Weft Knitting PDF
Weft Knitting PDF
Slide 1
Weft Knitting
Knitting has long been recognized as a leading method of forming fabrics for various end uses. This presentation introduces the two main methods
of knitting, weft and warp knitting, and then focuses entirely on weft knitting. Basic knitting machine elements, knitting actions, different loop
structures, single knit machines and fabrics, double knit machines and fabrics and V‐bed knitting are covered. Videos, animations, photographs,
schematics, diagrams and interactive exercises are utilized to provide a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of weft knitting and weft knit
fabrics.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 2
Types of Knitting
There are two types of knitting – weft knitting and warp knitting. In each type of knitting, textile yarns are formed into loops which are pulled
through other loops to form a fabric. Woven fabrics, on the other hand, are formed from straight yarns which are interlaced over and under one
another and, therefore, lack the stretch that loops give to a knitted fabric. In weft knitting, the yarns fed into the machine form loops across the
width of the fabric while in warp knitting, the yarns fed into the machine form loops along the fabric in a length‐wise direction. Weft knit fabrics
tend to have more width‐wise stretch and warp knit fabrics a more length‐wise stretch. The loops of yarn in knit fabrics act as hinges, giving the
fabric more flexibility, less stiffness and more stretch and recovery than is possible with woven fabrics. At the same time, knit fabrics will not be as
stable as woven fabrics, tending to lose their shape more readily.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 3
Weft and Warp Knitting
The yarn supply for weft knitting is in the form of yarn packages while the yarn supply for warp knitting is in the form of warp beams, hence the
term warp knitting. Two packages of yarn can be seen in this diagram feeding into a circular weft knitting machine. However, yarn packages can
also be fed into a weft knitting machine with flat, linear beds of needles. A typical weft knitting machine feeds a high number of yarns into a given
machine, unlike the two shown, thus yielding an increase in fabric production. Likewise, a warp knitting machine typically has multiple beams of
yarn feeding into it. Circular weft knitted fabric is rolled up as a collapsed tube, whereas most warp knit fabric is typically rolled up open width. In
general, warp knitting is faster than weft knitting.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 4
Courses Animation
As a circular weft knitting machine rotates, each package of yarn feeding into the knitting machine forms a separate row of loops in the fabric. As
seen in the simulation, each subsequent row begins before the previous one has been completed. Therefore, as the machine rotates, multiple rows
of loops are being formed, one after another. Once a circular weft knit machine makes a complete revolution, the number of rows of loops formed
during that revolution is equivalent to the number of yarn packages fed.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 5
Basics of Weft Knitting
The technical name for each row of loops is course. Part of the fabric construction is the number of courses per inch in the fabric. Notice that each
vertical column of loops has the technical name wale which is shaded green. Each wale is formed by a different knitting needle which knits that
wale throughout the length of the fabric. Another part of the fabric construction is the wales per inch in the fabric. Frequently a fabric is described
according to the number of courses per inch followed by the number of wales per inch. For example, a 24x28 fabric would contain 24 courses per
inch and 28 wales per inch. It is important to know that in a given course, adjacent loops are formed by the same yarn but by different needles. This
information is useful when analyzing fabric defects. Most, but not all, horizontally oriented defects are yarn related while most, but not all,
vertically oriented defects are needle related. Therefore yarn variations in thickness, twist, blend, color or tension are seen as horizontal lines in the
fabric. Needle damage such as a bent latch or a bent or broken hook are seen as vertical lines or streaks in the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 6
Weft Knitting Machine video
The initial focus of this presentation is single knit machines and fabrics which are a special category of weft knitting. A typical circular single knit
machine showing the yarns, knitting machine and the knitted fabric is shown in this video. The elements on a single knit machine are similar to the
elements on a double knit machine. A metal‐framed device called a creel holds the yarn packages. Each yarn is threaded through a feeding tube so
adjacent yarns will not entangle. The path from the yarn package to the knitting machine is long enough to allow time for the machine to stop in
case a yarn breaks and to allow time to establish consistent yarn tension levels. After exiting the feeding tubes, each yarn is fed into a yarn‐feeding
device which stores several coils of yarn around a small pulley and meters a certain amount of yarn to the knitting needles. There are typically
some lower stop motions that the yarn goes through before proceeding to the knitting needles. At the needles, the yarn is threaded through yarn
carriers which are located in close proximity to the needles. At this point, needles pick up the yarn and begin the knitting process. The fabric is
formed and then proceeds downward through a take‐down device and is finally taken up to form a fabric roll. After the prescribed amount of fabric
is knitted, it will be doffed, or taken off of the machine, and then go through any required dyeing and finishing processes. More specific information
related to these different knitting machine elements are contained in the next slides.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 7
Overhead Creel
There are various types of creels where the yarn packages are placed. The creel in this photograph is located on top of the knitting machine and is
called an overhead creel. The creel requires less space but makes it difficult for individual associates to lift heavy, large packages of yarn to such a
high position. Secondly, this type of creel allows shedding fibers from the yarns to drop onto the knitting needles which can create contamination
and defects in the fabric and even lead to needle damage. This type of creel is common in many knitting laboratories where space is at a premium.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 8
Side Creels
The most common type of creel used today is the side creel. Both circular‐ and rectangular‐ shaped side creels are shown in this photograph. This
type of creel requires less effort to load heavier packages, is easier to thread the yarn and eliminates the build‐up of shedding fibers on the knitting
needles. Proper placement of the yarn packages on the creel spindles aids in controlling yarn flow and tension. As yarn packages are placed in the
creel, they should be inspected for quality, correct yarn number and yarn lot. Packages of knitting yarn will have different characteristics than yarns
for weaving. Knitting yarns will typically require less strength and, therefore, will have less twist than yarns for weaving. This is due to lower yarn
tension levels in knitting compared to tension levels used in weaving. Also, knitting yarns are typically waxed in order to reduce yarn‐to‐needle
friction, leading to lower and more consistent yarn tension levels as well as a longer wear life for the needles.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 9
Isolated Room
Isolated rooms prevent fibers from one knitting machine contaminating other knitting machines and fabrics. Specialty and exotic fibers can be
