PHYSICS FORMULA

Topic Phase-1

Rectilinear Motion
Projectile Motion & Vector
Relavitve Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Friction
Work, Power & Energy
Circular Motion
 RECTILINEAR MOTION

Average Velocity (in an interval) :

Total displacement r  ri
v av = v = <v> = = f
Total time taken t
Average Speed (in an interval)
Total distance travelled
Average Speed =
Total time taken
Instantaneous Velocity (at an instant) :

  r 
v inst = lim 
t  0  t 


Average acceleration (in an interval):

  
 v v f  vi
a av = =
t t
Instantaneous Acceleration (at an instant):

 dv  v 
 
a = = lim
dt t 0  t 
 

Graphs in Uniformly Accelerated Motion along a straight line

(a  0)
 x is a quadratic polynomial in terms of t. Hence x  t graph is a
parabola.
x
x
a<0
xi xi
a>0

t t
0 0
x-t graph
 v is a linear polynomial in terms of t. Hence vt graph is a straight line of
slope a.
v v
a
= slo
e u pe
op =
sl a
u
a is positive a is negative
t t
0 0
 v-t graph
 at graph is a horizontal line because a is constant.
a a
positive
acceleration
a
0
negative
acceleration
t a
0

a-t graph
Maxima & Minima
dy d  dy 
=0 &   < 0 at maximum
dx dx  dx 

dy d  dy 
and =0&   > 0 at minima.
dx dx  dx 
Equations of Motion (for constant acceleration)
(a) v = u + at
1 2 1 2 1 2
(b) s = ut + at s = vt  at xf = xi + ut + at
2 2 2
(c) v 2 = u2 + 2as
(u  v ) a
(d) s= t (e) sn = u + (2n  1)
2 2
For freely falling bodies : (u = 0)
(taking upward direction as positive)
(a) v = – gt
1 2 1 2 1 2
(b) s=– gt s = vt  gt hf = hi – gt
2 2 2
(c) v 2 = – 2gs
g
(d) sn = – (2n  1)
2

Page # 4
 PROJECTILE MOTION & VECTORS
2u sin 
Time of flight : T= g

u 2 sin 2
Horizontal range : R=
g

u 2 sin 2 
Maximum height : H=
2g
Trajectory equation (equation of path) :

gx 2 x
y = x tan  – 2 2 = x tan  (1 – )
2u cos  R
Projection on an inclined plane

y



Up the Incline Down the Incline

2u 2 sin  cos(    ) 2u 2 sin  cos(   )
Range
g cos 2 
g cos 2 

2u sin  2u sin 
Time of flight
g cos  g cos 
Angle of projection with
   
incline plane for maximum  
range 4 2 4 2
u2 u2
Maximum Range
g(1  sin  ) g(1  sin  )

RELATIVE MOTION
  
v AB ( velocity of A with respect to B )  v A  v B

  
a AB (acceleration of A with respect to B )  a A  aB

  
Relative motion along straight line - x BA  x B  x A
CROSSING RIVER
A boat or man in a river always moves in the direction of resultant velocity
of velocity of boat (or man) and velocity of river flow.

1. Shortest Time :

Velocity along the river, v x = v R.

Velocity perpendicular to the river, v f = v mR
2
The net speed is given by v m = v mR  v R2

2. Shortest Path :
velocity along the river, v x = 0
2
and velocity perpendicular to river v y = v mR  v R2

2
The net speed is given by v m = v mR  v R2

at an angle of 90º with the river direction.

velocity v y is used only to cross the river,
 d d
therefore time to cross the river, t = v = 2
y v mR  v R2
and velocity v x is zero, therefore, in this case the drift should be zero.
 v R – v mR sin  = 0 or v R = v mR sin 
 vR 
or  = sin–1  

 v mR 
RAIN PROBLEMS
  
v Rm = v R – v m or v Rm = v R2  v m
2

NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

1. From third law of motion
F AB  FBA

F AB = Force on A due to B

FBA = Force on B due to A

2. From second law of motion

dPx dPy dPz
Fx = = max Fy = = may Fz = = maz
dt dt dt

5. WEIGHING MACHINE :
A weighing machine does not measure the weight but measures the
force exerted by object on its upper surface.
 
6. SPRING FORCE F  kx
x is displacement of the free end from its natural length or deformation
of the spring where K = spring constant.
7. SPRING PROPERTY K ×  = constant
= Natural length of spring.

8. If spring is cut into two in the ratio m : n then spring constant is given
by
m n.
1 = ; 2 = k  = k 11 = k 22
mn mn
 1 1 1
For series combination of springs    .......
k eq k 1 k 2
For parallel combination of spring keq = k1 + k2 + k3 ............

9. SPRING BALANCE:
It does not measure the weight. t measures the force exerted by the
object at the hook.
Remember :
V1  V2
Vp =
2
a1  a2
aP =
2

(m 2  m1 )g
11. a
m1  m 2
2m1m2g
T
m1  m2

12. WEDGE CONSTRAINT:

Components of velocity along perpendicular direction to the contact

plane of the two objects is always equal if there is no deformations
and they remain in contact.
13. NEWTON’S LAW FOR A SYSTEM
   
Fext  m1a1  m2 a2  m3 a3  ......

