Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Economic

Sources in Mogadishu - Challenges and Opportunities

SUBMMITED BY:

HASSAN HUSSEIN IBRAHIM

RNO: HKMDS 04412

BACHLEOR IN ACCOUNTING (MOGADISHU UNIVERSITY)

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITED TO KAMPALA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AN AWARD FOR A DEGREE IN MASTERS OF ARTS IN
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

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DECLARATION

"This thesis is the result of my original work and has not been presented for a degree or any other
academic award in any university or institution of learning".

Hassan Hussein Ibrahim

Signed: __________________________________
Date: ___________________________________

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APPROVAL

"I certify that this research Report satisfies the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Master’s Degree in Development Studies at Kampala University”.

Mrs.: Monica A.Ssengendo

Title: Supervisor: ___________________________
Signature: _____________________________
Date: _________________________________

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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Nasra Ali Abdinoor for her support, encouragement and constant love
she has offered me, my lovely son Shuaib Hassan Hussein and the rest of my beloved family.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researcher thank Allah the way he has guided to him and given the ability, the knowledge and the
time to write this thesis.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to many people who have helped me to
produce and complete this research project.

I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Mrs.: Monica A.Ssengendo of the graduate school of

development studies at the University of Kampla for the continues guiding and support without her support
this research won’t be produced. I am also thanking to Prof Najib Sheikh Abdi and Hope University Team in
Mogadishu for the facilitation of the Program.

My sincere thanks to my employer Norwegian refugee Council (NRC) Somalia program, especial
thanks goes to my manager Opio peter Patrick and the entire staff for their moral and material support.
Without your flexibility and financial support this project would have been difficult.
I want to thank my collogues at NRC, Sayid-ali Abdi Siyad, Mohamed Hussein Fidow, Daud Haji
Abdi, Najma Eid and Nasra Hussein Abdi, especial thanks goes to Adam Ahmed and Abdinasir Gure for
technical support in arranging this project, also thanks to Muktar Wardere and Dahir Mumin for their
encouragement and continues support.

My heartfelt thanks and my love goes to my lovely wife, Nasro Ali Abdinur and my lovely boy shuibe
Hassan Hussein for their patience, their unconditional love and their support; thank you for believing in me.

Mogadishu, October, 2014

Hassan Hussein Ibrahim

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ABSTRACT

This study comprises of five chapters. The topic of the research was Impact of Rural Urban Migration
on Economic Sources in Mogadishu: Challenges and opportunities. The main objective of study was to
examine determinates of rural urban migration in Somalia. Challenges and problems associated with
internal rural migration and possible solutions of the problems associated with internal migration.

Methodology: The researcher employed a descriptive survey design and engaged both Quantitative
and Qualitative Research methods and also used interview schedule and questionnaires for collecting
data. The Quantitative Data, the researcher engaged the use of SPSS used by tables. While the
Qualitative Data also analyzed by using themes and explanations while comparing and contrasting the
findings with the literature review.
The sample size used to be 384 respondents picked up from the target population.

Key findings: Recurrent shocks both natural and manmade disasters including droughts, floods and
conflicts are the major determinates of rural urban migration, High unemployment rates, limited
educational facilities in the rural, lack of social service delivery including heath, medical facilities and
clean water abject poverty and bad living conditions. The weakened Government efforts and NGOs
to curb the problems of internal migration include: Improve the economic status of the country,
support agricultural sector and livestock to keep the pastoral and agro-pastoralist to migrate into the
urban areas. Reorganization and diversifying the Employment in public and private sectors to reduce
the economic migration, specifically the youth migration from the rural to urban areas looking for
better employment opportunities.

Conclusion: Overall, the objectives of the study were attained and it was thus concluded that,
determinants of the rural urban migration are mainly economic reasons and standard of the living
condition in the rural, as well as the deteriorated insecurity situations in most parts of south and
central Somali regions where internal migrants are mainly migrated from, the researcher described
this as the pull and push factors. The socioeconomic conditions of the rural areas and internal
migrants were found to be worrisome.

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Table of contents

Cover page…………………………………………………………………………………………999
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………...............1000
Approval………………………………………………………………………………..................1001
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………………...1002
Aknowledgments…………….…………………………………………………………………..…1003
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………1004
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………….................1005
Contents ..................................................................................................................... .1005
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1008
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1008
1.2 Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1008
1.3 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................... 1009
1.4 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................... 1010
1.5 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 1010
1.5.1 General objectives ...................................................................................... 1010
1.5.2 Specific objectives ..................................................................................... 1010
1.6 Research Questions ....................................................................................... 1011
1.7 Scope of the Study ......................................................................................... 1011
1.8 Definition of terms ........................................................................................ 1011
1.9 Significance Of The Study ............................................................................. 1012
1.10 Conceptual framework................................................................................... 1013
CHAPTER TWO: LITRATURE REVIEW ........................................................... 1014
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1014
2.2 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 1015
2.3 Scholar’s view on Rural Urban Migration. ......................................................... 1015
2.3 Urbanization: A Majority in Cities ......................................................................... 1015
2.4 The pace and scale of urbanization ......................................................................... 1015
2.5 Urbanization of poverty ......................................................................................... 1016
2.6 Urban population growth ....................................................................................... 1016
2.6.1 Situation ............................................................................................................. 1016

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2.6.2 Trends ................................................................................................................ 1017
2.7 Causes and effects of rural urban migration ............................................................ 1017
Section Two: Rural Urban Migration and Economic Impact ........................................ 1018
2.8 Economic Reasoning of Rural Urban Migration ..................................................... 1018
2.9 Push and Pull Factors of Rural Urban Migration .................................................... 1019
2.10 Labor Mobility to Economic Growth and Rural Urban Migration......................... 1020
2.11 Wage subsidies .................................................................................................... 1020
2.12 Employment Opportunities and Job Creation in Urban cities ................................ 1021
2.13 Challenges of Rural Urban Migration ................................................................... 1022
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 1024
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1024
3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................... 1024
3.3 Study/ Target Population........................................................................................ 1024
3.4 Sample Size ........................................................................................................... 1024
Table 3.1 Sample Size ................................................................................................. 1025
3.5 Sampling technique ................................................................................................ 1026
3.6 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................... 1026
3.6.1 Questionnaires ........................................................................................... 1026
3.6.2 Interviews .................................................................................................. 1026
3.7 Validity and Reliability .................................................................................. 1027
3.8 Data analysis and interpretation ..................................................................... 1027
3.9 Ethical Consideration……………………………………………………………….....1027
CHPATER FOUR: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION ADISSCUSSION OF THE
FINDINGS………………………………………………………………………………………...…1028
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1028
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUTIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………1045
5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...1045
5.2 Summery………………………………………………………………………1045
5.3Conclution of findings…………………………………………………………1046
5.4 General Recommendation……………………………………………………1046
5.5 Areas for further research…………………………………………………...1047
References…………………………………………………………………………1048
Work plan…………………………………………………………………………1049

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Budget Estimates………………………………………………………………….1049
Appendix 1 Questionnaire………………………………………………………..1050
Appendix 2 Interview Guide……………………………………………………..1053

List of Tables
4.1 Gender of the respondents……………………………………………………………………1028
4.2 Segregation of respondents age……………………………………………………………..1029
4.3 Marital status of the respondents……………………………………………………………1030
4.4 Level of the Education of the respondents………………………………………………….1031
4.5 Does your households living in Mogadishu………………………………………………..1032
4.6 If yes for how long your house hold living in Mogadishu………………………………...1032
4.7 Have you even been migrated for your place of origin…………………………………...1033
4.8 If yes where are you migrated from………………………………………………………..1033
4.9 What was the main reason of your migration from rural to urban………………………..1034
4.10 Social Economic problems in your place of origin……………………………………….1035
4.11 Economic reasons and pushing factors encouraging on rural urban migration………….1036
4.12 Which gender is more likely to migrate on completion at any given level……………….1037
4.13 Level of opportunities and economic sources in urban areas……………………………1038
4.14 Rural urban migration is copying strategy of the shocks……………………………….…1039
4.15 Are you know working in Mogadishu………………………………………………….....1039
4.16 If yes what is the type of your employment………………………………………………1040
4.17 What where working on when in your place of origin…………………………………...1041
4.18 When you have come to Mogadishu would you met your expectations………………….1041
4.19 What is the impact of rural urban migration on economic sources………………………1042
4.20 Challenges associated with internal migration…………………………………………….1042
4.21 Did you think rural urban migration impact on rural urban product………………………1043

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The migration of the people, particularly labor and man power from rural to urban areas is an important
part of the urbanization Process in developing countries, Somali has been lack of government and effective
system of governing, which might provide or administer social service, health facilities, access to free of
education and equal employment opportunities among Somali people for the past two decades, which of
course had a consequence of moving people from rural to urban areas to better life and bright future for the
youth and man power.

This study is entitled to focus on impact of rural urban migration on mobilizing local economic sources
and opportunities in Somalia, where Mogadishu the capital city of Somali is under study on impending
migrants from rural as the economic zone for employment opportunities and better services other than rest of
Somali urban towns. Even though the existing of insecurity is questionable, the study examined only
economic perspective and sources of opportunities that might attract to migrate from the place of origin to
the urban areas and the green side.

