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Oral Communication
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Nature and Elements of
Communication
Oral Communication – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Nature and Elements of Communication
First Edition, 2020

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 G-11

Oral
Communication
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Nature and Elements of
Communication
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the (Oral Communication-Grade 11) Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on (Natures and Elements of Communication) !

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Oral Communication Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

(Nature and Elements of Communication) !

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation or enumeration of
topics.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to

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 process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Nature and Elements of Communication. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. It lays out the
fundamental knowledge for studying oral communication. It also features essential
information including the definition and nature of communication and the
rudiments of communicating across cultures. Also, the language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Nature and Elements of Communication
 Lesson 2 – Intercultural Communication

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explains the functions, nature and process of communication;
2. Differentiate the various models of communication;
3. Practice verbal and nonverbal communication during social interactions;
4. Reflect on your learning on the Fundamentals of Communication;
5. Define the Nature and Elements of Intercultural Communication;
6. Reflect on your learning about Intercultural Communication.

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 What I Know

Read the questions carefully and select the best answer. Write the letter of your
answer on the space provided.

__________1. It is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from

one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media and cultures.

a. process of communication
b. communication
c. functions of communication
d. models of communication

__________2. It is a function of communication that facilitates people’s expression of

their feelings and emotion.

a. control
b. social interaction
c. motivation
d. emotional expression

_________3. Communication functions to convey information.

a. Information dissemination
b. social interaction
c. motivation
d. emotional expression

_________4. It is the process of converting the message into words, actions, or

other forms that the speaker understands.

a. decoding
b. encoding
c. channel
d. message

_________5. It is the reactions or responses, or information provided by the

receiver.
a. decoding
b. encoding
c. channel
d. feedback

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Lesson
Fundamentals Of
1 Communication
Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information
from one person to another within and across the channels, contexts, media, media
and cultures. There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which
communication can be manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or an interview, a class recitation and
etc.

What’s In

The images above show communication, it’s either being a verbal and nonverbal
communication. Just explore yourself in knowing this subject!

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson will help the teacher to know what will be the
different strategies and approaches she will apply in order to
cater the needs of every learner for them to learn effectively.

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 What’s New

What is Communication?
 Communication is the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviours to express or exchange information or to express your
ideas, thoughts and feelings.
 It is a process of sending and receiving messages.
 It has two types the Verbal and Nonverbal Communication.

Nature of Communication
 Communication is a process.
 Communication occurs between two or more people- the speaker and
the receiver.
 Communication can be expressed through words or verbal, actions or
nonverbal or both at the same time.

Elements of Communication Barriers of Communication

 Speaker 1. Emotional Barriers
 Message 2. Use of Jargons
 Encoding 3. Lack of Confidence
 Channel 4. Noisy Environment
 Decoding
 Receiver
 Feedback
 Context
 Barrier

Models of Communication
 Shannon-Weaver Model
 Transaction Model

Functions of Communication
 Control
 Social Interaction
 Motivation
 Emotional Expression
 Information Dissemination

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 What is It

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information

from one person to another within and across the channels, contexts, media, media
and cultures. There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which
communication can be manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or an interview, a class recitation and
etc.

Elements of Communication
Communication is divided into elements which can help you understand
better the mechanics and process. Here are some elements;

 Speaker- the source of information

 Message- the information, ideas or thoughts conveyed the source or speaker
 Encoding- process of converting the message into words or actions, or other
forms that the speaker understands.
 Channel-the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal,
verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed.
 Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker
by the receiver.
 Receiver- the recipient of the message or someone who decodes the
message.
 Feedback- the reactions or response provided by the speaker.
 Context- an environment where communication takes place.
 Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication.

Process of Communication

Process of Communication Examples

The speaker generates the idea. Rico loves his English Teacher.
↓ ↓
The speaker encodes an idea and converts She thinks and finds ways on how she is
it into words or actions. going to tell her using their native language.

↓ ↓
The speaker transmits or sends the He tells her, ‘‘Ma’am, I love you since I first
message. saw you.’’

↓ ↓
The receiver gets the message. Ma’am hears of what Rico says.

↓ ↓
The receiver decodes or interprets the She tries to analyze what he means and she

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 message based on the context. feels so happy.
↓ ↓
The receiver provides feedback. She smiles at him and yawns because she is
also falling in love with him.

