Ferrite for Ultrasonic Applied Equipment

π type ferrite magnetostrictive vibrators

V2X series

Issue date: January 2008

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

• Conformity to RoHS Directive: This means that, in conformity with EU Directive 2002/95/EC, lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, and specific
bromine-based flame retardants, PBB and PBDE, have not been used, except for exempted applications.
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Magnetostriction Vibrators Conformity to RoHS Directive

V2X Series
Magnetostriction refers to changes in the dimension of a ferromagnetic material that occur in the direction of the magnetic field when it is
magnetized. This phenomenon can be utilized to generate intense ultrasonic waves by giving a ferromagnetic material the appropriate
shape and dimension.
TDK ferrite magnetostrictive vibrators, which are applications of this magnetostrictive phenomena and are based on ferrite material tech-
nologies, as well as machining technologies which TDK has accumulated over the years, deliver characteristics not found in metal magne-
tostrictive vibrators and have applications in a wide range of ultrasonic instruments.

FEATURES MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Due to high specific resistance, eddy current loss is very small. Temperature dependence of
TK(1/°C) 17× 10–5
resonant frequency∗1
• Electro-mechanical energy conversion efficiency is high(85 to
Motional impedance∗1 Zm00(Ω) 180
90%). Quality factor Q∗1 Qm 350
• As ferrite magnet is used, there is not necessary for DC bias. Electro-acoustic efficiency∗1 η0(%) 90
• The magnet has excellent anticorrosive characteristics that per- Electro-mechanical coupling factor∗1 K(%) 18
mits to use in solvent such as acid, alkaline and others. Maximum input power(water load)∗1 W/cm2 10
Continuous input power(water load)∗1 W/cm2 3 to 5
APPLICATIONS Electrical resistivity∗2 ρ(Ω • cm) 1× 103 min.
Ultrasonic cleaning, sonar, ultrasonic machining. Density∗2 d(g/m3) 5.1
Bending strength∗2 σd3(kg/mm2) 11 to 13
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION Thermal expansion coefficient∗2 α 8× 10–6/°C
Curie temperature∗3 Tc(°C) 450
V2 X π 28 (A)
∗1 With 28kHz π type at 4AT
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ∗2 With square pole specimen
∗3 With toroidal specimen

(1) Material name

(2) Ferrite magnetostrication vibrator
(3) Type
(4) Resonant frequency(kHz)
(5) Shape’s classified code

SHAPES AND DIMENSIONS

e
Resonant Dimensions(mm) Weight
Part No.
frequency(kHz) a b c d e f g h (g)
f

V2Xπ20 19.5±0.4 18 114 132±3 26 51±1 25±0.5 14 13 555

a

V2Xπ28(A)∗ 28.5±0.4 14 74 88±3 18 40±1 20±0.5 11 9 240

c

h V2Xπ40(A) 40.5±0.8 12 50 62±2 18 40±1 20±0.5 11 9 179

V2Xπ50 50.5±0.8 12 37 49±2 18 40±1 20±0.5 11 9 146
b

V2Xπ75(A) 75±1.6 6.5 26 32.5±2 12 27±1 13±0.5 7.7 6 40

V2Xπ100 100±1.6 5 20 25±2 9 21±1 10±0.5 5.5 4.5 17
d

∗ Appended to the product number is our control code.

g

denotes the ferrite magnet for DC bias.

Designed to be used by inserting the ferrite magnet between legs.