knitted without fear of creating problems in other areas of the knitting facility. Machines running package‐dyed yarns can be separated from
machines running all white yarns. Some isolated rooms can be temperature and humidity controlled when needed.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 10
Yarn Path Video
The knitting machine in this video has a creel containing 36 packages of yarn. The 36 yarns are threaded through different eyelets and guides and
eventually distributed around the circumference of the knitting machine. Periodic observation of the yarn coming from the packages can prevent
package run‐out, variable unwinding tensions and other potential problems along the yarn path. The knitting needles rotate in a clockwise
direction. Below the knitting needles, the knitted fabric can be seen coming down in tubular form, collapsed into a flat tube and finally formed into
a fabric roll. Notice how the fabric rotates in the same direction as the rotation of the needles. Machine speeds are determined by the revolutions
per minute of the needle cylinder. If there are 36 yarn packages in the creel, one machine revolution produces 36 courses of single jersey fabric. If
one of the 36 yarns feeding into the machine breaks, it stops the knitting process. Of course this leads to a loss of production, lower knitting
efficiency and higher production costs. Therefore, yarn strength and evenness are important yarn quality characteristics.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 11
Yarn Storage Feeders Video
There are various methods of feeding yarn into the needles on a circular knitting machine. One common way, seen in the video, is to use a storage
feeder. It is designed to constantly store a given amount of yarn which is then pulled off the feeder by the action of the knitting needles. A plastic
ring, which is seen as black in this video, around the storage device controls the yarn tension as the yarn comes off the feeder wheel. The feeding
systems have stop motions designed to initiate machine stoppage when any difficulty occurs such as a tight or broken yarn. When these problems
occur, a red light located on the bottom of each feeder alerts the knitter as to where a problem exists. As the yarn supply gets low on the feeder, a
sensing device detects the need to wind more yarn. These types of feeders are used on many machines running jacquard designs where different
amounts of yarn are needed for different parts of the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 12
Tape Feeding System Video
Another common method of feeding yarns into the knitting elements is the tape feeding system. The tape feeding system in this video uses two
tapes. Each tape goes around a large pulley called a quality wheel. The quality wheel circumference can be enlarged to increase the speed of the
tape which increases the amount of yarn fed to the needles. The speed of the tape is also used to decrease the amount of yarn fed to the needles.
Each tape makes contact with a small pulley on which a few coils of yarn are wound. The frictional contact of the belt against the pulley controls
the yarn input at a particular feed. Since this machine has two tapes, there is a need to have yarns feeding at two different rates. More complex
knit designs may use for 3 or 4 tapes or even more. After leaving the small pulleys, each yarn goes through a stop motion device. While the yarn
passes through this device, the small metal lever remains in an up position. If the yarn breaks, the lever drops and causes the machine to stop. A
red light alerts the knitter which machine feed has stopped. These stop motion devices need to be kept clean of any fiber build‐up and constantly
maintained so that they work properly.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 13
Yarn Carriers Video
Once the yarn leaves the feeding system on the knitting machine, it then passes through yarn carriers. These devices are called yarn carriers
because they simply “carry” the yarn to the hook of the knitting needles. The carriers are positioned very close to the needle hooks to ensure the
yarn is properly positioned when the needles come by each feed. Notice that each yarn is picked up by the needles as the needles descend after
passing the carrier eyelet. When carriers are not set properly, a common defect called a drop stitch will occur. This results in a small hole in the
fabric where the yarn was not picked up by the needle. Some carriers have multiple holes for threading the yarn at different angles into the needles.
This may be used for plating, or placing, one type of yarn behind another type in the fabric. For example, a spandex yarn could be plated behind a
regular spun or filament yarn. Carriers must be checked routinely for any build‐up of fiber or fiber waste in the eyelets through which the yarn is
threaded. Such contamination can cause yarn tension to fluctuate. The carrier eyelets, typically made of ceramic, also must be inspected for wear
which can cause yarn abrasion, tension variations and excessively hairy yarn.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 14
Latch Needle
Once the yarns enter the needle area, the knitting action begins. The knitting needle is the workhorse of a knitting machine. The most common
type of needle used in weft knitting is called the latch needle. The needle hook is designed to capture the yarn and hold it during stitch formation.
There are various types of needles designed for different types of machines with specific patterning capability. Hook sizes and needle thicknesses
vary according to machine gauge which will be discussed shortly. The latch is held by a rivet, allowing it to swing open or closed depending on the
need to hold a loop of yarn or to discharge it. This discharge is called knock‐over. The latch has an oval‐shaped surface, or cup, etched at its end.
This allows the end of the latch to smoothly cover the end of the needle hook enabling loops of yarn to be pulled over the hook without damage.
Each needle has a stem leading to a butt. The needle butt comes in contact with a control or patterning device which controls the needle action
and the resulting knit design. Most weft knitting machines contain hundreds and even thousands of needles. Their wear‐life is typically from 4 to 8
months depending upon the type of yarn used, the knit design, and the machine speed.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 15
Needle Cylinder
The core of a circular weft knitting machine is the knitting cylinder as seen in this slide. The cylinder with various diameters enables the knitting of
different body sizes. Vertical slots called tricks are cut out around the cylinder. Individual needles are placed in each trick where they are free to
move up and down. Since the needles are located in the cylinder, they are referred to as cylinder needles. The number of needles per inch around
the cylinder is the machine cut or gauge. A low gauge machine has a low number of needles per inch. The needles are larger in size, and the yarn
used is typically coarser. Higher gauge machines have a high number of needles per inch. The needles are smaller in size, and the yarn used is
typically finer. Thus heavier, thicker fabrics tend to be knitted on lower gauge machines, while lighter, thinner fabrics tend to be knitted on higher
gauge machines.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 16
Needle Movement in Trick Video
This video shows how each needle is able to freely move up and down in its individual slot or trick. A mist of knitting oil is constantly sprayed on the
knitting elements in order to reduce friction and excessive wear. Machines running predominately spun yarn must be periodically cleaned in the
cylinder/needle area to prevent build up of fiber lint which can hinder needle movement.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 17
Machine Gauge
The machine gauge can be easily determined on this machine by counting the number of tricks or needles in a measured length of one inch.
