BIOLOGY

C o m pa r a t iv e S t u d y o f B l o o d C o r pu s c l es
C h a r a c t er s R B Cs WB Cs P l a t el et s
1 Shape Circular, Biconcave Rounded, Irregular Rounded or Oval
Size (Diameter in 7-8, Smaller than 12 – 20, Larger 2 – 5, Smallest blood
2
µm) WBCs than RBCs corpuscles
Number or Count
5.5 million in male,
3 (Per cubic 8000–11000 1.5 – 4.5 lakhs
4.5 million in female
milimeter)
Red due to
4 Colour Colourless Colourless
haemoglobin
At maturation they They contain are
5 Structure Non-nucleated cells
lost all cell orgenelles cell organelles

6 Life Span 120 days 1 – 7 days 2 – 5 days

Transport oxygen Act as the soldiers,
7 Functions and small amount of scavengers and Help is blood clotting
carbon di-oxide builders of body
Functions of Blood :
1. Transporation of oxygen from lungs to tissues.
2. Transporation of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
3. Transporation of excretory material from the tissues to the kidneys : Some of the chemical activities in
the body form nitrogenous end products, like urea, that are poisonous. These substances diffuse into the capillaries
and are carried by plasma. When they eventually reach the kidneys, a large proportion of them is removed and excreted.
4. Transporation of digested food from the small intestine to the tissue.
5. Distribution of hormones and enzymes.
6. Formation of clots to prevent blood loss.
7. Distribution of heat and temperature control : Muscular and chemical activities release heat. The heat so
produced locally is distributed all around the body by the blood and in this way an even temperature is maintained
in all body regions.
8. Preventation of infection and wound healing : WBCs in the blood help in wound healing. Bacteria are
destroyed by the WBCs before they can enter the general circulation. Also, the WBCs provide defence to the
body against disease germs and foreign substances.
COMPETITION WINDOW
HAEMOPOIESIS : The process of formation of blood is called hoemopoiesis. This process occurs in red bone
marrow and lymphoid tissues (spleen, thymus and lymphatic nodes)
Study of blood – Haematology
Blood by weight – 7 to 8% of body weight
Blood by volume – 5-6 litres in male and 4-5 litres in female
Process of RBC formation – Erythropoiesis.
Decrease in RBC count – Anaemia
Number of RBC count increases at high altitude, this condition known as polycythemia
Blood red in colour due to red coloured respiratory pigment haemoglobin is present in RBC .
Iron (Ferrous ion Fe+2 )element found in Haem component of haemoglobin (Hb).
Leukemia – Abnormal increase in TLC (Total Leucocyte Count) . It is also called blood cancer.
On the basis of nucleus and nature of cytoplasm WBCs are of following types :-
(i) Agranulocytes :- (a) Monocytes (b) Lymphocytes
(ii) Granulocytes :- (a) Acidophils (b) Basophils (c) Neutrophils

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Maintenence by platelets

When we are injured and start bleeding. Naturally the loss of blood from the system has to be minimised. In
addition, leakage would lead to a loss of pressure which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. To
avoid this, the blood has platelet cells which circulate around the body and plug these leaks by helping to clot the
blood at these points of injury.

BLOOD CLOTTING

Blood flows from cut or wound but after sometimes it stops automatically. It is called clotting of blood.

Mechanism of blood clotting :- (Enzyme Cascade theory)

Proposed by Macfarlane and Co-workers

According to this theory, there are 3 steps of blood clotting.

Step – 1 :- Injured tissues and Damaged platelets release


Thomboplastin + Ca+2  Thrombokinase (An enzyme)

Thrombokinase
Step – 2 :- Prothrombin (soluble plasma protein) 
Ca 2

 Thrombin (An active enzyme)

Thrombin
Step – 3 :- Fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein)   Fibrin fibres + blood corpuscles  Blood clot

Serum is blood plasma from which fibrinogen, the blood clotting protein, has been removed.

13 clotting factors are helpful in blood clotting.

Clotting factor I  Fibrinogen

Clotting factor II  Prothrombin

Clotting factor III  Thromboplastin

Clotting factor IV  Calcium

Vitamin-K is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factor in liver.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by circulatory system ?
2. What are the components of blood circulatory system in humans ?
3. Name the mineral, Which helps in formation of RBC's.
4. Give other name for blood platelets.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
(i) The two principal fluids involved in transporation in our body are .............. and ............. .
(ii) The fluid matrix of blood is called ................... .
(iii) The RBCs are involved in transportation of ........................ from lungs to tissues.
(iv) Oxygen combines with haemoglobin present in RBC and forms ................ .
(v) The chief function of WBCs is to ......................... .
(vi) Platelets help in ................. .
(vii) The plasma without its fibrinogen is called .............. .
(viii) Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by ................. .

