First Year

PRACTICAL PHONETICS
Part 1. Phonemes

Assignment 1. Study Theory Sheet 1. Memorize the definitions of all terms in

bold
(The purpose of the course is to help students to develop their own pronunciation
habits and to enable them to teach English pronunciation to others. The course is
based on studies of British Received Pronunciation (B.R.P. for short), which seems to
be easily understood throughout the English-speaking world).
THEORY SHEET 1
Phonetics is a science which deals with pronunciation and the phonetic structure of
a language. Phonetics studies speech sounds (phonemes), word stress, rhythm, tempo,
intonation, etc. The term Phonetics comes from the Greek word which means sound,
voice.
The speech sounds are called the phonemes.
PHONEME is the smallest language unit which exists in the speech of all people
community. There are 44 phonemes in English (26 letters).
VOWELS are voice sounds produced without any obstructions and having no noise
components.
CONSONANTS are sounds which have a noise component, because of different
obstructions formed during articulation (voiced, voiceless).
MONOPHTHONGS are vowels articulation of which is always unchanging (10).
DIPHTHONGS are produced, when the organs of speech glide from one vowel to
another within one syllable (nucleus and the glide) – (8).
DIPHTHONGOIDS are vowels the articulation of which is slightly changing but
the difference between the starting point and the end is not very distinct (2).
TRANSCRIPTION is a set of symbols representing speech sounds.
ALLOPHONE (a variant of a phoneme) is an actually pronounced speech sound:
eg. [k] coffee – aspirated, skate – unaspirated etc.
Organs of Speech
Active organs of speech: lips, tongue, soft palate, uvula, vocal cords.
Passive organs of speech: upper and lower teeth, alveolar ridge (alveoli), hard palate
Transcription symbols
Vowels Consonants
[I] as in pin [J] tree [m] my [r] red
[e] pen [eI] play [b] by [ ] you
[ ] pan [aI] time [p] pay [s] see
[ ] pot [ I] boy [n] no [z] zed
[ ] but [ ] town [d] do [v] verb
[ ] about [ ] home [t] too [f] fan
[ ] look [H] moon [g] go [ ] this
[ ] part [ ] hair [k] key [ ] thin
[ ] port [ ] tour [l] lay [ ] genre
[ ] girl [I ] here [ ] sing [ ] she
[w] win [ ] jug
[h] he [ ] chess
 VOWELS. Principles of Classification
VOWELS are voice sounds produced without any obstructions and having no noise
components.
On the articulatory level vowels differ:
1. in the stability of articulation однорідність/неоднорідність
артикуляції
2. in the tongue position позиція язика
3. in the lip position позиція губів
4. in the character of the vowel end яким чином закінчується
артикуляція голосного звуку
STABILITY OF ARTICULATION
Types:
MONOPHTHONGS are vowels articulation of which is always unchanging (10):
short [I], [e], [x], [A], [P], [V], [q];
long [R], [L], [E:].
DIPHTHONGS are produced, when the organs of speech glide from one vowel to
another within one syllable (nucleus and the glide)=8: [eI], [aI], [OI], [qV], [aV],
[Iq], [Fq], [Vq].
DIPHTHONGOIDS are vowels the articulation of which is glidly changing but the
difference between the starting point and the end is not very distinct. (2): [J], [H].

TONGUE POSITIONS
a) When the tongue is in the front part of the mouth and the front part of it is raised to
the hard palate a front vowel (голосний переднього ряду) is pronounced: [ ], [ ], [ ].
b) When the tongue is in the front part of the mouth but slightly retracted (відсунутий
назад), and the part of the tongue nearer to the centre than to the front is raised, a front-
retracted vowel (голосний переднього відсунутого назад ряду) is pronounced: [ ].
c) When the front of the tongue is raised towards the back part of the hard palate the
vowel is called central/mixed (голосний середнього/змішаного ряду): [ ], [ ], [ ].
d) When the tongue is in the back part of the mouth and the back of it is raised towards
the soft palate a back vowel (голосний заднього ряду) is pronounced: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
e) When the tongue is in the back part of the mouth but slightly advanced and the
central part of it is raised towards the front part of the soft palate a back-advanced
vowel (голосний заднього, просунутого вперед ряду) is pronounced: [ ].