1.2 Background of the Study

In developing economies, structural changes often have profound spatial implications. The present
survey focuses on labor-related migration from rural to urban areas, a general pattern which plays a central
role in the urbanization process and is often viewed as the labor market adjustment to the inter scrotal shift
in importance from agriculture to manufacturing and services. The migration decision has been shown to be
selective. Migration mainly concerns young adults who are more likely to have a positive net expected
return on migration due to their longer remaining life expectancy, or because social norms require that
young adults migrate in search of a better life (De Haan and Rogally, 2002). Family strategies can involve
sending young adults to the city, and investing in a potentially remitting child (Lucas and Stark, 1985). Both
low and high skilled individuals are more likely to migrate but usually for different reasons: “surplus” low-
skilled individuals have strong incentives to move to the city in search of a manual job they may not find in
the rural area, while “scarce” educated workers may find that their human capital is better rewarded in cities
than in rural areas (Lanzona, 1998, Agesa, 2001). In most countries, internal migration concerns young men
because urban job markets usually offer a large share of occupations available to rural male migrants, or
because men bear lower risks of vulnerability than women when migrating.

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The decision to migrate also involves contextual factors, such as ‘push factors’ which force migrants
out of rural areas and ‘pull factors’ which attract migrants to urban areas. These factors typically reflect the
relative strength of the local economies (Such as availability and remuneration of jobs) in urban areas.

Due to many reasons there was a fellow of regular migrations from the rural and per-urban areas to the
urban and large cities in Somalia; Mogadishu (Capital city of Somali) has been hosting migrants from rural
because of limited service provision (education, health and availability of clean water Etc) and economic
migration due to shortage of employment opportunities and casual work in the rural areas.

As migration overall in an ancient phenomena of migrating from one place to another for better life and
future of the upcoming generation to be able to meet basic rights for education, health and social services
Somali families are literally migrating, when we look at the studies of Somalia we see that Somalis has
historical culture of nomadic and movement on the grass and water availability to their rearing animals. This
has affected to the urban and entire cycle of Somali urbanization in terms of potentiality and easy migration
to seek resources and look at the green side and opportunities without affecting on their culture, values and
certain areas, but this has left problems in the rural area according to the Michael J. Greenwood, which also
applies to Somalia case.

“The inhabitants of the country immediately surrounding a town of rapid growth, flock into it; the gaps
thus left in the rural population are filled up by migrants from more remote districts, until the attractive force
of one of our rapidly growing cities makes its influence felt, step by step, to the most remote corner of the
kingdom. Migrants enumerated in a certain centre of absorption will consequently grow less with the
distance proportionately to the native population which furnishes them, and a map exhibiting by tints the
recruiting process of any town ought clearly to demonstrate this fact. That this is actually the case will be
found by referring to maps 3, 4, 8, and 9. These maps show at the same time that facilities of communication
may frequently countervail the disadvantages of distance.”

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Migration of population in and outside of their areas of origin could be considered as a normal course in
search for their daily bread since Somalia became a failed state in 1991. Lack of the service provision in all
regions of Somalia caused rural urban migration supposedly in search for better life and better economic and
social opportunities and safety which could be as important in the Somalia case. There are many people
coming regularly in Mogadishu which is the case study in this research. Undoubtedly, not all the migrations

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to Mogadishu from rural areas has economic and services seeking dimensions, there is much attributed to
insecurity as people look for better life.

This research is intended to investigate the impact of rural urban migration on mobilizing local
economic sources and opportunities in Somali, despite inadequate employment opportunities and lack of
effective employment agencies that can be equally treated to the job seekers, the study will look at how the
rural-urban migrants mobilize economic sources to sustain and adapt the life in Mogadishu. Rural-urban
migration has also created social problems on rural based production and reduced the integration and
economic interdependence of the rural urban cycle as depicted on population density in Mogadishu.

So, this study analyzed the major push factors for rural-urban migration in Somalia; why Mogadishu is
an attractive city for internal migrants. How do rural migrants to urban Mogadishu create and mobilize new
economic opportunities that had not been seen by those who were there so many years and converting these
new opportunities into sustainable income sources to the migrants. Not only the positive aspects but also the
density of the population especially the new ones and how the hosted communities interact with people who
had come to Mogadishu earlier.

1.4 Purpose of the Study

This study described on the impact of rural urban migration on mobilizing local economic sources and
opportunities in Somali, challenges and merits on both rural and urban areas.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

The study will be guided by both general and specific objectives.

1.5.1 General objectives

The general objective of the study is to describe the related opportunities and challenges of rural urban
migration in mobilizing local economic sources in Mogadishu-Somalia.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

This study will be guided by the following specific objectives:
1) To describe social determinants of rural urban migration in Somali.
2) To identify the level of opportunities and economic sources that can be attractive factors for internal rural
urban migration in Somali
3) To assess the challenges associated with internal migration

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4) To find out solutions to the problems associated with rural-urban migration

1.6 Research Questions

1. What are the social determinants of rural urban migration in Somali?
2. What is the level of opportunities and economic sources that can be attractive factors for internal rural
urban migration in Somali?
3. What are the challenges associated with internal migration?
4. What are the solutions to the problems associated with rural-urban migration?

1.7 Scope of the Study

Content scope: this study was assessed the impact of rural-urban migration, paying particular attention to
the challenges and opportunities associated with these movements.

Geographical scope: The study was conducted in Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia.
Time scope: The study was assessed the variables under study for the period 2008 to 2012

1.8 Definition of terms

The terms of the research tile both independent and dependent variables and are defined in the
following:
Rural: is the comprehensive, nonspecific word referring to life on the farm or in the country as
distinguished from life in the city (Webster’s New World Dictionary).

Urban: Is the characteristic of the city as distinguished from the rural, in US census use designating or of
incorporated or unincorporated place with at least 50,000 inhabitants (Webster’s New World Dictionary).

Migration: is the movement of people from one place to another, according to the UN Habitat (Report
2008).

Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-
migration to an existing urban area. Effects include change in density and administration services. While the
exact definition and population size of urbanized areas varies among different countries, urbanization is
attributed to growth of cities. Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations as movement of people
from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration UN FAO (2008).

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Economics is the social science that studies the behavior of individuals, households,
and organizations (called economic actors, players, or agents), when they manage or use scarce resources,
which have alternative uses, to achieve desired ends. Agents are assumed to act rationally, have multiple
desirable ends in sight, limited resources to obtain these ends, a set of stable preferences, a definite overall
guiding objective, and the capability of making a choice. There exists an economic problem, subject to study
by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain
the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions. In other words, resource-controlling agents
maximize value subject to the constraints imposed by the information the agents have, their cognitive
limitations, and the finite amount of time they have to make and execute a decision. Economic science
centers on the activities of the economic agents that comprise society, they are the focus of economic
analysis. Harper (November 2001).

1.9 Significance of the Study

This study provided sufficient information on the problem of rural urban Migration. It will also be a
reference for many researchers, including students, Civil Society organizations and government agencies,
and even other people who have close interest on the subject matter to solve this social problems.

The focus of the research was concerned government agencies particularly mainstay of labor and
planning which the findings of this research will be important according to the essentiality and close interest
to them, to kick this problem out the social boarder.

The researcher on the subject matter also referred to this study as a literature review and as bases for other
researches in the similar field of study. The work can also be of significance to the general population and to
the educated youths in particular when they come across it.

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1.10 Conceptual framework

Independent Variables Intervening Variable Dependent Variables

Rural Urban Migration Moderating Variable Economic Sources and

 Urbanization and Growth of  Culture and Opportunities
the scale of the cities. diversity.  Employment opportunities
 Pushing Factors and critical  Urbanization. in Mogadishu.
life in the Rural areas  Snooping and  Availability of Services in
 Limited Service provision in Social Status. Mogadishu ( health &
the rural areas.  Security & Education )
 Conflicts and insecurities. Conflict.  Acceptable and incentives
 Droughts and Climate  Acceptance and Wages for the workers
Change. and Casual Labors.
 Markets.
 Business and innovative
society

Source: Researcher

The above diagram indicates the relation between the variables of the study, independent variable,
dependent and intervening variables, the larger scale of the urbanization, the critical life in the rural areas of
Somali and the prolonging conflicts of inter-clans and political dynamics in Somali has an impact associated
with massive rural urban migration from all over south and central Somali region and it has also an impact
of the limited economic sources and opportunities in Mogadishu. As the diagram shows the researcher
demonstrating other variables which has a relative effect on dependent variable, as wells as contributing to
the rural urban migration.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
The review of literature in this study is intended to assess the impact of rural urban migration on
mobilizing local economic sources and opportunities in Somalia. However; the literature has been reviewed
in according to the importance of the research title to solve the social and economic problems, which
hopefully the research will be treated or contributed in regard to the problem of the research and objectives
of the study that has been mentioned.

This chapter will cover on three sections, first the scholar’s view of rural urban migration, urbanization,
growth of urban cities and rural concepts. Second the economic impact of rural urban migration;
opportunities in urban areas (pull Factors). Thirds the societal change of rural urban migration both
challenges and opportunities.

Section One: Reasoning on People’s Migration

Rural development initiatives across the developing world are designed to improve community well-
being and livelihoods. However they may also have unforeseen consequences, in some cases placing further
demands on stretched public services. In this paper we use data from a longitudinal study to investigate the
impact of a recent rural development initiative, installing village-level water taps, on rural to urban
migration of young adults.

Young adults with access to this rural development intervention had three times the relative risk of
migrating to urban centres compared to those without the development. We also identify that family
dynamics, specifically sibling competition for limited household resources (e.g. food, heritable land and
marriage opportunities), are key to understanding the timing of out-migration. Birth of a younger sibling
doubled the odds of out-migration and starting married life reduced it. Rural out-migration appears to be a
response to increasing rural resource scarcity, principally competition for agricultural land. Strategies for
livelihood diversification include education and off-farm casual wage-labour. However, jobs and services
are limited in urban centres, few migrants send large cash remittances back to their families, and most return
to their villages within one year without advanced qualifications. One benefit for returning migrants may be
through enhanced social prestige and mate-acquisition on return to rural areas. These findings have wide
implications for current understanding of the processes which initiate rural-to-urban migration and

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transitions to low fertility, as well as for the design and implementation of development intervention across
the rural and urban developing world. Eshetu Gurmu (2012).