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BLOOD VESSELS
In human, three types of blood vessels are present.
1. Arteries : The vessels which carry blood from heart to various organs of the body.
2. Veins : They collect the blood from different parts of the body and pour it into the heart.
3. Capillaries : These are smallest blood vessels and one-cell thick.
The major differences between various blood vessels have been given in Table.

C o m pa r a t iv e S t u d y o f B l o o d V es s el s
S . No . F ea t u r es A r t er ies V ein s C a pil l a r ies
Take the blood away Bring the blood
Blood flows from
Direction of blood from heart to towards the heart
1 arterioles (capillaries) to
flow different parts of from various body
venules.
body. parts.
Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated Blood changes from
2 Kind of blood except in pulmonary blood except in oxygenated to
artery. pulmonary vein. deoxygenated.
Pressure is extremely
3 Blood pressure Pressure is high. Pressure is low.
low.
Blood flows
Blood flows rapidly Blood flows smoothly
4 Blood flow smoothly without
with jerks. without jerks.
jerks.
5 Lumen Narrow Wide Very small
6 Semilunar valves Absent Present Absent
Form a network all over
7 Location Mostly deep seated. Mostly superficial. the body and in the
organs.

HEART
Size – 5 × 3.5 inches Colour – Pink
Shape – Conical Weight – 300 gm.
Position : It is situated in thoracic cavity, between the lungs slightly on the ventral surface.
Its triangular, superior-broad portion is tilted slightly towards right (dorsal) side, its lower narrow portion is tilted
towards left side.
Heart is enclosed from all the sides by an envelope of two membranes called pericardial membranes
(pericardium).
The narrow space in between these two membranes is called pericardial cavity. A fluid is present in
this cavity, called pericardial fluid.
Pericardial fluid prevents the heart from external jerks.
It reduces the friction during contraction.
The human heart is divisible into four chambers.
The upper two chambers are auricles (atria) while the lower two chambers are called ventricles.
In between the auricles and ventricles, a clear groove is present which is known as coronary sulcus.
 External structure of Heart :
Auricular part of heart is smaller and its walls are thin.
It is divided into right and left auricles, by a groove called inter-auricular sulcus.
Ventricular part is broad and muscular.
Ventricles have thicker wall than auricles.
The groove which divides the two ventricles is termed as inter-ventricular sulcus.

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Aorta

Heart : External Structure Heart : Internal Structure

 Internal structure of Heart :
Partition between right and left auricle is known as inter-auricular septum while partition between the two
ventricles is known as inter- ventricular septum.
Partition between auricles and ventricles is known as auriculo-ventricular septum.
(A) Right Auricle (Atrium) :
The right auricle has the openings of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
Deoxygenated blood from the veins of the head, neck and upper limbs enters the right auricle by superior vena
cava and from the rest of the body and lower limbs by the inferior vena cava.
The coronary sinus, which drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle.
From the right auricle blood passes into the right ventricle through a tricuspid valve, (so called because it has
three cusps.)
(B) Rigth Ventricle :
Blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. It is guarded by semilunar valve.
This artery further divides into right and left pulmonary arteries entering into the two lungs where they further
branch into pulmonary capillaries.
(C) Left Auricle (Atrium) :
This chamber receives four pulmonary veins, two from each lung from where they bring oxygenated blood.
The left auricle empties its blood into the left ventricle through a mitral or bicuspid valve.
(D ) Left Ventricle :
Blood leaves the left ventricle by the large, main artery of the body called the aorta.
The opening from the left ventricle into the aorta is guarded by aortic semilunar valve.
Just beyond these, a pair of coronary arteries are present which supply blood to heart muscles.
This blood is brought back to heart by coronary veins which join to form coronary sinus.
COMPETITION WINDOW
Haversian valve – Present on the opening of superior vena cava (SVC)
Eustachian valve – Present on the opening of inferior vena cava (IVC)
Thebesian valve – Present at the opening of coronary sinus.
Columnae carnae – Finger like projection from ventricle inner walls.
Papillary muscles – Present at the tip of columnal carnae.
Chorda tendinae – Arise from papillary muscles and keep the valves in proper position.
Musculi pectinati – Transverse muscular ridges present on auricles' inner walls.

