PREFACE

Praise us for the presence of Allah SWT who has given His grace and gifts to us so that
we have successfully completed this task about Compositional Semantics, Style is the basic
feature of any literary piece of writing. This gives uniqueness to every writer. Through one’s
style, s/he can convey more the message to the readers. This shows that what makes one
understandable and effective in expressing the message he/she wanted to convey would
depend on how he/she dresses up his/her thoughts. This paper aims to analyze Compositional
Semantics: semantics rules, anomaly, Metaphor, and Idiom. The analysis is made under the
aspects of semantics rules, anomaly, Metaphor, and Idiom syntactic levels. This research is
helpful in understanding the basic concepts, literal and hidden meanings of the Compositional
Semantics. May Allah SWT always good all our efforts. Ameen.

Lamongan, 29th of September, 2020

INTRODUCTION

A speaker of a language knows the meanings of those infinitely many sentences, and is able
to understand a sentence he/she hears for the first time. So, for semantics, there must also be
finite means for specifying the meanings of the infinite set of sentences of any natural
language. An explanation of the term ‘word’ is also in order: when talking about the
semantics, I use this term to refer to those morphosyntactic units whose denotation is
specified directly, not through the process of semantic composition. While these constituents
may have meanings in a lexical-semantic or etymological sense, these are not the kinds of
meanings that feed processes like focus and coordination. We thus have a problem if we want
to sustain the idea that focus and coordination in these structures are the same as found at
other places. These are the terminal nodes of the structure that is interpreted by the semantics,
and they do not as a rule coincide with morphological or syntactic words; the grammatical
structure that is being interpreted can extend below syntax to include, for example,
morphological structure, if meanings are assigned to morphemes that are interpreted
compositionally who argue for separation of the syntactic and morphological components
based on their formal properties alone, given the observation that compositional interpretation
exists in both syntax and morphology).
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Anomaly
Anomaly is an expression which does not follow semantics rules. Metaphor and Idiom are
considered as anomaly. The expressions which appear to follow the rules of syntax, but go
awry semantically, metaphor or nonliteral, indirect, but often creative meaning, and idioms,
where the meaning of an expression is unrelated to the meaning of parts is conventionally
understood.
The first two examples are no doubt very familiar, namely, the occurrence of conjunction and
disjunction errors in probability judgment. A conjunction error is said to occur if an individual judges
P(A ∩ B) > P(A) or P(A ∩ B) > P(B). A disjunction error is said to occur if an individual judges P(A ∪ B)
< P(A) or P(A ∪ B) < P(B).

Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a
student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also
participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Subjects were asked to rank order a series of
statements according to the likelihood that they were true.
2.2. Metaphor
We propose a method to learn metaphors as linear transformations in a vector space and find
that, across a variety of semantic domains, explicitly modeling metaphor improves the
resulting semantic representations.
Our goal is to learn accurate vector representations for unseen adjective-noun (AN) phrases,
where adjectives can take on metaphorical or literal senses. Our models build off the CDSM
framework of Baroni and Zamparelli (2010), as extended by Li et al. (2014). Each adjective a
is treated as a linear map from nouns to AN phrases:
p = Aan
where p is a vector for the phrase, n is a vector for the noun, and Aa is a matrix for the
adjective.
Our results show that, at least for AN pairs, the semantic structure of a source domain and its
mapping to a metaphorical target domain are available in the distributional statistics of
language itself. There may be no need, therefore, to invoke embodied experience to explain
the prevalence of metaphorical thought in adult language users. A lifetime of experience with
literal and metaphorical language may suffice.
2.3. Idioms
Phonological decomposition gives meanings to parts of words that do not have an
independent meaning. But units that lack an independent meaning do not have to be word
parts, they may be whole words or even larger syntactic constituents. This is the case with
idioms, which are complex syntactic expressions that receive meanings which are not
predictable from the meanings of their parts. The expression pull strings is idiomatic (it does
not involve the ordinary meanings of pull and strings), but the special meanings are assigned
to the constituent parts, and the expression as a whole is compositional its idiomatic meaning
is computed from the special meanings of the parts through ordinary compositional
semantics.
We do not expect phonological decomposition to apply to such an expression, since the
process does not apply to expressions that are already compositional.He kicked the bed and
then the bucket. (cannot mean: “he kicked the bed and then died). This follows because the
simulated denotation for kick in kick the bucket is not the same as the lexical meaning of the
verb kick. That is therefore an instance of zeugma, just like the ungrammatical black and
floorboards At the same time, the analysis does predict that coordination of idiom parts
should be possible if two idiomatic phrasesshare a word (provided that the coordinate
meaning is sensible). I have not found examples of this, but I haven’t found counterexamples
either. One reason for the paucity of data may be that the density of the space of syntactic
idioms.
 CONCLUSION
In the dissertation I have shown that natural language semantics needs to be able to interpret
arbitrary word parts in focus constructions, coordinate structures, and echo questions. e also
sketched an analysis of negative causation reports. Our formalization also readily accounts
for the possibility of anaphoric reference. We believe that the combination of the logic and
the syntax-semantics interface developed here is expressive enough to compositionally
handle temporal modification or distributivity analogously for negated and non-negated
constructions. For reasons of space, we have not included these analyses here. The consumer
advisory board, acting on information from hairdressers and dermatologists, are warning the
public to stay away from dandruff shampoos. Many dandruff shampoos tested were found to
have long-term damaging side-effects. Even though these products are clearly labelled, these
labels are often small and left unread.
 REFERENCES
1. Kutas Marta, Steven A, Hillyard, Gazzaniga SM. Processing of semantic Anomaly By Right and
Left Hemispheres of Commissurotomy Patients. USA
2. Shaw.R.Jhames, Anomaly and Quantificaation.
3. Carbonell G.Jaime, Metaphor – A Key to Extensible Semantic Analysis, Carnegie Mellon
University. .