2.3 Urbanization: A Majority in Cities

The world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. In 2008, for the first time in
history, more than half of the world’s population will be living in towns and cities. By 2030 this number will
swell to almost 5 billion, with urban growth concentrated in Africa and Asia. While mega-cities have
captured much public attention, most of the new growth will occur in smaller towns and cities, which have
fewer resources to respond to the magnitude of the change.

In principle, cities offer a more favorable setting for the resolution of social and environmental
problems than rural areas. Cities generate jobs and income. With good governance, they can deliver
education, health care and other services more efficiently than less densely settled areas simply because of
their advantages of scale and proximity.

Cities also present opportunities for social mobilization and women’s empowerment. And the density of
urban life can relieve pressure on natural habitats and areas of biodiversity. The challenge for the next few
decades is learning how to exploit the possibilities urbanization offers. The future of humanity depends on it,
according to Rudzitis (1989).

2.4 The pace and scale of urbanization

Urban growth, which is mostly due to natural increase, is inevitable. However, the speed and size of the
growth are not fixed, and vary widely among regions. The most effective way to slow rates of urban growth
is to reduce unwanted fertility in both rural and urban areas. Lowering poverty, empowering women and
providing quality reproductive health services all influence fertility preferences and ability to meet them.

Fertility rates are lower in urban than in rural areas throughout the world. However, the fact those large
percentages of people in many developing countries are young means that urban population growth will
continue rapidly for years to come. Moreover, impoverished urban women are significantly less likely than
their more affluent counterparts to have access to reproductive health or contraception. Not surprisingly,
they have higher fertility rates.

Migration is a significant contributor to urbanization, as people move in search of social and economic
opportunity. Environmental degradation and conflict may drive people off the land. Often people who leave

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the countryside to find better lives in the city have no choice but to settle in shantytowns and slums, where
they lack access to decent housing and sanitation, health care and education—in effect, trading in rural for
urban poverty, according to the Gundars ( 1990).

2.5 Urbanization of poverty

Poverty is now growing faster in urban than in rural areas. One billion people live in urban slums,
which are typically overcrowded, polluted and dangerous, and lack basic services such as clean water and
sanitation.
Although urbanization increasingly concentrates poverty, it also provides possibilities for escaping it.
For the most part, rich countries are already urbanized, and most of the expected urban growth will occur in
less-developed regions, which have fewer resources for coping with the scale of the change.

In the Millennium Declaration, the international community recognized that to halve by 2015 the
proportion of people living in extreme poverty, it will have to directly address the needs of the burgeoning
population of poor people living in cities. One of the targets set by world leaders in 2000 was to improve
significantly the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. Addressing the housing needs of the
urban poor will be critical. A roof and an address in a habitable area are the first step to a better life.
Improving access to basic social and health services, including reproductive health care, for poor people in
urban slums is also critical to breaking the cycle of poverty.

2.6 Urban population growth

2.6.1 Situation
Urbanization, the demographic transition from rural to urban, is associated with shifts from an
agriculture-based economy to mass industry, technology, and service, For the first time ever, the majority of
the world's population lives in a city, and this proportion continues to grow. One hundred years ago, 2 out of
every 10 people lived in an urban area. By 1990, less than 40% of the global population lived in a city, but
as of 2010, more than half of all people live in an urban area. By 2030, 6 out of every 10 people will live in a
city, and by 2050, this proportion will increase to 7 out of 10 people. Currently, around half of all urban
dwellers live in cities with between 100 000 - 500 000 people, and fewer than 10% of urban dwellers live in
megacities according to UN HABITAT (2010)

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2.6.2 Trends
Globally, urban growth peaked in the 1950s, with a population expansion of more than 3% per year.
Today, the number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million every year. The global urban
population is expected to grow roughly 1.5% per year, between 2025-2030. By the middle of the 21st
century, the urban population will almost double, increasing from approximately 3.4 billion in 2009 to 6.4
billion in 2050. Almost all urban population growth in the next 30 years will occur in cities of developing
countries. Between 1995 and 2005, the urban population of developing countries grew by an average of 1.2
million people per week, or around 165 000 people every day. By the middle of the 21st century, it is
estimated that the urban population of these counties will more than double, increasing from 2.5 billion in
2009 to almost 5.2 billion in 2050. Nonetheless, on average, the rate of urban population growth is slowing
in developing countries, from annual rate of roughly 4% from 1950-1975 to a projected 1.55% per year from
2025-2050. In high-income countries, on the other had, the urban population is expected to remain largely
unchanged over the next two decades, increasing from 920 million people to just over 1 billion by 2025. In
these countries, immigration (legal and illegal) will account for more than two-thirds of urban growth.
Without immigration, the urban population in these countries would most likely decline or remain static,
according to WHO (2007).

2.7 Causes and effects of rural urban migration

One noticeable issue in the society today is the rate at which people (including youths and adults)
migrate from the rural to the urban areas. Like a paradox, while the cities (urban areas) are increasing in
population, the rural areas are decreasing.

One of the factors that is responsible for rural -urban migration is lack of / inadequate social amenities
and facilities in the rural areas. These include pipe borne water, electricity, good roads, hospitals, schools,
recreational centers (like Stadiun, Zoo, Amusement park) among others. Inadequate jobs in the rural areas
also make many youths to migrate to the urban areas that can provide better opportunities for them.

Rural-urban migration has negative consequences. It leads to overpopulation of the urban areas thus
encouraging crime in the society. Those who engage in crime prefer the urban areas being turgid with
wealthy individuals.

Rural -urban migration slows down the rate of development of the rural areas. In view of the negative
consequences, Government of each country in the world should strive to Provide social amenities and

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facilities in the rural areas and also provide jobs for the citizens in the rural areas according to
Akindelly, (Nove, 2009).

Section Two: Rural Urban Migration and Economic Impact

In this section concepts on rural urban migration in relation to the economic impact will be discussed,
pushing factors and pulling factors, labor motilities and urban opportunities.

2.8 Economic Reasoning of Rural Urban Migration

In many countries, particularly in third world countries there is a noticeable pattern of rural to urban
migration. This pattern of migration is not a new phenomenon.

There are various reasons for its occurrence and these reasons may vary from country to country and
over periods of time. The consequences of this type of migration however similar results for different
countries and over periods of time have.

One cause of rural to urban migration may be the lack of jobs in the area. Many of the jobs available
in rural areas are agricultural based. The introduction of labour saving devices and bad weather conditions
has decreased the demand for labour in the agricultural sector. The decrease in the traditional form of
employment in rural areas forces many young people to leave the area in search of work in the urban centers
of their country.

Workers may also migrate from rural areas to urban areas in hope of gaining a higher standard of living.
They may leave their current jobs in hope of finding higher paying ones as there are many more
opportunities for employment to choose from in the city.

A third reason for this pattern of migration is that many people desire to expand their experiences. They
may wish to be exposed to a greater variety of opportunities, people, cultures, art, food and entertainment.
The variety they desire may not be as widely or conveniently available to them in their hometowns as in an
urban center in their country.

War, famine and natural disaster are also reasons for rural to urban migration in some countries. Entire
rural populations may migrate to the urban centers of their country in search of protection, food and medical
aid during these periods of hardship.

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One consequence of rural to urban migration is overcrowding. If migration takes place too quickly or
unexpectedly, the planning necessary to accommodate growth will not be in place. Overcrowding leads to
issues such as higher rents, traffic and pressure on resources
Such as schools and medical centers

The growth in the working population will also mean more competition for jobs. This will prove
advantageous to employers who can decrease salaries offered as demand for jobs may outstrip the number of
jobs available. The lack of jobs may in turn lead to problems of vagrancy, prostitution and unfair treatment
to the least skilled workers in the workforce.

The migration of people from rural areas to urban areas has detrimental effects on the rural economy.
Some small communities may cease to exist overtime as there is no one left to run businesses, work in local
companies or demand products from local firms because the younger generations of the area have migrated.

Lastly, there may be an increase in the spread of diseases from urban to rural areas, when workers
return home to visit relatives and friends they may spread illnesses and diseases they contracted while in the
city. This accounts for the spread of AIDS in rural areas of many African countries.

Migration from rural to urban areas occurs for several reasons, namely in the search of a better lifestyle
and standard of living. However planning is necessary to properly provide for the additional strain that a
growing population will have on a city's resources. Planning may also be necessary to protect rural
communities and aid their growth as a solution to the overcrowding that occurs in most urban centers in
countries around the world.

2.9 Push and Pull Factors of Rural Urban Migration

Push Pull
 Famine, Drought, natural disasters.  Employment
 Poor Living Conditions – housing,  Higher Incomes
education and health Care,  Better Health Care and Education
 Agricultural Change.  Urban Facilities and Way of Life
 Unemployment  Protection From Conflict
 War and Conflict

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2.10 Labor Mobility to Economic Growth and Rural Urban Migration
Population migration and labor mobility are characterized not only as a momentum of economic
transformation from an agriculture-dominated economy to an industrial one, a common phenomenon in
developing countries, but also as a unique economic transition

From a planned economy to a market economy, constituting an important source of China’s rapid
economic growth during the reform era

According to the neo-classical theory of factors equalization theory, the increase of and rural to urban
migration should have an impact of narrowing regional and rural-urban disparities, but an opposite outcome
has been observed since 1990s) incorporated the variable of marketization into a gravity model and found
that the market-oriented reform has created an institutional environment favoring labor mobility and
directing the spatial distribution of rural to urban migration. Lin el al. (2004) also used a gravity model and
confirmed that migration become more responsive to regional disparity. The elasticity of migration to
income disparity rose from 0.197 during 1985-1990 to 0.595 during 1995-2000. The reason that increasing
mobility hasn’t reduced income inequality mainly comes from the unfinished hukou system and other
factors that continue to enlarge regional disparity. Cai and Wang (2003).

