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Lighting System and Components (3 Hours) : Outline

The document outlines the key components of lighting systems, including light sources, ballasts, and luminaires. It focuses on describing the components and technology of incandescent lamps, noting they produce light through heating a filament to incandescence. The major components of incandescent lamps are identified as the bulb, filament, gas, and base. Advantages are low initial cost, while disadvantages include low efficiencies.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

153 views

Lighting System and Components (3 Hours) : Outline

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Outline

Light Sources
Module 3 Ballasts
Luminaires
Lighting System and Components
(3 hours)

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market
Components Transformation Project (PELMATP) Components Transformation Project (PELMATP)

Light Sources

Incandescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Light Emitting Diodes

Light Sources Light Sources

Incandescent Lamps Technology Description Incandescent Lamps

Light is produced by a filament heated to incandescence

Technology Description by an electric current
Available in a variety of colors, shapes, sizes and
Components wattages
When the lamp is connected to an electrical circuit, the
current passing through the filament heats the filament to
incandescence, causing it to glow
Major components
Bulb
Filament
Gas
Base

1
Light Sources Light Sources
Components Incandescent Lamps Components Incandescent Lamps

Bulb
Outer glass shell of the lamp
Commonly made of soft, soda lime glass for interior
lamps such as general service and reflector lamps;
thick hard glass is used for exterior applications such
as PAR lamps
Quartz is used for high-temperature, high pressure
lamps such as the inner enclosure of halogen MR,
halogen PAR and tubular Quartz-Halogen lamps
Letter/Number code for each lamp designates its bulb
shape and maximum diameter

Light Sources Light Sources

Components Incandescent Lamps Components Incandescent Lamps

Gas Halogen incandescent lamps

Standard incandescent lamp filaments must operate Sometimes called tungsten halogen or quartz
in either a vacuum or with an inert gas fill. halogen, use a halogen gas (iodine or bromine),
Inert gas fill – helps slow filament evaporation, which inside a small quartz capsule that encloses the
increases lamp life and reduces lamp lumen filament
depreciation Halogen gas combines with the evaporated tungsten
Lamps lower than 40 W are of the vacuum type and as the filament evaporates; the tungsten halogen
those higher than 40 W use an argon and nitrogen molecule is then attracted back to the filament, thus
gas fill reducing the bulb wall blackening
Some use krypton gas – increase efficacy by about Halogen cycle – increases efficacy by keeping lamp
10% or used to increase lamp life; expensive lumen maintenance high; allows filament to operate at
a higher temperature extending lamp life.

Light Sources Light Sources

Components Incandescent Lamps Components Incandescent Lamps

Filament Base
When current passes through the filament, this heats Basic function is to conduct electricity to the filament
to incandescence, causing it to glow. and to hold the lamp in the socket
Carbon – earliest filaments; would evaporate rapidly For most common incandescent lamps of less than
300 W, an aluminum medium screw-type base is
at high temperature used; for higher than 300 W, a larger mogul screw
Tungsten – has replaced carbon because it has a base is used
high melting point of 3700 K and is slow to evaporate Other screw type bases: mini-can, candelabra,
intermediate and admedium
Prefocus, bipost, bayonet and pin type bases are
used for lamps that require precise filament
alignment, such as in theatrical applications

2
Light Sources Light Sources
Advantages and Disadvantages Incandescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps
Advantages Disadvantages
Low initial cost Low efficacies Technology Description
Small size High infrared output Linear Fluorescent Lamps
Excellent color rendition High bulb wall
temperature Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Instant on
Not ambient temperature Short life Performance Specifications
dependent Voltage sensitive
No ballast requirement
Variety of shapes
Ease of dimming

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps How a Fluorescent Lamp Produces Light?
Fluorescent Lamps

Trends have been away from high energy consumption

to more energy efficient products, improved color
rendition, and a greater selection of color temperatures
Due to a large part to the use of rare earth phosphors in
place of the traditional halophosphors (used in “cool
white” lamps)
Also due to the use of smaller diameter lamps; smaller
diameter lamps can increase luminaire efficiency and
improve light distribution pattern
3 Designations:
Preheat
Rapid Start Insert a picture on fluorescent lamp showing parts
Instant Start

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp Components Fluorescent Lamp Components

Glass tube with the inside surface coated with Small amount of mercury is also inside which is
phosphor filled with argon gas, or sometimes vaporized during lamp operation
with a mixture of argon and krypton Mercury is selected for its ability to create a relatively
The gas fill can be varied as well as the phosphor high gas pressure at low temperatures
type and content, tube length and diameter Mercury does not also combine with other
Gas operates at a pressure from 1 to 5 millibar components used in the discharge process and as a
result retains its usefulness over many thousands of
hours

3
Light Sources Light Sources
Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp Components Fluorescent Lamp Operation

When a suitable lighting voltage is applied across the
Electrodes (also known as cathodes) are located electrodes, an electric arc discharge is initiated and the
at each end of the sealed tube resulting current ionizes the vaporized mercury in the
tube
Usually are tungsten filaments coated with an emitter The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV) radiation that
material to aid the emission of electrons; emitter strikes and excites the phosphor coating on the inside
material consists of alkaline earth oxides surface of the tube, causing it to glow or fluoresce and
produce visible light
Vary according to the lamp type
The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the tube
Can either be high resistance or low resistance determines the color temperature of the light produced
cathodes by the lamp
A ballast is required to regulate the electric current
through the lamp
Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market
Components Transformation Project (PELMATP) Components Transformation Project (PELMATP)

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Types of FL Operation 1. Preheat (“Switch Start)

Preheat A switch or starter establishes a complete circuit
Rapid Start through the ballast to preheat the filaments
Trigger Start When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the
Modified Rapid Start ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp
and limits the current flow to the proper value
Programmed Rapid Start
Several seconds may be required to complete the
Instant Start starting operation
Rapid Start/Instant Start Lamps with either low or high resistance cathodes
can be operated on switch start circuits

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

2. Rapid Start 3. Trigger Start

Cathodes are generally the “low resistance” types and a term used for ballasts, which operate pre-heat start
transformers are introduced to pre-heat the cathodes lamps in a rapid start manner
These transformers are designed to match the They supply higher filament voltages to heat the
cathodes (supplying 3.6 V approximately); they are electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the
connected across the lamp pins so the cathode rapid start system
voltage and resultant watts loss remain part of the 4. Modified Rapid Start
circuit while the lamp is operating
Ballasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode, but
then, turn off or reduce the filament heat after the
lamps have started

4
Light Sources Light Sources
Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

5. Programmed Rapid Start 7. Rapid Start/Instant Start

Ballasts apply filament heat initially and delay application of T8 lamps with bi-pin terminals are designed for use
sufficient open circuit voltage to start the lamps until after the interchangeably on electronic or magnetic rapid start
filaments have been heated adequately
ballasts, or electronic instant start ballasts
6. Instant Start
Although electronic instant start systems are more
Ballasts deliver an initial high voltage to light specifically
designed Instant Start Lamps efficient, lamp life is slightly less with instant start;
The arc current heats the filament by bombardment to provide hence, instant start mode electronic ballasts should
easy electron emission not be used where the lamp is frequently switched on
No preheating of the filament is required to light the lamp and off.

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Technology T12

Development Trends
T8
Change from T12 (38 mm) to T8 (26 mm) – reduced
materials Fluorescent Lamps – T5
Improved phosphors (triphosphor) – better color Sizes & Shapes
rendering/longer life and better lumen maintenance
T5 technology – bringing efficiency levels above 100 TC
lumens per watt
CFL
CFL

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamps – Power & Efficacy Rare Earth (RE) Phosphor Lamps
Rare earth materials are required in small diameter
Lamp type Lamp power Luminous efficacy lamps (e.g. CFLs and T5)
Improves the performance of fluorescent lamps
T12(halo) 40 W 62 Lm/W
Produce better color rendering and higher efficacy,
T8(halo) 36 W 69 Lm/W while improving lumen maintenance characteristics
when compared with conventional halophosphors
T8(tri) 36 W 93 Lm/W Raise lumen output up to 8% over conventional
T8+Electronic 32 W 100 Lm/W halophosphors
Available for most fluorescent lamp configurations
T5(tri)+HF 28W 105 Lm/W and are available in a wide range of color
temperatures

5
Light Sources Light Sources
Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Mercury Reduced Fluorescent Lamps Operating Parameters

Improved manufacturing processes led to the Lamp Life – Lumen Depreciation and Mortality
reduction of absorption of mercury into the coating
and the glass Switching Cycles
Luminous Flux and Ambient Temperatures
FLUORESCENT LAMPS MERCURY CONTENT Energy Efficiency
T12 (38 mm dia.) 15-30 mg
Standard T8 up to 15 mg
Triphosphor-coated 4.5 mg (+/- 0.5 mg)

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Lamp Life – Lumen Depreciation and Mortality Lamp Life – Lumen Depreciation and Mortality
Also known as “Average Life” Lumen Maintenance describes the reduction of light
Defined as the no. of burning hours of a reasonably output over life
large sample of lamps at which 50% of the lamps are Mortality indicates the expected failure rate of lamps
still operating
Average life applies for lamps under normal operating The economic life (time after which the lamps have
conditions at a 3-hour switching cycle as per IEC to be replaced), depends on the maintenance factor
standards; abnormal operating conditions include in lighting design calculation
high or low temperature, high or low voltage, frequent Based on ELI Performance Specifications, luminous
switching, etc. flux should not be less than 80% of the initial
Factors describing performance of FL luminous flux after 2,000 hours of operation
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (Lumen Maintenance)
Mortality
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Components Transformation Project (PELMATP) Components Transformation Project (PELMATP)

