Introduction

UNIT - 1

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Definition of Automobile
• Automobile is a “Self Propelled
vehicle” generally driven by IC Engine
and it is used for transportation of
passengers & goods on ground – W. H.
Crouse.
• Examples : Car, Bus, Truck, Scooter etc.

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History

Invention of Wheel is
major milestone in
human history after fire

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Horse Carts

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 History – 1869 Captain Nicholas Cugnot
(French) build first Automobile

2.5mph (4.02 Kmph) in 15 minutes – 3 Wheeler

Steam Steering
1769 Cugnot Steamer in Piston's
HD.mp4

Steam
Generator

Rear Wheel /
Axle
Front Wheel 5
1801 – Richard threvithrick – Firs Steam
Carriage

Chimney TREVITHICK'S PUFFING DEVIL

ON TREVITHICK DAY 2017.mp4

Trevithick was born in 1771 in a

mining village in Cornwall,
England. He was a terrible
Steam student–his teachers thought he
Generator was a “disobedient, slow,
obstinate, [and] spoiled boy” who
would never amount to anything,
Wheels and in fact he was basically
illiterate his entire life–but he loved
Puffing DEVIL to tinker with tools and machines.6
1885 – Benz Motors in Germany developed
first Vehicle propelled with IC Engine

videoplayback.mp4

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…Contd
• 1897 – Mr. Foster from Crompton greaves,
borrowed first motor car in india
• 1901 - Mr. Jamshed Ji TATA was the first
INDIAN to own a motor car .

Sir Jamshed Ji TATA 8

Classification of Automobiles
• Purpose • Construction
• Passenger Carriers – Car, Bus • Single unit
• Goods Carriers - Trucks • Articulated – Eg. Trailers, Tractors
• Fuel Used • Drive
• Petrol • Left hand
• Diesel Gas • Right Hand
• Electric • Number of Wheels
• Steam – not in use • Two Wheeler
• Capacity • Three Wheeler
• HMV – Trucks, Buses • Four Wheeler
• LMV – Tempo, Jeeps • Body
• hatchback
• Sedan
• Convertibles
• Station Wagons - Vans
• Special Purpose Vehicles

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10
Engine
SI – Spark Ignition
CI – Compression Ignition
Two Stroke
Four Stroke

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Chassis & Other
important Parts

Vehicle BODY

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Chassis
• Main Supporting
Structure of vehicle
consist of almost all
major parts except
automobile body.

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Key component of Chassis is Frame
Frame Have 3 different types
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral Frame
3. Semi Integral Frame

Functions of Frame

• To support chassis components & body

• Withstand the static & dynamic load of different components
of chassis
• To withstand load of the body
• To carry load
• To withstand stresses caused due to uneven road conditions.
• To withstand force caused due to turning of the vehicles &
sudden braking or acceleration.
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 15

FRONT
REAR
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17
 Frame Cross Sections

Channel Section – Good Resistance to Bending

Box Section – Good Resistance to both bending
and torsion
Tubular Section – Good Resistance to torsion.
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Types of Chassis
• According to layout
• Conventional
• Forward
• Semi forward
• According to mounting of engine and transmission
• Engine at front
• Engine fitted in front but crosswise
• Engine fitted at the center of the chassis
• Engine fitted at the back

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According to mounting of
Component of Chassis
• Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive
• Front Engine Front Wheel Drive
• Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive
• All Wheel Drive

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 Conventional Chassis

Affects visibility
of driver

Engine is fitted in front of the driver cabin or driver seat such as in

cars.
Chassis portion can not be utilized for carrying passengers and
goods
Heavy Engine can be fitted, which can used to give more power
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Semi Forward Chassis

• Half portion of the engine is in the driver cabin & and remaining
half is outside the cabin such as in Tata trucks / Tempos

• In this arrangement a part of the chassis is utilized for carrying

extra passengers

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 Forward Chassis

• Complete engine is mounted inside the driver cabin, Driver seat

is just above the front wheel.