●Moving up and down in the mouth various parts of the tongue may be raised to
different height towards the roof of the mouth (верхня частина ротової порожнини).
a) When the front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the palate the vowel
is called close (високого підйому): [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
b) When the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the mouth open
(низького підйому) vowels are pronounced: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
c) When the highest part of the tongue occupies the position intermediate between the
close and the open one, mid (середнього підйому) vowel is pronounced: [ ], [ ], [ ],
[]
To make the classification more precise точною (e.g.: [ ] and [ ] are both close
vowels, but for [ ] the front of the tongue is not so high in the mouth as for [ ]), it is
necessary to distinguish broad and narrow variants (широкий та вузький варіанти) of
close, mid and open vowels.
 Close vowels Narrow variant [ ], [ ]
Broad variant [ ], [ ]
Mid vowels Narrow variant [ ], [ ], [ ]
Broad variant [ ], [ ], [ ]
Open vowels Narrow variant [ ], [ ]
Broad variant [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]
LIP POSITION
When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are called unrounded (неокруглені):
[ ] [ ], [ ], [ ] [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
When the opening between the lips is more or less round the vowel is called
rounded (округлені): [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
NB: When the Ukrainian/Russian rounded vowels are pronounced the lips are
somewhat protruded (вип’ячені).

CHARACTER OF VOWEL END

The quality of all English monophthongs in the stressed position is strongly
affected by the following consonant of the same syllable. If a stressed vowel is followed
by a fortis voiceless consonant, it is cut off (відсікається) by it. In this case the end of
the vowel is strong and the vowel is called checked (усікнена=скорочена). Such
vowels are heard in stressed closed syllables ending in a strong voiceless consonant
(better, cart).
If a vowel is followed by a lenis voiced consonant or by no consonant at all, the end
of it is very weak. In this case the vowel is called free (вільна, повна) (before, money,
begger, bead).
NB: All Ukrainian/Russian vowels are free.

VOWEL LENGTH
Vowels can be pronounced during a longer or a shorter period.
a) short monophthongs: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
b) long monophthongs: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].
NB: The vowel [ ] is not included in the category of short vowels because of its
specific length.
In stressed position all English vowels are fully long when they are final (see, bar,
sore, fur, play, toy, fear).
They are almost as long as that when a lenis/weak voiced consonant follows them
(seed, arm, form, bird, big, bed, song, played, toys, fears).
They are considerably shorter before fortis/strong voiceless consonants (seat, lark,
look, first, bit, set, plate, voice, fierce).
In diphthongs variations of length affect mainly the nucleus, not the glide, like play
[ ] – plays [ ] – plate [ ].
All English vowels are longer when they are stressed, esp. primary stress (compare:
inform – uniform - granddaughter).
All English vowels are longer in the nuclear syllable: It is six o’clock now. They are
only six.
NB: In similar phonetic contexts (у схожому фонетичному оточенні) long vowels are
always longer than short ones (see – sin, calm – come, cord – cod).
 Consonants. Principles of Classification.
Consonant is a speech sound, in the production of which the organs of speech form an
obstruction to the stream of air in the mouth cavity or in the pharynx.
• It can be a narrowing or a complete obstruction.
• The organs of speech are tense only at the place of obstruction.
• The stream of air is strong.
• The vocal cords vibrate only in case of voiced consonants.
Sonants (дзвінкі приголосні звуки) / sonorants [m, n, ŋ, w, r, l, j] have features of
vowels and consonants.
• The air passage is rather wide.
• The air stream is rather weak.
• Tone prevails over noise.
• There is some obstruction to the air stream.
Principles of Classification of the English Consonants
according to the
• active organs of speech and the place of obstruction;
• manner of the production of noise and the type of obstruction;
• work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation;
• position of the soft palate.
According to the active organs of speech and the place of obstruction
 labial (губні);
 lingual (язичні);
 pharyngal (фарингальні).
Labial
- bilabial (губно-губні) are formed by two lips [p, b, m, w]
- labio-dental (губно-зубні): the upper teeth and the lower lip form a
narrowing through which the air stream passes with friction [f, v].
Lingual
• forelingual (передньоязичні): the obstruction is formed by the tip of the
tongue.
- interdental (міжзубні): the tip of the tongue is between the teeth) [θ,ð];
- alveolar (альвеолярні): the tip of the tongue is either held close or
pressed against the alveoli [t, d, n, l, s, z];
- post-alveolar (задньоальвеолярні): the tip of the tongue is held close or
pressed to the back of the alveoli [r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ,dʒ]
• media-lingual (середньоязичні): the central part of the tongue is raised to
the hard palate [j];
• backlingual (задньоязичні): the back part of the tongue and the soft palate
form a complete obstruction [k, g, ŋ]
Pharyngal
formed in the pharynx the walls of which are slightly contracted [h].
According to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction
 Occlusive (вибухові) – organs of speech form a complete obstruction:
- plosives (проривні): the obstruction is broken by the airstream [p,
b, t, d, k, g];
- nasal sonats (носові дзвінкі приголосні звуки): the airstream goes
through the nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ];
  Constrictive (змичні) – organs of speech form a narrowing:
- fricative consonants (фрикативні): the airstream passes with
audible friction [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h];
- sonants: without any audible friction [w, r, l, j]

 Affricates (африкати): organs of speech first form a complete obstruction which

is immediately replaced by a narrowing [tʃ, dʒ].
According to the work of the vocal cords
 voiced – vocal cords are brought together and vibrate;
 voiceless – vocal cords are kept apart and don’t vibrate.
According to the force of articulation
• Fortis (сильні): voiceless [p, t, k, tʃ, θ, s, ʃ, h];
• Lenis (слабкі): voiced [m, w, v, b, ð, d, z, n, l, r, j, g, dʒ, ŋ]
According to the position of the soft palate
• nasal (the soft palate is lowered and the air comes through the nasal cavity): [m,
n, ŋ];
• Oral (the soft palate is raised and the air goes through the mouth cavity).