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 BIOLOGY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Name the groove, which demarcates two ventricles externally.
2. Name the thickest artery.
3. Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the heart chamber.
4. Name the arteries, which supply blood to heart itself.
5. Give other term for bicuspid valve.
6. What is function of valves in circulatory system ?
7. Which chamber of heart receives oxygenated blood ?
8. Which chamber of heart pumps blood ?
9. Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from lungs.
10. Name the major veins which pour blood into right atrium.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
(i) Blood vessels in human are ...................... , .................. and .................. .
(ii) Arteries carry blood from .................... to ................. .
(iii) Veins carry blood from .................. to ............ .
(iv) Except ................. all veins carry oxygenated blood.
(v) Except .................... all veins carry deoxygenated blood.
(vi) The heart in humans consists of ................. chambers, comprising .......... and ................. .
(vii) The average pumping rate of heart in a healthy adult under rest is .......... times per minute.
(viii) Lymph contains............. but lacks ........... and ............... .
(ix) Lymph contains white cells called ................. .
WORKING OF THE HEART
The heart of the human works like a pump.
Pure oxygenated blood enters the left auricle from lungs through pulmonary veins.
The deoxygenated blood from various part of the body enters right auricle through veins and capillaries.
The two auricles contract simultaneously so the oxygenated blood from left auricle to left ventricle and
deoxygenated blood from right auricle is pumped into right ventricle.
Now both the ventricles contract simultaneously so the pressure is created on the blood and the valves between
auricle and ventricle close and the blood does not go back into auricle.
Due to this pressure, aorta valve opens and the blood comes in aorta, from here, blood is sent to different parts
of the body with the help of various arteries.
By the contraction of right ventricle, blood reaches the lungs through pulmonary arteries where it gets
reoxygenated.

HEART BEAT
Rhythmic contraction and expansion of heart is called heart beat. Contraction and expansion occurs separately
in atria and ventricles.
The Sinu-Atrial node (SA node) found in the wall of the right atrium, is responsible to initiate and maintain
the heart beat by generating impulses.
SA node is also known as "Pacemaker" of heart. In some heart patients, the heart does not beat normally.
The muscle cells stop functioning. In such patients, a machine called pace maker is inserted in the patient's
heart, so that heart beats normally.

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 CBSE : CLASS-X
Heart beat in human, 72 times in one minute.
Each heart beat has two components, systole and diastole. Systole represents contraction while diastole
represents expansion or distension of heart chambers.
Tachycardia :- It is the condition where heart beat (rate) exceeds 90 per minute for an average adult man.
Bradycardia :- It is the condition where heart beat falls below 60 per minute for an average adult man.
Cardiac Cycle :- The sequence of events which takes place during the completion of one heart beat.
PULSE
A wave of distension passes along the arteries following each ventricular systole. This wave of distension is called
arterial pulse.
It is generally felt by placing fingers over the radial artery at the wrist.
The pulse rate is same as heart beat rate.
HEART-SOUND
Ist Sound - This is a contraction sound which denotes the beginning of ventricle-contraction. It arises due to
closing of mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. It is weak and appears in the form of " Lubb " (L - U - B - B)
IInd Sound - This is a diastolic sound which denotes the beginning of ventricular diastole. This arises due to the
closing of the semi-lunar valves and is heard in the form of " Dup".
These "Lubb" and "Dup" sounds of the heart can be heard with the help of an instrument called " Stetho-
scope."
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
The functioning of heart can be graphically recorded by an instrument called electrocardiograph.
The heart muscles generate electric currents whichbring about heart beats. The electrical changes during heart
beat can be graphically recorded by placing electrodes on thechest above the heart and connecting the elec-
trodes to a sensitive galvanometer with a recording device.
The graphic recording is called an electrocardiogram (ECG.)
It was first of all recorded by " Waller"
"Einthovan" is known as the Father of Electro Cardio Graphy.

BLOOD PRESSURE
Definition : Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the flowing blood on the wall of blood vessel.
Types : Blood pressure is of two types.
(i) Systolic blood pressure (ii) Diastolic blood pressure
Characters Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure
1. Definition Blood pressure at the time of Blood pressure at the time of maximum
maximum contraction of ventricles. relaxation of ventricles.
2. Value 120 mm Hg. 80 mm Hg.

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 BIOLOGY
Hypertension : - A persistent increase in blood pressure is called hypertension or high blood pressure.
It is caused by narrowing of arterial lumen and reduced elasticity of arterial walls.
The instrument by which we can measure B.P. is called "sphygmomanometer".
In man B.P. is measured in the branchial artery of arm.
Normal B.P. of a healthy person is 120/80 mm Hg.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is systole ?

2. What is diastole ?

3. Name the instrument used to measure blood pressure.

4. Name the instrument used to hear heart sounds.

5. What is the range of normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure ?

6. Name the instrument, which is inserted in the heart of the patient whose heart does not work normally ?

DOUBLE CIRCULATION

In double circulation, the blood passes twice through the heart to supply once to the body.
(i) Systemic circulation :
In this, blood completes its circulation from left ventricle to right auricle through the body organs.
(systemic organs)
(ii) Pulmonary circulation :
In this, blood completes its circulation from right ventricle to left auricle through the lungs.