2.11 Wage subsidies

Since the inefficiency in the Harris-Todaro model comes from wage rigidity, another Policy emerging
from the analysis is to reform wages. In the Harris-Todaro perspective, Reforms that make urban wages less
rigid should bring the allocation of labor in the Economy close to the optimum. Alternately, taking the wage
rigidity as given, policy Reforms arising from welfare analysis focus on wage subsidies. Harris and Todaro
(1970).

Considered the case of a wage subsidy to the urban sector alone, showing that it cannot Restore the
social optimum and causes suboptimal employment in the rural sector because of induced migration, With
this instrument, the best that can be done is to ensure that urban jobs are created until the marginal
productivity in the urban sector equates the Marginal amount of rural output sacrificed because of migration
(i.e. the marginal Productivity in the rural sector multiplied by the number of migrants induced by the
Creation of a single additional urban job). Combining an urban wage subsidy and

Migration restrictions can move the economy to a greater aggregate welfare by simultaneously
increasing the urban output through wage subsidies and preventing the Exacerbation of unemployment

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through migration restrictions. However, pointed out, this policy will require a substantial compensation to
the rural urban migration as Harris and Todaro (1970)

2.12 Employment Opportunities and Job Creation in Urban cities

One of the key factors of rural-urban migration is the lack of employment in rural areas, increasing
exponentially the ever-growing challenges related to providing adequate basic infrastructure to a growing
number of unplanned low-income urban settlements. The lack of reliable infrastructure assets in rural areas
leading to the lack of access to basic social services, markets and job opportunities, often force the local
rural population to migrate. Rural and urban development strategies can be explicitly made more pro-poor
by optimizing the employment impact of physical upgrading strategies in infrastructure and service delivery,
providing social-safety nets, and other alternatives in the form of unemployment insurance, micro financing
or job training. The ILO encourages municipalities to provide quality rural and urban services in ways that
improve access for the poor while creating decent jobs and promoting entrepreneurship.

The Employment-Intensive Investment Unit (EMP/INVEST) has been successful in combining the
objective of improving infrastructure and services with the objective of creating employment and income. It
promotes job rich growth in both rural and urban areas by increasing the employment-content of public and
private investments in infrastructure through the redirecting of fiscal policies, strengthening governance in
tendering and contracting processes and promoting good management practices, putting efforts to engage
and upgrade local labour and through the choice of technology. Over thirty years of experience have shown
that labour-based approaches and the targeted promotion of local small enterprises and community groups
can be effective if mainstreamed in the planning, design, construction/delivery and maintenance of
infrastructure and social services. Today,

More than 50 countries are applying procedures and tools developed by the EMP/INVEST in the areas
of community participation and planning, labour-based or local resource-based technology and small-scale
and community contracting.

The ILO’s Social Finance Program (SFP) promotes sustainable finance with a social goal, including
credit, savings and other products that help the poor to cope better with risk, take advantage of income-
generating opportunities, organize and have a voice. Social finance is also about promoting and encouraging
those institutions that cater to the financial needs of the working poor, including women’s groups and small
and medium enterprises that create jobs. The aim is to promote policies that open up the financial sector to
the working.

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Majority and create an enabling environment in which microfinance institutions can operate. The
Program addresses three major goals: reducing vulnerability, and increasing access to risk management
tools, creating jobs through enterprise development, and making financial policies more employment-
sensitive.

2.13 Challenges of Rural Urban Migration

In fact, there is nothing particularly unusual about the dynamics of Africa’s urban transition once the
true underlying forces driving the process are understood.

Economists have assumed for decades that individuals decide to move from rural to urban areas
primarily in the hope of getting a job. It follows that the prospect of getting a job (i.e. economic conditions)
should correlate with urbanization. Empirical research has provided very tenuous evidence in support of
such a link. Why?

A wealth of anthropological and sociological studies have shown that people also choose to migrate for
a variety of non-economic reasons, including a desire to escape age or gender discrimination in their
communities, to find a wife or husband, to seek adventure in the “bright lights” of the big city, or to escape
rural serfdom. In medieval Germany, there was a saying that “city air makes you free”. As a result,
migration trends are far less sensitive to economic trends than the traditional model of urbanization predicts.
In other words, there are always individuals who have a reason to migrate to cities regardless of prevailing
economic circumstances. It is therefore no surprise that rural-urban migration (and hence urbanization)
persists in the face of economic stagnation.

But this does not explain the exceptional rates of urban population growth seen across Africa. As noted
above, rates of urbanization (driven by rural-urban migration) in the regions are not particularly rapid. So
where are all these people coming from? The answer is that the majority of Africa’s expanding urban
populations are born in cities, not in villages.

To make a long story short, there have been significant improvements in life expectancy in urban and
rural areas across Africa since the 1940s as a result of technological and institutional changes that have
reduced disease-related mortality and improved food security. Due to persistently high fertility rates, this has
led to a population boom of historically unprecedented proportions. While this may be contributing to rural
out-migration due to population pressure in rural areas, it is also driving rapid population growth in urban

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areas that is wholly independent of migration. Simply put, the rapid Growth of Africa’s urban population is
being driven primarily by rapid population growth in urban areas, not rural-urban migration.

From a practical perspective, the pressing challenges of providing adequate housing, infrastructure,
employment opportunities and security in African cities relate to rapid urban population growth, not
urbanization. And yet governments and aid agencies have mistakenly sought to deal with these challenges
by targeting rural-urban migration based on a misunderstanding of the dynamics shaping Africa’s urban
transition. For those interested in easing demographic pressure in urban areas, the only humane policy
option is to try to reduce population growth by promoting fertility decline through voluntary family planning
initiatives. And for those interested in promoting economic development in the region, investment in urban
areas should be top of the policy agenda.

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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter covered various items. These included Research design, study area and population, sample
size, sampling technique, data collection methods, research instruments, data collection and data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

The study is titled on the impact of rural urban migration on economic sources in Mogadishu-
Challenges and an opportunity in Somali- Mogadishu was under study, in this study, an analytical study
design was applied. An analytical study design is a type of research study design where either the entire
population or a subset thereof is analyzed for the purposes of collecting data for answering specific research
questions (Albright, 2005). It is called cross-sectional because the information about the variables being
investigated is gathered represents what is going on at only one point in time. This study design was used
because it is easy to use as the information collected from respondents would not be required to be
reinvestigated over a period of time.

3.3 Study/ Target Population

The study was targeted migrants from rural to urban especially Mogadishu specifically rural urban
migrants in Mogadishu, 372,000 according to UNHCR Report on 2012 as the population that constituted
mainly different age groups youth and elders and also gender bases men, female. Boys and girls, In this
study the focus will be economic migrants and people who are pursing the financial opportunities in
Mogadishu those who can mobilize the economic and non economic opportunities in Mogadishu. The focus
also will be on youth, casual labors, student, small business workers and professional migrants employed in
Mogadishu.

3.4 Sample Size

The sample size was 384 respondents drawn from the categories of respondents in the study area and
population. The respondents were categorized into three major categories. The first category included
general migrants, casual labors, business groups, aid seekers, and especial migrant interests. The second
category will be service seeker’s migrants’ students and health seekers or people live chronic diseases. The
third category is professional migrants.

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Salant and Dillman (1994) defined a sample as a set of respondents selected from a larger population
for the purpose of a survey.

Since the target population is large enough, sample size determination was based on a formula
developed by Cochran (1963:75) stated as follows;

Where no – required sample size

Z2 – Abscissa of the normal curve that cuts off an area α at the tails (1 – α equals the desired confidence
level, i.e. 95%)
e - Desired level of precision i.e. +/- 0.07
p - Estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population and q is 1-p.

The value for Z is found in statistical tables which contain the area under the normal curve. The
confidence level determines how sure the researcher regards the result of the study and is expressed as a
percentage. The 95% confidence level thus means that the researcher can be 95% confident of the level of
accuracy of her results.

The confidence interval means the margin of error, which is always the plus, or minus figure usually in
the calculator (Creative Research System, 2009). It is a specific interval estimate of a parameter determined
by using data obtained from a sample and by using the specific confidence level estimate (Allan G. Bluman,
2004 p.328).

The sample size will be calculated as:

n˳ ‗ (1.96)2(0.5) (0.5) ‗ 384 Respondents

(0.05)2
No. Category sample
1. Women 100
2. Men 100
3. Youths 100
4. Others 84
Total 384

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3.5 Sampling technique
Sampling in this study has taken two forms namely purposive sampling and simple random sampling.
The purposive sampling method is the sampling technique where the sample size is derived by use of
judgment of the researcher (Amin, 2005). This method shall use because it allows the researcher to choose
certain respondents for supplying key information. The simple random sampling technique was selected
because the sample size contains big number of respondents that require being appropriately and
proportionately represented.

3.6. Data Collection Methods

The collection of data in this study has taken two forms, namely the collection of primary data and the
collection of secondary data. The collection of primary data involved the use of questionnaires to gather
information from the selected respondents as well as use of interview guide from the selected key
informants. The collection of secondary data involved review of the official documents in which the
researcher is extracted the secondary data of this study, books, publications and internet sources has been
used to extract the literature of this research.