RESONANT FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS Unit:kHz

Frequency Nominal resonant frequency
rank 20kHz 28kHz 40kHz 50kHz 75kHz 100kHz
1 19.10 to 19.20 28.10 to 28.20 39.70 to 39.90 49.70 to 49.90 73.40 to 73.80 98.40 to 98.80
2 19.20 to 19.30 28.20 to 28.30 39.90 to 40.10 49.90 to 50.10 73.80 to 74.20 98.80 to 99.20
3 19.30 to 19.40 28.30 to 28.40 40.10 to 40.30 50.10 to 50.30 74.20 to 74.60 99.20 to 99.60
4 19.40 to 19.50 28.40 to 28.50 40.30 to 40.50 50.30 to 50.50 74.60 to 75.00 99.60 to 100.00
5 19.50 to 19.60 28.50 to 28.60 40.50 to 40.70 50.50 to 50.70 75.00 to 75.40 100.00 to 100.40
6 19.60 to 19.70 28.60 to 28.70 40.70 to 40.90 50.70 to 50.90 75.40 to 75.80 100.40 to 100.80
7 19.70 to 19.80 28.70 to 28.80 40.90 to 41.10 50.90 to 51.10 75.80 to 76.20 100.80 to 101.20
8 19.80 to 19.90 28.80 to 28.90 41.10 to 41.30 51.10 to 51.30 76.20 to 76.60 101.20 to 101.60
• The resonant frequency deviation is color coded. When two or more units are used as a set, those having the same color should be combined.
• Please note that, unless stated otherwise, frequency ranks are subject to change depending on production circumstances.

• Conformity to RoHS Directive: This means that, in conformity with EU Directive 2002/95/EC, lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, and specific
bromine-based flame retardants, PBB and PBDE, have not been used, except for exempted applications.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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TDK’s TYPICAL APPLICATION EXAMPLES

The following is a description of wide spheres applications for TDK’s ferrite magnetostrictive vibrators designed to give users a full under-
standing of their characteristics and effects so that users can design their apparatuses for maximum effectiveness.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VIBRATORS

(1) Excitation and Driving
Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a characteristic called the Joule effect or magnetostriction, which is the change in the length of a ferro-
magnetic material in the direction of magnetization when magnetization is varied.
We take for example an annealed Ni propagated or ferrite vibrator fitted with a coil to which a direct current Idc is applied, thereby creating
a longitudinally polarizing magnetic field (bias magnetization). When alternating current Iac is superimposed, the rod’s magnetization fluc-
tuates with the bias magnetization Mdc as the central value and magnetostriction causes the rod to vibrate. This in turn generates acous-
tic waves from the end surface of the rod. The nearer the alternating current’s frequency is to the rod’s resonant frequency for longitudinal
vibration, the greater the amplitude of expansion and contraction, with maximum amplitude achieved when the current’s frequency coin-
cides with the rod’s resonant frequency (Fig.1).
This is the basic principle by which such vibrators are driven. Commercially available ferrite vibrators are pre-shaped in the shape of the
character “π” and utilize permanent magnets instead of a direct current to create the bias magnetic field. When using multiple magnets
together, always make sure to align the magnets in the same polarity direction.

Fig.1 Bias magnetization

(a) Effects of bias magnetization (b) Vibrator circuit
M
2 M AC

I AC
I DC
M DC

2H AC

H DC

(2) Vibrator Life

Ferrite vibrators have a virtually permanent life when used under appropriate conditions.
The example shows the results of a life test for a 28kHz π-shaped vibrator (Fig.2).
Please remember that in applications such as Fig.3, improper bonding will lead to an uneven distribution of vibrating forces and will
shorten the life of the vibrator. Also, when choosing a vibrating plate to bond the vibrator, select one that is made of material with a ther-
mal expansion coefficient that approximates as much as possible that of the vibrator. Temperature increases of the vibrator is another
important factor that affects its life. As a guideline, use the vibrator at 80°C max.

Fig.2 Life test of 28kHz π-shaped vibrator Fig.3 Vibrator bonded to container

160
28kHz π-shaped vibrator
140
Water
120
Input power(W)

100

80

60
OSC
40

20

0
1 3 10 30 100 300 1000 3000 10000
Operating life(hours)

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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(3) Corrosion Resistance

Because - in applications such as ultrasonic cleaners, sonars and ultrasonic humidifiers - magnetostrictive vibrators are used in various
liquids including water, corrosion resistance becomes an issue. Ferrite vibrators excel in this respect because they cannot be corroded by
water. They also exhibit good corrosion resistance against solvents including trichlene, thinners and alcohol. However, corrosion resis-
tance of elements used for coils and magnets remains an issue. For example, vinyl covered wires cannot be left in thinner for extended
periods of time because the coating may become friable and eventually dissolve.
And although a ferrite vibrator is able to resist corrosion in concentrated acid or alkali at high temperatures, caution is advised as magnets
will corrode under such conditions.