Assignment 2. Study Theory Sheet 2. Memorize the definitions of all terms in

bold. Do the tasks in writing
THEORY SHEET 2
Aspiration
Aspiration is a little push of breath just after the explosion.
The strongest aspiration is
a) before long stressed vowel and diphthongs (pet, pack)
b) it is weaker before short or unstressed vowel ( polite)
No aspiration
a) before a consonant (please)
b) after sound [s] (speed)
Palatalization
Palatalization is a lifting of the front of the tongue to the hard palate during the
articulation of the phoneme.
In English only two consonants [S], [Z] can be palatalized. (she, genre)
In Russian: Мел-мель
Positional length of vowels
The length of long vowels varies according to the position of the vowel in a word
1) In the end of one syllable word the vowel is longer than before the
consonant
2) The vowel is longer before the voiced consonant than before the voiceless
one
peace – peas [pi:s – pi:z]
keep – keys [ki:p – ki:z]
No glottal stop
When the glottis is tightly closed and the air is sent up below it the glottal stop is
produced. It’s a mistake in English.
 Glottis is a part of the throat that contains the vocal cords and the narrow opening
between them.
Word-stress.
It can be defined as singling out of one or more syllables in a word, which is
accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and
quantitative characteristics of the sound, which is usually a vowel.
Most words of more than four syllables have two stresses (primary, secondary).
Secondary stress is manifested in polysyllabic words with the primary stress on the
3 or 4th syllable from the beginning (popularity, responsibility).
rd

Words with two primary stresses

1. Polysyllables with separable prefixes having a distinct meaning of their
own (unknown, nonsmoker, misprint). In everyday usage common words lose their
stress (unusual, impossible, mistake). Some of them are not used without these prefixes
(discourage).
2. Numerals 13-19.
3. Compound numerals (twenty-three).
4. Compound adjectives (well-known, kind-hearted). But when one
component is not really important we have only one stress (spring-like, oval-shaped).
5. Compound verbs (get up, give up).
fifty – fifteen ['fIftI – 'fIf'tJn]
Compound nouns
1. The usual rule: the first component has the main stress (reading-room,
raincoat, blackboard).
2. If the second component has two or more syllables it is partially stressed.
3. If both elements are equally important the noun possesses two primary
stresses.
gas-stove Gas-ring
Absent-mindedness Ice-cream
Tape-recorder Armchair
The stress helps to distinguish the part of speech of the word (export –to export;
progress-to progress).

Syllable division.
Syllable is the smallest language unit consisting of a sound sequence produced with
one push of breath. It may include one vowel or a combination of vowels and one or
more consonants. Syllable can be open (ending with a vowel) and closed (ending with a
consonant).
Peculiarities of syllable division in English Language.
A syllable may consist of a sonorant (l, m, n). [kItn], [mInt];
If two consonants appear together the boundary between the syllables is between
them [sis/tem];
Syllables with short stressed vowel are closed as a rule. [sIt/I], [pIt/I].

Assimilation
Assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one
of the sounds becomes fully or partially similar to the adjoining sound.

Types of Assimilation according to the

 • direction of assimilation;
• the place of obstruction and the active organ of speech;
• changes in the work of the vocal cords;
• changes in the lip position;
• manner of the noise production.
According to the direction of assimilation
Progressive assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds under the
influence of a preceding sound: pens, pencils, cats, desks.
Regressive assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds under the
influence of a following sound: in the, on the, at the.
Double assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds under the influence
of each other: twin, sandwich.
Task: Find and explain the cases of assimilation:
at the bottom of this page, at the desk, in the eleventh century, on the sofa, ten
bolls, this is the dog, that’s the doll.
According to the place of obstruction and the active organ of speech
[t, d, n, l] + [θ, ð]
When an interdental sound and [s] and[z] stand together false assimilation
appears (the seventeenth century, this is the cat).
According to the changes in the lip position
[t, d, k, g, s] + [w]
According to the changes in the work of the vocal cords
voiceless + voiced (take this)

According to the manner of the noise production

• nasal plosion
p, b, k, g, t, d + m, n
• lateral plosion
p, b, k, g, t, d + l
• fricative plosion
p, b, k, g, t, d + s, z
• loss of plosion

Nasal plosion (tn, dn)