Right Deoxygenated Right

Auricle blood ventricle

Systemic Pulmonary Lungs

circulation circulation

Body parts Left Left

except lungs ventricle auricle

The right portion of heart is known as pulmonary heart and it have deoxygenated blood. The left portion of
heart is known as systemic heart and it have oxygenated blood.
The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and de-oxygenated
blood from mixing.
Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful is animals that have high
energy needs (e.g. birds and mammals) which constantly use energy to maintains their body temperature. In
animals that doe not use energy for this purpose, the body temperature depends on the temperature of
environment. (e.g. fishes, frogs)

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 CBSE : CLASS-X

COMPETITION WINDOW
Single circulation :
In this, the blood passes once through the heart to supply
once to the body. Gills
It is found in fishes which have two-chambered heart one ed

O bl
at

xy oo
en

ge d
auricle and one ventricle. The heart receives only yg od

na
x
eo blo

te
deoxygenated blood, which is first pumped to the gills for

d
D
oxygenation and then oxygenated blood is supplied to rest
of the body parts by various arteries.
Heart Body organs

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

It consists of lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs
(spleen thymus and tonsils).
Lymph : When blood flows into thin capaillaries some amount of plasma filters out of thin capillaries. This fluid
is called interstital fluid or tissue fluid or lymph. Lymph is also called extracellular fluid. It is colourless
and contains lymphocyte cells. Unlike blood, lymph does not contain red blood corpuscles, but contains less
plasma protein. Lymph flows only in one direction, that is from tissues to heart.
The functions of lymph are as under :
 It transports fatty acids and glycerols from small intestine to blood.
 Lymphocytes present in it which destroy harmful pathogens.
 It drains excess tissue fluid from intercellular spaces back into the blood.
 Lymph nodes localize the infection and prevent it from spreading to other body parts.

Blood Lymph
It forms circulatory system. It forms lymphatic system.
Red in colour due to presence of
Colourless as haemoglobin is absent
haemoglobin
Contains plasma, RBC, WBC and
Contains plasma and WBC
platelets
Flows inside arteries, veins and
Flows inside vessels and lymph capillaries
blood capillaries
Its flow is rapid Its flow is slow
It mainly transports materials from It mainly conveys materials from the tissue
one organ to another in the body cells into the blood.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define lymph.
2. How does lymph differ from blood ?
3. What are the functions of lymph ?
4. How does lymph form ?
5. Describe double circulation.
FILL IN THE BLANKS
(i) Lymph contains .............. and ................. .
(ii) Lymph isalso called .................. .
(iii) Lymph flows through ............. vessels.

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 BIOLOGY
CIRCULATORY DISEASES

Thrombosis :- Thrombosis is the formation of a small blood clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel. A blood clot,
or any other solid particle floating in the blood stream is known as an embolism.

Hardening of the arteries : As people get older the leastic and muscle layers of their arteries are gradually

replaced by inelastic fibrous tissue. The artery walls become stiff and hard, a condition known as hardening of
the arteries, or arteriosclerosis. This condition reduces the flow of blood.

Atheroma :- Blood flow along an artery is sometimes slowed or stopped altogether by a layer of fatty substance

called cholesterol, stuck to the artery walls. This type of blockage is called an atheroma. Arteriosclerosis and

atheroma are very dangerous when they occur in the heart or brain.

Heart attacks (heart failures) :- A heart attack, or heart failure, is the sudden slowing or stoppage of the

heart beat. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery is blocked by a thrombosis or atheroma. Coronary

arteries supply heart muscle with food and oxygen. Consequently, when a coronary artery is blocked, a section
of heart muscle stops working and eventually dies. If the whole heart is affected, death is instantaneous.

Angina pectoris :- If one or both of the coronary arteries is partly blocked due to atheroma, heart muscle is

unable to work properly during exercise. This causes pains in the chest known as angina pectoris.

Stroke :- A stroke, or cerebral thrombosis, is a blood clot in the brain. The blood clot suddenly blocks an artery

inside the brain causing the region served by this vessel to stop working, and dies. The results of a stroke depend

on the area of the brain affected. Muscles may be paralysed, and speech or memory affected. Death occurs if

the brain damage is extensive.

Prevention of circulatory diseases :- Studies have shown that these diseases occur far less often among

people :-

1. Who never smoke cigarettes.

2. Who take regular exercise (walking, cycling, swimming, active sports, etc.)

3. Who never drink alcohol or drink only moderate amounts.

4. Who eat balanced meals.

5. Who have seven or eight hours sleep a night.

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IMPORTANT POINTS

Two chambered heart is present in fishes.

Three chambered heart is present in amphibians.

In reptiles, heart is almost four chambered there are two well developed auricles and two less developed unclear

ventricles , but in crocodiles all the birds and all the mammals, the heart is fully developed and four chambered.

