Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12

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Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020

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 12

Introduction to the
Philosophy
of the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2

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 Table of Contents

Overview i

Pre – Assessment iv

Lesson Proper

Lesson 1: Understanding Truth and Opinion 1

Lesson 2: Distinguish Truth from Opinion 5

Lesson 3: Difference Between Fallacy and Bias 7

Generalization 11

Application 12

Post – Assessment 13

References 15
 OVERVIEW

Name: Date: Score:

Subject: Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person
Topic: Methods of Philosophizing
Content
Standards: The learner demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy

Performance
Standards: The learner evaluate opinions

2.1. Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)

Learning 2.2. Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion
Competencies and truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.2)
2.3. Realize that the methods of Philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.3)
2.4. Evaluate opinions(PPT11/12-Ie-2.4)

What is this This is a discussion on Methods of philosophizing to give the

module all learners an idea on how to determine Truth, Opinion and Argument.
about? Fallacies and Biases are also dealt with in this module to give
students an information that not all arguments are valid, pure and
genuine. Proving the validity of a statement is also presented in this
module.

Module Lesson 1: Understanding truth and opinion

Content Lesson 2: Distinguishing Truth from Opinion
Lesson 3: Difference between Fallacy and Bias

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 Components in each Lesson
What I Need to Know

- Learning Objectives

What I Know?

- Pre-Assessment

What’s In?

- Review Activity

What’s New?

- Motivational Activity

What is It?

- Lesson Proper

What’s More?

- Performance Task

What I Have Learned?

- Generalization

What I Can Do?

- Application

Assessment

- Post-Assessment

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 What I Need to Know?

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

1. distinguish opinion from truth;

2. analyze situation which show the difference between opinion and truth;
3. realize that the methods of philosophy will lead to wisdom and truth; and
4. perform the given task in every lesson to enforce a clearer understanding of the
subject matter.

The following are your guides for the proper use of this module:

1. Follow closely the instructions in every activity.

2. Be honest in answering and checking your exercises.
3. Answer the pre-test before going over the materials. This is to find out what
you already know.
4. Answer the exercises encountered at the end of every lessons.
5. Review the lesson that you think you failed to understand.
6. Seek assistance from your teachers if you need help.
7. Ask permission from y our parents/guardians whenever you have research
and requirements to be conducted outside your home.

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 What I know?

I: Choose the correct answer, write the letter only on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a statement which is observable to be real or truthful.

a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions
2. This statement is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further
investigation or examination to see to it that this statement is true or false.
a. claim c. fact
b. beliefs d. opinion
3. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by
facts.
a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions
4. A statement which tells the belief, impression, or prevailing view held by a
person.
a. claim c. fact
b. belief d. opinion
5. This is a judgment based on a certain facts.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
6. These are series of statements that provide explanations to convince the
listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
7. This means that a person having the opinion may have views and tendencies
that affect the way he or she sees reality.
a. fallacy c.argument
b.explanation d.bias
8. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases
9. It is a clear awareness and understanding of something.
a. conclusion c. knowledge
b. explanation d. bias
10. These are statements that make something clear, it provides reasons to make
the statements true.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b .explanations d. biases

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II. Identify the following statements. Write T if the statement is true, write O
if the statement is opinion.
_____1. The spelling of chair is c-h-a-i-r.
_____2. Every person must visit Boracay.
_____3. The reigning president of the Philippines in the year 2019 is
President Rodrigo R. Duterte.
_____4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade.
_____5. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles.
_____6. The biggest planet in the solar system is Jupiter.
_____7. Money is the most important thing in the world.
_____8. Bukidnon province is part of the region 10
_____9. Cats are the best pets among all animals.
_____10. Camiguin Island is the most beautiful island in the Philippines.

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Lesson 1: Understanding Truth and
Opinion
Learning Competency: Distinguish opinion from truth. (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)

What’s New?

Activity 1. Check Me!

Which of the following statement are obviously true? Which of the

statements are required more thoughts to determine their truthfulness?
Mark (/) if it is opinion or truth.

Statements Opinion Truth

1. 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram.

2. Purple is the best color
3. People use their legs to walk
4. Alice likes book
5. Mt. Apo is the highest mountain the Philippines

What is it?

In today’s society, we acquire a lot of information from our friend, family and
member in the community. Some information that you receive from maybe utterly true
but some information may be utterly false. These kinds of information often have a
positive or negative impact on our lives. Thus, as an individual, we have to examine
every situation or issue if it is true or if it is opinion.

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 Difference between opinion and truth

What is opinion?

- is a belief, impression or judgment about something by not necessarily

based on fact.
- it prevails personal view of a person.
What is truth?
- it is something that has been proven by facts or sincerity.
- in science, truth is based on facts-as something that is observable
- in philosophy ,truth is considered as a kind of quality and value.