At the junction of the plosive consonants [t, d, p, b, k, g] with the nasal sonorants
[m,n] the articulation of the sonorant starts when the articulation of the plosive
consonants is not yet finished. As a result of this, instead of removing the obstruction in
the mouth cavity, the air stream passes through the nasal cavity producing the effect of a
nasal plosion. This phenomenon is regarded as one of the cases of assimilation of
English consonants.
E.g. shouldn’t, wouldn’t. Send me a letter.
kitten ['kItn] mitten [mItn] beaten [bJtn]
Task: Transcribe the words and read them:
Eaten, beaten, kitten, mittens, didn’t, needn’t, beaten.
Task: Practise nasal plosion in connected speech.
I’m a language student. Susan’s my groupmate. She has a very good memory for
words.
 Meet my husband. We got married last year. I admire him for his kindness. He is
fond of pop music.
Lateral Plosion
At the junction of plosive consonants with the lateral sonorant [l] the plosion is
heard during the pronunciation of the sonorant as the air stream passes along the sides
of the tongue, lowered for the articulation of [l]. This is a case of assimilation known as
lateral plosion.
E.g. Kettle, standard-lamp. I don’t like it.
Task: Practise lateral plosion in connected speech. Write out the cases of lateral
plosion
Meggy is a good-looking girl. She’s a close relation of mine. She never complains
of hardships.
Mr Prestly is a middle-aged man. He isn’t married. He’s single.
The flat is comfortable and well-planned, but the kitchen gets very little sunshine.
We keep our clothes in the wardrobe. The clock hangs above the cupboard.
Loss of Plosion
When two plosives are in contact within a word or a word junction there’s a
complete loss of plosion of the first sound (the obstruction is removed and a plosion is
heard only after the second consonant (tt, tb, kg, pt, pb, pd, etc). This phenomenon is
known as loss of plosion.
E. g. blackboard, midday, that day, the second time. What kind of book is it?
In Russian plosives don’t loose their plosion (факт, пакт).

Task. Practise the following words and phrases observing loss of plosion.
doctor, architect, bookcase, actor, actress, September, act, accept, attempt,
weekday. Stop talking. Sit down. She’s married to Peter. You’d better do it today. Take
care, at that time , in that text , that day.

Labialization
A consonant standing before [w] is labialized. That is a case of regressive
assimilation.

twelve [twelv] quick [kwIk] dwarf [dwLf]

twenty ['twentI] swim [swIm] dwell [dwel]
twice [twaIs]
Task. Read the following poem, find the cases of labialization:
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
Like a diamond in the sky.

REDUCTION
Reduction is a historical process of weakening, shortening and disappearance
of vowels in unstressed syllables.
Types:
1. Quantitative = shortening of a vowel in the unstressed position: [hi:] – [hi]
2. Qualitative = change of vowels to [ , , ]: [k n] – [k n]
3. Omission = zero = omission of a vowel or consonant: there is – there’s.
Strong and Weak Forms
Notional words: nouns, adjectives, notional verbs, adverbs, numerals, interrogative and
demonstrative pronouns = strong form.
Functional=structural words: articles, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, auxiliary and
modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns = strong (- in isolation, - they are
logically the communicative centres of utterances) and weak forms.
Prepositions – strong form: - at the end of an intonation group (What are you looking
at?);
- at the end of a phrase before a pronoun (Have a look under it.)
Auxiliary and modal verbs – strong form: - at the beginning of general and alternative
questions (Can you bring it tomorrow?)
- at the end of an intonation group (Who has done it? – Mary has.)
- in contracted negative forms (I don’t know the answer.)
Strong Forms only: that (demonstrative), what, where, when, how, which, on, in, with,
then.
Task. Find reduced forms of vowels:
a lot people, in front of the carpet, this is a cat, seven kittens.
Task. Transcribe the words and word combinations; find the cases of assimilation, false
assimilation, and reduction.
1. A foreign language, the English phonetics, that difficult task, a clever answer, the
popular question, the philological faculty, twice a week, in the corner, a pure speech, an
appointment, the acquaintance, the eleventh lesson, a proud doctor, an experienced
teacher, a real professional, besides this theatre, try it again.

Linking [r]
Letter r is never read in the end except the case when the next word starts
with a vowel.
Task. Read the sentences. Mind linking [r].
The bags are in the desk.
There is a big cat on a mat.
I love my father and mother.
She wants to be a teacher or a DJ.

Revision Task. Read this special [h] story, mark stresses and tunes. Underline
the phonetic phenomena.
Hester is the head of the household. He is Hilda’s husband. He is hard of hearing.
His eyes are hazy. His hand is heavy. When Hester is hungry as a hunter he is hard.
Hilda is a housewife. She is the heart of the home. Her eyes are hazel. Her heart is
hot. She is helpful. Hester’s hobby is hunting. He has a horse. Hilda’s hobby is
housekeeping.
On holidays Hester hunts. After hunting, however, Hester hurries home. Hilda has
a hare he has bought beforehand. Hilda has to cook it. But first she serves him a hot-
dog, a herring and some ham. He eats it heartily. Hester and Hilda are happy. She serves
him.