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Switching Cycles Luminous Flux and Ambient Temperatures

Ambient temperature refers to the temperature
Have a dramatic effect on the life of immediately surrounding the lamp, not the actual
fluorescent lamps room temperature
“Average life” of FL is based on a 3
- hour Most efficient mercury vapor pressure of 0.8 Pa
occurs when the lowest wall temperature (“cold spot”)
switching cycle is between 40-50°C
Switching cycle of less than 3 hours will result This corresponds to an ambient temperature of
in a dramatically reduced lamp life – 20-25°C (T8 and T12)
– 33-37°C (new T5)
Extending the switching cycle will also extend As the bulb wall temperature will change with a
lamp life change in ambient temperature, lamp voltage and
lamp current will also change
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6
Light Sources Light Sources
Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps

Cold spot
Luminous Flux and Energy Efficiency
Ambient Ratio of transformation of electrical energy into
Temperatures “visible energy” is an important indication as to the
Linear Fluorescent Lamp - Cold efficiency of a light source
Low temperature Cold spot
affects the starting Lamp ‘stamp’ To determine the effectiveness, one must consider
behavior of fluorescent the energy loss of the conversion of UV radiation into
lamps visible radiation
The location of the T5 Linear Fluorescent Lamp - Cold Assuming efficiencies of 80% for the mercury
cold spot varies for emission, 75% for the fluorescent coating and the
different types of Cold spot losses in the electrodes, an overall efficiency of 25%
lamps results – this is still 3 to 4x greater than the energy
Compact Fluorescent Lamp - Cold transformation rate of an incandescent lamp

Light Sources Light Sources

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IES Nomenclature) Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IES Nomenclature)

Lamp Type. “F” is Wattage or Length. Diameter of the Tube. Lamp Color (optional). Color Temperature
used for Nominal lamp The no. represents the CW is cool white. WW Modifiers (optional). Color Rendering Index
ES is energy saving (optional). For example, (optional). This
fluorescent wattage for preheat diameter in 1/8 inch is warm white, etc. example shows a
lamps. “FB” or and rapid start increments. Ex. T8 is a When this designation (mostly for F40T12 this is RE 70 rare earth
lamps). HO is high phosphors with a 3500 K color
“FU” is used for lamps. Length of the 26 mm diameter tube, is used, neither the temperature
U-bend lamps, tube in inches for and T12 is 38 mm in Color Temperature or output. VHO is very minimum CRI of 70
while “FT” is used slimline and HO diameter the Color Rendering high output.
for twin tube T5 lamps are used
lamps

Light Sources Light Sources

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IEC Nomenclature) Rapid

- Start (40 W or less) and Preheat Lamps
Fluorescent Lamp
F40T12/735/RS/ES
Lamp Wattage F – fluorescent lamp
40 – This is actually a 34W lamp. With an ES nomenclature, this
is an energy saving version of 34W
T – lamp is tubular
L18W / 930
12 – diameter in eighths of an inch
735 – color; lamp has tri-phosphor with a CRI over 70 and a
Color of Light/Color Temperature CCT of 3500 K
International RS – mode of starting; rapid-start lamp
color code Color rendering
ES – energy saving lamp (e.g. SS for supersaver; EW for Econ-
o-watt; WM for Watt-Miser)

7
Light Sources Light Sources
Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

High Output Rapid-Start Lamps Very High-Output Rapid Start Lamps

F48T12/WW/HO F72T12/CW/VHO

F – fluorescent lamp
F – fluorescent lamp
72 – nominal length in inches
48 – nominal length in inches
T – lamp is tubular
T – lamp is tubular
12 – diameter in eighths of an inch
12 – diameter in eighths of an inch CW – cool white lamp
WW – color; the lamp is a warm white lamp VHO – very high output lamp operating on 1500 mA
HO – high output lamp operating on 800 mA current current; instead of VHO, it may read “1500” or
“PowerGroove”

Light Sources
Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts
Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps
Low-loss and Electronic Ballast

Instant Start Lamps F96T12/WWX

F – fluorescent lamp
72 – nominal length in inches
T – lamp is tubular
12 – diameter in eighths of an inch
WWX – deluxe warm white lamp

Light Sources Light Sources

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Color of Light
Color Rendering
Daylight above Cool White 4000 Warm White
Advantages of Replacing Standard Fluorescent
Index (Ra)
5000 K K below 3300 K Lamps with Triphosphor Lamps in Existing
950 Daylight 5400 K
1A 940 Cool White 930 Warm White Systems
Ra90-100 965 Daylight 6500 K 3800 K 3000 K
Group I Improved economical operation
Very Good 830 Warm White
1B 840 Cool White 3000 K Longer service life
860 Daylight 6000 K
Ra80-89 4000 K 827 Warm White Large selection of light colors
2700 K
2A Universal White Better color rendition
Group 2 Ra70-79 4000 K
Daylight 6000 K
Good 2B
Cool White 4000 K
Ra60-69
Group 3
Ra40-59 Warm White 3000 K
Acceptable

8
Light Sources Light Sources
Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Improved economical condition

Use of triphosphor increases the luminous efficiency with the same
Longer service life
installed power After 12,000 hours of operation or more, the
Standard Fluorescent Lamps 4000 K – Conventional Control Gear (CCG) remaining luminous flux of triphosphor lamps
Wattage (W) 18 36 58 is about 90% of the original while standard FL
Luminous flux (lm) 1.100 2.600 4.100 has only about 70%
Luminous efficiency (lm/W) 61 72 71 Use of triphosphor lamps guarantees
Triphosphor 4000 K – Conventional Control Gear (CCG) Constant average lighting intensity very close to
Wattage (W) 18 36 58 the nominal lighting intensity of the system
Luminous flux (lm) 1.350 3.350 5.200 Long intervals and less maintenance to maintain
Luminous efficiency (lm/W) 75 93 90 the average lighting intensity at the required level
▲LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY +23% +30% +27%

Light Sources Light Sources

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

COOL 830 WARM 827 WARM

Color Temperature APPLICATION DAYLIGHT
WHITE WHITE WHITE

Daylight color OFFICES

Applicable to all rooms requiring artificial light of Offices, corridors ☺ ☺ ☺

daylight quality Conference rooms ☺ ☺ ☺
INDUSTRY AND TRADE
Cool white color
Electrical engineering ☺
Color temperature of 4000 K; roughly highway
between daylight color and incandescent lamps Textile industry ☺ ☺
Graphics sector, laboratories ☺ ☺
830 Warm white color
Wood processing ☺ ☺
827 Warm white color Storage rooms, hauliers ☺

Light Sources Light Sources

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

COOL 830 WARM 827 WARM COOL 830 WARM 827 WARM
APPLICATION DAYLIGHT APPLICATION DAYLIGHT
WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE WHITE
SCHOOLS & LECTURE HALLS BUSINESS OUTLETS
Kindergartens ☺ ☺ ☺ Food trade ☺ ☺ ☺
Libraries, reading rooms ☺ ☺ ☺ Bakeries ☺ ☺
SOCIAL AMENITIES Deep freezers & freezer cabinets ☺
Restaurant, inns, hotels ☺ ☺ Cheese, fruit & vegetables, fish ☺
Theaters, concert halls, lobbies ☺ Sports equipment, toys, stationery ☺
PUBLIC AREAS Cosmetics, hairdressing ☺
Sports facilities ☺ Flowers ☺ ☺
Art galleries, museums ☺ ☺ ☺ Department stores, supermarkets ☺ ☺ ☺

9
Light Sources Light Sources
Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

COOL 830 WARM 827 WARM 32W 36W

APPLICATION DAYLIGHT 36W 40W
WHITE WHITE WHITE No. Parameters Triphosphor Triphosphor
Standard FL Standard FL
HOSPITALS FL FL
1 Rating 32 W 36 W 36 W 40 W
Diagnosis and therapy ☺
Examination rooms, waiting 2 Length 1200 mm 1200 mm 1200 mm 1200 mm
rooms
☺ ☺
3 Lamp Base G13 G13 G13 G13
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
4 Diameter T8 (26 mm) T8 (26 mm) T8 (26 mm) T12 (38mm)
Living rooms ☺
5 Color Daylight Daylight
Kitchens, bathrooms ☺ ☺ Temperature Cool white Cool white Daylight Daylight
Hobby rooms, basement areas ☺ ☺ Warm white Warm white

Light Sources DIMENSIONS OF LINEAR/TUBULAR

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps FLUORESCENT LAMPS

32W 36W
36W 40W
No. Parameters Triphosphor Triphosphor
Standard FL Standard FL
FL FL
Life Time 20,000 hrs 20,000 hrs
6 Average (w/ electronic (w/ electronic 8,000 hrs 8,000 hrs
ballast) ballast)
7 Color
Rendering 82 80-89 60-69 60-69 Industry Standard Dimension
Index
8 Luminous
T5 = 5 / 8 = 0.625 = 1.58 cm
2950 lm 3250 lm 2600 lm 2500 lm
Flux T8 = 8 / 8 = 1.0 in = 2.54 cm
9 Luminous
Efficiency
92.18 lm/W 90.27 lm/W 72.22 lm/W 62.50 lm/W T12 = 12 / 8 = 1.50 in = 3.81 cm