• More Boot Space Available as full utilization of chassis

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 Engine at front
• Conventionally the engines
are fitted at front & drive is
given to the wheels from the
“rear”
• Advantages
• Enough space is available for
luggage behind the rear seat
• The weight of vehicles is well
balance
• Increased efficiency of
cooling system
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Engine fitted in front but crosswise
• This front engine layout
requires very small space to
fit the engine. Hence, most
compact cars use this layout
which has very small space to
accommodate the engine.
• Design is more complicated
as compared to the
longitudinally placed engine.
This is because it does not
leave enough space for
accessories.

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 Engine is mounted at center
• Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
format can be considered the
original layout of automobiles.
• Drive is given to the rear.
• Equal Distribution of weight.
• Largest drawback of mid-engine
cars is restricted rear passenger
space;
• Consequently most mid-engine
vehicles are two-seat vehicles.
• The engine in effect pushes the
passenger compartment forward
towards the front axle (if engine is
behind driver).

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 Engine Fitted at back
• Flat floor is available since
long propeller shafts are
eliminated
• With elimination of
propeller shaft the center
of gravity lowered giving
stable driving
• Better adhesion on road
specially when climbing
hill

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Other important chassis types
• Tabular Space Frame
• Monocoque Frame
• Backbone Frame

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 Tubular Frame
• It is 3-dimensional design
• Tubular space frame chassis
employs dozens of circular
section tube, positions in
different directions to
provide mechanical strength
against force from anywhere.
• These tubes are welded &
forms a very complex
structure.
• For higher strength required
by sports cars, tubular space
frame chassis usually
incorporate a strong structure
under both doors. 29
Advantages & Dis advantages
• Very strong in any • Very complex , costly
direction (compared and time consuming to
with ladder chassis and be built.
Monocoque chassis of • It engages a lot of
the same weight) spaces rise the door seal
and result in difficult to
access to the cabin.
• Impossible for
robotized production.

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 Monocoque
• Monocoque is a one-piece
structure which defines overall
shape of the car. while ladder ,
tabular & backbone provide
only stress members
• Today 99% car produced in
this planet are made of steel
Monocoque chassis.
• Chassis are made by welding
of several pieces. (Spot
winding)
• Monocoque is made of steel 31
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Space-efficiency. • It is very heavy.
• Monocoque chassis • Impossible for small
benefit crash production volume production.
because it uses a lot of • In case of accidents
metal. whole structure become
• Cheap for mass obsolete.
production

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Back Bone Frame
• Similar to the body frame
design.
• It consist of a strong tubular
backbone (Usually
rectangular in C/s).
• A body is placed on the
structure.
• This type of chassis has been
used in numerous sports cars.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages
• The vulnerable parts of the • Manufacturing the
drive shaft are covered by a backbone chassis is more
thick tube. The whole complicated and more
system is extremely reliable. costly. However, the more
However, if a problem axles with all-wheel drive
occurs, repairs are more are needed, the cost
complicated. benefit turns in favor of
• The modular system enables backbone chassis.
configurations of 2-, 3-, 4-, • The backbone chassis is
5-, 6-, or 8-axle vehicles heavier for a given torsional
with various wheel bases. stiffness than a uni-body.
The chassis gives no
protection against side
impacts.

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Types of Vehicle
Layout
Or Chassis Layout

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Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive

Engine

Transmission

Drive Shaft
Clutch
Final Drive

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Front Engine Rear Wheel
Drive
• Most common type of layout.
• Engine Located at front and driving power is given
to rear wheels.
• Driving Power flows from engine to rear wheel
through various mechanical linkages.

37
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Better handling : - Accelerating force is applied to
the rear wheels, on which the down force increases,
due to load transfer in acceleration, making the rear
tires better able to take simultaneous acceleration
and curving than the front tires. ON DRY ROAD ONLY

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Even weight distribution
• The division of weight between the front and rear
wheels has a significant impact on a car's handling,
and it is much easier to get a 50/50 weight
distribution in a rear wheel drive car.
Steering radius
• As no complicated drive shaft joints are required at
the front wheels, it is possible to turn them further
than would be possible using front wheel drive,
resulting in a smaller steering radius.

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Less load at front axle
• The driving force is given at rear axle hence there is
no need to provide complex design on front axle.

