We are talking of fashions and (e) _ 1m everyday Clothes. We say that we wear jeans and sweaters because they are cheap and practical, but isn’t it true that ou’ jeans and sweaters tend to be the same as everyone else wears? Doesn’t that mean that we like to be (*) ? Of course the big chain-stores, to scme extent, (g) what we wear, but they always offer 2 choice and people do, on the whole, lke to wear (h) which extends beyond clothes to make-up, (i) (men wear earrings t00, nowadays) and hair styles. I is eary 10 declare that we do not () follow the {k) _ __ of fashion, but aren't we all (I)__ at heart? The Environment Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below. sewage enlightened sustainable organic acid rain deforestation disposal herbicides extinction animal rights \When incustraisation began, litle thought was given to its (a) effects Raw, untreated (b) was allowed to pollute our seas and rivers. Animals ‘ete killed for profit to the point of (c) The loss of trees through uncontrolled (¢) __caused erosion and unstable climate. (e) __ was caused by the poisonous gases man sent into the atmosphere. Chemicals in {f)__ killed animal life. (9) destroyed plants. The balance of nature was disturbed Its only now that we are waking up to the problem. More natura, (h) farming is advocated. Legislation controls the (i) of waste products into ‘our air and water. Wildlife oraansations are becoming more militant in their fight for ()___. Replanting policies in sorre parts of the world mean that our forests should in future be (k)__. ‘We can only hope that growing public awareness and (|) _ legislation wall produce a world which is safe for us and will provide a good quality of life for future generations,Advertising Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below. beneficial misleading blatant brainwash implicit catchy jingles exploit ubiquitous bombard watchdog subtle informative Modern advertisements contain hidden messages. (a) in the edverisernent showing the pretty git in the new car ar the smiling children round the packet of washing powder is the message that if we buy the product, we also achieve success cond happiness. itis a (o) approach since it seeks to (c) our secret dreams, and itis inescapable since advertising i (¢) Giant street hoardings and (e) ‘on television () Us from all sides. They (9) us into believing that we can realise our ambitons quickly and easily. On the other hand, Usfenders of advertising say that itis (F) ___ Advertising is (i) _ Advertisements tell us about useful new products, They brighten cur lives with colour and music, They increase demard, stimulate industry and so keep prices don. Whether for or against advertising, most people would agree Liat some kind oF ) body, oppainted by the government or by the advertizing industry itself, is necessary to maintain standards of honesty and to discourage the more i types of () _ advertisements How Much Freedom Should Children Have? Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below, possessive upbringing permissive rebelliousness suppress formative adolescence run wild inhibited authoritarian juvenile delinquency Itis often said that we live in a (a) age, one in which people are allowed to do almost anything they lke Is this good for children? They are going through their (0) ____., whichis a very (¢)___ stage of their development since ther final adult characters are beginning to take shape. Some parents think itis good for children to be allowed to (d) _, without canteol or supervision. They say that this enables children's personalities to cevelop naturally and that they wall learn to be responsible by the mistakes they make However, this might lead to [e) with the children ending up in the courts, or it might simply make children self- centred, without any consideration for others. Other parents believe in being strict. but taken to extremes this can produce a too (f ‘atmosphere in the home, with the children being dominated and ruled by their parents. Parents can also be very (Qh. and try to keep their children dependent on them, These last two attitudes can encourage (h) (against patents, school, authority) in a child, or, conversely, (i) _ a child's natural sense of adventure and curiosity. 