Part 2. Intonation
Assignment 3
 Study Theory Sheet 3. Memorize the names of the tone units, their meanings and
functions. Do the tasks in writing
THEORY SHEET 3
Sentence Types
Declarative Imperative
Interrogative: Exclamatory
1) General Questions
2) Alternative Questions
3) Disjunctive Questions
4) Special Questions
Sentence Types
Simple (extended, unextended)
Composite (compound, complex)

Word Order
Subject Predicate
Object Adverbial modifier Attribute

Sentence Stress
Sentence Stress is a special prominence given to one or more words according to
their relative importance in a sentence.
We differenciate some types of sentence stress:
1) normal (affects content words which convey the necessary information to
the listener) e.g. We have plenty of \time.
2) logical (gives special prominence to a new element in a sentence)
e.g. We have plenty of \free "time.
3) emphatic (increases the effort of expression) e.g. We have plenty of `free
time.
INTONATION is a complex unity of speech melody, sentence stress (accent),
timbre, tempo, rhythm.
Intonation group = syntagm – is a unit which has at least 1 accented word caring a
change in pitch (Rise or Fall) and is generally complete from the point of view of
meaning.

Usage of Low Fall

Meaning: final, categorical, calm, serious, reserved, weighty
Low Fall is used in
1. statements (It is nice).
2. in special questions (What can I do for you?)
3. in exclamations ( What a garden!)
4. in imperatives (Come up to me.)

Kitty is busy.
Task. Read the sentences replacing the nouns with the ones in the brackets. Intone the
sentences.
1. 'this is e \desk ||
2. the 'tekst is \easy ||
3. 'tedI is \In ||
 Usage of Low Rise
Meaning: non-final, non-categorical, encouraging, wondering, questioning,
expressing interest, skeptical.
Low Rise is used in
1. General questions. (e.g. Is it an English word?)
2. Polite requests. (e.g. Will you give me a pen, please?)

Is Nick busy?
Read the sentences. Mind your intonation.
1. Is it a door? Are they friends? Is there a chair? Do you want coffee?
2. Come up please. Will you give me a pen please? Can you help me?

Logical Stress
You can stress any word you want in the sentence, even though it is usually
unstressed. That is the case of logical stress.
Task. Read the sentences, stress the words in italics:
Pass ME that red pencil.
Pass me THAT red pencil.
Pass me that red PENCIL.
PASS me that red pencil.
Pass me that RED pencil.
Task Read the sentences, concentrate on the words introducing new information:
She has a coat on.
She has a warm coat on.
She has a warm brown coat on.
She has a warm brown coat and a hat on.
She has a warm brown coat and a yellow hat on.
She has a warm brown coat and a nice yellow hat on.
Prepare model reading of the utterances. Don’t chop the words. Pay attention to
the logical stress.
'These are \benches. 'These are \white benches.
(glasses, pens, lamps, texts) (large glasses, red pens,
nice lamps, easy texts)
'These are \tables. 'These are \round tables.
(pictures, exercises) (good pictures, difficult exercises)

Task. Transcribe the sentences, mark stresses and tunes according to the
tomogram. Practise reading them.

1. Pass me the black pen, please.

2. Repeat the name, please.

3. Read this letter to Jack.

High Fall
 In comparison with Low Fall High Fall is more emotional. It shows greater interest
of the speaker.
Meaning: final, insistent, personally concerned.

Example: 'This 'pen is \bad, 'try `that one

What a nice day!

It is very far.

Intonation of enumeration
I would like to eat an "apple, a "banana, a "lime, a "melon and a \cherry!
Low Rise, Low Rise…Low Fall

Task. Read and transcribe the sentences:

I saw three trees, a road, and a railway station.
Harry brought an orange, a red dress and some fresh fruit.

Sentences with OR
Would you like a cup of "coffee or \tea?
I want to buy a "blouse or a \sweater.
Low Rise OR Low Fall

Task. Read and transcribe the sentences:

1. Would you like to buy a coat or a dress?
2. Do you like coffee or tea?
3. Is there a bus or a train?

Fall-Rise
Fall-Rise is a kind of emphatic tone, which can express strong feelings like
contradiction, uncertainty, warning, excuse, surprise, reproach, correction.
It can occur:
a) within one syllable:

Example: ˇNo
b) within 2 syllables:

Example: ˇSorry `That’s "right

Ex`cuse "me
c) within 2 syllables which can be separated by one or more unstressed syllables:

Example: ˇCertainly

Task 8. Practise Falling-Rising Tone.

1. The lecture is interesting. – ˇDull.
 2. He is a pupil. – ˇStudent.
3. The lesson begins in 5 minutes. – `Hurry "up.
4. Everybody is present. – `John is a"way.
5. Everybody can do it. – `I "can’t.