Every day in your life, you have encountered a lot of information that you
have heard from your parents, friends, members of the community or even in social
media like Facebook or news from the television and radio. Some information may be
helpful to you, but some may mislead you or may even be utterly false. These kinds
of information can either give positive or negative impact on your life. For instance,
you have a neighbor who wants to lose weight until she saw an advertisement from
the television that there is an affordable and effective “slimming pill”. Your neighbor is
convinced by the advertisement and took an order then tried and hoping to be
physically fit. But then she noticed that there has no effect to her, and having a feeling
of fear if it can harm other internal organ in her body. Based on your neighbor’s
experienced, the information that you have heard or have watched from the news or
the social media especially on products, may tell you the true or may tell you the false.
Every day you are confronted with announcements, news, claim, from your peer,
friends, family members, the government and media. How would you know if they are
telling the truth? Have you experienced the same? Please feel free to share and write
it in the space below

___________________________________________________________________

Why truth is important?

Truth is important to clarify knowledge, since it is through knowing that we
are able to determine what is true, while talking about Knowledge, it is the clear
awareness and understanding of anything that surrounds you. It is a product of
questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is comprised
of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.
Take for instance, “No bird have no wings”. This statement simply means that we
know what is an observable or evident in a real world- that is based on reality so this
is proposition and this statement is considered as facts. Fact is a statement which are
observable to be real or truthful. We all know and see that all the birds have wings.

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 There are also statements that need to have further examination to establish
whether it is true or false. For instance; “my man is the best and the smartest” .This
statement is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further
investigation or examination to see that this statement is true or false. This statement
is opinion. Opinion can be proven by verification and experimentation in order to find
that the statement is true or false. Please work out the exercise below:
Complete the given phrase:
I know that _________________________________________________________

I believe that _______________________________________________________

How do you know if something is true?

You assumed that everything you know about in this world is true, through your
senses and beliefs. But as philosophers, you do not assumed that every statement is
true. You need to analyze or investigate or have own investigation to better understand
the means by which you gain knowledge and determine the truth about everything.
Doubt drives your desires to discover the truth. There should be sufficient reasons and
evidences taken to prove that it is true.

Ways on Determining Truth

1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
Let’s have a sample statements:

A. Ana is the only beautiful classmate that I have.

Prove that Ana is beautiful by writing it in one sentence below.
__________________________________________________________

B. I am a Filipino.
How will you prove that you are a Filipino? Answer that in just one sentence.
__________________________________________________________
Are you now convinced that you call yourself a Filipino Citizen? If not, you can use
other mean.

2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.

This is another bases of determining truth. If you think that there are still doubt
in your mind, you can do an investigation to some other experts or research to
fully seek the truth. You can try the following:

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 1. Look for your birth certificate. This is an official document to prove that
you are really a Filipino Citizen.
2. Ask your biological parents and other relatives. This is to prove that
they are the witnesses that you are really a Filipino Citizen.
Write your answer in your activity notebook the information presented in the birth
certificate and the information given by your parents regarding your citizenship.

3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief.

This is getting everyone to agree on something with nobody opposing or against
on that statement. Based on the previous example, by looking at your birth
certificate, since it is an official documents that is issued by the institution of the
government it shows factual information, the entries it bears are truthful. And if
your biological parents and relatives agreeing that you are truly a Filipino
Citizen, this is way in determining what is true.
4. Statements can also be true through actions.
For instance, your best-friend tells you that he/she knows how to cook a
menudo. Do you believe his/her statement instantly? Or might you ask him/her
to perform the cooking. Then let you taste the menudo if the taste is delicious
or not. If the taste of the menudo is delicious, then that would be the time that
you believe him/her that he/she really knows how to cook menudo.

What’s More?

Activity 2: Transformation!

The statements below are examples of opinions. Transform them into

truth? Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Opinion Truth
1. We live in a peaceful community
2. My father is taller than my mother.
3. Our house is tidy.
4. She can fry egg
5. He can play basket ball

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Lesson 2. Distinguishing Truth from
Opinion
Learning Competency: Analyzed situations that show the difference between
opinion and truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.2)

What’s New?

Activity 1: Recall
Based on what you have encountered in everyday conversations give at
least 3 example of opinions and facts on what you have heard and seen.

Opinion Truth
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

What is It?

You can have now an idea how philosophizing recognizes truth, let us
apply it in a various situations in your life. Everything you have encountered could
either be an opinion or truth. But what distinguishes one from the other? Let us take a
look at the following statements .and observe the difference between truth and opinion.

