FINITE ELEMENT EQUATION FOR STEPPED BAR PROBLEMS

CASE: 1 FOUR ELEMENTS PROBLEMS

 k1  k1 0 0
  k1 k1  k  k 0
 2 2

 0  k 2 k 2  k 3  k 3

 0 0  k 2 k 3  k 4
 0 0 0  k
 4
u1 

=
u 2 

 

u 3 
u 4 
 

u 5 

 _

 F1 
 _   F   F
 F  
SW 1
 

2
  FSW 1  FS W 2   FTem
 _
   
 F3    FSW 2  F SW 3    FTem
 _   F  F  
 F4
  SW 3 SW 4
  FTem

  
 F 
  F

_

SW 4
 Tem
F


5



CASE: 2 THREE ELEMENTS PROBLEMS

Assuming k4 = u4 = FSW4 = FTemp4 = 0 in the four elements Finite element equation, we get
 k1  k1 0 0 
  k1 k1  k  k 0 
 2 2 
 0  k 2 k 2  k 3  k 3

 
 0 0  k 2 k 3 
u1 

=
u 
 2 
 
u 3 

u 4 

 _

 F1   FSW   F Temp 1
 _  
1
 
 F2   FSW 1  FSW 2   FTem p 1  FTemp
      

_
  FSW 2  FSW 3   FTem p 2  FTemp
F
 3
  FSW  
 _

 3   FTem p 3
 F4 

CASE: 3 TWO ELEMENTS PROBLEMS

Assuming k3 = k4 = u3 = u4 = FSW3 = FSW4 = FTemp3 = FTemp4 = 0 in the four elements Finite element equation, we get
 k1  k1 0  u1 
 
  k1 k1  k2  k2 

u 2
u





=

 0  k2 k2 

3

 _ 
 F1   FSW 1   F Temp 1 
 _
 
    
 F2    FSW 1  FSW 2   F Te mp 1  FTem p 2 
 _     
 F3   FSW 2  F Te mp 2 

 


+ sign is used when the external force acting at node is in RHS direction ( )

- sign is used when the external force acting at node is in LHS direction ( )
 E1 A1 w A1 L1
where, k1  FSW 1  FTemp 1  A1 E1  1 T
L1 2

E 2 A2 w A2 L2
k2  FSW 2  FTemp 2  A2 E 2  2 T
L2 2

E 3 A3 w A3 L3
k3  FSW 3  FTemp 3  A3 E 3  3 T
L3 2

E 4 A4 w A4 L4
k4  FSW 4  FTemp 4  A4 E 4  4 T
L4 2

where, k1, k2, k3, and k4 are the stiffness matrix of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N/m)

A1, A2, A3, and A4 are the area of cross section of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (mm2)

L1, L2, L3, and L4 are the length of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (mm)

E1, E2, E3, and E4 are the young’ modulus of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N/mm2)

FSW 1 , FSW 2 , FSW 3 , and FSW 4 are the force due to self weight in
element 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N)

FTemp 1 , FTemp 2 , FTemp 3 , and FTemp 4 are the force due to temp rise in
element 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N)

w = weight density of the material (N/mm3)

 1 ,  2 ,  3 and  4 are the coefficient of linear expansion

of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (/ 0C)

T is the temperature rise ( 0C)

Two dimensional problems

1. Shape function for CST element in terms of natural (is0parametric ) coordinate system
we know that the shape function of triangular element at nodes 1 and 2 is
N 1   and N 2  , (1)
and the shape function at node 3 is
N 3  1 N 3  N 3
(2)
 1   
2. Shape function for CST element in terms of global coordinate system
1
N1   a1  b1 x  c1 y 
2A
1
N2   a 2  b2 x  c 2 y  ,
2A
1
N3   a3  b31 x  c3 y 
2A
where,
a1  x 2 y 3  x3 y 2 , b1  y 2  y 3 , c1   ( x 2  x3 ) ,

a 2  x3 y1  x1 y 3 b2  y 3  y1 c 2   ( x3  x1 )

a 3  x1 y 2  x 2 y1 b3  y1  y 2 c3   ( x1  x 2 )

