MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD - GE 104

Module 1 : Nature of Mathematics

Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World
Course Number : GE 104
Course Description : Nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical,
intellectual, and aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools in daily life.
The course begins with an introduction to the nature of mathematics as an exploration of
patterns (in nature and the invironment) and as an application of inductive and deductive
reasoning. By exploring these topics, students are encouraged to go beyond the typical
understanding of mathematics as merely a set of formulas but as a source of aesthetics in
patterns of nature, for example and a rich language in itself (and of science) governed by
logic and reasoning. The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics
provides a tool for understanding and dealing with various aspects of present day living,
such as managing personal finaces, making social choices, appreciating geometric
designs, understanding codes used in data transmission and security, and dividing limited
resources fairly. These aspects will provide opportunities for actually doing mathematics
in a broad range of exercises that bring out the various dimentions of mathematics as a
way of knowing, and test the students’ understanding and capacity.
Total Learning Time: 3 units (3 hours lecture per week)
Pre-requisites : None
(if there’s any)

Overview:
In this chapter, we will looking at patterns and regularities in the world, and how
mathematics comes into play, both in nature and in human endeavours. The human mind
is hardwired to recognize patterns. In mathematics, we can generate patterns by
performing one or several mathematical operations repeatedly. Suppose we choose the
number 3 as the first number, resulting in 8, which is our second number. Repeating this
process, we obtain 13, 18, 23, 28, … as the succeeding numbers that form our pattern. In
mathematics, we call these ordered lists of numbers a sequence. We will discuss the
importance of mathematical concepts and apply them in solving societal problems.
In addition, this chapter aims to introduce you to a mathematical way of thinking
that we can serve you in a wide variety of solutions.

Learning Outcomes:

After completing this course, the student must be able to:

1. Use integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
2. Apply integration to the evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force and
work.
3. Demonstrate the physical interpretation of the double and triple integral.

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Discussion:

The calculus is composed of two main parts: the differential calculus,

the subject of prior chapters, and the integral calculus, the subject of this
chapter. The mathematical operation of integration arises in two contexts.
One, as the opposite of differentiation – called antidifferentiation or
antiderivatives. The other, as the area under a graph of a function – “an area
under a curve!”. We briefly illustrate both as a preliminary
to their study.

Antidifferentiation is essentially synonymous with integration. If 3x2

is the derivative of x3, for example, then x3 is the antiderivative of 3x2. More
precisely, x3 + C, C a constant, is the antiderivative of 3x2. This follows as the
derivative of a constant is zero.

This is an important point! If the derivative of a function is, say, 3x2,

clearly the function must have x3 as its principal part. However, it could have
been f (x) = x3 + 5 (or any other constant than 5) as the derivative of any
constant is zero. Without other information, we must allow for the constant in
the antiderivative.

Introductory Example Antiderivative of 2x

What is the antiderivative of 2x?
Solution: Recall, f(x)=2x is the derivative of x2, so x2 +C is the antiderivative of 2x, C
being an arbitrary constant. Not all antiderivatives are as easily arrived at as 3x2 and 2x,
as shown previously. Systematic techniques for antidifferentiation (integration) are
developed in this and subsequent chapters.

Antiderivative as an Area Under a Curve

Next, we show the relation of the antiderivative to an area under a curve. The following
figure is a plot of f (x) = 3x2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 divided into two sections 0 ≤ x ≤ 1∕2 and
1∕2 ≤ x ≤ 1.

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD - GE 104

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

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Example Integration

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Initial Conditions

Indefinite integration results in a family of functions that only differ by a constant called
the constant of integration. In many applications, there are initial conditions that
determine
the integration constant. This is illustrated graphically as follows.

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Example: Integrals with Initial Conditions

Example : Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost with Initial Conditions

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INTEGRAL CALCULUS – THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM

In the previous section, areas under a curve, f(x), are approximated

using sums of rectangular areas – Riemann Sums. Smaller widths of
approximating rectangles virtually always yield better approximations to
areas. Carried to an extreme, as decreasing widths of the rectangles approach
zero, the approximating area approaches the actual area.
However, there is an alternate and elegant way to determine areas! An
integration is an amazing shortcut alternative to limiting Riemann Sums. If
f(x) is a non-negative function on an interval, then its integral on that interval
is the actual area under its graph; it is a definite integral. More generally,
removing the non-negative restriction on f(x), the definite integral is defined
as:

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 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD - GE 104

Example : Evaluating Definite Integrals

Example More on Evaluating Definite Integrals

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Geometrically, ∫ f (x)dx is an area bounded by y = f (x) on [a, b] and

the x-axis. positive value corresponds to a net area above the axis, while a
negative value indicates a net area below the axis as the following example

Example :Definite Integrals and Areas

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AREA BETWEEN INTERSECTING CURVES

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Example: Area Bounded by Curves

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Example: More on Area Bounded by Curves

Evaluation:

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In Exercises 1−24, Evaluate The Definite Integral.

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Additional Reading:
1. Integration Techniques
2. Definite Integrals
3. Application of Definite

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4. Others Application
5. Multiple Integrals as Volume

References:

1. The Calculus 7 by Louis Leithold, 1996

2. Differential and Integral Calculus by Clyde E. Love, Earl D. Rainville, 1981.
3. Calculus, Differential and Integral, Part II by Committee on Calculus 1962.
4. 3000 Solved Problems in Calculus (Schaum’s Outline Series) by Elliot Mendelson
1988

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