First heart transplantation was done by Dr. Christian Bernard in the world.

In India first heart transplantation was done by Dr. P. Venugopal on 3rd August 1994. This transplant was

done on a 42 years old person named Deviram (in AIIMS).

Spleen, liver and kidneys are called filter apparatus of blood.

A human heart in an average life time of 70 years pumps approximataly 40,0000000 litres of blood through

it.

If all the human blood vessels (artery,veins & capillaries) are joined end to end then their total length is sufficient

to go around the tropic of cancer four times.

Study of Blood circulatory system including arteries and veins. – Angiology

Study of heart – Cardiology

William Harvey – An English physiologist, for the first time discovered that blood flows in closed blood vessels

and also known as Father of Angiology.

Mammalian erythrocytes (RBCs)

Have no nucleus – makes the RBCs biconcave, increasing the surface-volume ratio for more oxygen absorption.

Have no mitochondria.

Average life of an RBC is about 120 days.

New born infants have a large number of erythrocytes (6 – 7 million RBC/microlitre).

The person living at high altitudes (4200 m and above) RBCs are more in number by about 30%.

Haemophilia :- Haemophilia is an inherited blood disorder. The blood of a haemophiliac clots very slowly or
not at all. There are two reasons why this can happen. Either the haemophiliac has too few platelets, or the

platelets cannot produce the chemical which causes fibrinogen to change into fibrin.

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 BIOLOGY
EXERCISE # 1 (FOR SCHOOL / BOARD EXAMS)
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The smallest blood vessel in the body is :

(1) Capillary (2) Artery (3) Vein (4) Vena cava

2 Arteries carry oxygenated blood except :

(1) Pulmonary (2) Cardiac (3) Hepatic (4) Systemic

3. Four chambered heart is found in :

(1) Cobra (2) Tortoise (3) Salamander (4) Crocodile

4. Right atrium of mammalian heart receives blood from :

(1) Sinus venosus (2) Pulmonary veins (3) Precavals (4) Pre-and postcavals

5. Mitral valve in mammals guards the opening between :

(1) Right atrium and right ventricle (2) Left atrium and left ventricle
(3) Right atrium and left ventricle (4) Left atrium and right ventricle

6. Tricuspid valve is present between :

(1) Right atrium and right ventricle (2) The two atria

(3) The two ventricles (4) Left atrium and left ventricle

7. Which of the following has the thickest walls ?

(1) Right ventricle (2) Left ventricle (3) Right auricle (4) Left auricle

8. The pacemaker of heart is :

(1) AV node (2) SA node (3) SV node (4) Tricuspid valve

9. Contraction of right ventricle pumps blood into :

(1) Dorsal aorta (2) Pulmonary artery (3) Pulmonary vein (4) Coronary artery

10. The impulse of heartbeat originates from :

(1) SA node (2) Vagus nerve (3) AV node (4) Cardiac nerve

11. The heart of a healthy man beats normally per minute:

(1) 85-90 times (2) 80-90 times (3) 70-80 times (4) 60-70 times

12. Systole causes :

(1) Entry of blood into lungs (2) Entry of blood into heart

(3) Exit of blood from heart (4) Exit of blood from ventricles

13. Typical 'lubb-dupp' sounds heard during heartbeat are due to :

(1) Closing of bicuspid and tricupid valves

(2) Closing of semilunar valves

(3) Blood under pressure through aorta

(4) Closure of bicuspid-tricuspid valves followed by semilunar valves

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 CBSE : CLASS-X
14. The instrument used to hear heart sound is :

(1) Electrocardiograph (2) Sphygmomanometer (3) Stethoscope (4) Haemometer

15. In adult man, normal BP is :

(1) 100/80 mm Hg (2) 120/80 mm Hg (3) 100/120 mm Hg (4) 80/120 mm Hg

16. The instrument by which BP of man is determined :

(1) Ultrasound (2) BP meter (3) Stethoscope (4) Sphygmomanometer

17. William Harvey is known for discovery of :

(1) Blood circulation (2) Blood clotting (3) Respiration (4) Digestion

18. Mammals are said to have double circulation. It means :

(1) Blood vessels are paired

(2) There are two types of blood vessels attached to every organ

(3) There are two systems, one from the heart to the lungs and back to hte rest of the body
(4) The blood circulates twice through the heart

19. In mammals, veins differs from arteries in having :

(1) Thicker walls (2) Deeply present

(3) Carry blood away from heart (4) Internal valves

20. Oxygenated blood returns from lungs to the heart through :

(1) Coronary vein (2) Pulmonary vein (3) Coronary artery (4) Pulmonary artery

FILL IN THE BLANKS :

1. Mineral which helps in formation of RBC's is .................

2. Blood vessels without muscular walls are .................

3. First heart sound is called .................

4. Fishes have ................. chambered heart.

5. Amhibians have ................. chambered heart.

6. ................. heart pumps only deoxygenated blood.

7. Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle is called .................

8. High blood pressure is called .................

9. The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called .................

10. Contraction of heart chambers is called .................

11. Relaxation of heart chambers is called .................

12. ................. help in blood clotting.

13. White colored fluid other than blood which help in transportation is called .................

14. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from .................

15. Lymph drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into .................

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 BIOLOGY
16. Lymph drains into ................. for the intercellular spaces.

17. Lymphatic capilleries join to form .................

18. Pumping organ in human body is .................

19. Fluid medium of blood is called .................

20. Oxygen is carried by the .................

21. Blood platelets are also called .................

22. Covering over heart is called .................

23. ................. circulation is related with lungs.

24. The series of events which occur during one complete beat of the heart is known as ................. cycle.

25. The pressure wave transmitted all through the arterial system is known as .................

MATCH THE COLUMNS :

Column A Column B
1. Capillaries (a) Carries digested fat
2. Lymph (b) Oxygenated blood
3. Left ventricle (c) Deoxygenated blood
4. Pulmonary artery (d) RBC
5. Haemoglobin (e) Exchange of materials
6. Birds (f) Three chambered heart
7. Amphibians (g) Four chambered heart
8. Contraction of heart chambers (h) Two chambered heart
9. Relaxation of heart chambers (i) Diastole
10. Second heart sound (j) Lub
(k) Systole
(l) Dupp

TRUE OR FALSE STATEMENTS :

1. Vessels are able to contract and expand.

2. While there is only one type of RBC, there are many white cell types.

3. All animals have a system of vessels and tubes called a circulatory system.

4. Blood is not a tissue because it is a fluid.

5. Arteries are the widest blood vessels.

6. Humans have an open circulatory system.

7. The exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and cells occurs with in the arteries.

8. The liquid portion of the blood is called plasma.

9. Living organisms must maintain a constant internal environment.

10. Circulatory system also performs the function of homeostasis.

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 CBSE : CLASS-X
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ANSWER KEY EXERCISE # 1

Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans . 1 1 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 1
Qu e. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . 3 4 4 3 2 4 1 4 4 2

 FILL I N THE BNALKS :

1. Iron 2. Capillaries 3. Lub 4. Two

5. Three 6. Fishes 7. double circulation 8. hypertension

9. blood pressure 10. Systole 11. diastole 12. Platelets

13. Lymph 14. Intestine 15. Blood 16. Lymphatic capillaries

17. Lymph vessels 18. Heart 19. Plasma 20. RBC

21. Thrombocytes 22. Pericardium 23. Pulmonary 24. Cardiac

25. Pulse

 M ATCH THE FOLLOWING :

1–(e), 2–(a), 3–(b), 4–(c), 5–(d), 6–(g), 7–(f), 8–(k), 9–(i), 10–()

 T RUE AND F ALSE :

True or False
Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans . T F F F F F F T T F

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EXERCISE # 2 (FOR SCHOOL / BOARD EXAMS)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

1. Name the blood-receiving chamber of heart.

2. What makes RBC's red ?

3. What is pulmonary circulation ?

4. Which chamber of heart has thickest wall ?

5. Name the larger veins that pour blood into right auricle.

6. Name the largest artery of our body.

7. Which chamber of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs ?

8. Name the valve present between the :

(a) left auricle and left ventricle (b) right auricle and right ventricle

9. What is normal blood pressure ?

10. Name the artery that carry deoxygenated blood and the vein that carry oxygenated blood.

11. What is SA node ?

12. Which instrument can record electrical changes during heart beat ?

13. Name the thickest artery.

14. Name the part of the circulatory system that acts as filter for microorganisms.

15. Name the major circulation present in our body.

16. Give the technical term for the white vascular connective tissue.

17. What is the life span of human RBC's ?

18. Why is blood called river of life ?

19. Give the position of human heart ?

20. Why there is no backflow of blood from ventricles to auricles ?

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SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

1. What are the components of the transport system in human beings ? What are the functions of these

compound ?

2. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammal and birds ?

3. Why is circulation in man known as "double circulation" ?

4. Write three differences between lymph and blood.

5. Why is heart beat rate equal to the arterial pulse rate ?

6. Is human circulatory system open or closed ? Why ?

7. In which direction does O2 diffuse between a capillary and a cell ? Why does it diffuse in that direction?

8. What is the primary function of RBC's ?

9. Predict the effect on the heart if blood flow through the cornoary artery is restricted or complately

blocked.