Light Sources Light Sources

Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

New Developments and Trends Technology Description

T5 system consists of a 16 mm double-ended tubular Consists of a lamp (often with a starter integrated into
fluorescent lamp, optimized for use with an electronic
ballast operating the lamp at high frequency (ECG) to the base), a lamp holder, and a ballast
enhance its efficiency Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in
Advantages which a phosphor coating transforms some of the UV
Environmentally friendly than T8 or T12 because they have energy generated by the discharge into light
reduced glass, gases, phosphor and mercury 3 Types of CFL-ballast systems
Because of its compact size, luminaire costs may be reduced
and allows for shallower luminaires Integral systems
Higher luminous output Modular systems
Can be more aesthetically pleasing while contributing Dedicated systems
significantly to the quality of the lighting

10
Light Sources
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Lamp Types
T4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have a
starter built into the lamp plug base; operate on an
inexpensive reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and
are available for both modular and dedicated systems
T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with
plug bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)
Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps
now available in four-pin versions that do not contain
a starter in the base and designed for use with
electronic ballasts

Light Sources Light Sources

Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Comparing Incandescent Lamp with ELI-Qualified Amalgam Lamps

Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Amalgams are mercury compounds, which allow the
lamp to operate with a lesser degree of influence
Type of Efficacy Operating
Lamps
Wattage Rating (W)
(lm/W) Hours (h)
caused by operating temperatures

ELI-Qualified
Compact 6,000 to
6-7 8-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 20-23 45-65
Fluorescent 8,000
Lamp

Incandescent 750 to
2-5 40 50 60 75 100 8-12
Lamp 1,000

Light Sources Light Sources

Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Ballasts Normal Power Factor (NPF) Reactor Ballasts

CFLs are discharge lamps requiring ballasts to start Common for the smaller two-pin lamp sizes
and operate properly Exhibit very low PF (0.5 for 230 V)
Ballast options include High Power Factor (HPF) Reactor Ballasts
Normal Power Factor (NPF) Reactor Ballasts
Used for the smaller preheat lamps
High Power Factor (HPF) Reactor Ballasts
Conventional Electromagnetic Energy-Saving Ballasts Contain capacitors to raise PF to 0.90
Dimming Ballasts More expensive and larger than the NPF type
Electronic Ballasts Allow for conventional branch, circuit design and
lower installation costs

11
Light Sources Light Sources
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Conventional Electromagnetic Energy- Saving Electronic Ballasts

Ballasts Lamp products (twin, quad, or 6-tube lamps) with an
electronic ballast eliminate the objectionable starting
Higher wattage lamps, designed for 2G11-based four-
flicker associated with old CFLs
pin operation, generally operate on single or multiple
Advantages
lamp ballasts similar to standard FL
System efficacy is generally about 20% higher (50-70 lm/W
Dimming Ballasts for electronically ballasted vs 50-55 lm/W for magnetically
ballasted)
Starterless four-pin lamps can be used with either a Less starting time (1 sec vs 1-4 sec for magnetic)
magnetic dimming ballast appropriate wall box Reduce lamp flicker
dimmer, or a special electronic dimmer and electronic Operate without any perceptible noise
dimming ballast. Can be manufactured in much smaller sizes and are lighter
than conventional magnetic ballasts

Light Sources Light Sources

Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Electronic Ballasts Power Quality Issues

Low power factor
Disadvantages
CFLs generally have PF much lower than the 90% level
Higher price
achieved by high quality ballasts in typical linear LFLs
Few electronically ballasted modular type where the lamp
Most CFLs whether they are electronically or magnetically
can be replaced separately from the electronic ballast
ballasted, are supplied with NPF ballasts, rated between 0.50
Integral electronic designs require that the ballast be and 0.70 at 230 V
disposed of together with the lamp
Presence of total harmonic distortion (THD) which is still
Harmonic distortion
being evaluated; insufficient to cause major concern Most magnetically ballasted CFL lamps have a THD between
15% and 25%
THD from most available electronically ballasted CFLs may
be significantly higher due to severe distortion of the current
waveform

Light Sources Light Sources

Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Dimming Switching
In general, CFLs cannot be dimmed using The longevity of LFLs and CFLs is affected by the number of
times the lamp is switched on and off during its life
conventional dimming equipment. This may cause
Common basis: Switching cycle of 3 hours on per start
fire especially for those using electronic ballasts
With electronic ballasting, manufacturers can include circuitry
Products that enable dimming of CFLs which optimizes the starting sequence (“soft-starting”) thus
Dimming adapters permit an incandescent dimmer to dim a preserving rated lamp life
four-pin quad-tube lamp. This must be used with a specific Some modern electronic control products may not be compatible
ballast that is factory-installed on the luminaire (e.g. illuminated wall switches, wallbox touch switches, wallbox
Solid state dimming ballasts permit the dimming of a four- time switches and wallbox occupant sensors
pin twin-tube and quad-tube lamps with a remote Incompatibilities are usually caused by the use of solid-state
potentiometer or low-voltage signal switches (triacs) instead of air gap switches or relays

12
Light Sources Light Sources
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps

Residential Applications for CFLs

Switching
The longevity of LFLs and CFLs is affected by the number of KITCHENS
LIVING
BEDROOMS BATHROOMS UTILITY AREA EXTERIOR
ROOMS
times the lamp is switched on and off during its life
Common basis: Switching cycle of 3 hours on per start Recessed Task lights Task lights Mirror lights Stairways Lanterns
downlights
With electronic ballasting, manufacturers can include circuitry
which optimizes the starting sequence (“soft-starting”) thus Under Swing arm Closet lights Recessed Laundry Garage
cabinet lights lamps downlights rooms lights
preserving rated lamp life
Some modern electronic control products may not be compatible Under Shower & Attics Path lights
cabinet lights tub lights
(e.g. illuminated wall switches, wallbox touch switches, wallbox
time switches and wallbox occupant sensors Recessed Closets Security
Incompatibilities are usually caused by the use of solid-state downlights lights
switches (triacs) instead of air gap switches or relays Wall Crawl
washers spaces

Light Sources Light Sources

Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Performance Specifications Fluorescent Lamps

Commercial Applications for CFLs

ACCENT & DECORATIVE &
GENERAL EXTERIOR
SPECIALTY PORTABLE UTILITY LIGHTING
LIGHTING LIGHTING
LIGHTING LIGHTING
Required for CFLs
Recessed downlights Recessed & track Wall sconces Security lighting Landscape
mounted wall floodlights DOE
- DTI yellow label
washers
Suspended Under cabinet lights Chandeliers Step lights Pedestrian post top
luminaires and bollard lights
Indirect lighting Cove lights Table & floor lamps Exit signs Step lights
systems
Case display lights Makeup & dressing Task lighting Under rail lights
lights
Modular strip Vandal-resistant
outlining security lights
Sign & display lights

Light Sources Light Sources

High Intensity Discharge
Lamps Technology Description High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

Technology Description Metal halide (MH)
Metal Halide Lamps High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps

High Pressure Sodium Lamps Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to
provide proper starting and operating voltages, and they
Performance Specifications produce light through the discharge of an electric arc
through a mixture of gases
HID lamps utilize a compact “arc tube” in which very high
temperature and pressure exist; this small arc tube
closely resembles a point source of light, making HID
lamps and their luminaires both compact and powerful

13
Light Sources Light Sources
Technology Description High Intensity Technology Description High Intensity
Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Ballasts and Ignitors Striking and Warm

- Up
HID lamps require ballasts to regulate the arc current As power is applied, temperature and pressure build
flow and to deliver the proper voltage to the arc
gradually, causing vapors of the metals to enter into
Some larger MH lamps use a starting electrode within the arc and release light energy
the lamp to initiate the arc.
For smaller MH and HPS lamps, a high-voltage pulse Starting of the arc sometimes takes a few seconds
to the operating electrodes starts the lamp; an and the duration of the warm up period varies from 2
external electronic starting circuit (“ignitor”) to 10 minutes
associated with the ballast generates the pulse During warm-up, the lamp will exhibit different colors
Primary benefit of electronic HID ballast is more as the various metals vaporize
precise management of the lamp’s arc tube wattage
over life leading to more consistent color and longer
lamp life
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Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description High Intensity Technology Description High Intensity
Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Lamp Restrike Dimming

Occurs when there is power interruption when the lamp must Requires specialized ballasts and dimming
cool down before the arc can restrike.
electronics
Lamp restrike period varies from 1 to 15 minutes
Restrike time is a major concern for applications where a Operating HID lamps at less than full output can
prolonged lighting interruption could create hazardous conditions produce color shift and reduced lamp efficacy
or a manufacturing shutdown Example: Some MH lamps can be dimmed to about
A few MH products are made, with “instant restrike” capability, 40% power, but at this level it generates only about
requiring special outboard electronics to generate extremely high
25% of its rated lumens, and typically this will change
voltages that overcome the elevated lamp temperature and
pressure and regenerate the arc the lamp output color in an undesirable manner
Some HPS lamps are available which will restrike immediately to
approximately 10% of full light output; lamps contain 2 arc tubes.

Light Sources Light Sources

Technology Description High Intensity Technology Description High Intensity
Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Energy Efficiency Lamp Life

Lamp life of HID lamps varies considerably depending on the
type (MH vs HPS), burning orientation, size and confirguration
HID Lamps Lumens per Watt
Lamp life ranges from
White sodium lamps 40-50 3,000 hours for 1500-W MH sports lamp
MH lamps (40-W open fixture lamp) 55 > 24,000 hours for HPS lamps
Near the end of lamp life, many HID lamps will exhibit a
MH lamps (1000-W horizontal high- noticeable degree of color shift, which may be objectionable in
110
output lamp) some applications
Standard HPS lamps (40 W lamp) 65 Lamp life ratings are based on a 10 hour per start operation
cycle
Standard HPS lamps (100 W lamp) 130 HID lamps should not be operated continuously for 24 hours a
day and 7 days a week.