Truth Opinion
1. The minimum fare for motorela 1. Fare is increasing because the
from Balbagon, Mambajao to driver wants to have a high
Poblacion,Mambajao public income
market is 9.00Php.
2. Frederick Navarro arrived in 2. Frederick Navarro arrived in
Cagayan de Oro at 01:05pm. Cagayan de Oro in the afternoon,
he is supposed to arrive in
Cagayan de Oro in the morning
but because he feel lazy to wake
up early and feel bored to travel
alone.

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 Analyzing closely the statements, it is observable that statements in the first
column are truth because they contain ideas or information which are easily verifiable,
while statements in the second column are opinions since they need further facts
which will provide conclusion and beliefs in the given situation.
Conclusion is a statement based on a certain fact. Beliefs are statements that
express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. For example, if
your mother states that “God created everything that is present in this entire world”,
proving that this statement is considered as truth, you need other person’s views and
experiences. Explanations are statements claiming to be true and provides reasons
to make the statements true.

What’s more?

Activity 2. Think And Tell!

Copy the following situations in your activity notebook. Identify the following
situations whether it is opinion or truth by checking the box provided. Support your
answer.
1. My sister gave birth to her baby boy at exactly 8:45am on July 04, 2015 through
cesarean delivery. Opinion Truth
Why? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

2. My sister delivered her baby boy through caesarean because she believes that
it is a safer way of delivering a baby. Opinion Truth
Why? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

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 Lesson 3. Difference Between
Fallacy and Bias
Learning Competency: Realize that the method of philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth (PPT11/12-Id-2.3)

:Evaluate opinions (PPT11/12-Ie-2.4)

What’s New?

Activity 1: I Imagine!

Imagine that you are a part of the conversation below, how will you react to
the statements given?
Friend 1: Hey have heard about Miguel? He was
with Algen last night, do they boy/girlfriend.

Friend 2: I just saw him last week he was with

Jackilyn and I just asked Miguel if Jackilyn is
his girlfriend. And then he replied “yes”.

Friend 3: I am a friend of Algen, and I know who her

Source: Freepik.com
boyfriend is.

You: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

What is It?

Every day in our experience, we argued on so many things. In our family we

often argued on who is right and is wrong, who is smart and who is not, who is
handsome and who is not or who is the best the mother or the father. What then is
argument?

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 Arguments are series of statements that provide explanations to convince the
listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.

Types of Arguments
1. Fallacy or Fake argument (maling pangangatuwiran)– are group of statements
that appear to be arguments to support the conclusion.

Example:
There is no hope in the Philippine government, because it is tropical country.

What makes the statement fallacious? It is fallacious because climate has nothing to
do with the hope of Philippine government.
2. Bias – refers tendencies or influences which affect the views of the people.
When looking at an opinion you must be aware of bias so that you can
objectively and critically examined points of view.

Types of Fallacy
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Argumentum Ad (Argument against the Person) “Do not listen to his opinion
hominem Attacking the person presenting he is fool.”
the argument instead of the
argument itself
Argumentum ad (Appeal to Force) Using the “If this peace agreement will
BaculumAppeal threat of force or an undesirable not be signed by the
to force event to advance an argument government, then we will
have no recourse but go to
war.”
Argumentum ad (Appeal to Emotion) It is by “Please, let me in. I was just
Misericordiam. using emotions such as pity or late because I have to
sympathy, one might be able to attend to my son who is
convince the person. sick.
Argumentum ad Appeal to Popular or “Every boy your age already
Populum. Bandwagon) The idea is has a girlfriend, you should
presented as acceptable go find one!”
because a lot of people accept it

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 Bias Characteristics Example
Correspondence bias or You judge a person’s “These rebels who fought
attribute effect personality based on the against the government
actions, and never mind are all inconsiderate
the extrinsic (panlabas murderers!”
na dahilan) factor.
Confirmation bias Tendency to look for a “How can I accept his view
readily accept that there is no God? I am
information which fits a Christian!”
one’s own beliefs or
views that go against it
Framing Do not only settled in one “In motorcycle accident
issue of the problem and yesterday, it is altogether a
then you do not mind fault of the driver for
the other aspects. reckless driving.”
Judging an incidence
without looking at the
other side.
Hindsight The phenomena which “Let us take an example
occur has a pattern and on the Magellan’s assault
can be predicted, such is on Mactan, his defeat was
usually based in just due to his looking
historical evidence. Filipinos as people of no
knowledge.”

An individual cannot live his or her life just agreeing with everybody he or she
meets. A critical mind aided by a philosophy can help us from our own personal point of
view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when faced with a problem.
Each individual’s point of view is unique but it should be based on sound and reasonable
ideas and views. We would be able to come up with ideas which are truthful and can be
accepted universally through the study Philosophy. Let us imagine several individuals
reacting to news on the television and radio about the SAME SEX MARRIAGE that is
being proposed in the congress. Let’s analyze the opinions of these individuals.