(4) Shapes and Features Fig.4 Shape of the bias magnet

Ferrite magnets that give ferrite magnetostrictive vibrators their bias magnetic field are typically called and the vibrator
bias magnets. These magnets are used to maintain static bias magnetization. π-shaped vibrator
Fig.4 illustrates how a bias magnet and vibrator are combined.
Ferrite vibrators are manufactured by powdered, compressed, and sintered.. Since a bias magnet is not
bonded to the π-shaped vibrator, the coil is removable.

Bias magnet
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR FERRITE MAGNETOSTRICTIVE VIBRATORS
APPLICATIONS IN ULTRASONIC CLEANERS
When ultrasonic waves are propagated in a cleaning liquid, the cavitation effect creates acoustic pressure shocks within the liquid which
remove dirt from the object to be cleaned. Applications for such cleaners include the cleaning of industrial products, surgical instruments,
table ware, watch components and rings. There are many points to remember when designing an ultrasonic cleaner.

(1) Selecting a Vibrator

There are many types of ultrasonic vibrators available including ferrite magnetostrictive, piezoelectric, electrostriction, and Ni magneto-
strictive vibrators. Ferrite vibrators are typically used in cleaners for their stability and cost.
The following table is a comparison of different types of vibrators
Vibrator type Ferrite magnetostrictive Piezoelectric Electrostriction Ni magnetostrictive
Material TDK V2 material Quartz Barium titanate Nickel
Electroacoustic transduction efficiency 80% min. 80% min. 80% min. 30 to 40%
Operating frequency 100kHz max. 1MHz min. 200kHz to 2MHz 50kHz max.
Operating input power (in water) 3 to 6W/cm2 — 3 to 6W/cm2 6 to 10W/cm2
Impedance Small Large Medium Small
Size of device Small Small Small Large

(2) Selecting Vibration Frequencies

The operating frequency range of magnetostrictive vibrators is between 15 and 100kHz with the most typically used frequency being
28kHz. When cavitation of water and water soluble detergents is used to clean an object, the frequency that yields the largest amplitude
is the most effective. For this reason, large-scale cleaners typically use vibrators that at 20 to 28kHz and smaller cleaners use those that
vibrate at 40 to 50kHz.
Vibrators at high frequencies such as 75kHz may not yield the best results because the shorter wavelengths reduce the effect of standing
waves within the liquid and factors such as changes in resonant frequency that are introduced when the vibrator is mounted can cause
unevenness in vibrations.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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(3) Selecting Cleaner Power

Fig.5 shows an example of the relation between cleaner tank vol- Fig.5 Cleaner tank volume and oscillator output
ume and oscillator output. 1000
1: Normal cleaning (When cleaning can be achieved with relatively 500

Cleaner tank volume( )

small output)
2: Large-scale cleaners (The average most typically used type) 100
3: Hand washing (When an intense acoustic field is required) 50
1
2
10
3
5

1
20 50 100 500 1000 5000
Oscillator output(W)

(4) Input Power

The following describes settings for the number of vibrators used.
Input power for a single vibrator can be calculated simply based on Fig.6, but this creates the issue of loads.
Example (a) illustrates a case in which the vibrator is subjected to a heavy load. This occurs when the vibrator is thrown in the liquid or
when the liquid depth is 200mm or greater in use.
Examples (b) and (c) illustrate cases in which the load to the vibrators are small. These include cases where the liquid is shallow or the
load impedance is small.

Fig.6 Examples of loads

(a) Heavy load (b) Light load (deep liquid) (c) Light load (shallow liquid)

(5) Maximum Allowable Amplitude

Load fluctuations during ultrasonic cleaning or machining processes cannot be avoided. For your information, we have included the max-
imum allowable amplitudes and allowable input powers below. Please note that these merely serve as guidelines and that greater ampli-
tudes are possible in the absence of sudden load fluctuations.
Radiating surface area Maximum allowable input power with water load Maximum allowable amplitude Maximum allowable stress
Vibrator
(cm2) Light loads (W) Heavy loads (W) (µm)p-p (kg/cm2)
20kHz π type 13 40 80 7
28kHz π type 8 25 50 5
40kHz π type 8 25 50 4
150
50kHz π type 8 25 50 3
75kHz π type 3.5 10 20 2
100kHz π type 2.1 5 12 1.5