14
Light Sources Light Sources
Technology Description High Intensity Technology Description High Intensity
Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Color Characteristic (Metal Halide) Temperature Sensitivity

Some MH lamps are available in 2400-3200 K (warm) tones but
most lamps range from neutral to cool in color appearance, with MH lamps are sensitive to low starting temperatures
a crisp white light of 3500-4300 K (e.g. -12°C) leading to reduced lamp life
CRI = between 65 and 40 but more recent products achieve very HPS lamps are not sensitive to low starting
high CRI = 93
temperature and can start at -30°C
Color Characteristic (HPS)
Most HPS lamps have a distinctive golden-pink color of 1900- Burning Orientation
2100 K and a CRI of less than 25
Many HID lamps are designed to operate in a specific
“Deluxe” HPS products with CRI of 65
burning position such as horizontal, vertical with base
“White sodium” lamps have CCT = 2500-2800 K and CRI over
45 up and vertical with base down
Neither deluxe or white lamps are as efficacious or as long Should follow instructions from lamp manufacturers
lasting as standard HPS lamps

Light Sources Light Sources

Metal
MetalHalide
HalideLamp
Lamps
High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Universal Position Screw Base MH Lamps

Performs best when the arc tube is in a vertical
position, enjoying longer life and higher lumen output
than when the arc tube is off vertical by more than 15°
Lamp color choice with universal MH lamps is
generally limited to standard clear (4000-4500 K, 65
CRI) or coated (3400-4000 K, 40 CRI)

Light Sources Light Sources

Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Vertical Position Screw Base MH Lamps Horizontal Position Screw Base MH Lamp
This is optimized for base-up, base-down, or base- Horizontal high-output “super” lamps often have
bowed arc tubes and use a positioning-fixing pin in
up/down operation, primarily for use in downlights the base, called a prefocus or position-orienting
Aside from standard clear (4000-4500 K) and coated mogul (POM) base
(3400-4000 K) lamps, warm color (2400-3200 K) clear This “base matching socket” assures correct
and coated lamps are available in various wattages positioning of the lamp
Principal advantage is efficacy; lamps generate 40- Smallest wattage product is about 145 W; special
110 lumens per W, or about 10% more than universal versions have been developed for signs and sports
burning lamps lighting
Most popular colors offered (3200 K coated, 3400 K
coated, 4100 K clear
Output is 40-110 lumens per W
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15
Light Sources Light Sources
Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Horizontal Position Double

- Ended MH Lamps Open Fixture Screw Base MH Lamps
Compact packages produced with rare earth metals Most MH lamps require enclosed luminaires to protect
resulting in very high CRI = > 80 people and property from lamp rupture
Lamps with lower CRI are sensitive to wide power There are few MH lamps requiring non-enclosed
application; use an inner glass shield that can contain
supply variations than the higher CRI lamps a violent failure within the combination of the inner
Operate in the range of 65-95 lumens per W and the shield and the normal bulb envelope
40-W lamp with electronic ballast achieve about 45 Important for vertical position lamps because many
lumens per W downlights in high ceilings are relamped using
These lamps must be operated with the arc tube extension poles, and cover glass hampers this
within 45° of horizontal end-to-end operation
There is a slight reduction in lumen output

Light Sources Light Sources

Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Instant Restrike MH Lamps Universal Position Directional MH Lamps

Useful in applications where such a possibility is Utilize familiar R and PAR lamp shapes to provide
intolerable (such as lighting for televised professional MH efficiency in a compact enclosure with its own
sports) reflector
Design for the larger envelopes and wattages, instant MH PAR 38 lamps are important because they can be
restrike lamps utilize special wiring of the lamp to operated without a protective cover glass
allow for high voltage reignition across the arc tube This permits the lamp to be used in track lights,
A separate anode wire carries the 30,000-volt pulse landscape lights and other similar applications
without failing

Light Sources Light Sources

High
High Pressure Sodium
Pressure Sodium LampHigh
Lamps
Intensity
Discharge Lamps
High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Universal Position Screw Base HPS Lamps

Do not require enclosure except to prevent moisture
from accumulating on the lamp
Virtual insensitivity of HPS lamps to operating position
means that fewer lamp types are needed as
compared to MH
“Deluxe” HPS lamp has a CRI = 65 and a CCT of
2100-2200 K
All HPS lamps except “white” sodium appear in
golden pink color and are not recommended for non-
industrial interior lighting

16
Light Sources Light Sources
High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Universal Position Screw Base HPS Lamps Universal Position Directional HPS Lamps
Lumens per W range from 90 – 130 R-confirgured HPS lamps are useful for compact
Some HPS lamps can be obtained with 2 arc tubes directional light sources, such as track lighting and
These so called “standby” lamps are a reasonable outdoor lighting luminaires
alternative to instant strike circuits, providing rapid Has poor color rendition which limits its usefulness to
restrike cycles while offering extended lamp life specific industrial and security floodlighting and
These lamps are especially applicable for roadway general lighting applications
and parking lot applications

Light Sources Light Sources

High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps Discharge Lamps

Double
- Ended HPS Lamps White Sodium Lamps
Was designed to take advantage of luminaires and Offer lamp life and lumen maintenance characteristics
lighting installations originally designed for the similar to those of other HPS lamps whose CCT and
double-ended MH lamp CRI may be unsuitable for interior spaces
Offers comparable lumen output but offers HPS’ Ballast designs for “white” HPS lamps employ
longer life and excellent lumen maintenance electronic circuits designed to increase CCT and CRI
characteristics CCT = 2600-2800 K

Light Sources Light Sources

High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity Performance Specifications
Discharge Lamps

Incandescent Compact High

Typical Applications incl. Tungsten Fluorescent Fluorescent
Metal
Pressure
Halide
Energy-Efficient Flood and Display Lighting Halogen Lamp Sodium

Can be used for a wide variety of display and floodlighting Wattages

15-15,000 15-219 4-40 175-1000 70-1000
(Lamp only)
situations, including track, recessed, and surface installations
Life (hr) 10,000- 1,500-
Energy-Efficient Lamps in General Lighting 750-12,000 7,500-24,000 24,000
20,000 15,000
Luminaires Efficacy (lm/W)
15-25 55-100 50-80 80-100 75-140
As long as switching is not a concern, HID lamps may be lamp only
used for area lighting in both interior and exterior situations Lumen Fair to
Fair to excellent Fair Good Excellent
Suited to large rooms with high ceilings, such as maintenance excellent
gymnasiums, industrial plants, and warehouses Color Good to Good to
Excellent Very good Fair
renditions excellent excellent
Light direction Very good to
Fair Fair Very good Very good
control excellent
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17
Light Sources Light Sources
Performance Specifications Light Emitting Diodes
LEDs are tiny light bulbs that
Incandescent Compact High
incl. Tungsten Fluorescent Fluorescent
Metal
Pressure
fit easily into an electrical
Halide circuit.
Halogen Lamp Sodium
Relight time
Immediate Immediate
Immediate (3
10-20 min
Less than 1 Common applications
seconds) min.
Form the numbers on digital
Comparative Generally clocks
fixture cost Low, simple Moderate Moderate higher than High
mercury
Transmit information from
remote controls
Comparative Lower than Lower than Lower than Lowest of
High Light up watches
operating cost incandescent incandescent mercury HID types
Tell you when your appliances
are turned on

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Light Sources Light Sources

Light Emitting Diodes Light Emitting Diodes

Collected together, they

It is a semiconductor diode
can form images on a
that emits incoherent
jumbo television screen narrow-spectrum light
or illuminate a traffic light.
when electrically biased in
But unlike ordinary the forward direction of the
incandescent bulbs, they p-n junction, as in the
don't have a filament that common LED circuit. This
will burn out, and they effect is a form of
don't get especially hot. electroluminescence.

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Light Sources Light Sources

What is a Diode? What is a Diode?
A diode is the simplest sort of semiconductor device.
Most semiconductors are made of a poor conductor At the junction, free
that has had impurities (atoms of another material)
added to it. The process of adding impurities is called electrons from the N-
doping. type material fill holes
In the case of LEDs, the conductor material is typically from the P-type
aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs). In pure material. This creates
aluminum-gallium-arsenide, all of the atoms bond an insulating layer in
perfectly to their neighbors, leaving no free electrons
(negatively-charged particles) to conduct electric the middle of the
current. In doped material, additional atoms change the diode called the
balance, either adding free electrons or creating holes depletion zone.
where electrons can go. Either of these additions make
the material more conductive.
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18
Light Sources Light Sources
What is a Diode? What is a Diode?

When the positive end of

When the negative end
the circuit is hooked up
of the circuit is
to the N-type layer and
hooked up to the N-
the negative end is
type layer and the
hooked up to the P-type
positive end is hooked
layer, free electrons
up to P-type layer,
collect on one end of the
electrons and holes
diode and holes collect
start moving and the
on the other. The
depletion zone
depletion zone gets
disappears.
bigger.
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Light Sources Light Sources

Main Types of LED LEDs

Miniature LEDs
Mostly single die LEDs used as indicators, and come
in various size packages
Alphanumeric LEDs
LED displays are available in 7 segment and starburst
format; 7 segment displays handle all numbers and a
limited set of letters; Starburst displays can display all
letters. LEDs are produced in an array of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm
Lighting LEDs cylindrical package (red, fifth from the left) is the most common,
estimated at 80% of world production.
Usually clusters of LEDs in a suitable housing
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Light Sources Light Sources

LED Applications LED Applications
Grow lights composed of LEDs are more efficient, both Motorcycle and Bicycle lights
because LEDs produce more lumens per watt than other Flashlights, including some mechanically powered models.
alternatives, and also because they can be tuned to the Emergency vehicle lighting
specific wavelengths plants can make the most use of. Backlighting for LCD televisions and displays. The availability of
Light bulbs LEDs in specific colors (RGB) enables a full-spectrum light source
Lanterns which expands the color gamut by as much as 45%.
Streetlights Stage lights using banks of LED's as replacement for incandescent
bulbs. LED's produce no heat so LED stage lighting is much
Large scale video displays cheaper and efficient and reduces the risk of fire considerably.
Architectural lighting LED-based Christmas lights have been available since 2002, but
Light source for machine vision systems, requiring bright, are only now beginning to gain in popularity and acceptance due to
focused, homogeneous and possibly strobed their higher initial purchase cost when compared to similar
illumination. incandescent-based Christmas lights.

