CHAPTER (1)

VECTOR ANALYSIS
Scalar quantities:
The scalar quantity has only magnitude such as
temperature, time and energy…

Vector:
A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction
such as velocity, force and weight…

�𝑭⃗ = 𝒂
��𝑭⃗ 𝑭

𝑭 is the magnitude of the vector �𝑭⃗

�𝑭�⃗ is the unit vector of vector �𝑭⃗
𝒂
Unit vector:

Is a vector of magnitude equal to unity in the direction of

the main vector and is defined by:

�𝑭⃗
��𝑭⃗ =
𝒂
𝑭

Example:
��𝑭⃗ of the vector �𝑭⃗
Determine the unit vector 𝒂

  
F = 2x + 5 y + 6z

F
aˆ F = , F = (2) 2 + (5) 2 + (6) 2 = 4 + 25 + 36 = 65
F

2  5  6 
aˆ F = x+ y+ z
65 65 65
Vector addition and subtraction:
Graphically:
The sum of two vectors �𝑨 �⃗ is a vector �𝑪⃗ that
�⃗ and �𝑩
begins at the start of �𝑨
�⃗ and ends at the arrow of vector�𝑩 �⃗.

���⃗
𝑪 = �𝑨⃗ + �𝑩
�⃗
�𝑩
�⃗
�𝑨
�⃗
�𝑫
�⃗ = �𝑨⃗ − �𝑩 ��⃗
�⃗ −𝑩

If we express �𝑨
�⃗ and �𝑩
�⃗ in components as
  
A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z

  
B = Bx x + B y y + Bz z

  
A + B = ( Ax + B x ) x + ( A y + B y ) y + ( Az + B z ) z = C

  
A − B = ( Ax − B x ) x + ( A y − B y ) y + ( Az − B z ) z = D

  
C ( Ax + B x ) x + ( A y + B y ) y + ( Az + B z ) z
aˆ C = =
C ( Ax + B x ) 2 + ( A y + B y ) 2 + ( Az + B z ) 2
Position vector:
Is defined as the directed distance from the origin to a
coordinate point in space.
z

(x,y,z)

A
z
(0,0,0) y
x
A
y
x

��⃗𝑷 = 𝒂
𝑹 �𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝒚 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒛

Distant vector: z Q (x2,y2,z2)

Is defined as the directed distance (x1,y1,z1)

P

between two coordinate points in

space. y

�𝑹
�⃗𝑸 = �𝑹
�⃗𝑷 + �𝑹
�⃗𝑷𝑸 x

�𝑹
�⃗𝑷𝑸 = �𝑹
�⃗𝑸 − �𝑹
�⃗𝑷

�𝑹
�⃗𝑷𝑸 = 𝒂
�𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ) + 𝒂
�𝒚 (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝒂
�𝒛 (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )
 ��𝑹�⃗𝑷𝑸
𝒂

�𝒙 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ) + 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒚 (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝒂
�𝒛 (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )
=
�(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐

Vector multiplication:
i-A scalar times a vector:
If we multiply a vector by a scalar quantity
If

�𝑨⃗ = 𝒂
�𝒙 𝑨𝒙 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝑨𝒚 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝑨𝒛

Then

�⃗ = 𝒂
𝒎𝑨 �𝒙 (𝒎𝑨𝒙 ) + 𝒂
�𝒚 (𝒎𝑨𝒚 ) + 𝒂
�𝒛 (𝒎𝑨𝒛 )

𝟐 𝟐
�⃗� = �(𝒎𝑨𝒙 )𝟐 + �𝒎𝑨𝒚 � + �(𝒎𝑨𝒛 �
�𝒎𝑨

��⃗� = 𝒎�(𝑨𝒙 )𝟐 + �𝑨𝒚 �𝟐 + (𝑨𝒛 )𝟐 = 𝒎�𝑨

�𝒎𝑨 ��⃗�
 ii-Dot product (Scaler Product):
�𝑨
�⃗ . �𝑩
�⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