3. Solution at any point with in the CST element or distribution of displacement components
u  N 1u1  N 2 u 3  N 3 u 5
v  N 1u 2  N 2 u 4  N 3 u 6
using eqns (1) and (2), we get,
u  u1  u 3  u 5 (1     )
y  u 2  u 4  u 6 (1     )

4. Coordinates of any point with in the CST element

x  N 1 x1  N 2 x 2  N 3 x3
y  N 1 y1  N 2 y 2  N 3 y 3
using eqns (1) and (2), we get,

x  x1  x 2  x3 (1     )
y  y1  y 2  y 3 (1     )
or
x  ( x1  x3 )  ( x 2  x3 )x 2  x3
y  ( y1  y 3 )  ( y1  y 3 )  y 3
 5. Jacobian (coordinate transformation) matrix for any two dimensional element
 x y 
   
J= 
 x y


   
 

6. Jacobian matrix for CST element

 x13 y13 
[J] = x y 23 
 23 
7. Inverse of Jacobian matrix for CST element
1
 x13 y13  1  y 23  y13 
[J]-1 = x y  
det
 
J  x23 x13 
 23 23 

where, xij= xi - xj and yij= yi - yj

8. Strain-displacement matrix for CST element

1
 y 23

0 y 31 0 y12 0  1
[B] =  0 x 32 0 x13 0 x 21 
 = Det[ J ]
Det[ J ]
 x 32
 y 23 x13 y 31 x 21 y12  
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 
 
0 c1 0 c2 c3 0 
 
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 

1
 y 23

0 y 31 0 y12 0 
x 21 
1
= 2A 
0 x 32 0 x13 0  =

 x 32 y 23 x13 y 31 x 21 y12   2A
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 
 
0 c1 0 c2 c3 0 
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 
 

Where,
b1  y 2  y 3 , c1   ( x 2  x3 ) ,

b2  y 3  y1 c 2   ( x3  x1 )

b3  y1  y 2 c3   ( x1  x 2 )
9. Stress – Strain matrix for CST element ( only for plane stress problem)
 
1 v 0 
E  
[ D]  v 1 0 
1 v2  1 v 
0 0 
 2 

where, E = Young’s Modulus (N/mm2)

v = Poisson’s Ratio

10. Stiffness matrix for CST element

[k1] = A t [B]T [D] [B]

1
T
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 
 
=A t 0 c1 0 c2 c3 0  x
2A 
 c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 
b3 
 
1 v 0 
1 b1

0 b2 0 b3 0 

x
E  
1  v 2 v 1 0  0 c1 0 c2 c3 0 

0

0
1  v 
2

 2A c1
 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 


Et b1

0 b2 0 b3 0 

T

1 v 0



= 0 c1 0 c2 c3 0  x 
v 1 0



4 A(1  v 2 )  c1
 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 


0

0
1  v 
2



b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 
 
x 0
c1
c1
b1 c2
0 c2
b2 c3
c3 0
b3


 

Where, A= Area of element (mm2)

T= Thickness of the element (mm)

Problems on two dimensional CST elements
1. Evaluate the shape function N1, N2, and N3 at the interior point P for the triangular element shown in
figure-1. Use global coordinate system and natural coordinate system Hint:
Answer: (0.3, 0.2 and 0.5)

2. Determine the Jocabian (coordinate transformation) matrix for the triangular element shown in figure-1.
Hint:
Answer:

3. Determine the Strain- nodal displacement matrix for the triangular element shown in figure-1.
Hint:
Answer:

4. The nodal coordinates of the triangular element are shown in figure-2. at the interior point P, the x-
coordinates is 3.3 and N1 is 0.3. determine N2 and N3 and the coordinates at point P.
Hint:
Answer:

5. Determine the Jacobian matrix for the (x,y) – ( , ) transformation for the element shown in
figure-3. Also find the area of the triangle.
Hint:
Answer:

6. For point P located the triangle shown in figure-4, the shape functions N 1 and N2 are 0.15 and 0.25,
respectively. Determine the x and y coordinates of point P.
Hint:
Answer:

7. In problem 6, find the shape functions using the area coordinate approach.
Hint:
Answer:

8. Triangular elements are used for the stress analysis of a plate subjected to inplnae loads. The
components of the displacement parallel to (x,y) axes at the nodes I,j and k of an element are
found to be (-0.001, 0.01), ( -0.002, 0.01), and (-0.002, 0.02) cm, respectively. If the (x,y)
coordinates of the nodes shown in figure-5. Are in centimeters, find (i) the distribution of the
(x,y) displacement components inside the element and (ii) the components of the displacement of
the point (xp, yp) = ( 30,25) cm.
Hint:
Answer:
9. For the triangular element shown in figure-6, obtain the strain-displacement relation matrix B and
determine the strains along x, y, and xy.
Hint:
Answer:

10. For the configuration shown in figure-7, determine the deflection at the point of load application using a
one-element model.
Hint:
Answer:

11. Find the element B matrix for the plane stress problem shown in figure-8 using two different elements.
Hint:
Answer:

12. Find the element stiffness matrix for the plane stress problem shown in figure-8 using two different
elements.
Hint:
Answer:

13. Find the element D matrix for the plane stress problem shown in figure-8 using two different elements.
Hint:
Answer:

14. Find the product of [D] [B] for each element for the plane stress problem shown in figure-8 using two
different elements.
Hint:
Answer:

15. Solve the plane stress problem shown in figure-8 using two different elements.
Hint:
Answer:
Axis symmetrical problems

11. shape function for Axis symmetrical CST element in terms of natural coordinate system
we know that the shape function of triangular element at nodes 1 and 2 is
N 1   and N 2  , (1)
and the shape function at node 3 is
N 3  1 N 3  N 3
(2)
 1   
12. shape function for Axis symmetrical CST element in terms of global coordinate system
1
N1   a1  b1 r  c1 z 
2A
1
N2   a 2  b2 r  c 2 z  ,
2A
1
N3   a3  b31r  c3 z 
2A
where,
a1  r2 z 3  r3 z 2 , b1  z 2  z 3 , c1   ( r2  r3 ) ,

a 2  r3 z1  r1 z 3 b2  z 3  z1 c 2   ( r3  r1 )

a 3  r1 z 2  r2 z1 b3  z1  z 2 c3   ( r1  r2 )

13. Solution at any point with in the CST element or distribution of displacement components
u  N 1u1  N 2 u 3  N 3 u 5
v  N 1u 2  N 2 u 4  N 3 u 6
using eqns (1) and (2), we get,
u  u1  u 3  u 5 (1     )
y  u 2  u 4  u 6 (1     )

14. Coordinates of any point with in the CST element

x  N 1 r1  N 2 r2  N 3 r3
y  N 1 z1  N 2 z 2  N 3 z 3
using eqns (1) and (2), we get,

r  r1  r2  r3 (1     )
z  y1  z 2  z 3 (1     )
or
 r  (r1  r3 )  (r2  r3 )r2  r3
z  ( z1  z 3 )  ( z1  z 3 )  z 3
r1 r2 r3
where, rc   
3 3 3
z z z
zc  1  2  3
3 3 3

15. Jacobian matrix for any two dimensional element

 x y 
   
J= 
 x y


   
 

16. Jacobian matrix for CST element

 r13 z13 
[J] = r z 23 
 23 
17. Inverse of Jacobian matrix for CST element
1
 z13 z13  1  z 23  z13 
[J]-1 = r z  
det
 
J  r23 r13 
 23 23 

where, xij= xi - xj and yij= yi - yj

18. Strain-displacement matrix for CST element

[B] =
 z 23 z 31 z1 2 
 2 A 0 0 0 
2 A 2 A
 
 r32 r13 r2 1 
0 0 0
 2 A 2 A 2 A 
 
 r32 z 23 r13 z 31 r21 z12 
 2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A 2 A 
 N N 2 N 3 
 1
0 0 0 

 rc rc rc 


=
 z 23 z 31
 det[ J 0 0
] det[ J ]

 r32 r13
 0 0
 det[ J ] det[ J ]
 r32 z 23 r13 z 31
 det[ J ] det[ J ] det[ J ] det[ J ]