19
Light Sources Light Sources
LED Advantages LED Advantages
LEDs don't have filaments that will LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs; this is
burn out, so they last much longer. useful in battery powered or energy-saving devices.
Additionally, their small plastic LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color
bulb makes them a lot more filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient
durable. They also fit more easily and can lower initial costs.
into modern electronic circuits. The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light.
But the main advantage is Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external
efficiency. In conventional reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.
incandescent bulbs, the light- When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not
production process involves change their color tint as the current passing through them is
generating a lot of heat (the lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn yellow.
filament must be warmed). This is
completely wasted energy, unless LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent
you're using the lamp as a heater, on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly
because a huge portion of the when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before
available electricity isn't going restarting.
toward producing visible light.

Light Sources Light Sources

LED Advantages LED Disadvantages
LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial
damage with external shock. Fluorescent and capital cost basis, than more conventional lighting technologies. The
incandescent bulbs are easily broken if dropped on the additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen
ground. output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed. However,
when considering the total cost of ownership (including energy and
LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent or halogen
LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the sources and begin to threaten compact fluorescent lamps.
abrupt burn-out of incandescent bulbs. LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of
LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED the operating environment. Over-driving the LED in high ambient
will achieve full brightness in microseconds temperatures may result in overheating of the LED package,
eventually leading to device failure.
LEDs can be very small and are easily populated onto
printed circuit boards. LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. This can involve
series resistors or current-regulated power supplies.
LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact
fluorescent lamps.

Light Sources
LED Disadvantages
The spectrum of some white LEDs differs significantly
from a black body radiator, such as the sun or an
incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at
500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived
differently under LED illumination than sunlight or
incandescent sources, due to metamerism.
LEDs do not approximate a "point source" of light, so
cannot be used in applications needing a highly
collimated beam. LEDs are not capable of providing
divergence below a few degrees.
There is increasing concern that blue LEDs and white
LEDs are now capable of exceeding safe limits of the so-
called blue-light hazard as defined in eye safety
specifications.

20
Ballasts Ballasts
Outline Technology Description

Technology Description Lamp Ballasts

Types of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a
fluorescent fixture which is inserted between the
Lamp Ballast Starting Methods supply and one or more discharge lamps which, by
means of inductance, capacitance, or a combination
Circuit Type and Operating Mode of both
Application Guidelines provide correct starting voltage
match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp
Performance Specifications limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction
(because once the arc is struck the lamp impedance
decreases
Ballasts are designed to provide electrical
characteristics to provide optimum lamp performance
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Ballasts Ballasts
Technology Description Types of Fluorescent Ballasts

Types of FL Lamp Ballasts Electromagnetic Ballast

Electromagnetic Ballast Also known as “core and coil ballasts”, “choke
Energy-Efficient Electromagnetic Ballast (Low Loss ballast”, “conventional ballast” and “ferromagnetic
Ballast) ballast”
Cathode-Disconnect Ballasts Use a heavy magnetic core of several laminated steel
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts plates wrapped with copper windings
Inexpensive to manufacture; predominantly used
Based on a study by DOE-FATL, the power
consumed by a magnetic ballast ranges from 10 to 12
W for 20-W ballasts and 12 to 20 W for 40-W ballasts

Ballasts Ballasts
Types of Fluorescent Ballasts Types of Fluorescent Ballasts

Energy- Efficient Electromagnetic Ballast (Low Cathode

- Disconnect Ballasts
Loss Ballast) Also known as “hybrid ballasts”, “low-frequency
Contain a magnetic core of several laminated, high electronic ballasts”, “heater-cutout ballasts”, “cathode
grade (usually silicon) steel plates, wrapped with cutout ballasts” and “filament cutout ballasts”
high-grade copper windings Use magnetic core and coil transformer and an
By using higher quality materials, the ballast’s heat electronic switch for the electrode heating circuit after
output is reduced and the ballast’s energy efficiency the lamps are started
is increased For fire safety reasons, magnetic ballasts must be of
Energy consumed is reduced by 50% (about 6 to 10 Class “P” type which has an internal protective device
W) that is sensitive to the ballast-temperature

21
Ballasts Ballasts
Types of Fluorescent Ballasts Types of Fluorescent Ballasts

High Frequency Electronic Ballasts Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic Ballasts

Also called “solid-state ballasts” which operate at 20 Electronic ballasts are readily available that operate 3
khz using electronic switching power supply circuits or 4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast,
Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased reducing both installation and field wiring labor costs
energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating and may not need tandem luminaire wiring
costs
Electronic ballasts are designed to operate lamps in
They operate lamps using electronic switching power
supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V) either series or parallel mode
and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40 Advantage of parallel mode is that a single lamp failure will
kHz) not affect operation of remaining lamps controlled by the
same ballast
End losses are reduced resulting to overall lamp- Increased ballast losses
ballast system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%
rendering them more expensive than other ballasts
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Ballasts Ballasts
Types of Fluorescent Ballasts Lamp Ballast Starting Methods

Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic Ballasts Principal type of electronic ballasts

Other advantages of electronic ballasts include Rapid start electronic ballasts
Reduced weight Instant start electronic ballasts
Quieter operation
Two-level electronic ballasts
Reduced lamp flicker
Adjustable output (dimming) electronic ballasts
Electronic ballasts are directly interchangeable with
magnetic ballasts, and they are available to operate Full range dimming ballasts
most full-size and compact FL.

Ballasts Ballasts
Lamp Ballast Starting Methods Lamp Ballast Starting Methods

Rapid start electronic ballasts Two

- level electronic ballasts
Heat lamp electrodes continually during staring and Increase the flexibility of standard electronic ballasts
operation by allowing the light level to be switched between
Available for 1 to 4-lamp operation; will operate either 50% and 100% of full light output
T8 or T12 lamps May be used with standard switches, occupant
Instant start electronic ballasts sensors, photocells or other building energy systems
Although these lamps are rapid start, lamp electrodes Full range dimming ballasts
are never heated which increases system efficacy Premium-priced electronic ballasts which can achieve
Lamp life is reduced by about 25% (for 20,000-hour full dimming range of from 1 to 100% of full light
lamps at 3 hours per start, but this is compensated by output
increased energy efficiency
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22
Ballasts Ballasts
Lamp Ballast Starting Methods Circuit Type and Operating Mode

Adjustable output (dimming) electronic ballasts Circuit Type and Operating Mode
Equipped with feedback circuits that maintain
Development of starting fluorescent lamps
electrode voltage when the lamp current is reduced
allowing the lamp to be dimmed over a wide range
without reducing lamp life
This dimming technique contrasts with that of Preheat Instant Rapid
Method Start
magnetic ballasts in which the input power to the Start
ballast is modified to alter the lamp current, which
also reduces electrode voltage
1938 1944 1952
This limits the practical dimming range of the lamp to
about 50% of full light output.

Ballasts Ballasts
Circuit Type and Operating Mode Circuit Type and Operating Mode

Preheat Operation Instant Start Operation

Lamp electrodes are heated prior to initiating the Lamp electrodes are not heated prior to operation
discharge Ballasts for instant start lamps are designed to
A “starter switch” closes permitting a current to flow provide a relatively high starting voltage (with respect
to preheat and rapid start lamps) to initiate the
through each electrode discharge across the unheated electrodes
The starter switch rapidly cools down, opening the
Rapid Start Operation
switch, and triggering the supply voltage across the
arc tube, initiating the discharge Lamp electrodes are heated prior to and during
operation
No auxiliary power is applied across the electrodes The ballast transformer has 2 special secondary
during operation windings to provide the proper low voltage to the
electrodes

Ballasts Ballasts
Circuit Type and Operating Mode Circuit Type and Operating Mode

Effect of Mismatching Ballast and Lamp Types

T12 40 W lamps – rapid start
Advantages of rapid start operation: smooth starting, Preheat Rapid-start Instant-start
long life and dimming capabilities Ballast Ballast Ballast
Lamps less than 30 W are generally operated in preheat Preheat Unreliable starting;
Normal Unreliable
mode; these are more efficient than the rapid start mode lamp shortened lamp
operation starting
as separate power is not required to continuously heat life
the electrodes; however, these lamps tend to flicker Rapid-start Shortened lamp
during starting and have a shorter lamp life Normal Normal
lamp life if cycle time is
operation operation
32 W and 36 W lamps are rapid start lamps; they are short
commonly operated in instant start mode with electronic Instant-
high frequency ballasts; lamp efficacy is improved Will not start Will not start Normal operation
start lamp

23
Ballasts Ballasts
Transition Phase Transition Phase
Time required for the lamp to move from the Ballast Factor (BF)
cathode heating stage to the full arc current This is needed to determine the light output for a
stage particular lamp-ballast system.
The longer this process is, the more emissive Measure of the actual lumen output for a specific
mix is being removed from the cathodes. lamp ballast system relative to the rated lumen output
measured with a reference ballast under ANSI test
Most rapid start ballasts have a transition time of conditions (open air at 25°C)
about 80 to 100 milliseconds. An ANSI ballast for standard 40-W F40T12 lamps
The length of this transition is based upon the requires BF of 0.95. However, many ballasts are
cathode’s temperature and the voltage across available with either high (conforming to the ANSI
the lamp. specifications) or low ballast factors (70% to 75%).

