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COMMUNICATIONS: With The Increase in Trade and Manufacturing, Was Necessary To Find

This document summarizes key developments during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, including improved transportation methods like canals and railways, inventions that advanced manufacturing like the spinning jenny and power loom, and social reforms regarding education, treatment of prisoners, and support for the poor. It explains that as industry and trade increased, canals were built for transporting goods more cheaply than by road. The introduction of steam engines and railways in the early 19th century further accelerated the transportation of both goods and people. Over time, reforms sought to improve conditions for workers and the poor through education initiatives, more humane treatment in prisons, and revisions to poor laws.

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40 views

COMMUNICATIONS: With The Increase in Trade and Manufacturing, Was Necessary To Find

This document summarizes key developments during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, including improved transportation methods like canals and railways, inventions that advanced manufacturing like the spinning jenny and power loom, and social reforms regarding education, treatment of prisoners, and support for the poor. It explains that as industry and trade increased, canals were built for transporting goods more cheaply than by road. The introduction of steam engines and railways in the early 19th century further accelerated the transportation of both goods and people. Over time, reforms sought to improve conditions for workers and the poor through education initiatives, more humane treatment in prisons, and revisions to poor laws.

Uploaded by

janet
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMMUNICATIONS: with the increase in trade and manufacturing, was necessary to find

some means of conveying goods more cheaply and quickly tan by means of carts over the
rough, uneven roads. Canals were constructed all over the country, for it is much cheaper to
carry goods on barges than on carts.

 JOHN MACADAMS: “Macadam” is the method of constructing roads.


 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: it is the name of this period, which occurred during the
reign of George III, when the wars with Napoleon ere at their height. It was a
revolution or great change in the method of carrying on the business of the nation.
England had the control of the sea, and could send goods to the nations of Europe who
needed them very badly, as their industries were almost at a standstill.
 JAMES HARGREAVES: invented a machine which could spin 11 threads at a time. It was
called “spinning-jenny”
 RICHARD ARKWRIGHT: invented a new machine for spinning a firm thread called
“water-frame”
 SAMUEL CROMPTON: invented a machine called the “mule” for doing the work both of
the spinning-jenny and of the water-frame.
 EDMUND CARTWRIGHT: invented the “power-loom”, which enabled weaving to be
done very quickly.
 COTTON MANUFACTURES: are best carried on where the climate is moist, because the
fibres readily break in dry air. For this reason the home of the cotton industry is in
Lancashire, cotton lace is manufactures in Nottingham, because in the manufacture of
lace the threads are not pulled tightly, and hence can be made in a drier atmosphere.
 JAMES BRINDLEY: he constructed the first canal for the Duke of Bridgewater. It
connected the collieries with the towns of Liverpool and Manchester, and greatly
reduced the cost of carriage both of coal and goods.
 NAVVIES: gangs of men that moved from place to place digging canals, making roads,
and later on constructing embankments and tunnels for rail-ways. In the early days of
canal digging they were called “navigators” and the slang name “navvie” has passed to
labourers in generals.
 JOSIAH WEDGWOOD: improved the manufacture of earthenware. He attended to
every detail of manufacture, producing new designs, colour and glaze. Wedgwood
permitted work only of the best quality to leave his workshops.
 IRON: John Wilkinson was the first of the great “iron-maters”, he helped to build an
iron bridge and the first iron ship, and was himself buried in an iron coffin.

RAILWAYS AND CANALS:

The nineteenth century was called the AGE OF SCIENCE. The first real progress was made one
year before the Battle of Waterloo. A miner named GEORGE STEPHENSON invented an engine
which ran on metals very well. The Stockton and Darlington Railway was opened for traffic in
1825, five years later George Stephenson´s “Rocket” travelled on the line from Liverpool to
Manchester. It had some disadvantages, farmers believed that the smoke would kill their
cows, inn-keepers declared that the roads would be deserted and their trade ruined, etc, with
new inventions, many people strongly opposed the introduction of railways.