Excuse me, are you from Moscow?|

Certainly ||
.

Prepositions and Pronouns in the End of Intonation Group

Pronouns in the end of an intonation group are never stressed in English, but the
prepositions standing in front of them receive secondary stress.

Task 9. Read and intone the sentences:

Look at me.
My son is with me.
Put it in front of her.

luk ֽxt mi· (him, hE·, qs, Dqm, It) ||

Look at me (him, her us, them, it),

Disjunctive Questions
1. If the speaker is sure in what he is saying
Low Fall, Low Fall?
It is a pineapple, isn’t it?
2. If the speaker asks for information
It is a pineapple, isn’t it?
Low Fall, Low Rise?

High Rise
Meaning: non-final, questioning, expressing interest, suprise, asking for repetition.
High Rise is used
1. to show surprise. “She is in love with Tom”. “Tom!”
2. to reask. She answered “Yes”. “Yes!”
3. to ask to repeat. “His name is Allen”. “Allen?”
Affirmative and negative sentences pronounced with High Rise become
questions.
“Go home now”. – “Go home?”

Reading Material

1. aIm \hIq || – 'qV ||

hIz \DFq || – 'qV ||

2. It 'Iznt \bxd || 'nPt 'bxd ||

 3. hIz 'neImz tPmqs ||

'wPts hIz neIm ||

Rise-Fall
Meaning: what the speaker admits or denies is in conflict with his own or his
listener’s opinion.
Rise-Fall is a kind of emphatic tone, which expresses strong confidence,
impotence, surprise, bewilderment or shock.

Reading Material

1. Its ^terIbl | ^Iznt It ||

2. maI 'pen Iz \bxd ||

'traI q ^dIfqrqnt wAn ||

Level Tone
Level Tone in the end of an utterance means that the idea in the sentence is not
finished. It is usually used by the speaker when he doesn’t know what to say, hesitate,
formulate the idea in his mind or talk to himself.

Reading Material

1. John | is a'way on 'holiday.

2. As 'far as I can see | it’s im'possible.

Intonation of Address
1) When words of address accure in the beginning of a sentence, they usually
constitute the separate part of it and are pronounced with different intonation. We sound
formal if we pronounce the words with Low Fall, and we sound polite and friendly if we
use Low Rise.
e.g. \Children, listen to me.
"Mother, can I have an ice-cream?
2) If the words of address are in the end of the sentence they may be stressed or
unstressed. Usually they have secondary stress.
e.g. That’s all "right, darling.
Good \morning, Mrs. "Wood.
3) When the words of address are in the middle of the sentence they are half-
stressed or unstressed at all.
e.g. I \say, Mike, I’ve just had a letter from \Mary.
Task.
Transcribe and intone the following sentences.
 a) 1. 'Let’s 'sing a \song. – 'Sing a 'song? `Yes, | `let’s.
2. 'What’s the \day to.day? – 'What 'day? It’s `Sunday (Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday).
b) 1. 'George is a \student. He is a \good .student.
He is a \very .good .student.
'Jake is 'not a \good .student. He is 'not a \very good .student.

Assignment 4. Revision
Do the tasks in writing
1. Transcribe the following words.
world, found, pillow, whip, judging, lawn, during allow, punish, gather, hungry,
longing, longer, English! man, thinking, bank-note, quarterly, quickly, quotation,
furious, honestly, Zealand, walk
2. Read the following words.
thirsty, sport, tyre, dare, hate, list, mice, tram, star, sphere, turning, fury, next,
fever, serve, fire, myrtle, sky, myth, clock, wore, note, bush, dusty, tube
3. Check up in the dictionary the pronunciation of the following words which are
exceptions to general reading rules; learn their pronunciation.
southern, women, height, wolf, piano, halfpenny, handkerchief, foreign, soldier,
bourgeois
4. Choose the words in which [p], [t], [k] are pronounced with aspiration. Read
all the words.
Paul, cloud, skirt, pocket, pear, toothless, stool, poorly, spot, powerful, price, close,
cookery, talkative, basket, coins, poverty, palate, tent, pearl, twice, spoil, tale, spoonful
5. Transcribe and pronounce the following word combinations.
Mind the linking r.
after all for a moment
far away near it
never again father and mother
for instance brother and sister
for example
6. Ask special questions to the italicized words; begin your questions with the
interrogative words given in brackets. Mind the falling melody.
1. I have many friends in Moscow (where). 2. He has three daughters (how many).
3. Nick is with his grandmother at present (who ... with). 4. Bill is at home (who,
where). 5. It is my note-book (whose). 6. He is absent because he is ill (why). 7. These
are English text-books (what).
7. Write the tonograms of the following sentences.
'Is this 'fountain-pen "yours?
\Yes, | that’s \mine.
And 'are those 'news.papers "also yours?
\No, | they 'aren’t `mine. They are `hers.
Assignment 5
Study Reading rules. Memorize them. Give 2 examples of your own to each case
of pronunciation of a sound
Reading rules
е = [i:] – be, eve
ее = [i:] – see, fee, bee, keep