Ballasts Ballasts
Transition Phase Transition Phase
Ballast Factor (BF) Ballast Factor (BF)
Although a lower ballast factor reduces lamp lumen
output, it also consumes proportionally less input power
Careful selection of a lamp-ballast system with a specific
BF allows designers to better minimize energy use by
"tuning" the lighting levels in the space.
Note: To avoid a drastic reduction in lamp life, low BF
ballasts (<70%) should operate lamps in rapid start mode
only. This is particularly relevant for 36-watt F36T8 lamps
operated at high frequency.
Finding BF for lamp-ballast combinations may not be
easy, as few ballast manufacturers provide this
information in their catalogs.

Power vs. BF Curves

- Lamp 1.2 m FL
2 - Ballast Systems Transition Phase
Energy Efficiency
Much of the power supplied into a fluorescent lamp-
ballast system produces waste heat energy.
3 ways of improving the efficacy of a fluorescent
lamp-ballast system:
Reduce the ballast losses.
Operate the lamp(s) at a high frequency,
Reduce losses attributable to the lamp electrodes.
Ballast losses may also be reduced by using a single
ballast to drive 3 or 4 lamps, instead of only one or
two. Careful circuit design increases efficiency of
electronic ballasts.

24
Ballasts Ballasts
Transition Phase Transition Phase

Lamp
- Ballast System Efficacy Reliability of Electronic Ballasts
The efficiency of a fluorescent lamp ballast changes Reliable electronic high-frequency ballasts can be
produced with the quality control necessary to reach or
depending on the type of lamp operated. exceed the 10-12 year life spans common with
As a consequence, the only meaningful comparison magnetic ballasts.
between lamps or ballasts is the lamp-ballast system Early ballast failures are usually due to either poor
efficacy. The system efficacy can be calculated as quality control in the manufacturing process or
follows: incorrect installation procedures.
Failures occurring after a normal “wear-out” period of
10-12 years are usually due to the eventual
degradation of the electrolytic capacitor.
Check track records of manufacturers and obtain
verification for the reliability of any new or unfamiliar
products is obtained

Ballasts Ballasts
Transition Phase Transition Phase
Ballast Noise Level (Sound Rating) Dimming
All electromagnetic ballasts emit a hum that is caused Lamps operated in rapid start mode are the only fluorescent
by vibration of the laminated core of the ballast, lamps suitable for wide-range dimming applications.
vibration that results from the expanding and The power required to keep electrode voltage constant over all
collapsing magnetic field in the core. dimming conditions means that dimming ballasts will be less
High temperatures can increase noise, and it is efficient when operating lamps at dimmed levels.
amplified by certain luminaire designs. To dim lamps, magnetic dimming ballasts require control gear
containing expensive high-power switching devices that
An "A" rated ballast will hum softly; a "D" rated ballast condition the input power delivered to the ballasts. This is
will make a loud buzz. economically viable only when controlling large numbers of
All energy-efficient magnetic ballasts for F40T12 and ballasts on the same branch circuit.
F36T8 lamps are “A” rated, with a few exceptions, Dimming range differs greatly among ballasts. With most
such as low-temperature ballasts. electronic dimming ballasts, light levels can vary between full
All electronic ballasts are "A" rated for sound. output and a minimum of about 10% of full output. However,
electronic, full-range dimming ballasts are also available that
operate lamps down to 1% of full lumen output.
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Ballasts Ballasts
Transition Phase Transition Phase
Flicker Harmonics
A magnetic ballast alters the voltage, but not the When a current or voltage wave shape deviates from
frequency. Thus, the lamp voltage crosses zero 120 the ideal (sinusoidal), current or voltage harmonics
times each second, resulting in 120 Hz light output are produced.
oscillations. This results in about 30% flicker for Example: The harmonics of 60 Hz are 60 Hz, 120 Hz,
standard halophosphor lamps, operated at 60 Hz. 180 Hz, etc., representing the first (fundamental),
Most electronic ballasts, on the other hand, use high- second, third, etc. multiples.
frequency operation, which reduces lamp flicker to an Electrical equipment that generates harmonics
essentially imperceptible level. The manufacturer include variable speed drives, uninterruptable power
usually specifies the flicker percentage of a particular supplies, personal computers, and electronic ballasts.
ballast. For a given ballast, the percent flicker will be Any circuit that is nonlinear (e.g. a gas discharge
a function of lamp type and phosphor composition. lamp) uses rectifying circuits, or uses high-speed
switching systems will generate harmonics.
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25
Ballasts Ballasts
Transition Phase Application Guidelines

Harmonics Electronic Ballasts

Effects of harmonics Electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps can save
Overloading of transformers energy and money in nearly every application.
Adding of current to the neutral in three-phase electrical Electronic ballasts may be substituted for magnetic
distribution systems ballasts without any need for concern about lighting
Current/voltage surges and/or spikes due to circuit system performance.
resonances with one or more of the harmonic frequencies Electronic ballasts can enhance lighting quality
Interference with electrical equipment or communications on through the added benefit of a quiet, flicker-free
the same circuit lighting environment.
Distortion of the electrical service entrance voltage with This makes electronic ballasts an ideal choice for
accompanying adverse effects on the performance of other modern offices and in other applications with
electrical equipment in the building important visual tasks.

Ballasts Ballasts
Application Guidelines Application Guidelines

Criteria when making ballast selections Criteria when making ballast selections
Always consider electronic ballast for general-purpose Consider stepped multi-level electronic ballasts as an
applications in new construction. The higher cost of electronic excellent alternative to switching adjacent lamps in
ballasts makes economic sense in terms of energy savings and luminaires (tandem wiring). An additional benefit will
improved lighting performance over the life of the system. be quiet, flicker-free space.
Always consider electronic ballasts for routine maintenance Consider the use of low ballast factor (<75%) rapid
replacements and renovations. (It may not be cost-effective to start electronic ballasts in aisles or other circulation
retrofit large groups of existing low loss magnetic ballasts in areas where partial light output will suffice. Low
working order that would not otherwise be replaced.). ballast factor electronic ballasts should be operated in
Consider operating F36T8 lamps at full output with instant start rapid start mode only to maintain lamp life at reduced
ballasts to obtain maximum energy efficiency for dedicated (non- lamp currents.
dimming) applications with minimal on/off cycles. Consider full-range (1%-100%) dimming electronic
Exercise caution to avoid using instant start lamp-ballast ballasts for functional dimming requirements in
systems with occupant sensors or other applications with rapid applications such as boardrooms, conference rooms,
switching cycles. and residences.
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Ballasts Ballasts
Application Guidelines Application Guidelines
System Compatibility of Electronic Ballasts Heater Cutout Ballasts
There are some applications in which high-frequency Less expensive than electronic ballasts and are a viable energy-
electronic ballasts may be incompatible with existing efficient option to consider when a project budget does not
technologies. One of these instances that have been permit electronic ballasts.
identified occurs in libraries equipped with magnetic Can be used in any non-dimming situation involving linear F32T8
detectors used to prevent theft. or F36T8 lamps. Typical applications include offices, schools,
However, as long as electronic ballasts are at least 3 retail and wholesale stores, health care facilities, and general
m to 4.5 m away from the detector units, problems industrial and commercial lighting.
with the detectors are unlikely to occur. Because of their lower initial cost they are especially appropriate
for use as replacement ballasts in retrofit applications.
A second potential system compatibility problem with
Some may have a problem starting lamps when the line voltage
electronic ballasts may occur in conjunction with high- is below the rated center voltage. In addition, some lamp
frequency power line carrier (PLC) control systems. manufacturers derate lamp life when heater cutout ballasts
The carrier frequency for PLCs usually ranges from operate lamps.
50 kHz to 200 kHz.
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26
Ballasts Classification of Maximum Ballast
Standard for Electromagnetic Ballasts
Power Loss
Philippine National Standard (PNS)
12-3:1999 “Lamps and Related
Equipment-Electromagnetic Ballast-
Energy Standards and Labeling
Requirements” prescribes the power
loss and labeling requirements of
electromagnetic ballasts.
Starting July 2003, manufacturers,
suppliers and importers are required to
label the individual ballasts with the
power consumed or the power loss.

Electronic Ballasts for Linear Lamps

Luminaires Luminaires
Outline Luminaires

A lighting system is defined as an array of

Luminaires
luminaires having a characteristic lighting
Classification distribution.
Technical Description Luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting
Luminaire Design System of the following components:
one or more lamps
Photometric Data for Luminaires optical devices to distribute the light
Luminaire System Performance sockets to position and protect the lamps and to
Guidelines Specification connect the lamps to a supply of electric power
the mechanical components required to support or
attach the luminaire.

27
Luminaires Luminaires
Function of Luminaires Classification
Ideally, a luminaire directs lamp output to where it is Luminaires are classified by the Commission Internationale de
needed while shielding the lamp from the eyes at normal L’Eclairage (CIE) according to the percentage of light output above
angles of view. and below the horizontal.
For example, T5 lamps are 58.3% smaller in diameter
than equivalent T12 lamps, even while producing nearly
as many lumens. Because T5 lamps are brighter per unit
length than T12 lamps, proper luminaire shielding is
more critical.
Different luminaires may significantly affect the operating
temperatures of lamps. This can have significant effects
on the total performance of the luminaire-lamp-ballast
system.

Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification

Direct Lighting Direct Lighting

Can have the highest utilization of all types, but this utilization
When luminaires direct 90 to 100% of their output may be reduced in varying degrees by brightness-control media
downward. required to minimize direct glare.
The distribution may vary from widespread to highly Reflected glare and shadows may be a problem with direct
concentrated, depending on the reflector material, lighting unless close spacings are employed.
finish and contour, and on the shielding or control
media employed.
Troffers and downlights are two forms of direct
luminaires.

Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification
Semi-direct Lighting
The distribution is predominantly General Diffuse Lighting
downward (60 to 90%) but with a When downward and upward components of light
small upward component to
illuminate the ceiling and upper
from luminaires are about equal (each 40 to 60% of
walls. total luminaire output)
The same as for direct lighting Direct-indirect is a special (non-CIE) category within
except that the upward component
will tend to soften shadows and
this classification for luminaires that emit very little
improve room brightness light at angles near the horizontal. Since this
relationships. characteristic result in lower luminances in the direct-
Care should be exercised with
close-to-ceiling mounting of some
glaze zone, direct-indirect luminaires are usually more
types to prevent overly bright suitable than general-diffuse luminaires that distribute
ceilings directly above the luminaire. the light about equally in all directions.

28
Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification

General Diffuse Lighting General Diffuse Lighting

General-diffuse units combine the characteristics of
direct lighting and those of indirect lighting.
Brightness relationships throughout the room are
generally good and the upward light reflected from the
ceiling softens shadows from the direct component.
Pendant-mounted luminaires designed to provide a
general-diffuse or direct-indirect distribution are
frequently installed on or very close to the ceiling.
Such mountings change the distribution to direct or
semidirect since the ceiling acts as a top reflector
redirecting the upward light back through the
luminaire.
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Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification

Semi- Indirect Lighting Indirect Lighting

Lighting systems that emit 60 to 90% of their output Lighting systems which direct
90 to 100% of the light upward
upward. to the ceiling and upper
The characteristics are similar to those of indirect sidewalls.
systems except that the downward component In a well-designed installation,
the entire ceiling becomes the
usually produces a luminaire luminance that closely primary source of illumination,
matches that of the ceiling. and shadows will be virtually
However, if the downward component becomes too eliminated.
great and is not properly controlled, direct or reflected Also, since the luminaires direct
very little light downward, both
glare may result. direct and reflected glare will be
minimized if the installation is
well planned.

Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification
Indirect Lighting NEMA
It is also important to suspend Classification
the luminaires a sufficient System
distance below the ceiling to This sytem is
obtain reasonable uniformity based on the
distribution of
of ceiling luminance flux within the
Since the indirect lighting the beam
ceiling and upper walls must produced by
reflect light to the work plane, the luminaire.
it is essential that these It is used
surfaces have high primarily for
sports lighting
reflectances. Care is needed and
to prevent overall ceiling floodlighting
luminance from becoming too luminaires.
high and thus glaring.

29
Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

has classified luminaires according to: Protection
the type of protection against electric shock against
the degree of protection against ingress of dust, solid Electric
objects and moistures, and the material of the Shock
supporting surfaces.

Luminaires Luminaires
Classification Classification

IP Number System of Classification

Luminaires
Common IP
Ratings

Luminaires Luminaires
Technical Description Technical Description

Luminaires generally consist of some or all of

the following parts:
Basic Light sources and their respective lamp holders or
Components sockets
of Light control components
Luminaires Electrical components
Mechanical components

30
Luminaires Luminaires
Technical Description Technical Description
Efficient luminaires use the most efficient sources Light Control Components
appropriate for that luminaire type.
Reflectors
Luminaires are commonly available for these lamps:
Incandescent filament including tungsten halogen lamps Refractors
Fluorescent & Compact fluorescent Diffusers
Induction or electrodeless lamps Shades, blades, louvers and baffles
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
Metal halide
High Pressure Sodium
Mercury
Low Pressure Sodium lamps
Luminaires are less common for xenon arc and carbon
arc lamps.
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Luminaires Luminaires
Technical Description Technical Description
Reflectors New reflector materials include:
A device, usually of coated metal or plastic, that is a high
reflectance and is shaped to redirect the light emitted by the Anodized, specular aluminum, having a total
lamp reflectivity of 85-90%
Anodized, specular aluminum, enhanced with a
multiple thin-film dielectric coating, having a total
reflectivity of 88-94%
Vacuum-deposited, specular silver, applied on the
front or rear surface of a clear polyester film and
adhered to a metal substrate, having a total
reflectivity of 91-95%

Luminaires Luminaires
Technical Description Technical Description
Refractors
Light control devices that take advantage of the change in Diffusers
direction that light undergoes as it passes through the boundary Light control elements that scatter (redirect) incident
of materials of differing optical density (index of refraction), such light in many directions.
as air to glass or air to plastic. This scattering can take place in the material, such as
in bulk diffusers like white plastic, or on the surface as
in etched or sandblasted glass.
Used to spread light and, since scattering destroy
optical images, obscure the interior of luminaries,
suppress lamp images, and reduce high illuminance
by increasing the area over the area over which light
leaves a luminaire.

31
Luminaires Luminaires
Technical Description Technical Description
Shades, Blades, Louvers, and Baffles
Shades and shields are opaque or transluscent
materials shaped to reduce or eliminate the direct
view of the lamp from outside the luminaire
Blades, usually opaque and highly reflective, can be
shaped and positioned to eliminate the direct view of
the lamp from certain directions outside the luminaire
and to control the direction from which the light
leaves.
If arranged in a rectangular grid, producing cells, they
are called louvers. If arranged linearly they are called
baffles. Louvers and baffles often are made of
Examples of Diffusers specularly reflecting metal, though some are of
coated plastic.
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Luminaires Luminaires
Technical Description Technical Description
Mechanical Components of Luminaires
Consist of a housing or general structure to support
other components of the luminaire, and a mounting
mechanism for the attachment of the luminaire to its
support.
If the luminaire uses a refractor or transparent cover,
then hinged frames or doors often are provided to
hold the lens.
Electrical Components of Luminaires
(a),(b) and (c) louvers for linear fluorescent, (d) cross Operate the lamp. The luminaire contains and
baffles, (e) shield for industrial luminaire, and (f) supports ballast, starter, capacitors, or emergency
hoods and cowls for track luminaires lighting devices.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

General Lighting Luminaire Types Commercial and Residential Luminaire

Open Direct Luminaires
Commercial and Residential Luminaire Imaging Specular Reflector Open Luminaires
Architectural Luminaires Shielded Direct Lighting Systems
Shielded Industrial and Commercial Luminaires with Specular
Task Lights Imaging Reflectors
Decorative Luminaires Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers
Standard Lensed Troffers Equipped with Specular Imaging
Emergency and Exit Reflectors
Industrial Luminaire Indirect Lighting Luminaire
Cove Lighting Systems
Outdoor Luminaires Compact HID Indirect Lighting Systems
Direct/Indirect Lighting Systems
Stage

32
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Open Direct Luminaires Open Direct Luminaires

Open direct systems do not employ shielding at all.
Include surface and pendant-mounted strip
fluorescent fixtures and suspended open industrial
and commercial luminaires
Unless equipped with reflectors, these systems
radiate light in all directions
These are often very efficient, with high coefficient of
utilization (CU) values, but they may cause visual
discomfort and disability glare.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Imaging Specular Reflector Shielded Direct Lighting Systems
Open Luminaires Use some form of lens, louver, or baffle to prevent
The basic, open luminaire direct viewing of the lamps at normal angles of view.
can be equipped with an
imaging specular reflector
Surface and suspended luminaire types include
The imaging reflector may industrial HID downlights, baffled industrial
not improve luminaire fluorescent luminaires, fluorescent wrap-around lens
efficiency, but the luminaire's luminaires, and commercial fluorescent lens
coefficient of utilization (CU) luminaires.
can be increased as more
light is redirected toward the
Recessed systems include HID downlights and a
work plane. wide range of fluorescent "troffers" using lenses,
louvers, or baffles to control glare.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Shielded Direct Lighting Systems Shielded Industrial and

Commercial Luminaires
with Specular Imaging
Reflectors
Similar to open industrial
and commercial luminaires.
However, they are equipped
with louver shielding.
Specular imaging reflectors
can increase luminaire
efficiencies and coefficient of
utilization.