A
Where: 𝜽 is the smallest angle between �𝑨⃗ and �𝑩
�⃗

�⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ��⃗
−𝟏
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 � �
𝑨𝑩

�𝑨
�⃗ .𝑩
��⃗
Projection of �𝑩
�⃗ on �𝑨
�⃗ = 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑨
= �𝑩
�⃗. 𝒂
��𝑨�⃗

�𝑨
�⃗ .𝑩
��⃗
Projection of �𝑨
�⃗ on �𝑩
�⃗ = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑩
= �𝑨⃗. 𝒂
� �𝑩�⃗

�𝒙 . 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒂
�𝒙 . 𝒂
�𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒂
�𝒙 . 𝒂
�𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂
�𝒚 . 𝒂
�𝒛 = 𝟎

�⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ��⃗ = �𝒂
�𝒙 𝑨𝒙 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝑨𝒚 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝑨𝒛 �. �𝒂
�𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝑩𝒛 �

��⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ��⃗ = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛
Example:

  
A = 2 x + 3 y + 10 z

  
B = 3x + 5 y + 3z
Find the angle between �𝑨
�⃗ and �𝑩
�⃗

Solution:
�𝑨
�⃗ . �𝑩
�⃗
−𝟏
𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 � �
𝑨𝑩

A = 2 2 + 3 2 + 10 2 = 13

B = 32 + 5 2 + 32 = 43

A ⋅ B = 6 + 15 + 30 = 51

 51 
∴θ = cos −1  
 113 43 
 iii- Cross product (vector product):

�𝑨
�⃗ 𝒙 �𝑩
�⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂
�𝒏

Where: 𝜽 is the smallest angle between �𝑨

�⃗ and �𝑩
�⃗

A× B

�⃗ ��⃗
−𝟏 �𝑨 𝒙 𝑩�
𝜽= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 � �
𝑨𝑩

�𝒙 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒚 𝒂
�𝒛
�𝑨⃗ 𝒙 �𝑩
�⃗ = � 𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 �
𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛

�𝒂𝒙 𝒙 𝒂
�𝒙 = 𝟎,

�𝒙 𝒙 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒚 = 𝒂
�𝒛 ,

�𝒚 𝒙 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒛 = 𝒂
�𝒙 ,

�𝒛 𝒙 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒙 = 𝒂
�𝒚
 Coordinate Systems
i-Rectangular or Cartesian Coordinates (x,y,z):

x=0 is the equation of a plane parallel to y-z plane at x = 0

y=b is the equation of a plane parallel to x-z plane at y = b

z=0 is the equation of a plane parallel to x-y plane at z = 0

x=0

& is the equation of a straight line parallel to z-axis at (0,b,z)

y=b

x=0

& is the equation of a straight line parallel to y-axis at (0,y,0)

z=0
y=b

& is the equation of a straight line parallel to x-axis at (x,b,0)

z=0
Differential length
x dx h1 = 1

y dy h2 = 1

z dz h3 = 1

Differential Vector Area

����⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟑 = (𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙)𝒂
�𝒚

Differential Volume
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
Unit Vectors

�𝒙
𝒂

�𝒚
𝒂 are constant unit vectors

�𝒛
𝒂

ii- Cylindrical coordinates (rc ,𝝋 , z):

z
(rc,φ,z)

z
y
φ ẑ φˆ
rc
r̂c

𝒓𝟐𝒄 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋

𝒚 = 𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝋

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝝋 = 𝒚/𝒙
rc = constant a is the equation of a cylinder of radius a

𝝋 = constant 𝝋𝒐 is the equation of a plane making angle

𝝋𝒐 with the plane x-z plane

z = constant zo is the equation of a plane parallel to x-y

plane at z = zo

Differential length
rc drc h1 = 1

𝝋 rc d 𝝋 h2 = rc

z dz h3 = 1

����⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝒂�𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝒓𝒄 + 𝒂
�𝝋 𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝝋 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒅𝒛

Differential Vector Area

����⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟏 = (𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝝋 𝒅𝒛)𝒂
� 𝒓𝒄

����⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟐 = (𝒅𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝒛)𝒂
�𝝋

������⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟑 = (𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝝋 )𝒂
�𝒛
Differential Volume
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝒓𝒄 𝒅𝝋 𝒅𝒛

dS3

dS2
dl dz
P dS1

dφ
drc
r c dφ

x
 Unit Vectors

�𝒙 . 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒓𝒄 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋

�𝒓𝒄 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟗𝟎𝒐 − 𝝋) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋

�𝒚 . 𝒂
𝒂

�𝒛 . 𝒂
𝒂 � 𝒓𝒄 = 𝟎

�𝝋 . 𝒂
𝒂 � 𝒓𝒄 = 𝟎

� 𝒓𝒄 = 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋

�𝝋 = − 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋

�𝒛 = 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒛

�𝒓𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂
𝒂 �𝝋 are not constant unit vectors.
They are function of 𝝋, so they cannot be gotten outside
any integral with respect to 𝝋.
 Example: Find the vector directed:

1- from the point P car (5,10,3) to the point Q car (8,6,20)

2- from the point Bcy (5,30o,10) to point H cy (6,60o,20)

Solution:
PQ = ( 8 − 5 ) xˆ + ( 6 − 10 ) yˆ + ( 10 − 3 )zˆ
= 3 xˆ − 4 yˆ + 7 zˆ

Point B:
5 3
x1 = rc cos φ = 5 × cos 30 =
2
y1 = rc sin 30 = 5 × sin 30 = 2.5
z1 = 10
Point H:
1
x 2 = rc cos 60 = 6 × =3
2
6 3
y 2 = 6 ⋅ sin 60 = =3 3
2
z 2 = 20


∴ BH =  3 −
5 3
( )
 xˆ + 3 3 − 2.5 yˆ + (20 − 10 ) zˆ
2 

iii- Spherical Coordinates (rs, 𝜽, φ):

P(rs,θ,φ)
rs
θ
90-θ y

φ rc
x

𝒛 = 𝒓𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝒓𝟐𝒔 = 𝒓𝟐𝒄 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

rs = constant a is the equation of a sphere of radius a

𝜽 = constant 𝜽𝒐 is the equation of a cone of angle 𝜽𝒐

𝝋 = constant 𝝋𝒐 is the equation of a plane making angle

𝝋𝒐 with the plane x-z plane
Differential length
rs drs h1 = 1

𝜽 r s d𝜽 h2 = rs

𝝋 rs sin𝜽 d 𝝋 h3 = rs sin𝜽

�����⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝒂�𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝒓𝒔 + 𝒂
�𝜽 𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝜽 + 𝒂
�𝝋 𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝝋

Differential Vector Area

����⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟏 = �𝒓𝟐𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽𝒅𝝋 �𝒂
� 𝒓𝒔

����⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟐 = ( 𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝝋)𝒂
�𝜽

����⃗
𝒅𝒔𝟑 = (𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝜽 )𝒂
�𝝋

Differential Volume

𝒅𝒗 = 𝒓𝟐𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝜽𝒅𝝋

Unit Vectors

� 𝒓𝒔 = 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒂
� 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

= �𝒂
� 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 + 𝒂
� 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋�𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

� 𝒓𝒔 = 𝒂
𝒂 � 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 + 𝒂
� 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 + 𝒂
� 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

�𝜽 = 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒓𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

= �𝒂
� 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 + 𝒂
� 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋�𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒂
� 𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

�𝜽 = 𝒂
𝒂 � 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 + 𝒂
� 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 − 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

�𝝋 = − 𝒂
𝒂 �𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 + 𝒂
�𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋

�𝑬𝑭𝒊 − 𝑬𝑭𝒑 � (𝑬𝑭𝒏 − 𝑬𝒄 )