(6) Maximum Allowable Stress

During operation, stress is concentrated on the vibrator node. As a guideline, we have set a stress limit of Fig.7 Node position of
π-shaped vibrator
150kg/cm2. Apparatuses must be designed so that the vibrator is not subjected to stresses exceeding this
limit. When calculating stress, we must first check the condition of the load and whether or not cavitation will C

be generated. Node

However, because calculations can become complex in situations where cavitation is present, we recom-
mend that you determine the limit based on maximum allowable amplitude.
Fig.7 illustrates the node position of a π-shaped vibrator. Vibrator breakage near the node position is an indi-
cation that the maximum allowable amplitude may have been exceeded. In such cases, reduce the power
and carefully check the amplitude before using. Approximately 0.43C

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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(7) Radiating Surface Area

The radiating surface refers to the surface from which ultrasonic waves are generated (Fig.8).
The radiating surface can be expressed as “e× f ”.
For example, if a single 28kHz vibrator is used as illustrated in Fig.11, its radiating surface area is 4(cm)× 2(cm) = 8cm2.
Its maximum allowable input power would therefore be 8(cm2)× 3(W/cm2) = 24W.
However in this case, because the ultrasonic waves are generated from the vibrating plate, the radiating surface area will not be greater.
If at least half of the vibrator is to be submerged in water as shown in Figs.9, 10 or 12, please attach closed cell sponges to areas other
than the radiating surface that generates ultrasonic waves as shown in Fig.13. This is to prevent unnecessary ultrasonic waves from being
generated.

Fig.8 Fig.9 Fig.10

e Radiating surface OSC OSC

f
Water Water

Closed cell sponge

π-shaped

Fig.11 Fig.12 Fig.13

OSC
Water Water

Water

OSC

Closed cell sponge

(8) Vibrator Arrangement

In a typical application, a vibrator is bonded to a thin vibrating plate.
Keep the following in mind when arranging the vibrator and vibrating plate.
• Arrange the vibrator only to portions of the vibrating plate that can considered to be free walls.
Using the vibrator on frames or areas near the frames of a vibrating plate will impede vibration.
• An issue for vibrating plates, in large-volume cleaners in particular, is the concentration of power to only some of the vibrators. To
prevent this, arrange the vibrators in equal intervals to achieve uniformity in load impedance.
• A resonance will occur when acoustic standing waves coincide with liquid depth.
This is the condition at which the strongest vibration is effectively achieved. On the other hand, non-uniform liquid depths will cause
partial resonance and may cause power to become concentrated to a particular area. Therefore, the tank must be designed in such a
way that uniform liquid depth is achieved.
• Optimum effectiveness is achieved by concentrating the vibrators in their arrangement to make the radiated ultrasonic waves converge.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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(9) Impedance Matching

The vibrators will not vibrate if their impedance is not matched.
If they are not matched, the vibrator’s Q - which constitute loads in an output matching circuit’s design - would be high, preventing the
impedance to vary significantly near the resonant frequency and cause the Q to be different from the resistance load because the vibrator
has the impedance.
Such problems can be resolved by adjusting the vibrator’s impedance using coils and matching it with the oscillator’s output impedance.
The following table shows actual examples.
Examples of applications One 28kHz π-shaped vibrator Eight 20kHz π-shaped vibrators
20 core 3mm diameter, heat resistant vinyl covered line, 20 core 3mm diameter, heat resistant vinyl covered line,
Coil
15 turns/leg 20 turns/leg
Efficiency 87% (micro amplitudes) 69% (micro amplitudes)
Input power 64W V=30V I=2.5A 800W V=270V I=3.7A
Load Water (heavy load) Water (heavy load)
Parallel capacitance 0.5µF 0.1µF
Impedance 8Ω 50Ω
Power factor COSø=0.85 COSø=0.8