Effective Cooling of the engine due to

exposure of cooling system to flowing air 40
Disadvantages
• Decreased interior space – This isn't an issue in a
vehicle with a ladder frame like a pickup truck,
where the space used by the drive line is unusable
for passengers or cargo. But in a passenger car,
rear wheel drive means: Less front leg room (the
transmission tunnel takes up a lot of space between
the driver and front passenger), less leg room for
center rear passengers (due to the tunnel needed
for the drive shaft), and sometimes less trunk
space (since there is also more hardware that must
be placed underneath the trunk).
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Less Inner space

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Increased weight
• The drive shaft, which connects the engine at the
front to the drive axle in the back, adds weight.
There is extra sheet metal to form the transmission
tunnel. A rear wheel drive car will weigh slightly
more than a comparable front wheel drive car, but
less than four wheel drive.

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Higher purchase price
• Due to the added cost of materials, rear wheel
drive is typically slightly more expensive to
purchase than a comparable front wheel drive
vehicle.
•.

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Front Engine Front Wheel Drive

Engine

Transmission

Final Drive

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Front Engine Front Wheel
Drive
• In this type the engine is
mounted on the front side
of the vehicle and the
driving power is given to
the front wheels only.
• The power flows from
engine to front axle.
• This type of arrangement
have additional sub type
i.e. front mounted cross
engine.
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Advantages
• Interior space:
• Since the powertrain is a single unit contained in the
engine compartment of the vehicle, there is no need
to devote interior space for a driveshaft tunnel or
rear differential, increasing the volume available for
passengers and cargo.
Engine
Inner
SPACE

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Better handling on slippery
surface
• Slippery-surface traction: placing the mass of the
drivetrain over the driven wheels
improves traction on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.

Improved drive train efficiency

• The direct connection between engine and
transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia
of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive
vehicle with a similar engine and transmission,
allowing greater fuel economy.
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disadvantages
• Less Turning Radius
• The drive shafts may limit the amount by which the
front wheels can turn, they are generally unable to
make the.
• More Weight on front results in rapid wear of
front tires.
• Front-wheel drive has worse acceleration than
rear-wheel drive, which is why most sporty and
race cars use rear-wheel drive.

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Steering FWD VS RWD VS
AWD

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FWD vs RWD vs AWD
• FWD vs RWD vs AWD_ Know How to Handle
Your Junk! - The Racing Line Ep. 9.mp4

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FWD VS RWD

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Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive

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54
Advantages
• Weight over rear wheels, increased traction while
accelerating.
• Front axle construction is simplified.
• Absence of propeller shaft results in decrease of
floor height.
• Engine components mounted at rear of rear axle
hence more space is available.

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Disadvantages
• Separate cooling mechanism is needed for
effective cooling of the engine as the engine is
mounted at rear.
• More load on rear side may result in overturning
(Over steer) of the vehicle.
• Longer linkages are required to operate clutch,
gears from driver.

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All wheel Drive

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 AWD or 4WD
The_Differences_Bet
ween_AWD_and_4W
D.mp4

The_Difference_Betwe
en_AWD_vs_4WD.mp
4

All wheels Always 4 wheels can be engaged

engaged. only in difficult terrain.
Safe and advantageous In normal condition power
over 4WD is given to rear wheels
only. 58
Advantages
• 4WD improves traction in dangerous driving
conditions, such as snow, ice, rocks, and other
scenarios that can make control difficult. By
engaging both sets of wheels, traction and control
improves.
• Additional weight contributes to better grip on the
road.
• 4WD is great for those who like off-roading.

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Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of 4WD is added cost for
purchase, maintenance, and fuel. The extra equipment
(differentials, transfer case, etc.) adds complexity and
weight to the vehicle, increasing initial market value,
tire wear, and the cost of repairs and maintenance.
• The added power and weight of 4WD and AWD
systems require more fuel, making them less efficient
than their 2WD counterparts.
• Added weight improves traction and control, but it also
increases the braking distance required to make a
complete stop. Lighter vehicles can avoid collision
easier than heavier vehicles.

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Materials in Automotive Design
• Requirement
• Light Weight
• Cost Effective
• Recyclable
• Safety – Capable of absorbing impact energy and
penetration resistance. So that during crash like
situation passengers may remain safe.
• Can be easily shaped by using manufacturing processes
like machining, forming or joining.

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History of Materials

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…Contd.

63
..Contd.

64
Common Materials

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Vehicle Specifications

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