10. Write two advantages of a closed circulatory system.

11. Point out three differences between artery and vein.

12. Why is SA node also called pacemaker ?

14. What is lymph ? What is its function in human body ?

15. Which part of the human heart is considered as pacemaker ? Why is it so called ?

16. What is the role of blood pressure in circulation ?

17. Give the difference between plasma and lymph.

18. What is the difference between plasma and serum ?

19. Give the difference between pulmonary artery and pulmonary vain.

20. Which blood cell in human blood carries haemoglobin ? What is its average life span ?

21. What is blood pressure ? How it is measured ?

22. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic pressure.

23. Give an account on different types of blood vessels.

24. Give the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

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LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies ?
2. Explain how oxygenated blood from left ventride is sent to all parts of the body and how deoxygenated
blood enter into the right auricle.
3. Describe the double circulation in human beings with the help of diagrams. Why double circulation is
necessary ?
2

3 5
1 4
Heart Lungs Liver Gut Kidney
4. 9
7 6

8
(a) Name the blood vessels labelled from 1 to 9.
(b) Which of these carry maximum oxyhaemoglobin ?
(c) Which of these contain highest concentration of amino acids and glucose soon after a meal ?
2. How does blood circulate between lungs and heart in human beings ? Give two functions of lymph in
human beings.
3. (a) Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the human heart.
(b) Which chamber of human heart receives deoxygenated blood ?
(c) Describe how deoxygenated blood from this chamber is sent to all parts of the body.
4. Draw a diagram of the vertical section of human heart to show the internal structure. Label any one of
the heart chambers and any other five parts.
5. Name the blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood to the human heart which chamber of the human
heart receives deoxygenated blood ? Describe how deoxygenated blood from this chamber is sent to lungs
for oxygenation.
6. Name the constituents of blood. Why are white blood corpuscles called 'Soldiers of the body' ?

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ANSWER KEY EXERCISE # 2

 V ERY S HORT A NSWER Q UESTION :

1. Right auricle 2. Haemoglobin

3. In this, blood completes its circulation from right ventricle to left auricle through the lungs.

4. Left ventricle 5. Superior and inferior vena cava 6. Aorta

120
7. Left auricle 8. a. bicuspid value b. tricuspid valve 9. mm Hg
80

10. pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein 11. pacemaker of heart

12. Electrocardiograph 13. Aorta 14. Lymph nodes

15. Systemic circulation 16. Lymph 17. 120 days

18. because it transports the materials and help in survival of the organism.

19. In thoracic cavity between the lungs

20. due to presence of auriculo ventricular valves.

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 CBSE : CLASS-X
EXERCISE # 3 (FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS)
1. How many molecules of O2 can associate with a molecule of haemoglobin in man ?
(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four
2. Heamoglobin is having maximum affinity with :-
(A) NH3 (B) O2 (C) CO (D) CO2
3. In which form, CO2 is carried by blood :-
(A) Sodium bicarbonate (B) Sodium carbonate
(C) Potassium carbonate (D) Magnesium carbonate
4. Amount of oxygen which is transported by one gram of haemoglobin is :-
(A) 20 ml (B) 13.4 ml (C) 1.34 ml (D) None of these
5. Mountain sickness result due to :-
(A) Anaemic hypoxia (B) Arterial hypoxia
(C) Lack of sufficient Hb (D) Lack of sufficient RBCs
6. Heart with single circulation is found in :-
(A) Mammals and birds (B) Reptiles
(C) Fishes and amphibians (D) Fishes only
7. The blood pressure is measured by :-
(A) Electrocardiogram (ECG) (B) Stethoscope
(C) Sphygmomanometer (D) Pulse rate
8. Chemical basis of action of nerve on heart beat was discovered by :-
(A) Otto Loewi (B) Pavlov (C) Harvey (D) Landsteiner
9. Erythrocytes of adult rabbit and other mammals are formed in :-
(A) Kidney (B) Liver (C) Spleen (D) Bone marrow
10. The blood vascular system of mammals is known as double vascular system because :-
(A) A group of veins carry oxygenated blood and other group conducts deoxygenated blood
(B) Oxygenated blood runs from heart to different organs by one set of veins, while deoxygenated blood runs
from heart to lungs by another set
(C) Two different blood runs never meet
(D) All of these
11. Which of the following is helpful for erythropoeisis :-
(A) Fe++ (B) Mg++ (C) Ca++ (D) Cu++
12. Heart beat originates from :-
(A) Left atrium (B) Right ventricle (C) Pacemaker (D) Cadiac muscles
13. Match the different leucocytes given under Column I with their functions given under Column II. Choose the
answer that gives the correct combination of alphabets of two columns :-
C o l u m n –I (Leu c o c y t es ) C o l u m n –II (F u n c t io n s )
A Eosinophil p Phagocytosis
B N eutrophil q Produce antibodies
C Lymphocytes r Role in allergic response
D Monocytes s Prevents clotting
t D ifferentiate into macrophage
(A) A = t, B = p, C = q, D = f (B) A = r, B = p, C = q, D = t
(C) A = q, B = r, C = s, D = t (D) A = p, B = q, C = r, D = s