𝒑𝒑 = 𝒏𝒊 𝒆 𝑲𝑻 𝒆 𝑲𝑻

N A x M at [u] = N A x M at x 1.66054 x 10-24 gm

= 6.022 x 1023 M at x 1.66054 x 10-24 gm
Xmass of a
neutral carbon atom

𝒑𝒑
𝑬𝑭𝒑 = 𝑬𝑭𝒊 − 𝑲𝑻 𝒍𝒏 � �
𝒏𝒊
 𝒏=𝒑

Vector transformation
Any vector A is written in the 3 coordinates systems as follows:
A = Ax xˆ + A y yˆ + Az zˆ ⇒ cartisian
A = Arc rˆc + Aφ φˆ + A z ⇒ cylindrical
A = Ars rˆs + Aθ θˆ + Aφ φˆ ⇒ spherical

To get any component, we multiply the vector by the unit vector in the direction
of the required component:

A ⋅ xˆ = Ax
A ⋅ φˆ = A φ

Very important note: The vector components can be easily obtained as follows:
Ax = A ⋅ xˆ , A y = A ⋅ yˆ , Az = A ⋅ zˆ, Arc = Ar ⋅ rˆc
Aφ = A ⋅φˆ , Az = A ⋅ zˆ , Ars = A ⋅rˆs , Aθ = A.θˆ , Aφ = A ⋅ φˆ

a- Spherical to Cartesian:
U

rˆs ⋅ xˆ = sin θ cos φ , θˆ ⋅ xˆ = cos θ cos φ , φˆ ⋅ xˆ = − sin φ

rˆ ⋅ yˆ = sin θ sin φ , θˆ ⋅ yˆ = cos θ ⋅ sin φ , φˆ ⋅ yˆ = cos φ
s
rˆs ⋅ zˆ = cos θ , θˆ ⋅ zˆ = − sin θ , φˆ ⋅ zˆ = zero

b- Cylindrical to Cartesian:
U
 ∧
r̂c ⋅ x̂ = cos φ , φ ⋅ x̂ = − sin φ , ẑ ⋅ x̂ = zero
∧
r̂c ⋅ ŷ = sin φ , φ ⋅ ŷ = cos φ , ẑ ⋅ ŷ = zero
∧
r̂c ⋅ ẑ = zero , φ ⋅ ẑ = zero , ẑ ⋅ ẑ = 1
c- Spherical to Cylindrical:

r̂s ⋅ r̂c = sin θ, θˆ ⋅ r̂c = cos θ, φˆ ⋅ r̂c = Zero

r̂ ⋅ φˆ = Zero, θˆ ⋅ φˆ = Zero, φˆ ⋅ φˆ = 1
s

r̂s ⋅ ẑ = cos θ, θˆ ⋅ ẑ = − sin θ, φˆ ⋅ ẑ = zero

Transformation of a vector from a certain coordinate system to another:

Steps:
1- Write the vector expression in the new coordinate system (general
expression).
2- Evaluate the scalar projections into unit vector directions in the new vector
directions.
3- Change the variables from old to new coordinate system.

Example:

Transform the vector A = x 2 y xˆ + y 2 z yˆ + x 2 z zˆ into cylindrical coordinate.

Solution:
U

  
A = Arc rc + Aφ φ + Az z
    
Arc = A ⋅ rc = ( x 2 yx + y 2 zy + x 2 zz ) ⋅ rc
Arc = x 2 y cos φ + y 2 z sin φ + 0
 
Aφ = A ⋅ φ = − x 2 sin φ + y 2 z cos φ + 0
Az = A ⋅ zˆ = 0 + 0 + x 2 z
  
A = ( x 2 y cos φ + y 2 z sin φ )rc + (− x 2 y sin φ + y 2 z cos φ )φ + ( x 2 z ) z
put : x = rc cos φ , y = rc sin φ , z = z
  
∴ A = (rc3 cos 3 φ sin φ + rc sin 3 φ ) rc + (−rc3 cos 2 φ sin 2 φ + rc2 sin 2 φ cos φ ) φ + (rc2 cos 2 φ ⋅ z ) z