[е] – у закритих наголошених складах – pen, desk

e=
[i:] 1. у відкритих наголошених складах – we
2. у закритих наголошених складах перед голосною + буква е, що не
читається – Pete

[s] – на початку слова; в кінці слова після глухого приголосного – see,

send,nets
s=
[z] – в кінці слова після сонантів й голосних між двома голосними – bees,
pens, busy
ss - [s] – в кінці слова – mess
х – [ks] – next

а – [eI] – 1. у відкритих складах – а

2. у закритих наголошених складах перед приголосною + буква е, що не
читається – made, gate
Винятки: ate [et], many ['menI], any [enI]
ea – [J] – tea, dean
Винятки: deaf [def], guinea [gInI]
[T] – 1. у вмпадках на початку слова, крім займенників та інших службових
слів – thick, theft
2. в кінці слова – beneath, tenth
3. в средині слова негерманського похождення – method, symphany
th =
[D] – 1. між двома голосними – seethe, bathe
2. в службових словах та займенниках – these, this, the
ck – [k] – peck, check
ch – [C] – cheap, speech
Виняток: ache [eIk]
j – [G] – James, Jane
а – [x] – у закритих наголошених складах – mad, than

ai (перед – aim, main

ei приголосною) Виняток: said [sed]
– vein
Виняток: seize [si:z]
[eI]
ay (в кінці – day, gay
ey слова) – they, convey
Виняток: key [kJ]

[s] – перед e, i, у – face, cyder, cent, cite

c=
[k] – в інших випадках – cane, cake

[G] – перед е, i, у – age, giant, Egypt

g=
[g] – 1. перед іншими голосними і приголосними – game, gay, big, pigs
2. в деяких загальновживаних словах перед е, i, у – begin [bI'gIn],
 bigger [bIgq], eager [i:gq], geese [gi:s], get [get], gift [gIft], give
[gIv], tiger [taIgq], together [tq'geDq] и др.

gh – не читається перед [t] й наприкінці слова – eight, weigh

[aI] 1. у відкритих складах– my, die
2. у закритих наголошених складах перед приголосною + буква е, яка
не читається – five, type
Винятки: give [gIv], city ['sItI], pity ['pItI]
i, y =
[I] у закритих наголошених складах – big, myth
i = [aI] – перед nd – mind, bind
Виняток: wind [wind] ветер
i – [aI] – перед сполученням gh, що не читається – might, sigh
sc – [s] – перед e, i, у – scythe, scent
tch – [C] – fetch, match
у – [I] – в кінцевому ненаголошеному положенні – pity, penny
z – [z] – zed, seize
В англійській мові подвійні приголосні букви читаються як один приголосний звук –
bitten, mitten, penny.
ar – [R] – car, garden

ss – grass, class
Винятки: lass [lxs], ass [xs], mass [mxs]
sk – ask, basket
sp – grasp, rasp
st – mast, cast
a+ = [R]
ft – after, craft
lm – balm, calm (буква l не
lf – calf читається)
th – path, rather
n + приголосна – answer, dance, command
Винятки: land [lxnd], sand [sxnd], stand [stxnd]

ea – [e] – перед d, th, nt – feather, leather, dead, death, ready, read, lead! meant
Винятки: lead [li:d], read [ri:d], leader, reader
с – [k] – перед приголосними – clean, cry
rh – [r] – rhyme, rhythm
i – [aI] – перед ld – mild, child
-er – [q] – в ненаголошеній позиції – miner, together, river
у – [j] – напочатку слова чи складу – yes, yet
ie – [i:] – в деяких словах перед приголосними – field, piece
Винятки: friend [frend]
sh – [S] – sharp, shut

[P] – в закритих наголошених складах – pot, got, lot

Винятки: both [bqVT], don't [dqVnt], won't [wqVnt]
o=
[qV] – 1. у відкритих наголошених складах – go, no
2. в закритих наголошених складах перед приголосною + буква е,
що не читається – nose
 o – [A] – перед m, n, l, v, th – come, comfort, won, London, colour, glove, cover, mother,
brother
or – [L] – port, fork

[L] – перед r – board, roar

oa [qV] – у інших випадках – coat, boat
Виняток: broad [brLd]

– small, call
ll
Виняток: shall [Sxl]
a+ = [L]
lk – talk, stalk (буква l не читається)
l + приголосна – bald, false

о – [qV] – перед ld – old, cold

ng – [N] – наприкінці слова – sing, long
kn – [n] – know, knit, knight (буква k не читається)
[A] – cut, run
Виняток: truth [tru:T]
В закритих
u
наголошених складах
[V] – після губних приголосних – pull, bull, full
Виняток: but [bAt], pulse [pAls]

