Unit IGC1: Element 3.

GWG

Preventative and Protective

Measures

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 General Principles of Prevention
Hierarchy of Measures (ILO OSH 2001)
▪ Eliminate the hazard/risk - completely e.g. not working at height
GWG ▪ Control the hazard/risk at source : Use of engineering controls
▪ Minimize the hazard/risk: design of safe work systems
▪ Residual risks controlled by collective protection measures
priority over individual protective measures for residual risks e.g.
reduce noise at source rather than issue ear defenders.

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 General Principles of Prevention

➢ Avoiding Risks
➢ Elimination or Substitution
GWG
➢ Reducing Time or Limiting Exposure
➢ Engineering/Hardware Controls
▪ Isolation
▪ Segregation
➢ Administrative Controls - Safe System of Work
▪ Training, Information
▪ Safety Signs and Signals
▪ Signboards

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 Safety Signs and Signals
▪ Signboards - provides instruction or information by a combination
of shape, color, symbol or pictogram
GWG ✓ Prohibition Signs - indicate that certain behaviors or actions
are prohibited
✓ Warning Signs - used to alert people about a hazard/threat at
the workplace
✓ Mandatory Signs - describe actions or behaviors that must be
undertaken
✓ Safe Condition Signs - provide information about safety
conditions
✓ Fire Related Signs - indicate equipment and provisions for fire
emergency use
▪ Acoustic Signals
▪ Hand and Arm Signals
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 Personal Protective Equipment
❖Definition
All equipment (including clothing protecting from weather) which is meant to be
worn or held by a person at work, and which protects them against different
GWG hazards to their health and safety.

Examples:
Aprons, Gloves, Safety footwear, Safety helmets, High visibility waistcoats , Eye protectors,
Life jackets, Respirators, Underwater breathing apparatus, Safety harnesses.

Items not regarded as PPE

▪Ordinary working clothes and uniforms
▪Offensive weapons used for self-defense or as a deterrent
▪Portable devices such as gas detectors or personal (attack) alarms
▪PPE used for protection while traveling on the road, such as seat belts, crash
helmets.
▪Any equipment that is used during the playing of competitive games or
sports.
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 Personal Protective Equipment

▪ The Uses and Cost

▪ Ergonomics
GWG ▪ Selection Criteria
▪ Last Line of Defence
▪ Risks introduced
▪ Issue and replacement
▪ Cleaning and Decontamination
▪ Information, Instruction, and Training

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 Personal Protective Equipment

Limitations of PPE
▪ Even if used together with other control measures, the PPE
GWG
that is selected must be capable of providing adequate protection
alone, should other controls be ineffective or fail
▪ No PPE will provide 100% protection
▪ Effectiveness affected by being worn with other items of PPE
▪ Effectiveness is dependent upon the PPE being worn for all of
the exposure time
▪ Personal factors such as physical characteristics may affect
good fit of PPE
▪ Existing health factors of the user, such as asthma or ear
infections, may restrict the use of some types of PPE

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 End-of-Section Quiz
GWG
Identify the general principles of prevention that may help to
reduce the risk injury in the workplace.
‫حدد المبادئ العامة للوقاية التي قد تساعد في الحد من إصابة المخاطرة في مكان‬
.‫العمل‬

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 Unit IGC1: Element 3.7

GWG

Sources of Information

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 Sources of Information

Sources can be
GWG
✓ Internal
✓ External
to the organisation

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 Sources of Information
Internal External
▪ Accident records ▪ Government Bodies
GWG ▪ Policies ▪ International Bodies
▪ Medical records ▪ Safety data sheets
▪ Risk assessments ▪ Insurance Organisations
▪ Maintenance reports
▪ Guidance notes
▪ Safety inspections
▪ Operating instructions
▪ Audit reports
▪ Trade associations
▪ Safety committee
minutes ▪ Safety publications

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 End-of-Section Quiz
GWG
Identify the sources of health and safety information that are
internal to an organisation.

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 Unit IGC1: Element 3.8

GWG

Safe System of Work (SSOW)

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 Safe System of Work
❖Definition
‘Sequence of actions and tasks that collaborate to achieve some
GWG end result, without exposing those doing it to danger’.

➢The planning process should be based on risk assessment.

➢Safe Systems required where,

✓It is not possible to entirely protect people by engineering
measures
✓Measures are only partially effective
✓Risks cannot be eliminated by other means

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 Safe System of Work
❖Roles and Responsibilities
➢Employer
✓To ensure SSoW are available for activities that create
GWG significant risk e.g. Maintenance

➢Competent Person
✓Help managers to develop guidance for SSOW with proper
forms
✓Advise management on the adequacy of the safe systems
produced

Analysis of SSoW depends on the nature of job

▪High risk - HAZOP (Hazard and Operability study), FTA (Fault Tree
Analysis) or FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis).
▪Low Risk - JSA (Task Safety Analysis)
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 Safe System of Work
Worker Involvement
✓Gains commitment
GWG ✓Helps culture
✓Practical understanding of the work
✓High level of ownership

Written Procedures
✓Ensures consistency
✓Provides a basis for training
✓Can be in detailed manuals, short notes assisted with
checklists