33
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers
There are large-cell and small-cell parabolic Three variations of large-cell parabolic luminaires are available:
luminaires. Standard parabolic troffers generally have louvers about 75 mm
Large cell luminaires are generally more efficient, with deep. Standard parabolics are efficient, and have good glare control
relatively high coefficient of utilization values, while and reasonably low brightness.
smaller cells usually offer better glare control. Deep-cell parabolic troffers have louvers that are a minimum of
100 mm deep. They have moderate efficiency and CU values, very
The large-celled parabolic louvered troffer is a good glare control, and very low brightness shielding.
luminaire that can combine sharp cut-off glare control Compound parabolic troffers have specially designed parabolic
with an efficient reflector/louver design. louver assemblies to create extremely low brightness for Video
Many different standard sizes are readily available, Display Terminal (VDT) work environments. These fixtures have
including 600mm x 1200mm, 600mm x 600mm, excellent glare control and will not produce reflected images in VDT
300mm x 1200mm and others. screens if they comply with the specified luminance limits.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers Standard Lensed Troffers Equipped with Specular
Imaging Reflectors
The traditional lensed troffer can be equipped with a specular
imaging reflector.
The efficiency of a two-lamp, 600mm x 1200mm, reflector-
equipped luminaires consisting of a pattern-12 (standard)
prismatic lens, and properly aligned lamps, rises from about 70%
to about 80% with the addition of a specular imaging reflector.
CU values increase. The increase in efficiency and CU is
greatest when the reflector is designed exactly for the luminaire
and the desired light distribution.
Most common lens types, such as prismatic, bat wing, linear
Typical Four- a
Lmp Parabolic Troffer batwing, and polarized, can be used, though not all types will
exhibit increased efficiency when used with a reflector.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Indirect Lighting Luminaire Cove Lighting Systems

New designs in indirect lighting luminaires, especially
for cove and coffer installations, increase the
effectiveness of traditional strip lights and eliminate
socket shadows.

34
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Compact HID Indirect Direct/Indirect Lighting Systems

Lighting Systems These combine the efficiency and high CU of direct
illumination with the uniformity and glare control of
Allow for smaller uplight
indirect lighting.
luminaires that are easily Some industrial lighting systems are designed for a
installed in furniture- limited percentage of indirect uplight; some office and
mounted luminaires and school lighting systems are designed for an equal
wall sconces. balance between direct downlight and indirect uplight.
HID luminaires may not be Additionally, there are high-efficiency versions of
suitable for applications direct/indirect lighting systems for commercial and
when periodic switching is institutional lighting, including some especially
anticipated. designed for VDT work environments.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Direct/Indirect Lighting Systems Stage

Designed to produce tight optical control and provide
maximum flexibility. They are common theaters and
televisions studious for lighting stage and people.

(a) Fresnel spot, (b) ellipsoidal spot,and(c) border spot.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Architectural Luminaires Recessed Low-Wattage HID Downlights

Generally employed in building spaces such as These are suitable for lower ceilings and high-quality spaces
have been made viable with high-CRI compact metal halide and
lobbies, corridors white high-pressure sodium lamps.
Since they are used initially for highlighting high- Allows for replacement of traditional incandescent downlights,
quality spaces, aesthetics is a principal consideration making significant energy savings possible.
in their design and selection.
Different Types
Recessed Low-Wattage HID Downlights
Recessed Compact Fluorescent Downlights
Track-Mounted HID and Compact Fluorescent Floodlights
Compact Fluorescent Adapters with Screw in Power
Connections

35
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Track-Mounted HID and Compact Fluorescent
Recessed Compact Fluorescent Downlights Floodlights
In general, CFLs replace incandescent downlights on Tracklights uses a system that includes luminaries and a track or
a 1 watt for 3-watt basis. rail that is designed to both provide mounting and deliver electric
By using parabolic downlight for CFLs, it can improve power.
These products offer significant energy savings over standard
efficiently by allowing replacement of incandescent incandescent luminaires of this type.
lamps on a 1 watt for every 4-watts basis.
a) HID
Tracklights
b) Compact
Fluorescent
Floodlights

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Compact Fluorescent Adapters with
Task Lights
Screw in Power Connections
Generally utilize two separate lighting systems to
These designs have elements used in improve lighting while saving energy.
conventional luminaires: a lamp holder First, an ambient lighting design provides a medium-to-low
with replaceable lamp and a housing level of uniform illumination in a room.
for the ballast and other components. Second, task lighting is provided at and for specific visual
Some designs make use of the tasks.
incandescent lamp holder's medium- Compact fluorescent lamp technology has special
base screw-shell for mounting and relevance for task lighting applications.
power connection; some are also
equipped with reflectors and/or lenses
to improve light distribution and
provide shielding
The lamp can be replaced without
replacing the rest of the assembly.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Decorative Luminaires Low

- Wattage HID and Compact Fluorescent
Low-Wattage HID and Compact Fluorescent Wall- Wall- Mounted Luminaires
Mounted Luminaires Many traditional applications for incandescent wall-
Compact Fluorescent Pendants and Chandeliers mounted sconces and brackets can be replaced with
similar-appearing luminaires designed specifically for
Compact Fluorescent Exterior Luminaires
compact fluorescent or HID lamps.
Luminaire Design With T5 Lamps
Low-Wattage HID Exterior Luminaires

36
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Compact Fluorescent Exterior Luminaires
Compact Fluorescent Pendants and Chandeliers In colder climates, electronically-ballasted CFLs may
Luminaire designs continue to evolve for compact be required to ensure proper operation at lower
fluorescent decorative chandeliers and pendants temperatures.
used in applications once limited to traditional Compact fluorescent outdoor luminaires are
incandescent fixtures. especially well suited for landscape lighting
applications, which previously used low-wattage
incandescent lamps.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Luminaire Design With T5 Lamps
Although the ambient temperature surrounding T5
lamps has a great impact on the lumen output, one
important factor to consider is the cold spot.
Unlike T8 lamps, where the cold spot is located in the
middle of the lamp, with T5 lamps, the cold spot is
located at one end of the lamp.
In designing the luminaire, heat dissipation should be
such that the temperature at the ‘cold spot’ remains
around 50°C. Any variation greater than 5 - 7°C either
way, will reduce the lumen output by 5%, this
percentage increases with the variance.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Luminaire Design Low
- Wattage HID Exterior Luminaires
With T5 Lamps
When using While larger HID lamps are commonly used as
louvered or open exterior light sources, low-wattage (100 watts or less)
luminaires, attention HID lamps offer the opportunity to use these lamps for
needs to be paid to
glare control. more compact luminaires. In many cases, low-
The T5 lamps have wattage HID luminaires can be used where
luminance levels incandescent lamps are typically chosen.
nearly twice as high
as those previously Low-wattage HID lamps can be used in every climate
dealt with in our region because of their wide temperature range for
luminaires.
The chart shows starting and operating. The small lamp size makes
typical readings for them suitable for many outdoor luminaires.
various lamp types.
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37
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Emergency and Exit Industrial Luminaire
Emergency lighting luminaires
are designed to provide Linear Fluorescent
enough light for egress in Often designed for high-output fluorescent lamps, with the
emergent situations.
reflector often being part of the housing.
They may operate from power
provided by batteries. Under These luminaries are designed to minimize accumulation of
normal condition the batteries dirt by providing for convection; in areas with large amounts
are continuously charged from
line voltage. of airborne particles, dust tight covers are used.
They are of illuminated signage Diffusers with gasketting are often used in wet locations.
which are designed to provide
critical help in emergent
situations.
Compact fluorescent lamps
and LED are commonly used in
exit luminaires.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Industrial Luminaire Industrial Luminaire

Strips/Batten High Bay
Have one or more fluorescent lamps and mounted to a small Use HID lamps to produce general lighting in an industrial
area.
housing large enough to hold ballasts and sockets.
They are for application of with spacing-to-mounting height
Reflectors are uncommon since these luminaries are used in ratios of up to 1.0; surface or pendant mounted, depending
areas where a large amount of general diffuse lighting is on the structure and openness of the area.
required and efficiency and budget are a concern. Use reflectors and refractors to produce luminous intensity
distributions that vary from narrow to wide, depending on the
application and the need for vertical illuminance.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System

Industrial Luminaire Outdoor Luminaires

Low Bay Floodlight
Same as high bay except that they usually have wide Sports Lighting
luminous intensity distributions to provide greater horizontal
and vertical illuminances in areas with restricted ceiling Street and Roadway
heights. Pathway
Parking Lot and Garage
Security
Landscape

38
Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Floodlight Sports Lighting
Often used for building lighting and other special Have very narrow luminous intensity distributions and typically
application such as billboard lighting. mounted to the side and well above the playing area.
Most types of HID lamps are used in floodlight High wattage Metal halide lamps are common from 1000-
luminaires. 3500W.
Usually provided with special aiming and locking gear(
Exterior building lighting use luminaries with narrow goniometer). Internal or external louvers also may be provided to
and wide distributions, depending on the portion of control glare and light trespass and to improve observer comfort.
the building being illuminated and its distance from
the luminaire mounting location.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Street and Roadway
Usually mounted on arms on a pole, or are post-top mounted. Pathway
All types of HID lamps are used; High Pressure Sodium Lamps Walkway and grounds
commonly used for roadway application. lighting are often done
Luminaires with drop dish, or ovate, refractors are commonly
with bollards.
used in roadway applications. Because of their appearance, they
are referred to as “cobra head” luminaires. Mounted in the ground
and have the form of a
short thick post similar
to that found on a ship
or wharf. They are
used for localized
lighting.

Luminaires Luminaires
Luminaire Design System Luminaire Design System
Parking Lot and Garage Security
Often uses cut-off or semi-cut-off luminaries with flat bottomed Typically outdoor luminaries designed to help visually
lenses. secure an area.
Mounted on post-top brackets or on short arms and can be Provides sufficient illuminance for visual surveillance
arranged in single, twin, or quad configurations. or security camera surveillance.
Wall mounted luminaries are often used in for small parking lots These luminaries are typically mounted in
immediately adjacent to a building or in parking structures, often inaccessible places and have sturdy housings and
referred to as “wall packs” wall-mounted luminaries.
lenses to help them make vandal proof.

39
Luminaires
Luminaire Design System
Landscape
Designed to light buildings, planting, water features, and
walkways.
They can be mounted in the ground, on poles, on trees, or
underwater.
Have special housing, gasketting, lenses, and electrical wiring
hardware that protects against the effects of water and corrosion.

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