3.6.1 Questionnaires
The questionnaire is a research instrument with preset questions and guided style of response that was
used to collect data from respondents (Amin, 2005). This instrument contained both open-ended questions
and close-ended questions. The questionnaire will be applied to professional migrants or skill migrants,
students and especial interest migrants. The questionnaire was selected for use in this study because it is
easy to apply as most respondents were well educated and can fill in the questions easily or with little
guidance.

3.6.2 Interviews
An interview guide was used. This is an instrument where mostly general questions are used to collect
data mainly from key respondents (Amin, 2005). This instrument also contained open-ended questions as
well as close-ended questions. The interview guide will be used for this study because some sections of the
study population have more knowledge that cannot be fully captured using a questionnaire. These shall be
referred to in this study as key informants such as Service Providers, Local and International NOGs,
Construction Companies and other business Companies.

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3.7 Validity and Reliability
On one hand, the validity of the instruments, which are questionnaire and interview guide, will be
measured. Validity of the instrument means the ability of an instrument to measure what it was intended to
measure. In this study, the validity of the instruments was measured by a panel of experts through an
assessment of selected items in the instruments that would ensure that the instrument was measuring to the
expectations. After identifying the vague and ambiguous questions, corrections were made and a final
instrument was prepared. On the other hand, the reliability of an instrument was measured. Reliability of the
instrument means the consistence of the instrument in picking the needed information. It was measured by
using the Inter-Rater Reliability (IRR) test. Two experts (raters) was used to rate the consistence of the
instruments to measure the attributes they were designed to measure.

3.8 Data analysis and interpretation

Data processing is the method of separating of not needed data from the data that was used in data
analysis (Amin, 2005). . This was done through editing of the data to check for accuracy, consistency,
legibility and comprehensiveness. Then, data was then coded for further data analysis. Data analysis utilized
two techniques, namely the quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis. In the quantitative data
analysis, the data collected was coded first before it is entered into the computer. The data entered into the
computer was analyzed using a computer program called Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS).
Under this program, data was analyzed using the method of frequency tabulation whereby counts/.tallies and
their corresponding percentages were generated. It is upon these percentages that writing the final results
report was based as well as analysis and interpretation. For qualitative data analysis, data was analyzed
thematically through identifying themes that reflect the objectives and research questions of the study.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

 The researcher will not force respondents to give information. Instead he will obtain a formal consent as a
pre-requisite to gathering information from the respondents.
 The researcher will produce an introductory letter from university which he will take to Banadir Regional
Administration of the Somali Federal government to permit him to carry out research in this particular
area.
 Participants will be informed in advance that all information collected through interviews or
questionnaires will be treated with outmost confidentiality and the findings will not be used for any other
purpose other than that indicated in the study.

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CHPATER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISSCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS

Introduction
This chapter presents the results of the study, which are presented, interpreted, analyzed and discussed,
sequentially according to the objectives of the study. The results are presented in sections within the same
chapter. And the following were the objectives which guided the study: The main objective of the study
examined the Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Economic Sources in Mogadishu- Challenges and
Opportunities. While the specific objectives were set:-

1) To describe social determinants of rural urban migration in Somali.

2) To identify the level of opportunities and economic sources that can be attractive factors for internal rural
urban migration in Somali.
3) To assess the challenges associated with internal migration.
4) To find out solutions to the problems associated with rural-urban migration.

Generally, in this chapter, the findings of the study are compared and contrasted in regard to the
literature reviewed and the implications of the study for the methodology, and the research questions which
directed the study are also explored.

Section A: Demographics and General information:

Table 4.1: Gender of The Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Female 256 70.5 72.3 72.3

Male 98 27.0 27.7 100.0

Total 354 97.5 100.0

2.5
Total 100.0

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Based on the classification and demographics of the respondents in terms of their gender and sex, table
4.1 above indicates that 70.5% which is majority of the research respondents are Females interviewed, while
27%of the respondents are male. This further indicates that there is a very a high propensity to migrate
among the different genders at any given level. According to the female members were interviewed internal
rural urban migrants are most likely female headed households.

Table 4.2: Segregation of the Respondents Age

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 18-25 80 22.5 22.6 22.6

25--35 221 62.1 62.4 85.0

35--45 36 10.1 10.2 95.2

45--55 13 3.7 3.7 98.9

55 and above 4 1.1 1.1 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

Total 100.0

According to the categorization of the respondents in regard to their age segregation table 4.2, shows
that 62.4% of the respondents are in between (25—35), which is the majority of the rural urban migrants,
followed by 22.6% and their age is in between (18-25), while 10.2% of the respondents are (35—45) years
old and also 3.7% of the respondents are (45—55) and lastly followed by 1.1% of the respondents following
down under55 and above. These are the minor ones according to the respondents gone through interviews
and primary data collection in this research.

Looking at the 62.4% of the respondents are younger than 35 years old, this highlights internal
migration in Somalia and people who are migrating from rural areas coming to Mogadishu are youth,
attacked by the job opportunities and economic sources in Mogadishu, there are also insecurity issues
affecting youth in rural areas to flee from the villages of origin all the way to Mogadishu by any means of
transport mechanisms, alongside the droughts and recurrent shocks of the most regions in Somalia of which
migration is the copping mechanism to save lives, those are the major factors contributing to the high rural
urban migration of the youth.

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However the researcher identified during the data collection and focus group discussions with the
respondents there are other challenges associated with internal migration and will elaborate a bit more in the
research.

Table 4.3: Marital Status of the Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Single 55 15.4 15.5 15.5

Married 244 68.5 68.9 84.5

Divorce 20 5.6 5.6 90.1

Widow 31 8.7 8.8 98.9

5 4 1.1 1.1 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

2 .6
Total 356 100.0

Based on the categorization of the respondents according to their marital status table 4.3, indicating
that around 70% of the respondents are married and are families standing as a household, of which the
greater part of the rural urban migrants are lying under, also 15% of the respondents are unmarried or
single members, this is the second highest number of the respondents while 8.8% of the respondents are
families whereby the husband are died, this is the third highest number of the respondents, the reason of the
being pass away the husbands were not asked because of the concentration of the study on the challenges
and opportunities of rural urban migration and it is subsequent effect on economic sources, that are currently
available in, lastly there were 5.6% of the respondents are divorced women and struggling to survive and
secure the daily breads of their children.

The researcher highlights that majority of the internal migrants coming to Mogadishu are families
composing partners with their children, also looking at the UNCR report on 2012 only this year 180,000HHs
(housel holds) arrived Mogadishu of which majority of the families are households standing along other
family members including their children, so there should be a need for elaboration on why people are
coming jointly with their family members.

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Table4.4: Level of the Education of the Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 1 200 56.3 56.5 56.5

2 100 28.2 28.2 84.7

3 8 2.3 2.3 87.0

4 32 9.0 9.0 96.0

5 14 3.9 4.0 100.0

Total 354 99.7 100.0

1 .3
Total 355 100.0

The table above ( table 4.4), shows that educational level of the respondents and rate of educated
migrants, as well as non-Educated throughout all the stages of the education,56.5% of the respondents
which are the internal rural urban migrants are non-educated, this is the majority of the people who is
vulnerable for internal migration, they can be easily migrated because of limited educational skills and
awareness which guiding them on diversifying livelihood and creating alternative sources of income before
any shocks occurred. There is also a good number of the respondents 28.2% secondary level who has some
basic education, also as the table shows there are people who are educated informally and did not go to
school this is about 9.0% of the respondents, followed by limited rate of the respondents who are graduated
from universities other have some education and this is about religious and they went to Madrasa for
studying quranic schools and religious studies.

The researcher arguing that limited level of the education of rural urban migrants is the most crucial
factors contributed to the increased rate of internal migration from rural to urban, because of the
vulnerability of the rural people and pre-urban inhabitants, the affected people of the crises weather it is
natural or human factors have limited knowledge on managing their recourses and diversifying their basics
of the livelihoods before any the shocks occurred. The second point under discussion is that majority of the
respondents studied Madrasa for Quranic Studies; however they did not go to school for studying and
gaining other knowledge including skills and life trainings.

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Table 4.5: Does your household living in Mogadishu?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 300 81.5 83.1 83.1

No 61 16.6 16.9 100.0

Total 361 98.1 100.0

7 1.9
Total 368 100.0

The table above indicates cataloging of the respondents according to their residential status to
Mogadishu which is understudy, 83.1% of the respondents is living in Mogadishu with their households,
while 16.9% of the respondents are not living in Mogadishu, but have presence and settlement in
Mogadishu.

This shows that majority of rural urban migrants came with their families to live and work in
Mogadishu, even thought migrating with families is questionable looking at the intensity

Table 4.6 If yes, for how long did you and your household living in Mogadishu?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid One up to ten Months 100 27.2 27.6 27.6

2----4 Years 206 56.0 56.9 84.5

5 Years and above 56 15.2 15.5 100.0

Total 354 98.4 100.0

1.6
Total 354 100.0

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Table 4.7 indicating that 56.9 % which is majority of the respondents have been in Mogadishu for the
past tow up to four years, followed by the 27.6 % of the respondents has been living in the capital starting
from one up to ten months, while 15.5%of the respondents have been there over five years. This shows that
majority of the rural urban migrants have arrived Mogadishu, during the drought of the 2011, the famine
affected most of the south and central Somalia regions, so this migration was survivability and later on
turned into opportunistic approach and started doing business, working and learning in Mogadishu, and also
accessing opportunities in Mogadishu.