Models of Communication
 Shannon-Weaver Model
An illustration below is an example of Shannon- Weaver Model (1949)
depicts communication as a linear way or one way process consisting of five
elements: a source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message
into signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver
(decoder of message from the signal); and a destination.

This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in
the communication process: feedback, the speaker will not know whether
the receiver understands the message or not.

Information Transmitter Receiver

Source Channel Destination

Receive
Signal
Signal
Message
Message

Noise
Source
Figure 1: Shannon-Weaver model

 Transaction Model
Unlike the Shannon-Weaver model, which is a one way process, the
transaction model is a two way process with the inclusion of feedback as one
element.

Reference: Oral Com in Context by Philippe John Sipacio et.al.

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 As shown in Figure2, this model is more interactive. There is a
collaborative exchange of messages between communicators with the aim of
understanding each other. It also shows that a barrier, such as noise, may
interfere with the flow of communication.
Functions of Communication
 Control- Communication functions to control behavior.
 Social Interaction- Communication allows individuals to interact with
others.
 Motivation- Communication functions which motivates or encourages
people to live better.
 Emotional Expression- Communication function which facilitates people’s
expression.
 Information Dissemination- Communication functions to convey
information.

Verbal Communication and Nonverbal Communication

Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a
message. Using words to express ideas or information which can be easily
understood by a receiver is one of the best effective and successful forms of verbal
communication. In engaging verbal communication we must consider its type-
Appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness.

1. Appropriateness- a language should be appropriate to the environment or

occasion.

2. Brevity- speakers should use simple yet precise and powerful words. Avoid
using fillers and substantial expressions such as uhmm, ahh, uhh, I guess and etc.
because it gives confusion to the receiver.

3. Clarity- it is essential for a speaker to state his/her message and express his
feelings or ideas clearly because the meaning of words, feelings or ideas maybe
interpreted differently by a listener.

4. Ethics- words should be carefully chosen in consideration of gender, roles,

ethnicity, preferences, and status of a person you are talking to.

5. Vividness- use vivid and creative words to add color and spice of your message.

Nonverbal Communication refers to an interaction where behaviour is used to

convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not
expressed in words are considered as nonverbal communication. The examples of
nonverbal communication are stares, smiles, and yawns, tone of voice, movements,
and manners of walking, appearance, style and others.

Mastery for nonverbal communication is important for several reasons;

1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more
meaningful, truthful and relevant.

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2. It can communicate feelings and emotions, attitudes and perceptions without
saying a word.

3. It can sustain the attention listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.

4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.

5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.

6. It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.

7. It helps make your speech more dynamic

8. It can build a connection with listeners.

9. It makes you a credible speaker.

10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.

Barriers of Communication
One of the common problems why misunderstanding occurs and communication
breaks down it is because of Barriers of Communication. To become an effective
communicator, you should know and recognize some barriers that hinders in
communication process. These barriers are emotional barriers, use of jargons,
lack of confidence, noisy environment. Knowing these barriers will enable you to
control the situation, reset conditions and start again a new.
The table below shows barriers of communication with its corresponding examples
and solutions.

Barrier Example Solutions

Emotional You feel heartbroken Recognize this kind of emotions and

barriers because you fail in ask to your close friend to give you a
English. moment so that you can relax or calm.

You are a scientist Jargon refers to the set of specialized

discussing a certain vocabulary in a certain field. To avoid
Use of
weather phenomenon communication breakdown due to lack
Jargons
with your neighbour of clarity, adjust your language and use
who does not know simple words yet precise.
much about the topic.

You are asked to Develop self-confidence by joining

Lack of share something organizations where you can share and
Confidence about your day or develop interest. Look for opportunities in
weekend but you are your school or community that will help
hesitant because you you find your strengths and improve your
are shy. abilities.

Noisy You are having a Recognize that noise is a common barrier.

Environme conversation with Make some adjustments by asking

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 nt some friends when a someone to minimize the volume or by
song played loudly. looking for a quiet area where you can
resume the conversation.

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Understanding Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

There are two types of Communication; the verbal and nonverbal

communication. Verbal Communication is a process of sending and
receiving messages. It also considered as oral communication because you
speak out to send message; while, nonverbal communication is an
interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. In
communication, there are some ethics and rules to follow so that the flow of
communication process becomes effective.
ACITVITY:
Write T if the statement is TRUE and correct the statement if it is FALSE.
Underline the incorrect word/words and write the correct answer on the space
provided.