 N1 N 2
 0 0
 rc rc

where , N 1  N 2  N 3  0.33, ( w.r.t centroid of CST element )

r1 r2 r3
rc 
 
3 3 3
19. Stress – Strain matrix for CST element ( only for plane stress problem)
 v v 
1 0 
1  v 1  v
 
 v v 
1 0
E ( 1  v) 1  v 1  v 
[ D]   
(1  v )(1  2v ) 0 1  2v 
0 0
 2(1  v) 
 
 v v 
0 1

1  v 1  v 


where, E = Young’s Modulus and v = Poisson’s Ratio

20. Stiffness matrix for CST element
[k1] = A t [B]T [D] [B]
FINITE ELEMENT EQUATION FOR THERMAL PROBLEMS

1. For plane composite walls

CASE: 1 FOUR ELEMENTS PROBLEMS

 k1  k1 0 0
  k1 k1  k  k 0
 2 2

 0  k 2 k 2  k 3  k 3

 0 0  k 2 k 3  k 4

 0 0 0  k 4
T1 

=
T2 

 

T3 
T4 
 

T5 

 R E C1   R HG 1   RC C1
    
 0   R HG 1  R HG 2   RC C1
    
 0    R HG 2  R HG 3    RC C 2
 0   R  R   RC
   HG 3 HG 1
  C 3
 R
 E C 5 
 
 R HG 4 
 
 RC C 4

CASE: 2 THREE ELEMENTS PROBLEMS

Assuming k4 = u4 = FSW4 = FTemp4 = 0 in the four elements Finite element equation, we get
 k1  k1 0 0 
  k1 k1  k  k 0 
 2 2 
 0  k 2 k 2  k 3  k 3

 
 0 0  k 2 k 3 
T1 

=
T2 
 
 
T3 

T4 

 R EC 1   R HG 1   RCC 1 
   R  R   RCC  RCC 
 0   HG 1 H G 2   1 2 
       
 0   R HG 2  R H G 3   RCC 2  RC C 3 

 R EC 5

 
 R HG 3

 
 RCC 3



CASE: 3 TWO ELEMENTS PROBLEMS

Assuming k3 = k4 = u3 = u4 = FSW3 = FSW4 = FTemp3 = FTemp4 = 0 in the four elements Finite element equation, we get
 k1  k1 0  T 
 
=
1
 
  k1 k1  k2  k2  T2 
T 
 

 0  k2 k2 

3

 R E C1   R HG1   RCC 1 
     
 0    R HG1  R HG 2    RCC 1  RCC 2 
     
 R EC 5   R HG 2   RCC 2 

+ sign is used when the force is acting in RHS direction ( )

- sign is used when the force is acting in LHS direction ( )

 k1 A1 Q A1 L1 h P1 L1 T
where, k1  R HG1  RCC1 
L1 2 2

k 2 A2 Q A2 L2 h P1 L1 T
k2  R HG 2  RCC1 
L2 2 2

k 3 A3 Q A3 L3 h P1 L1 T
k3  R HG 3  RCC1 
L3 2 2

k 4 A4 Q A4 L3 h P1 L1 T
k4  R HG 4  RCC1 
L4 2 2

where, k1, k2, k3, and k4 are the stiffness matrix of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N/m)

A1, A2, A3, and A4 are the area of cross section of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (mm2)

L1, L2, L3, and L4 are the length of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (mm)

E1, E2, E3, and E4 are the young’ modulus of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N/mm2)

FSW 1 , FSW 2 , FSW 3 , and FSW 4 are the force due to self weight in
element 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N)

FTemp 1 , FTemp 2 , FTemp 3 , and FTemp 4 are the force due to temp rise in
element 1, 2, 3, and 4 (N)

w = weight density of the material (N/mm3)

 1 ,  2 ,  3 and  4 are the coefficient of linear expansion

of elements 1, 2, 3, and 4 (/ 0C)

T is the temperature rise ( 0C)