Father Nael: (Priest)

It’s not allowed to marry with the same sex. Married is for a man and a
woman. This is a sacred ceremony for a couple that promise and
exchange vows before the Lord. They disobeyed the commandments of
the Lord. God created man for woman.

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Mrs. Casiana: (Member in the society)
It is awkward to hear that same sexes were married. How could they
produce children? Even though they loved each other, but for me it is a
mistake.
Mr. Serge: (Gay)

I agree on these proposal, in a sense that I could feel secured and have
peace of mind. And I would also feel full of happiness because my love one
and I will live together in a legal way.

Ms. Emyang: (Lesbian)

It is alright for me. There’s no such mistake of having an affair with same
sex, because we cannot resist that love that we felt, whatever gender it
is, as long as you live with her with happiness and feel comfortable of
being companion, well it’s good. So much good if you both live in a legal
way or have married legally.
Ms. Jennifer: (Parent of a gay)
If that proposal would be a law, I would just let my son-gay to marry a
man if he thinks that a man is meant for him. As long as they know their
limitations and overcome the consequences in their relationship. I would
agree just for him to be happy.

What’s More?

Activity 2: My Personal Insights:

After reading the six arguments on the given issues above, which do you
think the best argument and why? Write your answer in your Reflection
notebook.

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 My Reflection
_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

What have I learned?

 The truth that we are looking for could be determine because it is situated at
the heart of inquiry.
 Fact is a statement which are observable to be real or truthful, while claim is
the statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs
further investigation or examination to see it that this statement is true or false.
 All Philosophers only accept things as facts if it observable fact or it is an
empirical facts or reality. In Philosophy, opinion, conclusion, beliefs,
explanations, arguments are of utmost importance in understanding
philosophical argument.
 Not all argument are genuine, some are fake or fallacious and some are bias.
This means that they are products of faulty reasoning. We must be aware of
the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of arguments. We must
also be aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examined points
of view.
 The different issues in our lives could be examined through Philosophy. An
objective evaluation of opinions and an awareness of our own personal biases
can help us make wise choices regarding the most acceptable views to adopt
the right actions to undertake.

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 What I Can Do?

Visit to your market in your locality, make an observations on the vendors who
are selling products and advertising its benefit. The vendor convinces people
to purchase the product.

How will you determine the truth of the claims given? Write your observations
in your activity notebook.

My Observation
_________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Criteria Ratings
The paper relates entirely to the assigned topic or
issue. 1 2 3 4 5
The paper conveys a genuine personal view regarding
the topic or issue. 1 2 3 4 5
The Paper written following the conventions of good
writing and standard grammar 1 2 3 4 5
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized
content 1 2 3 4 5
TOTAL (20 points)

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 Assessment

Choose the correct answer. Write only letter on your separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a statement which are observable to be real or truthful.

a. claims c. fact
b. beliefs d. opinion
2. This statement is not evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further
investigation or examination to see to it that this statement is true or false.
a. claim c. fact
b. beliefs d. opinion
3. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily explained by facts.
a. Claims c. facts
b. Beliefs d. opinions
4 A statement which tell the belief, impression, or prevailing view held by a person.
a. Claim c. fact
b. Belief d. opinion
5. This is a judgments based on a certain facts.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
6. This is a series of statements that provide explanations to convince the listener or
a reader that the opinion is truthful.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
7. This means that a person having the opinion may have views and tendencies that
affect the way he or she sees reality.
a. fallacy c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
8. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases
9. It is a clear awareness and understanding of something.
a. conclusion c. knowledge
b. explanation d. bias

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10. These are statements that make something clear, it provides reasons to make the
statements true.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b .explanations d. biases

II. Identify the following statements. Write T if the statement is true, write O if the
statement is opinion.
_____1. The spelling of chair is c-h-a-i-r.
_____2. Every person must visit Boracay.
_____3. The reigning president in the Philippines in year 2019 is President Rodrigo R.
Duterte.
_____4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade.
_____5. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles.
_____6. The biggest planet in the solar system is Jupiter.
_____7. Money is the most important thing in the world.
_____8. Camiguin Island is part of the region 10
_____9. Cats are the best pets among all animals.
_____10. Camiguin Island is the most beautiful island in the Philippines.

Congratulations! You are done!

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 Module 2: References

Books:
Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. Department of Education. Republic of the Philippines.

Internet:

https://www.google.com/search?q=fact+statement+examples&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&client=firefox-b

https://brainly.ph/question/375582#readmore
https://brainly.ph/question/445975#readmore
https://piolocom.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/methods-of-philosophizing

https://www.quora.com/Why-do-you-think-people-argue-Why-is-it-important-to-argue
https://philosophy.hku.hk/think/fallacy/list.php

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