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 BIOLOGY
14. In the diagram of the vertical section of human heart given below certain parts have been indicated by alphabets.
Choose the answer in which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts they indicate :-

(A) A = Aorta, B = Pulmonary vein, C = Pulmonary arteries, D = Left ventricle, E = Semilunar valves,
F = Left auricle, G = Right auricle, H = Superior vena cava, I = Right ventricle, J = Tricuspid valves,
K = Inferior vena cava
(B) A = Aorta, B = Pulmonary artery, C = Pulmonary veins, D = Left auricle, E = Tricuspid and Mitral valves,
F = Left ventricle, G = Right ventricle, H = Inferior vena cava, I = Right auricle, J = Semilunar valves,
K = Superior vena cava
(C) A = Aorta, B = Superior vena cava, C = Inferior vena cava, D = Right ventricle, E = Tricuspid and Mitral
valves, F = Right auricle, G = Left auricle, H = Pulmonary vein, I = Left ventricle, J = Semilunar valves,
K = Pulmonary artery
(D) A = Aorta, B = Superior vena cava, C = Inferior vena cava, D = Left ventricle, E = Semilunar valves,
F = Left auricle, G = Right auricle, H = Pulmonary artery, I = Right ventricle, J = Tricuspid valves,
K = Pulmonary vein
15. Cardiac cycle in man takes about :-
(A) 0.5 seconds (B) 1.0 seconds (C) 1.2 seconds (D) 0.8 seconds
16. Where are red blood cells formed ?
(A) Spleen (B) Liver
(C) Red bone marrow of short bones (D) Thyroid
17. The heart pumps only deoxygenated blood :-
(A) shark (B) frog (C) whale (D) crocodile
18. A sudden increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood is a sign of :-
(A) deficiency disease (B) better health (C) bacterial disease, infection (D) mental tension
19. Clotting of blood is achieved with the help of the following :-
(A) vitamin K, fibrinogen and calcium ions (B) prothrombin, fibrinogen and thromboplastin
(C) vitamin K, fibrinogen, prothrombin and calcium ions (D) vitamin B, fibrinogen, thrombin and potassium ions
20. The pH value of blood varies between :-
(A) 6.00–7.00 (B) 7.00–8.00 (C) 7.30–7.45 (D) 7.50–8.00

ANSWER KEY
Q.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans . D C A C B D C A D D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . A C B B D C A C D C

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TRANSPORTATION IN PLANT
TRANSPORTATION : The transport of water, food, minerals, hormones and other substances from one part
to another part inside the body of an organism is known as transportation.

 Plants take in CO2, photosynthesize and store

COMPETITION WINDOW
energy in leaves. Besides CO2 plants need
other raw materials for growth. These raw Diffusion : The movement of molecules is in the direction
of concentration gradient i.e., from a region of higher
materials like nitrogen, phosphorous etc.,
concentration to that of lower concentration.
they get from the soil by the process of
In unicellular organisms like Chlamydomonas transport of
absorption by roots. These raw materials
material mainly takes place by the process of diffusion.
need to be transported to each and every Osmosis : Osmosis is the flow of water molecules from the
region of higher water potential to the region of lower water
part of the plant, mainly to leaves.
potential through a semipermeable membrane.
 If the distance between roots and leaves is The osmotic entry of water into a cell, organ or system is
called endosmosis while the osmotic withdrawl of water
small, then these raw materials can reach to
from the same is described as exosmosis.
the leaves easily by the process of diffusion.

 In case distance between roots and leaves is more, then proper system of transporation is required.

 In plants, transportation is done by a specilized vascular system which is present in the root, stem and leaves.

 Vascular system is made up of two types of vascular tissues.

1. Xylem 2. Phloem

 In plants the transport of materials can be divided into two parts.

(A) Transport of water and minerals through xylem tissue.

(B) Transparation of food and other substances through phloem tissue.

(A) TRANSPORT OF WATER AND MINERALS [ASCENT OF SAP].

 The plants require water and minerals for making food and performing other functions.

 The upward movement of water and minerals from the roots to various parts of the plant is known as ascent of
sap.

 Ascent of sap is carried out by xylem tissue which consists of :-

1. Xylem vessels 2. Xylem tracheids

3. Xylem fibre 4. Xylem parenchyma.

 In flowering plants xylem vessels and tracheids conduct water and minerals upwardly.

In non flowering plants, tracheid are the only conducting cells.

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