Therefore, this machine has a gauge of 18, or 18 needles per inch. The machine gauge can also be calculated by dividing the total number of
needles by the circumference of the knitting cylinder.
The gauge of a circular weft knitting machine containing 1809 needles with a diameter of 32 inches is 18. This is calculated by dividing the total
number of needles which is 1809 by the circumference. The circumference is the diameter times pi or 32 times (3.14) which is 100.48. Therefore
1809 divided by 100.48 equals 18. The machine would have approximately 18 needles per inch around its cylinder. The answer is typically rounded
to the nearest whole number.
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Weft Knitting
Slide 18
Machine Gauge Question
What is the gauge of this circular weft knitting machine? Would a finer or coarser yarn most likely be run on this machine compared to the previous
18 gauge machine? The answer will be given on the next slide.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 19
Machine Gauge Answer
The answer is a 10 gauge machine. A coarser yarn would most likely be run on this machine compared to the previous 18 gauge machine. This is
due to the greater hook size of the 10 gauge needle and the added space between the needles which accommodate a thicker yarn.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 20
Yarn Count Range per Gauge
The gauge of a machine determines the range of yarn counts or yarn sizes that can be run on any given machine. The recommended yarn count
ranges for certain gauge machines are shown in this slide. Staying within these ranges increases the chances of running better quality fabric at a
higher knitting efficiency.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 21
Latch Needle Animation
The animation seen demonstrates the action of one individual latch needle, reinforcing the fact that each wale in a fabric is knitted by the same
needle. First the needle latch is opened and then closed by the yarn itself as successive loops are formed in a given wale. An actual machine will
have hundreds or thousands of needles following an identical path at each knitting feed. Remember that the needles will be rotating as the cylinder
rotates.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 22
Required Needle Movements
The sequence seen in this diagram is repeated at each feed on a jersey knitting machine. Between feeds, the needles are in the running position.
The running direction is from left to right. As the needles approach a knitting feed, each needle rises to the clearing position. At this point the old
loop is placed below the opened latch and new yarn is received in the needle hook as the needles proceed downward to pull the new loop of yarn
through the old loop. The releasing of the old loops of yarn as they slide over the closed latches and needle hooks is called knockover. At this point,
the new loop formed is pulled through the old loop and the needle descends to a level which determines the loop length or stitch length. Then the
needles move upward to the running position and move on to the next feed where the same action is repeated. Each feed begins a new course.
The courses are formed in a spiral configuration throughout the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 23
Latch Needle Activation
The diagram shows the needles following the sequence of movements seen on the previous slide. The needles rise so that the old loop opens the
latch, making the hook available to receive the next yarn that is fed into the knitting machine. As the needles go downward, the old loop closes the
latch allowing the loop of yarn to be pulled through it. This is knitting, successively forming loops of yarn and pulling those loops through previously
formed loops. The goal is to have all the loops of equal dimension meaning that the loop length or stitch length is set the same at each feed. If this
does not occur, barre, horizontal streaks or bars appears in the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 24
Multiple Latch Needle Animation
This animation shows how multiple needles knit side‐by‐side on the machine. In a running condition, the needles actually move laterally and are
not stationary as shown. The red yarn forms a course and different needles around the circumference of the machine form the loops in that course.
Each course contains the same yarn, but each wale contains different yarns which are formed by the same knitting needle. Knit structures are
formed progressively as course after course is knitted. A cohesive knitted loop structure is produced by a combination of the intermeshed needle
loops and yarn that passes from needle loop to needle loop.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 25
Cam System Animation
This animation focuses on the knitting needles as they move through the machine parts. Cam tracks create the up and down motion of the needles
shown on the previous slide. This is accomplished as the needle butts follow the raceway or path cut into each cam. Notice the opening and closing
of the latches. This area of the machine must be continuously lubricated with a fine mist of knitting oil in order to reduce friction which would lead
to needle and machine wear. The arrangement of cams seen is repeated at each feed on a jersey machine. The cylinder and needles rotate while
the cams are stationary. Machines of a given diameter are limited to the number of feeds they can have due to the space needed for each feed.
Many machines will have multiple cam tracks, whereas in this animation, only one is illustrated. With multiple cam tracks, the needles have
different positions of the needle butts along the needle stem. The adjustable stitch cam can be moved upward or downward to produce stitches of
various lengths.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 26
Cylinder Needles Action Video
This unique view is from the inside of the machine looking out. The needle action seen is repeated at each knitting feed. A new course of loops is
formed at each successive feed. As the knitting cylinder rotates, the number of courses per machine revolution is equivalent to the number of
feeds on the knitting machine. The video of the machine running highlights the rotation of the needle cylinder, the needles and the fabric tube
while the cams are stationary.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 27
Latch Needles Video
This video is from the outside of the knitting machine looking in. On single knitting machines, the fabric being knitted is visible as it comes off the
needles. This is not true when knitting double knit fabrics. Each of the yarns going into the needles must be under the same amount of tension if
the fabric is to be uniform in appearance and free of barre. A view of the needles while the machine is not running allows one to see the position of
each yarn loop on successive needles. As the machine is running at slow speed, one can see how each feed of yarn starts a new course and at each
feed the needles through the same pattern of movement. At this point,notice how one course is knitting a dyed yarn and how that course is
formed every revolution of the knitting machine. The distance between the consecutive dyed yarn courses is the amount of fabric produced during
each machine revolution. This is one way of forming horizontal stripes in a knit fabric. When stripes are formed in this manner, it is referred to as a
feeder stripe. To produce wider stripes multiple number of dyed yarns, one after the other must be fed. The width and pattern of the stripes is
limited to the number of feeds on the knitting machine. Wider stripes and more complex striped patterns are formed on engineered stripe
machines. These machines use special feeds to select different colors of yarn which feed in at various times and for various lengths of time.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 28
Cam System Video
The cam system can be seen in this video of a circular knitting machine, notice a line of needle butts approaching the cams on the machine. As the
knitting cylinder containing the needles rotates in slow motion, the needle butts follow the profile of the cam tracks. This causes the needles to
move upward and downward as they move from feed to feed on the knitting machine. Three feeds are shown on this machine. At each of these
feeds the cams, while interacting with the needle butts, create the necessary needle movement for proper stitch formation.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 29
Sinkers Video
This video shows the positioning of sinkers in a knitting machine. Between adjacent needles on this single knit machine there are flat metal devices
sitting up edge‐ways. These devices are called sinkers. The sinkers move forward to hold the fabric in place as the needles move upward during the
knitting action. As the needles move down to form the loop, the sinkers must move backwards, out of the way. Notice how the sinkers come in
contact with the fabric and hold it in place as the needles rise. This prevents the fabric from moving up or down with the needle movement.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 30
Sinkers Overview Video
An individual sinker is seen removed from the machine to reveal its shape. The slotted portion of the sinker is called the throat which is where the
fabric is held. The bottom portion of the sinker is called the butt. The butt follows a cam track similar to that which needles follow. The sinkers wear
and must be replaced routinely; similar to the replacement of needles.