4 strict, (by overcaring parents can make a child so timid and (k) that he cr she 1s unable to express freely his or her emctions and form mature relationships. ‘To bring up children to be normal, well-adjusted human beings requires great wisdom, and perhans a bit of luck.Censorship Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below. ‘moral standards perverted banned masquerading unscrupulous excessive degrades safeguards counter-productive infringes corupting gratuitous The amount of offensive material we are exposed to in films nowadays is surely (@) __. Most people accept that scenes of sex and violence are sometimes necessary to tell a story, but all too often these scenes are (b) _: they are unnecessary and simply inserted in the film to appeal to the baser human instincts, Censorship is necessary, especially to protect children from the (©) influence of such scenes, often (d) __asart, nour cinemas. There should also be censorship of pomographic magazines produced by (¢)__ people wiling to cater to the (f)___ tastes of a small minority. Such material destroys the innocence of the young and (g) __ all who read it. On the other hand, there ate those who say that something which is (h) becoines desirable 50 censorship is ()____, and that censorship () en aur freedom of choice However freedom is not merely Ireedom to do what we want but freedom trom attempts to destioy society's (k) _. Censorship provides the ()___ by which society protects itself Love Put each of the following words in its corract place below. partners platonic flirtation infatuation mature compatible one-sided hero-worship mutual idolize complement stable Youngsters in their teens or even eatler sometimes (@) _ film stars or other celebrities with a kind of blind, devoted (b) __ The objects of such adoration ate regarded as gods by their smitten worshippers. How sad that such devotion is almost always unrequited (though pap-stars have been known to marry their fans). ‘Young people also sometimes develop an irrational obsession for another, often Colder, person which is not an adult, ic) _ feeling but simply a youthful @ At parties a boy may playfully ty to attract a girl or vice versa, without intending any serious, lasting relationship, Ths i just 2 (e) A relationship which gwes deep and lesting happiness te both {f) _ must not be (g)_—_ {felt more strongly by one of the pair than by the othen). It should be based on a {r)____ love and respect, felt equally by 2ach of the two. OF course it can take rary forms. It might be very deep but entailno physical desire, in which case it described as (i)____ Certainly, for any reationship to be () _., the two people involved must be (k) {they must get on well together). This does not necessarily mean that they must have attitudes and interests in common, for partnerships of opposites can work very well The different characters of the two People somehow ())__ each other.Attitudes to Work and Leisure Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct piace below. constructively rewarding challenge conditioned aimless initiative creativity 9t05 regimentation _—_scope aspire fulfilment Most adults (a) _ to mare leisure but, infact, not many people have the necessary (b) {0 use the free time they already have very (€)__ The sad fact is that we need work because it imposes the discipline we need. Life seems (@) ____ and we secretly look forward to our work again. We dream about personal (e) __ but probabiy find it more in our work than in our leisure time. This depends on age. The young ae iree trom work and responsibilty, and freedom comes naturally to them. However, efter they begin jobs they become (f) to work. They find they need it, however much they complain about its routine and (4) _____ Obviously this again depends on the kind of work. Those with to) Jobs, or jobs which require ())_, receive genuine satisfaction from thew work, but most of us are in conventional () jobs which offer little (6) "fur imaginatin, We leave our mark Unly Wo fave @ leisure thet we fd difficult to cope with, Our mistake is n regarding leisure as a chance to do nothing, whereas in fact it should be looked 07 as a () The Purpose of State Punishment Put each of the following words o phrases in its correct place below. wrongdoer deterrent law-abiding death penalty misdeeds reform humane rehabilitate barbaric retribution crime doesn’t pay corporal punishment What is the purpose of punishment? One purpose is obviously to (a) the offender, to correct the offender's moral attitudes and anti-social behaviour and to © him or her, which means o assist the offender to return to normal life as 3 useful member of the community Punishment can also be seen as a © ‘because it warns other people of what will happen if they are tempted to break the law and so prevents them from doing so. However, a third purpose of punishment lies, perhaps, in society's desire for {¢) __ which basically means revenge. In other wards, don’t we feel that a (e) should suffer for his o 7 The form of punishment shavuld alsa be considered. On the ene hand, some believe that we should ‘make the punishment fit the crime’. Those who steal from others should be deprived of their own property to ensure that criminals are left in no doubt that (g)“_'. For those who attack others, (h) should ‘oe used. Murderers should be subject to the principle ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’ and automatically receive the () On the other hand, itis said that such views are unreasonable, cruel and ()____ and that we should show a more (k) attitude to punishment and try to understand why 2 person commits a crime and how society has failed to enable him to live a respectable, ite