Actual impedance measurements must be made as these will vary depending on load conditions.
The following must be taken into consideration to determine the correct impedance for a vibrator:
(a) Type of medium generating the ultrasonic waves
(b) Radiating surface of the ultrasonic waves
(c) How the vibrator is supported
(d) Temperature of vibrator and medium
(e) Amplitude of vibrator
(f) Whether or not cavitation will be generated

There are three basic methods for exciting vibrators and each method will have a different affect on the matching impedance.
(1) Excitation applied at fa (parallel resonance)
In the case of Fig.14, the impedance with load is 1/Ym 0.
When the vibrator is excited at point fa in Fig.14, the equivalent circuit Fig.15 (a) will be as shown in (b) of the same figure. And when a
capacitor C0 that resonates with damping inductance Ld0 and frequency fa is added, only the resistance component remains and can be
expressed as in (c) of the same figure.
Therefore, the load impedance can be derived from Fig.14, where Zd0 is the damping impedance, Zm 0 is the diameter of the motional
impedance, fr is the resonant frequency, fa is the antiresonant frequency and Y is the admittance.

(2) Excitation applied at fr (series resonance)

When the vibrator is excited at point fr of Fig.14, series capacitance C0 is added to the vibrator as shown in Fig.16(a) to cause a reso-
nance with the vibrator’s damping inductance Ld 0. In this case, the equivalent circuit will be as shown in (b) of the same figure, where load
impedance Z1 is equal to Zm 0 at fr.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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(3) Excitation applied at fm

The output terminal is connected to the vibrator as shown in Fig.17 to apply excitation at fm in Fig.14. When doing so, a parallel or series
capacitance may be added to improve the power factor. This excitation method is very convenient from a practical perspective because
Zfm remains constant even if the load fluctuates.
Although the best way to determine the frequency would be to measure the motional impedance under load, a typically used method is to
match it with the frequency that generates the most intense cavitation under load. This is practical for measurement purposes because it
represents fm excitation.

Fig.14 Impedance for parallel resonance Fig.15 Parallel resonance Fig.16 Series resonance Fig.17 fm excitation circuit
equivalence circuit equivalence circuit
f
(a) (a)
C0

Zfm
Vibrator

C0
Z m0 fr Vibrator
Z dc Vibrator
Z l = Z f m = Z f r • Zf a
Parallel capacitor
fa

Z (b)
a
(b)
fm

Zf R or
Z fm 1/R C0 L d0
0
fm

fa
Ld0
C0
fa

Y
fr

Z m0
1/Ym0

Ym0 fa fr
Yd0 1
C0 = Z l =Z m0
ω a2 L d0

(c)
f
1/Ym0

Ym0 Z m0
Yd0 =1/Z d0 =
Yd0 Z d0
Z d 02
Load imp. Z l =1/Ym0 =
Z m0

(10) Securing the Bias Magnet

Typically, a closed cell sponge is bonded using rubber-based Fig.18 Securing the magnet using a rubber-based adhesive
adhesive as shown in Fig.18. Closed cell sponge 1.5 to 3mm
If this method is used, care must be taken to prevent the magnet
from making contact with the vibrator.
Secure using a
Another completely different method is to bond the magnet with rubber-based
adhesive N S
the vibrator. However, this compromises precision as the resonant (Ex: Bond G)
frequency is reduced and the rate of such decrease is irregular
and dependent on bonding conditions.
The following table shows examples.
Resonant frequency fr
Vibrators type
Before bonding (kHz) After bonding (kHz)
19.45 19.36
20kHz π-shaped
19.50 19.37
28.68 28.34
28kHz π-shaped
28.59 28.33
40.55 40.25
40kHz π-shaped
40.51 40.21

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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Another method is to secure the magnet onto bakelite or nonmag- Fig.19 Securing the magnet using an epoxy adhesive
netic metal using epoxy adhesive as shown in Fig.19. Rubber-
based adhesives are not suited for this purpose. Gap
Another point to remember is that a plate must be inserted on the N S or N N N
sponge
upper side (as shown in broken lines in the figures) in situations
where mechanical strength is required. When doing so, a gap must Secure magnet on bakelite or nonmagnetic
be created or a sponge must be inserted so that the plate does not metal using epoxy adhesive

directly contact the vibrator.