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Weft Knitting
Slide 31
Standard Sinker Animation
The standard parts of a sinker are seen in this diagram. Not all sinkers are identical in shape, but all sinkers have these standard parts.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 32
Sinker – Terry Type Animation
The terry type sinker is specifically designed to work in a terry knitting machine. It has two throats or slots. The lower one holds down the fabric,
and the upper one assists in the formation of the terry loops. The incoming yarn is held by the upper throat. The height of the upper throat
determines the height of each terry loop placed on the technical back of the fabric. Meaning, terry loops are formed on the inside of the fabric.
Therefore this creates the necessity for the fabric to be turned inside out in order for loops to show on the consumer fabric face.
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Weft Knitting
Slide 33
Sinker Movement Diagram
This sequence of diagrams show the movement of each sinker relative to the movement of the knitting needles. As previously discussed, it is not
until the needles rise to receive yarn that the sinker moves forward (steps 1 and 2) to hold down the fabric. At knock‐over, or when the needle has
descended, the sinker has moved away from the fabric (steps 3 and 4).
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Weft Knitting
Slide 34
Sinker Animation
The animation of the sinker motions shows the close proximity of the sinkers to the needles while reinforcing previously discussed material. The
movement of the sinker is exaggerated to better understand its importance.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 35
4 Track Cam System Video
As previously mentioned, some machines have multiple cam tracks. This is a 4‐track machine with more design capability than a 2‐track machine. In
this view some cams have been removed from the machine cylinder which allows one to see different heights of needle butts. These different
needle butts would follow the different tracks in the cam system. Adjacent needles can be knitting differently relative to one another as their
respective butts follow different cam tracks on the machine.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 36
Pattern Wheel Needle Selection Video
On this knitting machine, pattern wheels are located at several knitting feeds. Each wheel is designed to control the action of the knitting needles
at that particular feed. Each pattern wheel has small slots or tricks around its circumference which aligns with the machine gauge or needles per
inch. Bits, which are small pieces of metal, are placed in the tricks at each wheel. The bits can be placed at three different heights, allowing the
needles to knit three different types of loops. A needle entering an empty trick in a wheel remains at miss height to form a miss stitch. A needle
supported by a low bit is lifted to form a tuck stitch, and a needle supported by a high bit is lifted to the clearing position in order to form a regular
knit loop. Look closely at the different feeds on this machine, there are some feeds where all the needles go up and at other feeds some of the
needles do not go all the way up. The needle elevation is controlled by the position of the bits in the pattern wheel. The pattern wheel shown
controls needle selection at feed 3. The needle butts come in contact with the bits in the pattern wheel which controls the height that the needles
are raised. Every other needle is raised to form a regular knit loop while the balance of the needles are raised to the tucking height to form tuck
stitches. The pattern wheel is a relatively cheap, simple device occupying little space. Alternative methods of needle selection with higher
productivity, less restrictive pattern areas, and quicker pattern‐changing capability have replaced the pattern wheel as the most used form of
pattern selection.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 37
Step Mini‐Jack System Video
This step mini‐jack machine has 36 jacks whose butts are aligned in a diagonal as can be seen. The jacks are connected to individual needles. By
controlling the movements of the jacks, needle selection can be controlled. Needle selection at each feed is controlled by a selector block which is a
stack of pins or selectors that can be pushed in, partially pusshed in, or not pushed in. Where a pin or selector is pushed in all the way, a miss stitch
is formed. Where a pin is partially pushed in, a tuck stitch is formed. Where a pin is not pushed in, a regular knit loop is formed. The positioning of
the pins is determined by using a template with punched holes. The template is placed over the selectors at each feed in order to properly position
them before knitting begins.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 38
Electronic Needle Selection for Pattern
Electro‐magnetic needle selection is available on many types of knitting machines. Needles can be programmed to knit different types of loops
without the physical setting of machine elements.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 39
Knitting Loops
There are three types of knit loops as seen in this diagram. Some fabrics have a combination of two or even three of the loop types. As might be
expected fabric properties change as different loop types are knitted. All the various shapes and sizes of loops are made by controlling the height
that a given needle is raised. Fabrics containing different types of loops will have one appearance on the technical face and another appearance on
the technical back. The technical face of a fabric is the side you see when observing a circular knitting machine. This is the outside of the fabric tube
as it comes off the knitting machine.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 40
Regular Knit Loops
As seen in the diagram on the left, regular knit loops are pulled from the back of the fabric to the face and are called face loops. This is the simplest
knit loop that can be formed and is the only loop type used in single jersey fabrics. In this single jersey diagram, the legs of the loops are most
visible on the face of the fabric. Therefore the face of a jersey fabric shows “v” shapes representing the legs of the knitted loops. The back of the
jersey fabric shows predominantly the crowns of the loops which appear to be small curls or crowns. A single jersey is defined as a fabric made up
of 100% face loops.