Section B: Determinants and Problems associated with Rural Urban Migration

Table 4.7 Have you ever been migrated from your place of origin?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 321 87.2 90.7 90.7

No 33 9.0 9.3 100.0

Total 354 100.0 100.0

Total 354 100.0

According to the table (4.7) the highest numbers of the internal rural urban migrants are people who are
migrated before 90.7% of the responded were asked a question regarding to the experience of migration
from rural to urban before and replied yes, demonstrating experiences of migration, while 9.3% of the
respondents have no experience for internal migration in Somalia, especially migrating from rural of
Somalia to Mogadishu.

Table 4.8: if Yes, Where are you Migrated from?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid North Somalia 40 11.3 11.3 11.3

South Somalia 264 74.4 74.6 85.9

Central Somalia 50 14.1 14.1 100.0

Total 354 99.7 100.0

Total 354 100.0

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In the table above (4.8), shows that 74.6% of the respondents migrated from southern part of Somali
regions, followed by the 14.1% of the respondents are immigrates from central Somalia and 11.3% are
internal rural urban migrants from northern part of Somalia.

Because of regulars and fragmented disputes were going on the southern part of Somali, the migration
rates in terns rural urban migrants is very high according to other parts of Somalia, in addition to the
recurrent drought in south and central Somalia especially ( Bay, Bakool, Gedo and Jubba regions), this also
makes internal migration very high accordantly.

Table 4.9: What was the main reason of your migration from rural to urban?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Economic Migration 150 42.3 42.4 42.4

Insecurity and inter clan

154 43.4 43.5 85.9
Conflict Migration

Looking for better education

50 14.1 14.1 100.0
and services

Total 354 99.7 100.0

Total 354 100.0

The Table above indicates 42.4% of the respondents are economics migrants, while 43.5% of the
respondents are migrated from insecurity and continuous conflicts in their places, also 14.1% of the
respondents are migrated looking for better education and health services in urban rather than their places.

This shows that majority of the internal migration from rural to urban, especially people who are
coming to Mogadishu are migrated from the insecurity and conflicts in most parts of south and central
Somalia looking a survival, second highest rates of internal migration are economic migrants and they are
looking for better jobs, employments and better live generally, economic migrants can be those are migrated
from the droughts and consequence of the recurrent shocks in their places of origin, especially those who
arrived Mogadishu on 2011 and 2012, when the famine affected agricultural, agro-pastorals and pastoralist
people, it destroyed their livelihoods and decided to migrate looking for alternative sources of livelihoods.

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Highlights is on the motive factors of internal rural urban migrants, as mentioned in the above
economic motive factors, can be all the opportunities attract individuals and households to migrate and
security factors, this can be choices less to decide migration or not, because it is all the looking for
survivability, also looking for the better services rather than rural services, it is not always being variances
between rural and urban according to the services provision, so the respondents reflecting to the objective of
migration partly for better services, educations, health and limited social services which attracts the internal
migration.

Table 4.10: What were the socio-economic Problems in your place of origin that forced you to
migrate?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Lack of employment

100 28.2 28.2 28.2
Opportunities

Droughts and Natural Shocks 204 57.5 57.6 85.9

Others , 50 14.1 14.1 100.0

Total 354 99.7 100.0

Total 354 100.0

According to table above (4.10) indicating that socio economic problems which is causing specifically
rural urban migration, 57.5% of the respondents are migrated from the droughts in their places of origin as
well as the natural shocks (Floods and droughts), also 28.2% of the respondents are suffered from lack of
employment opportunities which make them migrate and look for the better opportunities of getting jobs and
cover their lives.

Although migration of people and livestock is not unusual during the dry season, this appears to be the
first time ever pastoralists and their livestock have migrated into the cities, a situation that portrays the
severity of the drought situation in the country increased on the droughts of 2011, it was partly copying
strategy on surviving human and livestock live. According to the experience of researcher in the famine of
the 2011, there were even pastoralists arriving to Mogadishu, and because of limited pasture the pastoralist
were even buying the known trees in the urban especially Mogadishu to feed their animals ( Cattle and
Camels) as a fodder.

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4.11: Do you agree on, Apart from economic reason there are other pushing factors encouraging on
rural urban migration?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 280 78.9 79.1 79.1

74 6.8 21.1 85.9

No

100.0

Total 354 99.7 100.0

.
Total 354 100.0

Table (4.11) indicating that, 79.1% of the respondents revealed that other factors than economic
migration are causing rural internal migration and antenatal migration, while also 21.1% of the respondent
revealed that rural urban migration is not caused by other factors, indicating that economic reasons are the
only factors causing for migration from the rural (the place of origin) to urban specifically Mogadishu,
which is under study.

The study data has been collected from the specific target population, which is rural urban migration or
in other words internal migration, the respondents were asked about Apart from economic reason there are
other pushing factors encouraging on rural urban migration, if there is other factors pushing internal
immigrants to migrate to Mogadishu.

Of course this should be highlighted as many researchers demonstrating , the migration in Somalia is
not only for economic purposes, the security challenging situations in south and central Somalia can be vital
role encouraging internal displacements and migrations form one place to another as the researcher
demonstrated in the above in relation to the other questions. This is because of opposing politics and
conflicts in Somalia. Also droughts, floods and other natural disasters are also contributing and plying vital
role again for increments of the internal migration from rural to urban.

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4.12: Which gender is more likely to migrate on completion at any given level?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Female 157 44.2 44.4 44.4

Male 30 8.5 8.5 52.8

c)Both Male and Female have

high intensity of rural urban 167 47.0 47.2 100.0
migration

Total 354 99.7 100.0

Total 355 100.0

According to the classification of the respondents looking at which gender is more like to migrate both
male and female the researcher found that both male and female are likely to migrate in percentage of 47.2%
of the responders, while females migrated in a rate of 44% of the respondents answer’s, followed by the
8.5% of the male are migrated in views of the some respondents.

Migration is a common phenomenon among the people in the world, particularly Somali people who
have nomadic culture of migration and most of them are pastoralist, following behind the pasture and water
for the better of their livestock.

Again Somalia people are effected especially the people under the study in south and central Somalia,
so whenever and wherever the pushing factors of migration is available people are exposed to migrate
regardless gender (male and female), age (young and elder), it is considerable sometimes and some specific
hazards affect for some groups or members of the society, such conflicts and targeting for specific people,
such whealth individuals and some other hazards that might affect only youths, such insecurity and security
challenges in Somalia, targeting youth in relation to the suspicions.

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4. 13: What is the level of opportunities and economic sources that can be attractive factors for
internal rural urban migration in Somali- Mogadishu?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid High 101 28.4 28.5 28.5

Medium 206 57.9 58.2 86.7

Low 47 13.2 13.3 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

Total 354 100.0

Table 4.13 revealed that 66.4% of the respondents, rural urban migration are the copying strategy to
cope with the recurrent droughts and floods in south and central Somali regions, while 26.8% of the
respondents are also revealing that rural urban migration is not copying strategies, but it is a normal
phenomenon of the people’s movement from one location to another due to the cause from the
environmental and human reflection, followed by the last rate of the internal migration around 6.8% of the
respondents reveals, no ideas of whether rural urban migration is a copying strategy or a natural phenomena
exercised by the people.

The highlight is that majority of the people who were interviewed, including recent migration are
reveling this is a copying strategy and it will continue across the urban cities, while and whenever the
disasters are taking place, this is supported by the researcher’s argument on migration strategies and the
effect of the urbanization, as well as the growth of the cities attacking, people to urbanize themselves, and
place for the families. Other This is also supported in the literature review only one year 2011, the UNCR
Report (2011), reflected that Mogadishu 180,000HHs, this people arrived to Mogadishu to survive and look
for the better place to live, of course this was not their choice, but they were forced to flee from the home
and settle into Mogadishu.

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4.14: Do you agree rural urban migration is a copying strategy of recurrent shocks (droughts, Floods
and Conflicts) in some south Somali regions

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Agree 235 66.0 66.4 66.4

Disagree 95 26.7 26.8 93.2

Neutral 24 6.7 6.8 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

Total 354 100.0

According to the opportunities and economic sources, that can be attractive factors and subsequent
encouraging internal rural urban migrants in regard to Mogadishu, in the table (4.14), demonstrating that
28.5% of the respondents agreed that economic opportunities in Mogadishu are very high, that is why many
people are migrated from the regions and coming to Mogadishu, also 58.2% of the respondents revealed that
opportunities in Mogadishu is medium, but there still potentiality of being Mogadishu a green side,
attracting internal migrants, finally small number of the respondents 13.3% believes that opportunities in
Mogadishu is low, so according to them, no need for left from home and migrate to Mogadishu.

Section C: Opportunities and Economic Sources of rural urban Migration

4.15: Are you now working in Mogadishu?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 263 73.9 74.3 74.3

3 91 25.6 25.7 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

Total 354 100.0

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Looking at the employment opportunities in table (4.15) currently 74.3% of the respondents are
working in Mogadishu, while 25.7% of the respondents are not working and they are unemployed formally
or informally.

4.16: If yes, what type of your employment/ Job?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Casual Labor 244 68.5 68.9 68.9

Business person 68 19.1 19.2 88.1

Teacher/ Lecturer 23 6.5 6.5 94.6

Others, 19 5.3 5.4 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

Total 354 100.0

In the table (4.16), this is linked to the employment opportunities in table (4.15), respondents were
asked on the type of the employments and what they are doing, majority of the rural urban migrants are
workers and doing casual work in Mogadishu, around 68.9% and approximately 19.2% of the respondents
are business persons and involved in this sector, while also a limited percentage of the respondents 6.5% are
involved in the education field and employed as teachers and lecturers with in education , this means that
majority of the rural urban migrants are casual labour and even sometimes innovate new business ideas, that
has not been explored before by the local residents of Mogadishu.