Between 1835 and 1850 nearly all the great railway lines were established. At first railway
travelling was dear, bus in 846 the CHEAP TRAINS ACT was passed. The companies soon found
that the third-class passengers paid better than the others, so they introduced third-class
carriages on all the trains.

A transit by railway is rapid and very useful for working classes who can easily travel from
place to place in search of better work and better pay. And the canals fell into disuse, except
for heavy goods or goods which don’t quickly spoil, etc.

STEAMSHIPS: the first steamer travelled took fourteen days to cross the Atlantic, while the
present day the great ocean liners cross to New York in less than five days. The first
steamboats were built of wood and then came the iron ships which enabled much larger
cargoes to be carried. At the present day huge vessels are built of steel with turbine engines,
electric light, electric motors, water-tight compartments, elaborate and costly state-rooms and
all the conveniences and comforts which the genius of man can well devise.

REFORMS: these changes and scientific discoveries have altered the lives of the people. John
Wesley appeared, who was a great preacher. He preached during George II and III reigns and
he marked effects on all who heard him. At this time many of clergymen of the Church of
England seemed to prefer hunting and enjoying life generally rather than teaching the people,
who were glad to listen to John Wesley. From Wesley and his friends sprang the religious body
now called Methodists.

Up to this time the Government had tried to make the people orderly and obedient by
punishing wrongdoers very severely. An English gentleman, John Howard, was made a prisoner
and after he was set free he determined to do something to improve the condition of the
English prisoners. Many people saw that cruel punishment didn’t make the criminals obedient
to the laws, so they tried to treat the prisoners better. Nowadays prisoners are taught trades,
so that when they come out of prison, they may find honest work ad need not go back to their
old habits.

EDUCATION: in 1781 Robert Raiks founded Sunday Schools, and for nearly a century the
educations of the children was carried on by the Church of England and other religious bodies.
The Government assisted these religious societies in 1833 by making grants of money for
education of children.

School were very few in number and children were badly taught, and, although the number of
schools increased, there were no great changes until the year 1870. In that year an able
statesman Mr. W. E. Forster carried through Parliament the “Elementary Education Act” which
compelled all children to go to school and good schools, called Board Schools, were built all
over the country wherever they were required. The act settled: schools free, compulsory. It
could be continued to the ages of 16 or 18.

THE POOR LAWS: these changes weren’t beneficial for everybody. The enclosure of the fields,
the introduction of machinery and the factory system all altered people´s lives. The war with
France too, brought great distress. English ships no longer carried all the goods for foreign
countries, and even farmers suffered. There were several harvests. Artists and agricultural
labourers, mill-workers and mines, and numbers of soldiers and sailors were thrown out of
work. In many places riots took place. Bands of men called LUDDITES went secretly from place
to place breaking the new factory machines and setting fire to the corn stacks.

Many plans were tried to improve this state of affairs: by the Reform Bills the working classes
were given a larger share in the government of the country; corn was allowed to come into
England without paying duty or tax; laws were made to help the workers in factories and
mines; and the laws which had been passes to help the poor – the Poor Laws – were altered
and improved.

Before Elizabeth´s death, the Poor Law was passed which provided that every parish should
look after its own poor, and men called overseers were appointed to see that this was done.
The people of the parish paid money for the work, the poor who could not work were helped,
the children were apprenticed to farmers and tradesmen, and the able-bodied were set to
work, while the rouge or sturdy beggar who would not work was put in the stock and whipped
and then put in a house of corrections.

It worked well until the Industrial Revolution. Instead of removing poverty, they encouraged
the lazy to depend on relief from the parish.

In 1948 the Poor Law was felt to be insufficient, and this act, had some changes which were
unsatisfactory and it was finally abolished. In its place came the National Assistance Act which,
together with compulsory insurance, founded the complete and shame-free scheme for
assistance and welfare in practice to-day

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