Example
Transform the vector A = rc rˆc + cos φ φˆ into:
1- Cartesian
2- Spherical
Solution:
i- Into Cartesian:
A = Ax xˆ + A y yˆ + Az zˆ
Ax = A ⋅ xˆ = (rc rˆc + cos φ φˆ) ⋅ xˆ = rc cos φ − cos φ sin φ
A = A ⋅ yˆ = (r rˆ + cos φφˆ) ⋅ yˆ = r sin φ + cos 2 φ
y c c c

Az = A ⋅ zˆ = 0
A = (rc cos φ − sin φ cos φ ) xˆ + (rc sin φ + cos 2 φ ) yˆ
 xy   x2 
A =  x − 2  xˆ +  y + 2  yˆ + 0 zˆ
 x + y2   x + y2 

x y
Note: cos φ =
U U , sin φ =
rc rc
xy xy
∴ sin φ cos φ = 2 = 2
rc x + y2

ii- Into spherical:

U

A = Ars rˆs + Aθ θˆ + Aφ φˆ
Ars = A ⋅ rˆs = (rc rˆc + cos φ φˆ). rˆs = rc sin φ
Aθ = A ⋅ θˆ = (rc rˆc + cos φ φˆ).θˆ = rc cos θ
Aφ = A ⋅ φˆ = (rc rˆc + cos φ φˆ).φˆ = cos φ
∴ A = (r sin θ ) rˆ + r cos θ θˆ + cos φ φˆ
c s c

= rs sin θ rˆs + rs sin θ cos θ θˆ + cos φ φˆ

2
 x
Note: = rs sin θ
cos φ
x = rs cos φ sin θ
y = rs sin θ sin φ
z = rs cos θ
Note:
Let the coordinate system be (uˆ1 , uˆ 2 , uˆ 3 ) and d l = h1 du1 uˆ1 + h2 du 2 uˆ 2 + h3 du 3 uˆ 3 :
d l = dx xˆ + dy yˆ + dz zˆ ⇒ cartisian
d l = dr rˆ + r dφ φˆ + dz zˆ ⇒ cylindrical
c c c

d l = drs rˆs + rs dθ θˆ + rs sin θ dφ φˆ ⇒ spherical

cartisian : h1 = h2 = h3 = 1
cylindrical : h1 = 1, h2 = rc , h3 = 1
spherical : h1 = 1, h2 = rs , h3 = rs sin θ

1 ∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
i- Grad operated on scalar : ∇V = uˆ1 + uˆ2 + uˆ3
h1 ∂u1 h2 ∂u2 h3 ∂u3

if : A = Au1uˆ1 + Au2uˆ2 + Au3uˆ3

1 ∂ ∂ ∂
ii- Div operated on vector : ∇ ⋅ A = [ [h2 h3 Au1 ] + [h1 h3 Au 2 + (h1 h2 Au 3 )]
h1 h2 h3 ∂u1 ∂u 2 ∂u 3

h 1 û 1 h 2 û 2 h 3 û 3
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
iii- Curl A = ∇ × A =
h 1 h 2 h 3 ∂u 1 ∂u 2 ∂u 3
h 1 A u1 h 2 A u2 h 3 A u3

Example:
U

Let D = 5rc rˆc + 10 sin θ φˆ + 20 z zˆ

Find ∇ ⋅ D , ∇ × D

Solution:
U

1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∇⋅D = 2
+ θ + 
rc  ∂rc
(5 r ) (10 sin ) ( 20 r z )
∂φ ∂z
c c

 1
∴∇ ⋅ D = [10rc + 0 + 20rc ] = 30
rc
rˆc rc φˆ zˆ
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇×D =
rc ∂rc ∂φ ∂z
5rc 10rc sin θ 20 z
 ∂    
  (20 z ) − ∂ (10rc sin θ ) rˆc − rc  ∂ (20 z ) − ∂ (5rc ) φˆ 
1   ∂φ ∂z   ∂rc ∂z  
∇×D =  
rc   ∂ ∂  
 + (10rc sin θ ) − (5rc ) zˆ 
  ∂rc ∂φ  