OPERATING SYSTEM Common Contemporary Operating Systems

• Mac OS
 10.0 Cheetah, 10.1 Puma,10.2 Jaguar, 10.3
 an operating system is a program that acts as an
Panther, 10.4 Tiger,10.5 Leopard, 10.6 Snow
intermediary between a computer user and the
Leopard, 10.7 Lion, 10.8 Mountain Lion, 10.9
computer hardware.
Mavericks
 is an interface between hardware and user; it is
• Microsoft Windows
responsible for the management and coordination
 Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows
of activities and the sharing of the limited resources
Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP,
of the computer.
Windows NT, Windows 2000 , Windows
 low-level software that schedules tasks, allocates
2003, Windows Vista, Windows 7,
storage, and handles the interfaces to peripheral
Windows 8
hardware, such as printers, disk drives, the screen,
• Linux
keyboard, and mouse.
 Ubuntu, Fedora, Suse, Mandriva,
 The operating system is the most important
Debian, Bayanihan, Red Hat, Knoppix,
program that runs on a computer. .
Mandrake
 Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as
• Unix and Unix-like Operating System
recognizing input from the keyboard, sending
output to the display screen, keeping track of files
Freeware
and directories on the disk, and controlling
 From "free" and "software") is computer
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
software that is available for use at no cost or
 Without a computer operating system, a computer
for an optional fee. The opposite of Freeware is
and software programs would be useless.
Payware.
 Software which can be downloaded, used, and
copied without restrictions.
 Legally, the difference between freeware and
open source is that you do not have access to
the source code.
 Organizationally, this makes a big difference:
There is no community and no development
infrastructure around "freeware" as there is
around open source software.
MAIN PART OF OS
1. Kernel - allocates machine resources—including Shareware
memory, disk space, and CPU cycles—to all  Shareware is a different concept. You can
other programs that run on the computer. The download and try shareware for free, but if you
central module of an operating system. use it, you are supposed to pay for it.
It is the part of the operating system  It is developed and released by someone who
that loads first, and it remains in main memory. keeps full control of the intellectual property.
2. System programs - perform higher-level  The user does not have access to the source
housekeeping tasks, often acting as servers in a code and cannot modify it.
client/server relationship  There is also no collaboration or community
OS can be classified as follows: around shareware.
 Multi-user - Allows two or more users to run  In the end, the only difference between
programs at the same time. shareware and commercial software is that you
 Multiprocessing - Supports running a program can download and try shareware for free.
on more than one CPU.  Shareware is "free" as in "Free Sample" at
 Multitasking - Allows more than one program restaurants or grocery stores.
to run concurrently.
 Multithreading - Allows different parts of a Open Source Software
single program to run concurrently.  Means that the source code is available to all
 Real time- Responds to input instantly. potential users, and they are free to use,
modify, and re-distribute the source code.
 Legally, the "free" of open source refers
exclusively to the source code, and it is possible
A layer structure showing to have support, services, documentation, and
where the Operating System even binary versions which are not monetarily
is located on generally used free.
software systems on  In practice, open source usually means that the
desktops application is free to users as well as
developers.
  Most open source software has communities quality, high performance, reliable and secure
that support each other and collaborate on operating system. All the operating systems
development. Microsoft had before Windows XP or Windows
 Therefore, unlike freeware, there are future 2000 had the power or features needed for
enhancements, and, unlike shareware, users Microsoft to take on UNIX or other serious
are not dependent on a single organization. operating systems.
 An advanced file system that provides
Basic Input-Output System performance, security, reliability, and
 also known as the System BIOS advanced features that are not found in any
 The BIOS is boot firmware, designed to be the version of FAT.
first code run by a PC when powered on. The
initial function of the BIOS is to identify, test, and NTFS
initialize system devices such as the video display 1. A computer running Windows XP,
card, hard disk, and floppy disk and other Windows 2000 or later can access files on an
hardware. NTFS partition.
2. NTFS is compatible with FAT32.
3. Recommended minimum volume size is
approximately 10 megabytes (MB).
4. Volumes much larger than 2Terabytes (TB) are
possible.
5. File size limited only by size of volume.

FAT32
1. A computer running Windows ME, Windows 98,
Windows 95 and below cannot access files on
an NTFS partition.
2. FAT32 is not compatible with NTFS.
3. Volumes from 512MB to 2TB.
Hard Drive 4. In Windows XP, you can format FAT32 volume
 A hard disk drive (often up to 32GB only.
shortened as "hard disk" 5. Maximum file size is 4GB.
or "hard drive“ ), is a
non-volatile storage NTFS was designed to meet a number of specific
device which stores goals. In no particular order, the most important of
digitally encoded data these are:
on rapidly rotating
platters with magnetic Reliability - NTFS implements specific features to allow
surfaces. important transactions to be completed as an integral
whole, to avoid data loss, and to improve fault
File System tolerance.
 is a method for storing and organizing computer
files and the data they contain to make it easy Security and Access Control - One of the most
to find and access them. important advantages that users gain when choosing
 File systems may use a data storage device such the NTFS file system over older file systems such as FAT,
as a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve is greater control over who can perform what sorts of
maintaining the physical location of the files operations on various data within the file system.
Common Windows File System
FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, NTFS Storage Efficiency - Again, at the time that NTFS was
developed, most PCs used FAT16, which results in
File Allocation Table (FAT32) significant disk space due to slack. NTFS avoids this
 The FAT (File Allocation Table) file system problem by using a very different method of allocating
originated in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s space to files than FAT does.
and was the file system supported by the MS-
DOS operating system. Breaking Size Barriers - Unlike FAT where maximum
 Currently there are three FAT file system types: partition was up to 4GB, NTFS allows larger partition
FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The basic difference size of 16 exabyte.
in these FAT sub types, and the reason for the
names, is the size, in bits, of the entries in the Long File Name - NTFS allows file names up to 255
actual FAT structure on the disk. characters instead of 8.3 characters limitation of
conventional FAT.

New Technology File System (NTFS)