1. У відкритих
наголошених складах
2. В закритих
наголошених складах [H] – після букв l, r, j – blue, true, June
перед приголосною + u
буква е, що не [jH] – duty, pupil, student, cute
читається
[u:] – soon, noon
оо
[V] –перед [k] – book, look
[A] – double, country, young, cousin, trouble
оu
[u:] – you, group, rouble, soup
оu
au – [L] – перед сполученням gh, яке не читається – thought, bought, taught, caught
ou + r – [L] –four, your

[qV] – know, slow; shoulder, though

ow
оu [aV] – town, down; noun, south
Виняток: southern ['sADqn]
au – cause, because, clause Виняток: aunt [Rnt]
[L]
aw – thaw, saw

[H] – після букв l, r, j, ch – jewel, chew, blew, crew

ew
[jH] – new, few thaw, saw
ar – [L] – після [w] –warm, war, quarter
w [w] – не наприкінці слів и не в сполученні wr – wet, wit, wool
 [P] – wash, want
w+a
[x] – swam, wax

[w] – what, which, when, why

w+a
[h] – перед буквою о – who, whom, whose (буква о читається не за
правилом), whole
wr– [r] – write, wrong
ch– [k] в словах грецького походження – school, architect, mechanic
ai – [I] чи [q] – в ненаголошеномі положенні – fountain, mountain
sure– [Zq] – pleasure, measure, treasure (сполучення еа читається не за правилом)

er – her, verb, term

ir – fir, sir, third
– [E:]
ur – fur, turn
yr – myrtle
e + re – [Iq] – here, sphere
Виняток: were [wE:]
ea + r – [Iq] – clear, near
Слово year має дві вимови: [jE:] та [jIq]
ear + приголосна – [з:] – learn, earth
o + re – [L] – bore, more
-re – [q] – в ненаголошеному положенні в кінці слова – theatre, metre
ph – [f] – в словах грецького походження – photo, phonetics
re
a+ – [Fq] – care, Mary
r + гласная
Виняток: are [R]
ai + r – [Fq] – air, hair
[Fq] – bear, wear
ea + r
[Iq] – clear, fear
ее + r – [Iq] – steer, cheer
-or, -ar [q] – в останніх ненаголошених складах – monitor, debtor, actor, collar
Голосна наголошеного складу у слові читається коротко:
1. у трьоскладових словах, де наголос падає на перший склад: family, monitor, faculty,
register
2. у двоскладових словах з подвоєнною буквой r в корені слова: merry, marry, borrow,
narrow, mirror, hurry.
oy – boy, toy
– [OI]
oi – voice, noise
re [jVq] – pure, cure
u+ + голосна
r [Vq] – sure
oo + r – [Vq] – poor, moor
Винятки: floor [fL], door [dL]
i – fire, desire
+ re – [aIq]
y – tyre
ei – [i:] після букви с – ceiling, receive
h – [h] – high, hot, her
Винятки: hour ['aVq], honest ['PnIst], honour ['Pnq], forehead ['fPrId]
['aVq], – our, hour
Ненаголошені -ous– [qs] – curious, famous
 -ance– [qns] – annoyance, importance
-ture – [Cq] – picture, future
суфікси -(t)ion – [Sn] – attention, dictation
[Sn] – expression, impression
-(s)ion
[Zn] – occasion, decision
-dg – [G] – bridge, badge
wor – [wE:] – перед приголосною – work, worth
Буква b, що не читається – thumb, dumb, bomb, debtor

ng – [N] – наприкінці слова і перед суфіксами: -еr, -ing – long, nothing, singer, singing
ng – [Ng] – 1. перед приголосними – England, guage, angry
2. у ступенях порівняння прикметників – younger
nk / nc – [Nk] – ink, thank, uncle
qu – [kw] – quick, question, quite
ar – [L] – после w, qu – war, quarter
Список використаної літератури
1) Єрко О.К. Практична фонетика англійської мови: Навч.посібник.-К.:ТОВ «ВП
Логос», 2005. – 272с.
2) Матюшкина-Герке Е.И. Английский язык: учебник для первого курса
филологических факультетов университетов. – М., 1990.-523с.
3) Меркулова Е.М. Английский язык для студентов университетов. Ведении в
курс фонетики. – СПб.: Издательство Союз, 2000. – 144 с.
4) Соколова М.А. Практическая фонетика английского языка: Учебник для
студентов высших учебного заведений. – М.: Гуманитарный издательский центр
ВЛАДОС, 2001. – 384 с.
5) Янсон В.В.,Свистун Л.В., Богатырьова С.Т. Лежньов С.М. A Practical Guide for
learners of English: Навчальний посібник. – Київ: ТОВ «ВП Логос», 2000. – 363 с.
6) Jonathan Marks. English Pronunciation in Use. Elementary. – Cambridge
University Press. – 2007. – 166 p.