Fext  Net external force on the system.
m 1, m 2, m 3 are the masses of the objects of the system and
  
a1,a2 ,a3 are the acceleration of the objects respectively..
14. NEWTON’S LAW FOR NON INERTIAL FRAME :
  
FRe al  FPseudo  ma
Net sum of real and pseudo force is taken in the resultant force.

a = Acceleration of the particle in the non inertial frame

FPseudo =  m a
Frame
(a) Inertial reference frame: Frame of reference moving with con-
stant velocity.
(b) Non-inertial reference frame: A frame of reference moving with
non-zero acceleration.

FRICTION
Friction force is of two types.
(a) Kinetic (b) Static

KINETIC FRICTION : f k = k N
The proportionality constant k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction
and its value depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact.
STATIC FRICTION :
It exists between the two surfaces when there is tendency of relative mo-
tion but no relative motion along the two contact surfaces.
This means static friction is a variable and self adjusting force.
However it has a maximum value called limiting friction.
f max = sN
0  f s  f smax
Friction

fstatic maximum
n
io
ct
f ri

s N  kN
ic
at
st

Applied Force
 WORK, POWER & ENERGY
WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE :
 
W= F . S
WORK DONE BY MULTIPLE FORCES
   
 F = F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + .....
 
W = [ F ] . S ...(i)
     
W = F 1 . S + F 2 . S + F 3 . S + .....
or W = W 1 + W 2 + W 3 + ..........
WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE
 
dW = F.ds
RELATION BETWEEN MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY
p2
K= and P = 2 m K ; P = linear momentum
2m
POTENTIAL ENERGY
U2 r2   r2  
U1
dU    r1
F dr i.e., U 2  U1    r1
F  dr  W

r  
U  
F  d r  W

CONSERVATIVE FORCES
U
F= –
r
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
W C + W NC + W PS = K
Modified Form of Work-Energy Theorem
W C = U
W NC + W PS = K + U
W NC + W PS = E
 POWER
The average power ( P or pav) delivered by an agent is given by P or
W
pav =
t
  
F  dS  dS  
P = F = F . v
dt dt

CIRCULAR MOTION
 2  1 
1. Average angular velocity  av = =
t 2  t1 t

d 
2. Instantaneous angular velocity  =
dt

 2  1 
3. Average angular acceleration  av = t  t =
2 1 t

d d
4. Instantaneous angular acceleration  =
=
dt d
  
5. Relation between speed and angular velocity  v = r and v    r
7. Tangential acceleration (rate of change of speed)
dV d dr
 at = =r = 
dt dt dt

v2
8. Radial or normal or centripetal acceleration  ar = = 2r
r
9. Total acceleration
   at
 a  a t  a r  a = (at2 + ar2)1/2 a
 v
O
      ar or a c P
Where a t    r and a r    v
10. Angular acceleration

 d 
  = (Non-uniform circular motion) W
dt ACotation
R

v2 mv 2   dy  2 
3/2
12. Radius of curvature R = =
a F 1    
dx
   
If y is a function of x. i.e. y = f(x)  R=
d2 y
dx 2
13. Normal reaction of road on a concave bridge
mv 2
 N = mg cos  +
r
O


V concave
mgcos bridge
mg

14. Normal reaction on a convex bridge

mv 2
 N = mg cos  –
r
N V

convex
 mgcos bridge

mg


15. Skidding of vehicle on a level road  v safe  gr

16. Skidding of an object on a rotating platform  max = g / r

 v2
17. Bending of cyclist  tan  =
rg
v2
18. Banking of road without friction  tan  =
rg

v2   tan 
19. 
Banking of road with friction 
rg 1   tan 
20. Maximum also minimum safe speed on a banked frictional road
1/ 2 1/ 2
 rg (   tan )   rg (tan   ) 
Vmax    Vmin   
 (1   tan  )   (1   tan ) 

21. Centrifugal force (pseudo force)  f = m2 r, acts outwards when the
particle itself is taken as a frame.

22. Effect of earths rotation on apparent weight  N = mg – mR2 cos2  ;

where  latitude at a place

23. Various quantities for a critical condition in a vertical loop at different

positions
C

O B
D
  P
N
A

×
(1) (2) (3)

Vmin  4gL Vmin  4gL Vmin  4gL

(for completing the circle) (for completing the circle) (for completing the circle)
24. Conical pendulum :

fixed pointor
suspension
O
/////////////


T cos  T L
h

r

mg

T cos  = mg
T sin  = m2 r

2
L cos 
 Time period = g
25. Relations amoung angular variables :
0  Initial ang. velocity  = 0 + t
d ,  or 

(Perpendicular
to plane of paper
r O directed outwards
 a for ACW rotation)
r

at or V

1 2
  Find angular velocity  = 0t + t
2
  Const. angular acceleration 2 = 02 + 2 
  Angular displacement