Science,

Technology, and
Society
Prof. Ma. Priscilla Jessica K. Hernandez

Week 3
 Learning Objectives:
1. Articulate ways by which society is
INTELLECTUA transformed by science and technology
L 2. Discuss the ideas by Copernicus,
REVOLUTIONS Darwin and Freud and how it led to
Scientific Revolution
THAT DEFINED 3. Describe how the different cradle of
SOCIETY early science such as Mesoamerica,
Asia, middle east and Africa
experienced scientific revolution
 • 1543 - Nicolaus Copernicus ‘s De revolutionibus
Introduction orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres) - cited as marking the
beginning of the scientific revolution.
The change to the medieval idea of science
occurred for four reasons:
1. Seventeenth century scientists and
philosophers were able to collaborate with
members of the mathematical and astronomical
communities to effect advances in all fields.
2. Scientists realized the inadequacy of
medieval experimental methods for their work
and so felt the need to devise new methods
(some of which we use today).
3. Academics had access to a legacy of
European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific
philosophy that they could use as a starting
point (either by disproving or building on the
theorems).
4. Institutions (for example, the British Royal
Society) helped validate science as a field by
providing an outlet for the publication of
scientists’ work.
 NEW
IDEAS
The Thinker:
Nicolaus Copernicus
•Polish astronomer
•Born in Thorn in 1473
•Studied in Krakow, Bologna, Padua and
Rome before returning to Warmia,
Poland to teach and study for the
remainder of his life
•Copernicus worked on a heliocentric
model
•Copernicus' greatest achievement was
the removal of the Earth from the
center of the universe and solar system.
Heliocentric Model
 Charles Darwin and his Theory of Evolution

• February 12, 1809 – April 19, 1882

• His groundbreaking On the Origin of Species was
originally published in 1859. Later, in 1871, Darwin
argued in The Descent of Man and Selection in
Relation to Sex that humans had evolved just as
other organisms had, creating a storm of
controversy that continues today.
• Working from this basic foundation of evolution
through natural selection, modern scientists and
investigators have been able to formulate more
specific principles and ideas relating to many
topics.
Sigmund Freud:
Life, Work and Theories
• 1873 - Freud entered the University of Vienna medical
school
• 1882 - a clinical assistant at the General Hospital in Vienna
and trained with psychiatrist Theodor Meynert and
Hermann Nothnagel
• 1885 - Freud had completed important research on the
brain's medulla and was appointed lecturer in
neuropathology
• Freud's friend, Josef Breuer used hypnosis to cure a patient,
Bertha Pappenheim of what was then called hysteria
• Freud then traveled to Paris to study further under Jean-
Martin Charcot, a neurologist famous for using hypnosis to
treat hysteria.
Sigmund Freud:
Life, Work and Theories
• 1886 - returned to his hometown and opened a
practice that specialized in nervous and brain disorders.
• He found that hypnosis didn’t work - He instead
developed a new way to get people to talk freely.
• This method of treatment is called free association.
He published his findings with Breuer in 1895, in a
paper called Studien über Hysterie (Studies in
Hysteria).
• In 1896, Freud coined the term psychoanalysis.
This is the treatment of mental disorders, emphasizing
on the unconscious mental processes. It is also called
"depth psychology."
 Sigmund Freud: Life, Work and Theories

• He also
developed what
he thought of as
the three
agencies of the
human
personality
 Sigmund Freud:
Life, Work and
Theories
• 1900 - Freud broke ground in
psychology by publishing his book
"The Interpretation of Dreams.“
• 1901 - he published "The
Psychopathology of Everyday
Life," which gave life to the saying
"Freudian slip."
• 1902 – he became a professor at
the University of Vienna. Soon, he
gained followers and formed what
was called the Psychoanalytic
Society
 Cradles of
Early Science
 Mesoamerica
• The founding culture of Mesoamerica appeared along the
southwestern curve of the Gulf of Mexico, near the
present city of Veracruz.
• This culture emerged in a series of river valleys, as Uruk
did in Mesopotamia called the Olmecs (the “rubber
people”), this culture lasted from about 1400 BCE to 100
BCE.
• As the Olmecs declined, their neighbors to the east — the
Maya — prospered in an area the size of Colorado or
Great Britain.
• Maya shaman/priests worked out remarkable systems of
cosmology and mathematics
-devised three kinds of calendars:
• calendar of the solar year
• calendar of the ritual year
• long count calendar
• they also introduced the concept of zero
 *Neolithic Period refers to the last stage of the Stone Age -

Asia
The Neolithic period is significant for its megalithic architecture,
the spread of agricultural practices, and the use of polished
stone tools.