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Weft Knitting
Slide 41
Regular Knit Loop Animation
This animation highlights the differences between the face of the fabric, showing predominantly the legs of loops and the back, showing the
crowns of the loops.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 42
Latch Needle Activation
In review, a regular knit loop is formed in the following manner. Each needle rises to the clearing height with the current loop in the needle hook
area sliding down the needle stem to a position below the latch. Following this action, feeding and loop pulling causes the new loop to be passed
through the old loop. Knock‐over causes the old loop to be discarded from the needle. Therefore what was previously the new loop becomes an
old loop at the next knitting feed.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 43
Single Jersey Fabric
The single jersey fabric shown in this photograph is made with 18 singles English cotton count yarn produced on an 18 gauge machine. The
magnified fabric readily reveals the v‐shaped legs on the fabric face and the crowns on the fabric back.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 44
Single Jersey Needle Diagram
This sample shows the face of a single jersey fabric. Below the sample, the knit design is illustrated using diagrammatic notation. The vertical lines
represent needles, and in this particular diagram, each needle is knitting a regular knit loop. Therefore this is the notation for a single jersey design.
The number 1 on the left means the design repeats on every feed of the knitting machine. In other words, every feed is knitting regular knit loops.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 45
Single Jersey Fabric Properties
• Different appearance – face and back of fabric.
• Extensibility in width direction approximately twice length
extensibility.
• Curls.
• Runs.
• Unravels from both ends.
• Fabric thickness approximately two‐yarn diameters.
A single jersey fabric has specific physical attributes. Single jersey typically has approximately twice the stretch in the width direction compared to
the length direction. The fabric tends to curl on its edges and will run. Cut fabrics will unravel from both ends very easily. Fabric thickness is
approximately two‐yarn diameters. These are the properties expected in tee shirts, underwear, sport shirts, dress wear, technical fabric
applications and other garments using the jersey stitch.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 46
Tuck Loop Animation
Tuck loops are so called because two loops of yarn are held in the same needle hook, one which is tucked or placed behind the other. This creates
the look seen in this knit representation. In this diagram the blue yarn is tucked behind the green yarn. The green yarn has been held for two
knitting cycles and thus its legs are longer compared to the other knit loops. This lengthening of the legs produces a cell‐like opening in the fabric
which provides a unique texture and look.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 47
Tuck Loop Formation
The diagram indicates the needle movement necessary for forming tuck stitches. The major point is that the needles are not raised to the same
height as they would be if making a regular knit loop. The needle is only raised sufficiently to receive new yarn but is not raised enough for the old
loop to go below the latch. Therefore, when the needle descends, the latch will close on two knit loops. One knit loop will be “tucked” behind the
other. On the next knitting cycle the needle rises to its normal height and the two loops will be cast off together as the new loop is passed through
both the tuck and the old knit loop.
Up to four tuck loops can be formed before tension causes the yarn to rupture or needles to be damaged. The limit of consecutive tuck feeds is
affected by machine design, needle hook size, yarn count, yarn elasticity and fabric take‐down tension.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 48
Tuck Loop Formation Animation
The animation shows the partial raising of the needle and the formation of the tuck stitch as previously explained. Notice the old loop does not
drop below the latch. As new yarn is received, a new loop is formed as the needle goes downward, pulling the newly formed loop through the knit
and tuck loops. On the next knitting cycle, you see how the needle rises to its normal height, allowing both loops to clear the latch and then be cast
off together as the needle descends.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 49
Single Pique Fabric
A frequent use of tuck loops is in pique fabrics. Pique means to pierce or to form a hole or opening. Note the cellular texture in this single pique
fabric created by the tuck stitches. The majority of piques on the market are made in this manner.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 50
Single Pique Needle Diagram
As illustrated in this diagram, the single pique fabric design repeats on four knitting feeds. A 4‐raceway or 4‐track machine is required to make this
fabric. Two visible courses are shown for each design repeat. Feeds 1 and 3 are knitting all regular loops and feeds 2 and 4 are knitting tuck loops
on every other needle. This same sequence of knitting starts repeating itself on feed 5. Single pique is the most productive of all the types of pique
fabrics. This fabric was knitted on an 18 gauge machine using 18 single yarn. Many golf shirts are knitted with this design as well as ladies’
dresswear and other apparel.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 51
Double Pique Fabric
Double pique tends to be a heavier fabric. The textural difference of this fabric is due to the use of more tuck stitches compared to single pique.
The technical back is normally the design or selling face.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 52
Double Pique Needle Diagram
The double pique shown in this diagram needs 4 feeds for a pattern repeat. Notice that the fabric contains tuck stitches on every feed in the 4‐feed
repeat, alternating differently on feeds 1 and 2 compared to feeds 3 and 4. On feeds 1 and 2, two tuck feeds knit on each needle before the needle
clears the loops. Likewise on feeds 3 and 4 two tuck feeds knit on each needle before the needle clears the loops. This same sequence occurs on
every four feeds around the knitting machine. This is the slowest producer of the piques due to the absence of any jersey feeds.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 53
6 Feed Pique Fabric
There is a slight difference in the appearance of this 6 feed pique fabric compared to the double pique. This is a more stable fabric than the double
pique and has slightly more texture than a single pique.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 54
6 Feed Pique Needle Diagram
The needle diagram for a 6 feed pique repeats on 6 feeds and knits at a lower productivity. Tuck stitches are on feeds 2 and 3 and also feeds 5 and
6. The regular knit loops on feeds 1 and 4 make this a more stable fabric than the double pique.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 55
Float Loop Animation
The float stitch or loop is often referred to as a miss, skip or slip stitch. In this representation of the float loop, both the technical back and the
technical face are shown. Notice that a portion of the blue yarn is not formed into a loop but left straight because the needle was not raised to pick
up the yarn. Since no yarn was picked up by the needle, no loop was formed because the yarn was missing when the needle went through its
knitting motions.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 56
Float Loop Details
This diagram illustrates the technical face of a float loop fabric. Notice that the float loop, shown in blue, is not visible on the technical face of the
fabric but is visible on the technical back of the fabric.