__________________1. Use of too many fillers can distract your listeners.

__________________2. When you communicate, say everything what you want to say.

__________________3. Effective use of nonverbal communication can strengthen your

message.

__________________4. To achieve clarity, we must use figurative language to add

spice in our message.

__________________5. Consider ethics in your speech at all times.

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 What I Have Learned

 Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or

information from one person to another within and across the
channels, contexts, media, media and cultures. There is a wide variety
of contexts and situations in which communication can be
manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation,
a group discussion, a meeting or an interview, a class recitation and
etc.
 Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are
used to relay a message. Using words to express ideas or information
which can be easily understood by a receiver is one of the best
effective and successful forms of verbal communication. In engaging
verbal communication we must consider its type- Appropriateness,
brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness.
 Nonverbal Communication refers to an interaction where behavior is
used to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses
that are not expressed in words are considered as nonverbal
communication. The examples of nonverbal communication are
stares, smiles, and yawns, tone of voice, movements, and manners of
walking, appearance, style and others.
 The Functions of Communication are Control which means to control
behavior; Social Interaction which allows individuals to interact with others;
Motivation which motivates or encourages people to live better; Emotional
Expression which facilitates people’s expression; and Information
Dissemination which conveys information.

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 What I Can Do

Let’s Reflect!
Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by completing
the chart below.

I thought…..
What were your
thoughts or ideas
about the
fundamentals of
communication
prior to the
discussion of this
lesson?

→
→
→

I learned that…..
What new or
additional ideas
you learn after
taking up this
lesson? How can
you apply that in
your lives?

→
→
→

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Mitch shares her personal problems to his friend, Mica. What functions of
communication does this statement belong?
a. control
b. emotional expression
c. social interaction
d. motivation

2. A class valedictorian delivers her inspiring message to her batch. What

functions of communication does this statement belong?
a. control
b. emotional expression
c. social interaction
d. motivation
3. Using too many fillers can strengthen the message of your speech.
a. true
b. not true
c. maybe
d. not sure
4. Considering ethics in your speech at all times is one of the best
communication processes.
a. true
b. not true
c. maybe
d. not sure
5. Gestures and style is an example of what type of Communication?
a. Verbal communication
b. Nonverbal communication
c. Models of communication
d. Process of communication

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6.

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 Additional Activities

Complete the semantic web below with a word or group of words relevant to
communication.

DEFINITION
BARRIERS

COMMUNICATION

MODELS PROCESS
ELEMENTS

Answer Key

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Assessment What's More What I Know
1. B 1. T 1. B
2. D 2. Say everything- 2. D
3. B choose what you 3. A
4. A want to say 4. B
5. B 3. T 5. D
4. Figurative
Language-the
same language
5. T

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Lesson
Intercultural
2 Communication
Intercultural Communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and
create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-toomey,
1999). It can flow sometimes smoothly and become very interesting for a cross-
cultural group. However, things may not go as planned when communication is
disrupted by cultural collisions.

What’s In

Key Takeaways

Clao kumusta
hola
hello bonjour Shallom Marhaba Ahoj

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson will help the teacher to know what will be the
different strategies and approaches she will apply in order to
cater the needs of every learner for them to learn effectively.

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 What’s New

Definition and Nature of Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and
create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-toomey,
1999).

For some scholars, intercultural communication pertains to communication

among people from different nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003). Still others
look at intercultural communication that is influenced by different
ethnicities, religions and sexual orientations.

Both interpretations show that intercultural communication shows that

intercultural communication takes place when people draw from their
cultural identity to understand values, prejudices, language, attitudes and
relationships (Gdykunst and Kim, 2003). Moreover, this facet of
communication can also be seen as a bargained understanding of human
experiences across diverse societies. Simply put, intercultural
communication is the sending and receiving messages across languages and
cultures.

The Developmental Model of Intercultural sensitivity

Stage 1→Stage 2→ Stage 3→ Stage 4→ Stage 5→ Stage 6

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Denial Defense Minimization Acceptance Adaptation Integration

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 What is It

The Developmental Model of Intercultural sensitivity

The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a
structure that explores how people experience cultural differences.
According to Bennet (2004), it has six stages. These are the following:
Stage 1: Denial. The individual does not recognize cultural differences.

