Stream Ciphers: PRG Security Defs
Stream Ciphers: PRG Security Defs
Stream ciphers
Dan
Boneh
n
Let
G:K
⟶
{0,1}
be
a
PRG
Goal:
define
what
it
means
that
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Boneh
StaHsHcal
Tests
Sta$s$cal
test
on
{0,1}n:
an
alg.
A
s.t.
A(x)
outputs
“0”
or
“1”
Examples:
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Boneh
StaHsHcal
Tests
More
examples:
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Boneh
Advantage
Let
G:K
⟶{0,1}n
be
a
PRG
and
A
a
stat.
test
on
{0,1}n
Define:
A
silly
example:
A(x)
=
0
⇒
AdvPRG
[A,G]
=
0
Dan
Boneh
Suppose
G:K
⟶{0,1}n
saHsfies
msb(G(k))
=
1
for
2/3
of
keys
in
K
Then
Dan
Boneh
Secure
PRGs:
crypto
definiHon
Def:
We
say
that
G:K
⟶{0,1}n
is
a
secure
PRG
if
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Boneh
Easy
fact:
a
secure
PRG
is
unpredictable
Define
staHsHcal
test
B
as:
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Boneh
Thm
(Yao’82):
an
unpredictable
PRG
is
secure
Let
G:K
⟶{0,1}n
be
PRG
“Thm”:
if
∀
i
∈
{0,
…
,
n-‐1}
PRG
G
is
unpredictable
at
pos.
i
then
G
is
a
secure
PRG.
If
next-‐bit
predictors
cannot
disHnguish
G
from
random
then
no
staHsHcal
test
can
!!
Dan
Boneh
Let
G:K
⟶{0,1}n
be
a
PRG
such
that
from
the
last
n/2
bits
of
G(k)
it
is
easy
to
compute
the
first
n/2
bits.
Is
G
predictable
for
some
i
∈
{0,
…
,
n-‐1}
?
Yes
No
More
Generally
Let
P1
and
P2
be
two
distribuHons
over
{0,1}n
R
Example:
a
PRG
is
secure
if
{
k
⟵K
:
G(k)
}
≈p
uniform({0,1}n)
Dan
Boneh
End
of
Segment
Dan Boneh