Referring to the technical back of the fabric, the blue yarn float stitch joins together the two needle loops on either side. Float stitches are used in
combination with tuck stitches and regular knit loops to form jacquard designs. They are also used in fleece fabrics as the yarns which are napped
in finishing.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 57
Float Loop Formation
In the needle action sequence seen in this diagram, the needle is not raised but remains in the rest position. Therefore the blue yarn is not picked
up by the needles but will float behind the needles. On the subsequent knitting cycle, the needle rises, picks up the red yarn and forms a new loop
which is pulled through the old loop. The float yarn is positioned on the fabric back. A float stitch is formed over a minimum of two courses.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 58
2 End Fleece (French Terry)
The technical face of the fabric shown is basically jersey, knitting 20 singles English cotton count yarn. The technical back containing the un‐napped
float stitches is knitted using 12 singles English cotton count yarn. Left un‐napped, this fabric is referred to as French terry. In a 2‐end fleece, the
tie‐down yarn which holds the float stitches in place is the same yarn that knits the jersey portion of the fabric. Therefore only two yarns are
needed and this type of fleece can be knitted on a regular jersey machine. The float yarn will be napped and, therefore, is a coarser yarn than the
yarn used to knit the jersey face. The coarser yarn has less twist and will be easier to nap.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 59
2 End Un‐napped and Napped
The yarns to be napped in this fleece fabric are readily available for the napper wire to pull fibers up from the fabric surface and produce the fleecy
surface seen on the right.
Notice after napping that the float yarns cannot be seen. Only the uniform napped surface is apparent. Cams on the machine can be set so that the
floats are randomly dispersed over the fabric surface, producing a uniform pile without streaks or any patterns being formed.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 60
3 End Fleece – Not Napped
The 3‐end fleece shown in this photograph is thicker and heavier than those previously discussed. This fabric utilizes three different yarns. The
ground yarn or jersey yarn and the tie‐down yarn are two different yarns. The loop yarn on the fabric side to be napped is 12 singles, the tie‐down
yarn is 20 singles, and the ground or jersey yarn is 30 singles. Three‐end fleece makes the most stable fleece. This fabric cannot be made on a
regular jersey machine but needs a special machine for knitting.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 61
3 End Fleece Nap Comparison
Notice that the napped surface of this 3‐end fleece fabric is slightly fuller when compared to the 2‐end fleece. This fabric is a more expensive fleece
due to the added yarn and the need for a more specialized machine.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 62
Effects of Tucks and Floats
Tuck Loop
• Makes the fabric wider.
• Makes the fabric thicker.
• Makes the fabric slightly less extensible.
Float Loop
• Makes the fabric narrower.
• Makes the fabric thinner.
• Makes the fabric much less extensible.
The table shown compares the tuck loop and the float loop. The use of tucks and floats changes fabric characteristics as indicated. When using tuck
loops the fabric is wider, thicker and slightly less extensible. When using float loops, the fabric is narrower, thinner and much less extensible.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 63
Single Knit Jacquard Fabric
As seen in this photograph, jacquard fabrics can be formed on single knit machines. This is a two‐color single knit jacquard. It requires two machine
feeds to make one visible course. Feed one and the remainder of the odd feeds on the knitting machine have been creeled with red yarn. Feed two
and the remainder of the even feeds on the knitting machine have been creeled with black yarn. The technical face and back look drastically
different from each other. The technical face shows the desired design. The technical back hides the yarns, in the form of float stitches, not wanted
on the face of the design.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 64
Terry Velour Fabric
Terry velour fabric as seen in this photograph can also be knitted on a single knit machine. The face of the fabric is jersey and the terry loops of yarn
appear on the technical back of the unfinished or greige fabric. Therefore the fabric is turned inside out for finishing. During finishing, the tops of
the loops are sheared, converting a knit terry into a terry velour. This produces a soft plush surface on the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 65
Terry Velour Needle Diagram
The loops of the terry are formed with the assistance of the sinkers as illustrated in the diagrammatic notation. The top row of vertical lines
represent sinkers, not needles. The sinkers are specially designed for knitting terry. One part of the sinker holds the fabric in place while another
slot of the sinker allows the yarns to loop over it to form the terry loops. Sinkers can be designed so that different heights of terry loops can be
formed, leading to different pile heights in the velour.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 66
Sinker ‐ Terry Type Animation
As discussed previously, this specially designed terry sinker has the normal throat for holding the fabric in place during knitting and an additional
slot for holding and forming terry loops on the technical back of the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 67
Dial and Cylinder Video
Previous discussions have been limited to single knit fabrics, produced on single knit machines, employing one set of needles called cylinder
needles. Double knit fabrics are produced on double knit machines where two sets of needles are utilized. When viewing this machine, notice that
the inside of the tubular fabric being formed cannot be seen. This machine has a top on it which houses a second set of needles operating in a
horizontal direction as the cylinder needles operate in the vertical direction. The fabric being knitted is a type of double knit structure. A closer view
of the knitting needles shows one feed where the yarn is picked up by the two sets of needles which are knitting on two separate needle beds. The
gauge of the needles on each bed will be identical. For some knit designs a feed may be feeding yarn to only one set of needles while other feeds
may be feeding yarn to both sets.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 68
Dial and Cylinder Diagram
This diagram shows the placement of a flat metal plate on top of the knitting cylinder. This plate is called the dial. The dial has tricks, or slots, cut
out in it, just as previously seen in the cylinder. These horizontally moving needles placed in the tricks of the dial knit the technical back of the
fabric while the cylinder needles knit the technical face of the fabric. The space between the cylinder and the dial is called the verge.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 69
Dial and Cylinder Cam System
Each set of needles has its own cam system to independently control needle action. Notice the cam track for the cylinder needles and a second cam
track for the dial needles. As shown in this diagram, some machines have a swing cam which can be raised and lowered to produce either regular
knit loops, tuck loops or float loops. Other machines have stationary cams that cannot be adjusted. More modern machines have electronic means
of changing from one type of stitch to another type and from one stitch length to another.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 70
Rib Gaiting Animation
This animation demonstrates the movement of the two sets of needles relative to one another. This relative positioning is called gaiting. For
making rib and many other types of fabrics, rib gaiting is required. The dial and cylinder needles are lined up so that they will move between each
other. While knitting rib fabrics, the cylinder needles knit the raised portions of the rib design, pulling loops toward the technical face of the fabric.