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 Safe System of Work
Factors to be considered when developing a SSoW:
▪The sequence of operations to be carried out
GWG ▪The equipment, plant, machinery, and tools required
▪Chemicals and other substances to which people may be
exposed
▪The people doing the work – their skill and experience
▪Foreseeable hazards to the workers or others
▪Practical precautions which, will eliminate or minimize
hazards
▪The training needs of those involved
▪Monitoring systems to ensure precautions are implemented

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 Technical, Procedural and Behavioural Control

❖Technical Controls
➢Engineering controls or hardware controls.
GWG ➢Hazard controlled through design, hardware and/or
technological improvement.
➢Examples
▪Machinery guarding,
▪Various forms of fencing, and
▪Different types of ventilation

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 Technical, Procedural and Behavioural Control

❖Procedural Controls
➢Soft controls
GWG ➢Risk managed through system or procedure

❖Behavioural Controls
➢Aimed at improving people perception, understanding and
changing their attitude to behave safely
➢Training and Supervision

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 Developing Safe System of Work

❖Steps

GWG ▪Identification of the tasks and activities to be carried out

▪Identification of all hazards
▪Development of a plan

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 Analyzing Tasks, Identifying Hazards and Assessing
Risks

❖Hierarchical task analysis (HTA)

GWG ▪ Information collection
▪ Task Description
▪ Job Analysis
▪ Hierarchical diagram

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 Analyzing Tasks, Identifying Hazards and Assessing
Risks
❖Design task analysis (DTA)
▪ List the range of results to be achieved by the work being
GWG
examined
▪ Identify the activities that lead to the outcomes required.
▪ For each activity identify the tasks that will be done in this
activity.
▪ Determine the hazards likely to be encountered when
doing the activity.
▪ Develop the appropriate control measures, including
training requirements.

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 Analyzing Tasks, Identifying Hazards and Assessing
Risks
❖Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
GWG This process begins with an overview of the job in terms of:
▪ The job description
▪ Location
▪ Materials to be used
▪ Equipment and machinery involved
▪ The hazards and The risks
▪ Personal protective equipment
▪ Organization of the work
▪ Listing the tasks required

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 Introducing Controls and Formulating Procedures

❖ Documentation
GWG ✓Establishes a standard to be checked
✓Provides a basis for development of training
✓Should be clear, easy to follow and practical

❖ Document Control
✓Documentation to be monitored to ensure they aren’t
clumsy
✓Up-to-date, concise and relevant

❖ Standards

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 Instruction and Training in the Operation of the
System

❖ Competence
GWG
❖ Assistance
❖ Assessing Competence
❖ Instruction and Training

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 Monitoring the System

Monitor to ensure that

GWG ✓The safe working method is correctly followed and applied
✓The method is, in fact, safe

Review
▪At regular intervals
▪Introduction of new machinery
▪Changes in materials
▪Changes in working patterns
▪Modifications in process or equipment
▪After incident

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 Reasons for failure of SSoW

▪ Poorly written procedures

▪ The inadequate scope of procedures
GWG
▪ Inadequate training
▪ Abuse of procedures
▪ Poor recording, i.e. incorrect documentation of
activities
▪ Management failures i.e. lack of commitment, not
supplying funds, etc
▪ Lack of appropriate equipment, e.g. no guards on
machines

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 Confined Space - SSoW
❖Any space of an enclosed nature where there is a risk of
death or serious injury from hazardous substances or
GWG dangerous conditions.
❖ Hazards
▪Flammable substances and oxygen enrichment
▪Excessive heat
▪Toxic gas, fume or vapour
▪Oxygen deficiency
▪The ingress or presence of liquids
▪Free flowing solids
❖Examples
▪Storage tanks, Silos, Sewers, Ductwork, Poorly ventilated rooms
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 Controlling Risk of Working in Confined Spaces

➢ Avoiding the need for entry

GWG ➢ Developing a safe system of work
➢ Keeping an emergency system in place
➢ Provision of training

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 Controlling Risk of Working in Confined Spaces
SSoW for confined space will include:
▪ Supervision
GWG ▪ Competency
▪ Segregation
▪ Isolation
▪ Cleaning and ventilating the space
▪ Atmospheric testing
▪ Providing suitable access to space
▪ Lighting
▪ Use of PPE
▪ Communication
▪ Emergency / rescue procedures
▪ Suitability of individuals
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 Controlling Risk of Working in Confined Spaces
Information, Instruction, Training
▪ Likely causes of the crisis as indicated by the risk assessment
GWG ▪ What to do in the event of an emergency particularly
▪ Procedures relevant to local or site-wide emergencies
▪ Rescue equipment's
▪ First aid procedures
▪ Resuscitation technique including the use of equipment where
necessary
▪ Fire fighting provisions
▪ Means of liaison with the emergency services and what information
should be exchanged

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 Lone Working Safe System of Work

“Workers who are separated from their work colleagues”

GWG
➢Lack assistance if things go wrong
➢Communication with colleagues more difficult, i.e.
– out of eyesight
– out of earshot