As researcher highlights the biggest market in Somali Bakaaro, many people are employed in this
market and mainly are casual labors from the internal migrants (rural urban migrants), this people are porters
using, wooden wheelbarrows, donkey and donkey carts and also local motor cycles, in some cases the rural
urban migrants interact with people and start small scale business and eventually resettle the city buying new
houses and educating their children. Also it is visible a gain in some cases the interaction of the rural urban
migrants in Mogadishu and get involved in a brokers and other services that might need for some people
who need identification and recognition of the local people

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According to the classification of the respondents in terms of their work in the place of origin, table
(4.17) indicating that 48.9% of the respondents were farmers before they migrate to Mogadishu and 20.6%
of the respondents were pastoralist, while 18.6% of the respondents were also trade/small business, followed
by the 11.9% of the respondents were doing casual labors when were they in the place of origin, this shows
that because of the effects of the droughts farmers and pastoralist are the most effected groups and now are
involved, some casual labors and business as mentioned above.

4.17: What were you working on when in your place of origin or before migrating to Mogadishu

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Farmers 173 48.6 48.9 48.9

Pastoralist 73 20.5 20.6 69.5

Trade/ Small business 66 18.5 18.6 88.1

Casual labor 42 11.8 11.9 100.0

Total 354 99.4 100.0

Total 354 100.0

4.18: When you have come to Mogadishu would you met your expectation?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 230 64.2 64.2 64.2

No 128 35.8 35.8 100.0

Total 354 100.0 100.0

Table above (4.18), shows that respondents reflect their ideas on how they got about migrating from
rural to urban and if they met their expectations, 64.2% of the respondents agreed that they have met their
expectation on coming to Mogadishu, while 35.8% of the respondents are reflecting that journey to
Mogadishu was not successful and have not realized their objectives of migrating to Mogadishu.

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4.19: What is the impact of rural urban migration on mobilizing local economic sources and
opportunities in Mogadishu

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Positive Impact 130 36.3 36.4 36.4

Negative Impact 184 51.4 51.5 88.0

No Impact 43 12.0 12.0 100.0

Total 354 99.7 100.0

Total 354 100.0

Table (4.19) indicates that rural urban migration has a positive impact on mobilizing local economic
sources and opportunities in Somalia, around 36.4% of the respondents revealed a positive impact, followed
by the 51.5% of the respondents reflecting to the negative impact of the rural urban migration and 12% of
the respondents are also reflecting no impact of the internal rural urban migration.

The internal migration of the rural urban increased in recent days, because of the recurrent and
environmental changes affected droughts and floods, which turned into negative consequence on the
migrated people, to the different parts of Somalia , specifically Mogadishu hosted the major part of the
migration influxes.

Section D: Challenges associated with internal migration

4.20: Can you mention some challenges which you faced during and after your migration?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Commutative
Security 110 30.7 31.1 31
Lack of 86 24.0 24.3 55.4
transportation
Home sick 101 28.2 28.5 83.9
Adaptation with 57 15.9 16.1 100
Urban
Total 354 98.9 100.0

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Looking at the challenges associated with internal migration, in table (4.20), respondents reflecting
there were some challenges alongside the migration from rural to urban, where 31.1% of the respondents
had security challenges traveling to Mogadishu, also 24.3% of respondents had transportation challenges,
followed the 28.5% of the responders were unable to leave from their home, because of their emotionality
and love of the home land where they were born, others had challenges on the adaptation of the
environment, especially where they migrated to, in terms some cultural barriers and living standard of the
urban areas.

The challenges of the migration, both internal migration (rural urban migration from one specific local
city to another city) or external migration (migrating to outside the country), always had challenges and this
can be only a full study looking at the dimension of social cultural problems of the migration, however there
are also some challenges associated with internal migration including transportation, limited knowledge on
urban areas, that will reflect to the adaptation of the people to the migrated land.

44.21: Do you think that rural urban migration impact on interdependence of rural products to urban
production and consumption?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 269 75.1 76.0 76.0

No 85 23.7 24.0 100.0

Total 354 98.9 100.0

Total 354 100.0

In table (4.21) the respondents reflecting that rural urban migration has a consequence on the
production of the rural, which is lightly, will reduce the local economy around 76% of the respondents
revealed yes, while 24% of the respondents are reflecting that there are no relation between the
interdependence of the rural production and the economics of the urban cities.

The researcher reflecting that there are relations of the rural production and local economic growth, the
rural products, whether it is livestock products and agricultural products are transported to the large urban
cities for business purposes and this will strength to the local economic relations and country’s economic
growth.

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Alongside the challenges of the internal migration of Somalia, respondents were presented to an
interview where semi-structured interview has been guided to the discussion. The discussions were
concerning on the last objective of the study, solutions of the problems associated with the internal
migration, especially rural urban migration in Somalia.

The researcher will summarize the discussion points, looking at the economic migrants and security
related migrants as well as the impact of internal migration on economic sources in Mogadishu.

For the economic migrants, the solution is creating alternative livelihood sources in their places of
origin, this can be supporting Farmers on agricultural sector equipments and financing them to improve
agricultural production, which also has it is own impact on the growth of local economic scales, livestock
investment and provision of treatments to the pastoralists, this will engage keeping the pastoralist in the rural
and not to migrated as well as the resilience for droughts and recurrent shock affecting the live of the human
and livestock.

In addition to the giving the rural people some skills and knowledge on early warning systems that
might help on preparing for dry seasons, so that they will have resistance when the droughts accrued, all the
above mentioned are the solutions for the economic migrants of the internal migration in Somalia.

According to the security related migration, the respondents and the researcher considers the biggest
challenges of the Somalia as country and as a people, this could be solved only negotiations and
reconciliation of the conflicted parts within Somalia overly and specifically the areas where people are
usually migrated from because of in security south and central Somalia is an example, “the security
challenges are over the capacity of the internal migrants and sometimes over the Somali people they are
many actors involving in Somali politics” aid by the Bishar Abdi a rural urban migrants living in
Dharkeynley district.

The rural urban migrants have an impact on the economic sources of Mogadishu; they explore new
business and economic sources in Bakaaro Market the biggest market in Somalia, they are mainly employed
as casual labors providing support services to the business activities in the market, while they are starting
business from small scale size to the medium ones and for the time being some rural urban migrants are
educated and employed in the education sector both teaching and lecturing in education institutions in
Mogadishu.

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CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1: Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher described about summary of the study, conclusions of the research
findings according to the primary and secondary data of the research and finally the researcher rolled out the
study presenting recommendations and areas that might need to go for father studies in the future.

5.2: Summary
This study is intended to investigate the impact of rural urban migration on economic sources in
Mogadishu- challenges and opportunities, despite inadequate employment opportunities and lack of
effective employment agencies that can be equally treated to the job seekers, the study will look at how the
rural-urban migrants mobilize economic sources to sustain and adapt the life in Mogadishu. Rural-urban
migration has also created social problems on rural based production and reduced the integration and
economic interdependence of the rural urban cycle as depicted on population density in Mogadishu.

So, this study analyzed the major push factors for rural-urban migration in Somalia; problems
associated with internal migration and solutions of the problems associated with rural urban migrants, why
Mogadishu is an attractive city for internal migrants. How do rural migrants to urban Mogadishu create and
mobilize new economic opportunities that had not been seen by those who were there so many years and
converting these new opportunities into sustainable income sources to the migrants. Not only the positive
aspects but also the density of the population especially the new ones and how the hosted communities
interact with people who had come to Mogadishu earlier.

This study contributed to describe on the impact of rural urban migration on economic sources in
Mogadishu- challenges and opportunities.

The study has set out an objectives and research questions that have required findings to be achieved
during the course of the research period.

Described social determinants of rural urban migration in Somali Identified the level of opportunities
and economic sources that can be attractive factors for internal rural urban migration in Somali Assessed the
challenges associated with internal migration Find out solutions to the problems associated with rural-urban
migration.

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5.3: Conclusion of the Findings.
The research covered on impact of rural urban migration on economic sources in Mogadishu, looking at
the associated challenges and opportunities with the internal migration and internal immigrants.

The researcher found that majority of the internal migration from rural to urban, especially people who
are coming to Mogadishu are migrated from the insecurity and conflicts in most parts of south and central
Somalia looking for survival, second highest rates of internal migration are economic migrants and they
are looking for better jobs, employments and better live standard generally, economic migrants can be those
who are migrated from the droughts and consequence of the recurrent shocks in their places of origin,
especially those who arrived to Mogadishu on 2011 and 2012, when the famine affected agricultural, agro-
pastorals and pastoralist people and had destroyed their livelihoods, they decided to migrate looking for
alternative sources of livelihoods.

The motivation factors of the internal rural urban migrants, as mentioned in the above economic
motive factors, can be all the opportunities attract individuals and households to migrate and followed by the
security factors, this can be choices less to decide migration or not, because it is all about looking for
survivability, also looking for the better services rather than rural services, it is not always being variances
between rural and urban according to the services provision, so the respondents reflecting to the objective of
migration partly for better services, educations, health and limited social services which attracts the internal
migration.

According to the economic opportunities in Mogadishu, the researcher highlighted the biggest market
in Somali Bakaaro, many people are employed in this market and mainly are casual labors from the internal
migrants (rural urban migrants), this people are porters using wooden wheelbarrows, donkey and donkey
carts and also local motor cycles, a limited number of them are employed in the education sectors teaching
in the private schools and lecturing in the universities, in some cases the rural urban migrants interact with
people and start small scale business and eventually resettle the city buying new houses and educating their
children.