The dial needles knit the depressed portions of the rib design, pulling loops toward the technical back of the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 71
1x1 Rib Loop Animation
When a cylinder needle pulls knit loops toward the fabric face, it forms a face wale. When a dial needle pulls knit loops toward the fabric back, it
forms a back wale. Therefore, cylinder needles and dial needles alternate knitting face and back wales. This produces the 1x1 rib appearance. Each
raised rib is formed by a face wale while each depressed area is formed by a back wale.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 72
Rib Gaiting Video
The slow motion in this video highlights the action of a cylinder needle knitting a regular knit loop followed by the adjacent dial needle knitting the
next loop. The dial needles are shown pulling loops through the back of the fabric and the cylinder needles pulling loops toward the face of the
fabric. Since this is a rib fabric, the machine has rib gaiting. The dial needles move between the cylinder needles.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 73
1x1 Rib Fabric
The technical back and technical face of a 1x1 rib fabric are identical. This fabric was knit with 30 singles English cotton count yarn on an 18 gauge
machine. The microscopic view of this relaxed fabric shows only the face wales. The back wales are hidden on the back of the fabric, between the
face wales, and will not be exposed until the fabric is stretched.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 74
1x1 Rib Needle Diagram
This loop diagram shows regular knit loops knitting on both the cylinder and dial needles. Therefore, the face and back of a 1x1 rib fabric is identical.
Notice the rib gaiting represented in the design diagram – dial needles aligned between the cylinder needles. All the back wales are formed by the
dial needles while all the face wales are formed by the cylinder needles. The rib design repeats on every knitting feed. In sweater‐making on flat‐
bed knitting machines, this design is called all‐needle rib or full‐needle rib because all the needles are in action.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 75
1x1 Rib Fabric Properties
• Same appearance – face and back of fabric.
• Extensibility in width direction twice that of single jersey.
• Does not curl if knit correctly.
• Runs.
• Unravels from end knit last only.
• Fabric thickness approximately four‐yarn diameters.
Rib fabrics are used in many applications where stretch is needed. Extensibility in the width direction of a 1x1 rib fabric is twice that of single jersey.
If knitted properly, ribs will not curl like single jersey fabrics. The 1x1 rib fabric only unravels from the last end knit, not from both ends as in single
jersey fabrics. This knowledge is useful when analyzing fabrics which involves unraveling yarns. Because of the alternating face and back wales, this
fabric will have approximately four yarn diameters in thickness.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 76
2x2 Rib Knit Fabric
This fabric is made from 18/2 (18’s two‐ply) yarn on a 7 gauge machine. It is called a 2x2 rib fabric but is sometimes called a Swiss 2x1 rib because
every third needle is out of action as illustrated on the next slide. The ribs is this fabric are wider than that seen in the 1x1 rib fabric ‐ two wales
wide compared to one wale wide in the 1x1 rib.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 77
2x2 Rib Knit Needle Diagram
This is the needle selection diagram for a 2x2 rib fabric, sometimes called a Swiss 2x1 rib. As can be seen in the diagram, every third needle on the
dial and cylinder is not used. The fabric has two face wales followed by two back wales. If there are 1320 total needles available in the dial and
cylinder, then this rib design will use 880 needles, or two‐thirds of the total available.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 78
2x2 Rib Loop Animation
In this illustration of a 2x2 rib fabric, two face wales are followed by two back wales. The face wales are predominant on the technical face while
the back wales are predominant on the technical back. Both sides of the fabric look identical.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 79
2x2 Rib Knit Fabric
This is a photograph of a 2x2 traditional rib fabric produced by using a different needle selection compared to the previous 2x2 rib. The fabric has
the identical appearance as the previous 2x2 rib fabric, but the machine that produced this fabric had every third and fourth needle out of action as
illustrated in the next slide.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 80
2x2 Rib Needle Diagram
In this design, every third and fourth needle are inactive. If 1320 total needles were available on the machine, then 660 needles will be used.
Therefore, this fabric will not be as wide as the previous 2x2 rib which used 880 needles. The result will be more square yards for the 2x2 rib fabric
knitted with 880 needles.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 81
Interlock Gaiting Animation
Another type of knitted fabric is called interlock fabric. In order to knit interlock fabrics, a different type of gaiting must be used. In this case, the
dial and cylinder needles are aligned head‐to‐head with respect to one another. Observe that the needle butt positions are not the same in
opposing dial and cylinder needles. This ensures that opposing needles will not crash into one another during the knitting process. Different cam
tracks control these needles which will not knit simultaneously. A machine can be changed from rib gaiting to interlock gaiting by slightly rotating
the dial.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 82
Interlock Gaiting (hit) Animation
This animation demonstrates what would happen if the dial and cylinder needles are both activated at the same time. There would be a crash and
serious damage to the needles and to the knitting machine would result.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 83
Interlock Knit Fabric
The interlock fabric shown is made from 44’s English cotton count yarn on a 24 gauge machine. The appearance of both sides of the fabric are
identical. The word interlock indicates that two 1x1 rib structures are intermeshed or interlocked together. Each side of the fabric shows only face
loops.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 84
Interlock Needle Diagram
This interlock knit repeats on two knitting feeds, as represented in the design diagram. Feed 1 knits a 1x1 rib design skipping every other needle.