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 Lone Working Safe System of Work
▪ Periodic visits from the supervisor
▪ Remote Supervision
GWG
▪ Logging worker’s locations
▪ Automatic warning devices
▪ Checks that the lone worker has returned safely home/to their
base
▪ Arrangements for first aid
▪ Emergency procedures
▪ Training for workers

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 Traveling Abroad Safe System of Work
Employers have a duty to workers whom they send to work abroad
and should consider:
GWG ▪ The health of the employee
▪ Suitable travel arrangements are in place
▪ The employee is suitably insured for any emergency
▪ There are appropriate financial arrangements
▪ That all accommodation and travel is arranged not just to and
from the airport but possible internal travel
▪ There are contingency plans in place
▪ There is a 24-hour contact available

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 End-of-Section Quiz
GWG
Identify factors that should be considered in order to help reduce
the risk of workers required to work alone

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 Unit IGC1: Element 3.9

GWG

Permit-To-Work Systems

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 Permit-to-work Systems

❖Meaning
A permit to work is a formal documented control process which
GWG takes account of all the foreseeable interactions between the
worker, the environment, and the associated hazards.

❖Purpose of Permit
▪Required for all high risk activities such as
✓Hot work
✓Confined space
✓Working at height
✓Pressurised systems
✓Maintenance work on plant and machinery
▪Gives permission for the work to be undertaken

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 Permit-to-work Systems
❖Elements of a Permit
▪ Authorisation
GWG ▪ Safety precautions
▪ Definition of the work to be undertaken
▪ Limitations
▪ Signatures
▪ Checks and precautions before work
▪ Tests and examinations after work
▪ Cancellation
▪ Copies
▪ Numbering

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 Operation and Application
Safety Precautions
▪Isolation of power supplies
GWG
▪Capping or blanking of pipe work
▪Shut down or lock off of process controls
▪Removal of flammable material
▪Provision of adequate air supply
▪Removal of plant, machinery, and equipment from service
▪Elimination of a product or other materials from lines,
containers, tanks, etc.
▪Position of warning notices
▪Provision of emergency procedures

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 Unit IGC1: Element 3.10

GWG

Emergency Preparedness and

Procedures

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 Need for Emergency Preparedness

▪ Why do we need them?

GWG ▪ Crisis management
▪ Characteristics of emergencies
▪ Identifying potential emergencies
▪ Specific legal requirements
▪ Proportionality
▪ Liaison with emergency services

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 Emergence Response Plan (ERP)

➢ Types of Plans
GWG ▪ Major Incident Plans
▪ Contingency Plans
▪ Recovery Plans
▪ Business Continuity Plans

➢ Documentation

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 Emergency Procedure Arrangements

▪ Why an emergency procedure is required

▪ Size and nature of potential accidents
GWG ▪ Procedures for raising the alarm
▪ Action of the employees on site
▪ Dealing with the media
▪ Arrangements for contacting emergency and rescue services
▪ Training and testing
▪ Communication
▪ Contact details

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 Unit IGC1: Element 3.11

GWG

First Aid in Workplace

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 First Aid Requirements

➢ Basic principle of first-aid is to keep the injured person alive until

GWG professional medical assistance arrives, sometimes called 'The 3 Ps':
✓ Preserve life
✓ Prevent deterioration
✓ Promote recovery
➢ Also provide treatment for minor injuries.

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 First Aid and First Aid Facilities
First Aiders
▪Number of first aiders depend on level of risk and number of
GWG workers
Selection
▪capable of coping with an emergency situation
▪ability to learn the skills
▪physical ability
Training
▪To undertake course approved by the appropriate Government
Appointed Persons
▪Sufficient training and capability to take charge of the situation

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 Assessing First Aid Requirements

▪ The general risk level of the workplace

▪ The hazards present in the workplace
GWG
▪ Accident history
▪ Vulnerable persons
▪ The number of workers
▪ Work patterns and shift systems
▪ Workplace location (geographic)
▪ The spread of the workplace

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 Requirement of First Aid Boxes

➢First aid kit

GWG
✓ easily accessible
✓ adequately stocked at all times
✓ maintained in a condition fit for use
✓ regular check

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 Maintaining Records and Providing Information
➢Requirements for a First Aid Record
▪The date, time and location of the incident
GWG ▪The name of the injured or ill person
▪The immediate cause of the injury or illness
▪The details of any treatment given
▪Actions taken after treatment
▪The name and signature of the treated person and the first aider
➢Information for the Employees
▪The location of the first aid equipment
▪First aid rooms or special equipment
▪First aiders and the appointed persons
▪How the first aid providers can be contacted, and
▪Any special procedures that must be used

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 Shift Work and Geographical Location Coverage
Shift Work Coverage
✓First aiders to be available during shift hours
GWG
Geographical Location
✓Arrangements for aerial evacuation
✓Communication
✓Provision of portable first aid kit

Multi-occupancy sites
✓Arrangements to share facilities

Absence of First Aider

✓Appointed personnel to take control of the situation

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 End-of-Section Quiz
GWG Outline what an organization should do in order to have an
effective first aid arrangement .

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