Earliest Neolithic sites in South Asia

• Bhirrana along the ancient Swaraswati riverine
system in the present day state of Haryanain India,
dating to around 7600 BCE.
• Lahuradewa in the Middle Ganges region
• Jhusi near the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna
rivers, both dating to around the 7000 BCE.
• Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence
of farming and herding in South Asia. It is likely
that the culture centered around Mehrgarh
migrated into the Indus Valley and became the
Indus Valley Civilisation.
 Asia
• The Indus Valley Civilisation starts around 3300
BCE with what is referred to as the Early
Harappan Phase (3300 to 2600 BCE).
• 2600 BCE marks the Mature Harappan Phase
during which Early Harappan communities
turned into large urban centres
• Mature Harappans evolved new techniques
in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze,
lead, and tinand displayed advanced levels of
engineering
• Around 1800 BCE signs of a gradual decline
began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE most
of the cities had been abandoned.
 Asia

• Around 7000 BCE - early evidence for

Chinese millet agriculture
• Chengtoushan may also be the site of
the first walled city in China.
• This Neolithic Revolution gave rise to
the Jiahu culture (7000 to 5800 BCE).
• The earliest bronze artifacts have been
found in the Majiayao culture site
(3100 to 2700 BCE).
 Asia
• Chinese civilization begins during the second phase of
the Erlitou period (1900 to 1500 BCE)
• Erlitou saw an increase in bronze metallurgy and
urbanization and was a rapidly growing regional center
with palatial complexes that provide evidence for social
stratification.
• The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there
is both archeological and written evidence is the Shang
dynasty (1600 to 1046 BCE). Shang sites have yielded
the earliest known body of Chinese writing, the oracle
bone script, mostly divinations inscribed on bones.
• The Sanxingdui culture is another Chinese Bronze Age
society, contemporaneous to the Shang dynasty,
however they developed a different method of bronze-
making from the Shang.
Middle East
• The capital of this empire, Baghdad, was
established on the Tigris River.
• Early in the 9th century, the Abbasid
caliphs established the House of
Wisdom, an academy of science, and
gathered manuscripts in Greek and
Sanskrit, and scholars who could
understand them.
• Arabic mathematicians then adopted a
very Greek approach, formulating
theorems precisely and proving them
formally in Euclid's style.
 Middle East
Abu Ja'far Mohammed ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
• One of the earliest and most distinguished of the Arabic
mathematicians
• 9th century scholar
• an astronomer to the caliph at Baghdad
• full name can be translated as "Father of Ja'far, Mohammed,
son of Moses, native of the town of Al-Khwarizmi“
• described how to write numbers and compute with them
using the place-value decimal system
• ‘’algorism’’ to refer to the process of computing with the
Hindu-Arabic numerals = "Algorithm"
• Kitab al jabr w'al-muqabala , which translates roughly as
"restoration and compensation“
• Englishman Robert of Chester translated the algebra book from Arabic
into Latin in 1145
• influence of this work that the Arabic phrase al jabr in the book's title gave rise to
our modern word "algebra"
Africa
• The Lebombo Bone discovered between
South Africa and Swaziland
• This is the first visible sign of the
emergence of mathematical calculations
in the history of humanity, as reflected
by the Anglo-Saxon researcher Richard
Mankiewicz in his book L’histoire des
mathématiques – Paris, Seuil, 2001,
page 10:
“The oldest evidence of numerical
calculation was exhumed in Swaziland in
southern Africa. It dates back from about
35,000 years BC. and consists of a baboon
fibula with 29 clearly visible notches.”
Africa
Fred Wendorf
• Professor of anthropology at the University of
Dallas (United States)
• At least 14,000 years ago, the African man
was the first to master agriculture and
techniques
• 1973 – he discovered the first urbanized
cities, developed and well incorporated in
the Nile Valley in the south, specifically in the
area of Nabta Playa, west of Abu Simbel
THANK YOU!