An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“All cities are the same; they all have tall buildings, fast food chains, and
coffe shops.”

Stage 2: Defense. The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and

is intimated by then resulting in either a superior view on own culture or
unjustified high regard for the new on.

An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“This culture does not view life the way we do; our culture is certainly
better.”
“Their ways are better than my own; I wish I were one of them. ”

Stage 3: Minimization. Although individuals see cultural differences, they

bank more on the universality rather than on cultural differences.

An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“Once we see through the cultural differences, we really are just the same!”

Stage 4. Acceptance. The individual begins to appreciate important

cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values.

An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“These people and I have different values and experiences, and I think we
can learn from one another.”

Stage 5. Adaptation. The individual is very open to world views when

accepting new perspectives.

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An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“To address our issue, I have to adjust my approach to consider both my

own and my counterparts background.”

Stage6. Integration. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and

see themselves and their actions based on multifarious viewpoints.

An individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“I can look at things from the perspective of various cultures.”

Once you really understand these stages you can easily recognize
communication behaviors which differ from your own; take into an account
what can influence these types of behaviors; and try to analyse how
linguistic and cultural communities differ in terms of communication
behaviour and influencing factors (Allwood, 1985).

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Understanding Intercultural Communication

There are two ways you can understand a Binary Test specifically in TRUE or False
Test. First, Find the term that being defined in the sentence and look the negative
or positive word because that will serve you as a clue in answering the questions.
EXERCISE!
Write T before the number if the statement is TRUE and correct the statement if it
is FALSE. Underline the incorrect word/words and write the correct answer on the
space provided.
______________________1. A competent communicator is a person who is effective in
intercultural communication.
______________________2. Cultural Sensitivity matters in intercultural
communication.
______________________3. Intercultural Communicators occurs when there is
interaction and negotiation between and among individuals from different cultural
backgrounds.

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______________________ 4. Communication that exists between or among individuals
from different ethnic, religious and regional backgrounds and sexual orientations is
not considered as intercultural.
______________________5. Intercultural communication refers only to
communication that happens between or among individuals from different nations.

What I Have Learned

The Developmental Model of Intercultural sensitivity

Stage 1: Denial. The individual does not recognize cultural differences.
Stage 2: Defense. The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and
is intimated by then resulting in either a superior view on own culture or
unjustified high regard for the new on.
Stage 3: Minimization. Although individuals see cultural differences, they
bank more on the universality rather than on cultural differences.
Stage 4. Acceptance. The individual begins to appreciate important
cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values.
Stage 5. Adaptation. The individual is very open to world views when
accepting new perspectives.
Stage6. Integration. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and
see themselves and their actions based on multifarious viewpoints.

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 What I Can Do

Let’s Reflect!
Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by completing
the chart below.

I thought…..
What were your
thoughts or ideas
about intercultural
communication
prior to the
discussion of this
lesson?

→
→
→

I learned that…..
What new or
additional ideas
you learn after
taking up this
lesson? How can
you apply that in
your lives?

→
→
→

25
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is sending and receiving messages across languages and cultures.
a. Intercultural Communication
b. Oral Communication
c. Communication
d. Verbal Communication
2. It happens when individuals interact, negotiate and create meanings while
bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds.
a. Intercultural Communication
b. Oral Communication
c. Communication
d. Verbal Communication
3. In this model of Intercultural Communication it does not recognize cultural
differences.
a. Defense
b. Denial
c. Minimization
d. Integration
4. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their
actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
a. Defense
b. Denial
c. Minimization

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 d. Integration
5. “Marina and Marino have different cultures and we can apply it in our lives.”
What model of Intercultural Sensitivity does this statement belong?
a. Defense
b. Denial
c. Minimization
d. Acceptance

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 Additional Activities

Using a minimum of 250 words, write an essay discussing at least (2)

strategies employed by the company to ensure that the right messages on their
products and services are sent effectively across cultures and worldwide.

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 Answer Key

Assessment What's More

1. A
1. T
2. A
3. B 2. T

4. D
3. T
5. D
4. NOT-
CONSIDERED

5. ONLY-ALL

References

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]