These needles can be removed physically from the machine or inactivated. Feed 2 knits another 1x1 rib design with every other needle out of
action. The face wales of the rib on feed 1 fill in the depressions created by the back wales knit on feed 2. Likewise the face wales on feed 2 fill in
the depressions created by the back wales knit on feed 1. Therefore it requires two technical courses to form one fabric course. As mentioned
previously, the fabric is identical on both sides. Interlock is often used for dresses and baby‐wear. In technical fabrics, it is used where strength and
stability are needed.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 85
Interlock Loop Animation
In this animation of an interlock fabric, the red yarn in the uppermost course is knitting in a sequence from left to right: back wale, face wale, back
wale, face wale, etc. In the same course, the blue yarn is knitting in a sequence from left to right: face wale, back wale, face wale, back wale, etc.
This fabric has very little stretch compared to jersey and rib fabrics. As the fabric rotates, the identical face and back can be seen easily.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 86
Ponte Di Roma Knit Fabric
Ponte di Roma fabrics are a group of knit structures that are reversible with a sequence of dial only and cylinder only feeds. The fabric is plain on
both sides and is included in the family of double knit jersey structures because of jersey stitches knit on the face and back of the fabric. This
particular fabric contains 40 singles English cotton count yarn on the dial and cylinder feeds and a 50 singles English cotton count yarn on the feeds
producing an interlock structure. Interlock gaiting is needed to knit this design. The machine has 24 needles per inch in the dial and cylinder.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 87
Ponte Di Roma Needle Diagram
The Ponte di Roma needle diagram shows the needle selection at each of the four feeds in a repeat of the Ponte di Roma design. Feeds 1 and 2 are
knitting interlock. Feed 3 is knitting on cylinder needles only and feed 4 is knitting on dial needles only. This type of fabric is commonly used in
women’s wear and uniforms because of its durability, stability and high performance.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 88
Ponte Di Roma Loop Design
In this fabric illustration, four colors of yarns are used to show the loop formation occurring at each feed in a repeat of the Ponte di Roma design.
The red yarns are knitting on the dial needles only. The blue yarns are knitting on the cylinder needles only. The green and yellow yarns are knitting
on alternate dial and cylinder needles. All loops are jersey stitches.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 89
Ponte Di Roma Loop Structure Animation
By rotating the simulated fabric, it is easier to see that both sides of the Ponte di Roma designed fabrics are identical in structure and that jersey
stitches are on both sides of the fabric.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 90
Double Knit Jacquard Fabric
One large difference between single knit jacquard and double knit jacquard fabrics is the appearance of the fabric back. With double knit jacquard
machines, the dial needles can be used to knit yarns into the back of the fabric when they are not being used on the fabric face. Therefore, the
fabric back will not be “stringy” with loose yarns floating as it can be with single knit jacquard fabrics. This fabric contains textured nylon numbered
1/70/32. The 1 indicates a singles yarn, the 70 represents 70 denier, and 32 represents 32 total filaments in the yarn strand. The fabric also
contains spun yarn which is a 30 singles English cotton count. The brown yarn is the spun yarn made with cotton fibers and the white yarn is the
nylon filament. The nylon filament adds luster to the jacquard pattern being produced. The contrast forms a more distinctive pattern.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 91
V‐Bed
The photograph shows that not all weft knitting machines are circular. Some are linear in configuration and can knit flat open‐width fabrics as well
as tubular fabrics. Common uses for this type of weft knitting is in sweater making and in forming rib‐knit collars for knit shirts. Needles on these
machines are arranged in an inverted V‐shaped configuration. Two different needle beds house the needles: a front bed and a back bed. The front
bed needles knit on the face of the fabric (like the cylinder needles do in circular weft knitting) and the back bed needles knit on the back of the
fabric (like the dial needles do in circular weft knitting). Therefore single and double knit fabrics can be knitted on these machines.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 92
Manual V‐Bed Video
This is a video of a manually‐operated V‐bed machine, sometimes referred to as a flat‐bed knitting machine. Fabrics made on machines like these
are called hand‐knitted fabrics. In this type of weft knitting, the knitting needles are stationary and the cams which control the action of the
needles are in a carriage device which constantly moves laterally back and forth. Each pass of the carriage produces a course of loops in the fabric.
Various buttons on the carriage can be set to produce regular knit loops, tuck loops and float loops. The carriage contains a set of cams to control
the front needle beds and another set of cams to control back needle beds. The operator manually moves the carriage back and forth. A red
colored yarn is being fed to the needles and a narrow red fabric coming from underneath the machine can be seen. A weight is used to properly
tension the fabric as it is being removed from the needles. This close‐up view of the knitting needles shows that both needle beds are in operation,
and a double knit structure is being produced. The device above the needles which guides to yarn to the needle hooks is called the yarn carrier. The
knitted fabric is formed between the two needle beds. There is an excellent segment of the video highlighting the needle latches opening and
closing.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.
Weft Knitting
Slide 93
Automatic V‐Bed Video
This automatic V‐bed machine electronically controls the knitting actions as the knitting carriage reciprocates back and forth. This machine has one
cam system, whereas other machines may have 2, 4 or more cam systems. Additional cam systems allow multiple courses to be produced per pass
of the carriage. Yarn feeders supply the necessary yarns for knitting in combination with yarn tension devices and various stop motions. In this
video, storage feeders are used to ensure a constant supply of yarn. The number of yarns that can be fed depends upon the number of yarn
carriers in the machine. Notice how the different yarn carriers are picked up by the knitting carriage and moved in position to feed yarn to the
needles. In this video only one type of yarn is being fed into the knitting machine. Many machines today are supported by a CAD system, which can
be used to design fabrics and download the design to the V‐Bed machine. The V‐bed machines have more design flexibility than the circular weft
knitting machines. Stitch transfer, cabling, full‐fashioning and other knitting actions can be done on these machines. This particular V‐bed machine
is knitting rib collars for knit shirts. Individual collars are formed and a separator thread or yarn is used to allow for the continuous production of
the collars. Once off the machine, the separator threads are pulled out and the individual collars are sewn into knit shirts. The fabric produced is
rolled up underneath the machine.
© Copyright 2008‐2011 North Carolina State University. All rights reserved.