5.4: General Recommendations

There is always a mutual relationship between rural productions and urban economic, this is just like
cycle same to the cycle of the living things on the earth; each one will contribute the general status of the
country’s economic and well being of the people in the country. The rural products contribute to the national
income, while the urban services contributing to the well being of the local economic developments, internal

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migration from rural to urban affect the balance and equilibrium of the country’s economy. The following
are the recommendations contributing to reduce the internal rural urban migrants.

Government has to encourage the local production, especially consideration to agricultural sector,
livestock and fishing as Somali has one of the longest coasts in Africa, the researcher heighted that some
people are migrating from part of south regions, where the biggest rivers in Somali are passing; this is
because of limited support to the farmers and pastoralists.

An infrastructure including schools, public hospitals and transport roads has to bring back at local level
from tow to villages; this will help improve of social service deliveries and will reduce the internal
migration.

Creating alternative sources of income and improving the employment opportunities to skilled and non
skilled individuals and diversifying of the human livelihood sources in the rural and pre-urban areas to
mitigate the internal migration from rural to urban and will maintain balancing between rural and urban.

5.5: Areas for further research

Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that a similar study should be done on
another organization the similar line of business in order to access whether the same results will be attained.

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REFERENCES

[1]. De Haan and Rogally, R. (1994) Non-farm income and inequality in rural Pakistan, Journal of
Development Studies, 31, 1, 110-33
[2]. Lanzona, 1998, Agesa, 2001 Migration and the urban to rural earnings difference: a sample selection
approach, Journal of Development Studies, 49, 4, 847-65.
[3]. Michael J. Greenwood Gubert (2002) Those in Kayes The impact of remittances on their recipients
in Africa, DIAL Working Paper DT-2002-1.
[4]. UN Habitat (Report 2008). Natural Resources Development Council 1957 Planning Survey of the
Southern Transvaal: the Pretoria-Witwatersrand Vereeniging Area, Pretoria
[5]. UN FAO (2008). Pillay U 2006 SA’s global city region of the future, in Business Day 11 July 2006
[6]. Harper (November 2001) Barham B. and S. Boucher (1998) Migration, remittances and inequality:
estimating the
[7]. Net effect of migration on income distribution, Journal of Development Economics, 55, 307-31.
[8]. Eshetu Gurmu (2012) on the specification and estimation of macro rural urban migration functions:
With an application to Indian data, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 43, 7-29.
[9]. Rudzitis (1989 and N. Naqvi (1988) Urban unemployment and non-immiserizing growth Journal of
Development Economics, 28, 365-7.
[10]. Gundars ( 1990) Mabin A 1995 Conceptualizing, making and governing the Witwatersrand, paper
presented to Africa’s urban past conference, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London.
[11]. Akindelly, (Nove, 2009). Mabin A and R Hunter 1993 Review of conditions and trends affecting
development in the Pretoria- Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) region.
[12]. Mabin A and R Hunter 1993 Review of conditions and trends affecting development in the Pretoria-
Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) region.
[13]. Harris and Todaro (1970) Garrison H. (1982) Internal migration in Mexico: A test of the Todaro
model, Food Research Institute Studies, 18, 197-214.
[14]. Webster’s New World Dictionary English, Property of United States of America

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WORK PLAN

This is the estimated time plan of the study. It is essential in that it enables the researcher to assess the
feasibility of conducting the research within the scheduled time frame. It will also enable the researcher to
stay on schedule as the research progresses.

PERIOD TASK
15th – 31st April 2014 Vetting of the research topic
1st to 31st May 2014 Proposal writing

1st to 20th June 2014 Proposal vetting, discussing with the advisor and
making corrections
11th to 21st July 2014 Develop and validate research tools, submit the
proposal to the supervisor.

22 July –10 August, 2014 Corrections of Supervisor’s Comments on the

Research Proposal.
14th August—20 August, 2014 Submission of the second Draft of the Research
Proposal after Correction.
20 August----10 September, 2014 Submission of the Final Draft of the paper

Budget estimates
Item Quantity Amount(USD) Total(USD)
Ream of papers 8 5 40
Typing and printing 3 Copies 25 75
Transport 5 trips 20 100
Binding 5 copies 5 25
Accommodation and 20 20 400
meals
Contingencies 100 120
Internet & phone charges 1 80 80
Total 840 USD

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Appendix: 1

Questionnaire
Researcher’s Introductory Message.

Dear Respondent,
I am conducting a research as one of the requirements for the award of a Masters degree in Development
Studies from Kampala University.

This questionnaire is designed to investigate the ‘Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Economic
Sources in Mogadishu - Challenges and opportunities. The research is partial fulfillment of my Master’s
Degree in Development Studies credited by Kampla University- Graduate School.

The information you supplied/provided will only be used for academic purpose and we guarantee that your
answers will be strictly treated confidential.

Thank you in advance for taking time to fill this questionnaire voluntarily

Researcher:
Name: Hassan Hussein Ibrahim
University: Kampala
Degree: Master
Field: Development Studies

Section A: Demographic information

1. Gender:
Male ( ) Female ( )
2. Age:
18—25 ( ) 25---35 ( ) 35---45 ( ) 45---55 ( ) above 55 ( )

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
3. Marital Status
What is Your Current Marital Status?
Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( ) Widow ( )
4. Level of Education:
Secondary ( ) University ( ) above university ( ) Informal education ( )
5. Residential Status of the respondent
Does your household living in Mogadishu?
Yes ( ) No ( )
6. If yes, for how long do you and your household living in Mogadishu?
- One up to ten Months ( ) – 2----4 Years ( ) 5 Years and above ( )
Section B: Determinants and Problems associated with Rural Urban Migration.
7. Have you ever been migrated from your place of origin?
Yes ( ) No ( )
8. If yes, where are you migrated from?
- North Somalia
- South Somalia
- Central Somalia
9. What was the main reason of your migration from rural to urban?
- Economic Migration ( )
- Insecurity and inter clan Conflict Migration ( )
- Looking for better education and services ( )
- Others. Please Specify-------------------------------------------------
10. What were the socio-economic Problems in your place of origin that forced you to migrate?
- Lack of employment Opportunities
- Droughts and Natural Shocks
- Others , ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Do you agree on, Apart from economic reason there are other pushing factors encouraging on rural
urban migration?
- Yes, ( ) No ( )
12. If Yes, Please Specify------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. Which gender is more likely to migrate on completion at any given level?
a) Male
b) Female

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
c) Both Male and Female have high intensity of rural urban migration

14. Do you agree rural urban migration is a copying strategy of recurrent shocks (droughts, Floods and
Conflicts) in some south Somali regions?
- Agree ( ) - Disagree ( ) - Neutral ( )

Section C: Opportunities and Economic Sources of rural urban Migration.

15. What is the level of opportunities and economic sources that can be attractive factors for internal
rural urban migration in Somali- Mogadishu?
- High ( ) Medium ( ) Low ( )

16. Are you now working in Mogadishu?

Yes ( ) No ( )
17. If yes, what type of your employment/ Job?
- Casual Labor ( )
- Business person ( )
- Teacher/ Lecturer ( )
- Others, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. What were you working on when in your place of origin or before migrating to Mogadishu?
- Farmers ( )
- Pastoralist ( )
- Trade/ Small business ( )
- Casual labor ( )
- Other, Please Specify ----------------------------------------------------------

19. In your opinion do you think there are economic opportunities that can be found only by the Rural
Urban immigrants rather than previous residents?
Yes, ( ) No ( )
20. When you have come to Mogadishu would you met your expectation?
Yes ( ) No ( )
21. If yes, Please mention and List the opportunities:
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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
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22. What is the level of opportunities and economic sources that can be attractive factors for internal
rural urban migration in Somali?
- High ( ) Medium ( ) Low ( )
23. What is the impact of rural urban migration on mobilizing local economic sources and opportunities
in Mogadishu?
- Positive Impact ( ) - Negative Impact ( ) No Impact ( )

Section D: Challenges associated with internal Migration.

24. Can you mention some challenges which you faced during and after your migration?
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25. Do you think that rural urban migration impact on interdependence of rural products to urban
production and consumption?
Yes ( ) No ( )

Appendix 2 Interview Guide

Researcher’s Introductory Message.
Dear Respondent,
I am conducting a research as one of the requirements for the award of a Masters degree in Development
Studies from Kampala University.
This interview is designed to investigate the ‘Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Economic Sources in
Mogadishu - Challenges and opportunities. The research is partial fulfillment of my Master’s Degree in
Development Studies credited by Kampla University- Graduate School.
The information you supplied/provided will only be used for academic purpose and we guarantee that your
answers will be strictly treated confidential.
Thank you in advance for taking time to fill this questionnaire voluntarily

Date of Interview: -------------------------

Qualification of the Respondent (Please Tick where Applicable)
a. Secondary -----------------------------------
b. Diploma, -----------------------------------

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Volume 5, Issue 9, September – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
c. University Degree, ---------------------
d. Others, Specify -----------------------
Marital Status
a. Single
b. Married
c. Windowed
d. Divorced

Gender (Please Tick One) 1) Male: ----------------- 2) Female: -----------------------

Age Categories:
18—25 ( ) 25---35 ( ) 35---45 ( ) 45-----55 ( ) 55 and Above ( )
What are the economic opportunities of rural urban migration?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------
----------------------------------------- What impact does rural urban migration caused on economic sources of
Mogadishu?
 Positives Impact ( ) Negative Impact ( )
If Positive or negative explained your arguments?
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What are the major challenges of migrating from rural to urban?
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What are the alternative measures to be taken to mitigate the problems associated with internal migration?
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