(11) Ultrasonic Cleaning in Practice

Ultrasonic cleaners are available in different types, including belt conveyor, batch and portable. Industrial cleaners are typically either belt
conveyor or batch types and 28kHz π-shaped vibrators are suited for these purposes.
Vibrators with lower frequencies such as the 20kHz π-shaped vibrators are more effective for large objects with hard-to-remove dirt.
Water is the most economical and easy-to-handle cleaning liquid. Detergents and the like may be added to improve cleaning perfor-
mance.
Methods for using vibrators basically include schemes illustrated in Figs.10, 11 and 12 mentioned earlier.
Fig.20 shows approximated illustrations of these schemes.

Fig.20
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Other applications include schemes where ultrasonic waves are delivered simultaneously Fig.21
from above and below, or from the sides.
Combination-type vibrators are suited for situations such as (a) and (b) shown in Fig.20.
Overflow
Fig.21 is an actual example of Fig.20 (a).
In Fig.21, ultrasonic waves will remove dirt momentarily, but as soon as the vibrator is Water

stopped, the suspended dirt will precipitate and re-attach to the object to be cleaned. There- Drain
fore, a shower-like lateral flow of water must be created to constantly maintain a clean radiat-
ing surface and discharge the dirt from the object via an overflow. The radiating surface of the
vibrator must be slightly higher than the bottom of the tank and make sure that the radiating
surface does not become dirty even if large pieces of dirt is removed from the object (Fig.21).
When metal net conveyors or containers are used, use the largest possible mesh to reduce
the attenuation of ultrasonic waves.
Small meshes considerably decrease the propagation of ultrasonic waves and can have
extremely detrimental effects on cleaning efficiency.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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The next part describes Fig.20 (c). Fig.22

Fig.20 (d) can be considered to be a part of (c) as it is only an
inverted version of (c).
Fig.22 is an actual example with eight vibrators bonded to a vibrat-
ing plate.
A vibrating plate thickness of 0.5 to 1mm is suited for such applica-
tions.
Vibrating plates that are too thick reduce efficiency, and those that 4/2 Type
Rubber Vibrator Vibrating plate
are too thin cannot withstand the vibrator’s weight, furthermore it packing 8.8mmt
compromises their erosion durability.
In the example illustrated in Fig.22, a rubber packing must be
inserted between the vibrating plate and frames (Vibrators bonded
directly to a container’s bottom without the use of rubber packing
will cause the entire container to become acoustically active, which
is not undesirable).
Attaching a non-vibrating element too close to the container’s
perimeter can lead to adhesive separation or irregular frequencies.
This is because the vibrating plate may become deformed by the
tightening of screws when attaching it to the container.

OTHER REMINDERS
In the preceding sections we have described ways in which the Fig.23 Example of fish detector configuration
vibrators can be used primarily in ultrasonic cleaners. These vibra- Cable
tors have other applications including fish detectors and ultrasonic
machining tools.
For your information, we have included an example of how a fish
detector is configured in Fig.23. The design must be such that the
unit is able to withstand water pressure and mechanical shocks. Rubber
Ultrasonic machining requires that a horn be used in conjunction
with a vibrator. An important point in this application is the selec-

ø74
tion of horn material and adhesives suited for ferrite cores.
Sponge
4

ø74
ø90 Dimensions in mm

PRECAUTIONS IN HANDLING
• The vibrators are made of ceramic. Please do not hit or drop them. Broken vibrators are irreparable.
• Do not apply intense excitation in open air (i.e. without load). This includes removing an operating vibrator of a cleaner from the water
and into open air with the power still on, and tuning vibrators in open air. In such situations, even a small output can amplify very quickly
and lead to damage. This is also true for tuning vibrators without placing them in water.
• If sponges are required, only use closed cell sponges. Because all of the cells in these sponges are independent of each other, they do
not soak water and therefore do not transmit acoustic waves from the vibrator to the water. This creates a nearly loadless condition for
the vibrator. Sponges that simulate natural sponges are not suited for this purpose.
• Always make sure that the excitation magnets are used in their proper polarity.

• All specifications are subject to change without notice.

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