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MI 205 Luid Mechanics: B. K. Gandhi

Fluid mechanics deals with liquids and gases based on fundamental principles of mechanics. It has four branches - statics, kinematics, dynamics, and kinetics. Properties of fluids include density, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension. Fluids are classified as Newtonian or non-Newtonian depending on whether their viscosity changes with the rate of deformation. Non-Newtonian fluids include slurries, polymer solutions, and blood. Rheological behavior of fluids ranges from Newtonian to time-dependent pseudoplastic or dilatant fluids.

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Ashutosh Singh
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52 views

MI 205 Luid Mechanics: B. K. Gandhi

Fluid mechanics deals with liquids and gases based on fundamental principles of mechanics. It has four branches - statics, kinematics, dynamics, and kinetics. Properties of fluids include density, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension. Fluids are classified as Newtonian or non-Newtonian depending on whether their viscosity changes with the rate of deformation. Non-Newtonian fluids include slurries, polymer solutions, and blood. Rheological behavior of fluids ranges from Newtonian to time-dependent pseudoplastic or dilatant fluids.

Uploaded by

Ashutosh Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MI 205 FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE 2

B. K. Gandhi
Introduction
 Fluid Mechanics
– Fluid mechanics is the science of the mechanics of liquids and gases
and is based on the same fundamental principle that is employed in the
mechanics of solids.

FLUID MECHANICS

STATICS KINETICS

KINEMATICS DYNAMICS
Cont.….
 Statics:
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest.
 Kinetics
• Kinematics:
The branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects
without reference to the forces which cause the motion.
• Dynamics:
The branch that deals with bodies in motion.
Cont.….
 Solid & Fluid:
 The distinction is that any fluid, no matter, how viscous will yield
in time to the slightest stress. But a solid, no matter how plastic,
requires a certain magnitude of stress to be exerted before it
will flow.
 For example: If sand is filled between two parallel plates, we
would require a finite force to cause a continuous motion.

 Vapour & Gas:


 A vapour is a gas whose temperature and pressure are such that it is
near the liquid phase. A gas may be defined as a highly superheated
vapour, i.e., its state is far removed from the liquid phase.
Properties of fluid
 Specific Density and Specific Weight: Specific
density is absolute since it depends on mass, which is
independent of locations, whereas specific weight
depends on locations.
 Compressible and incompressible: There is no such
thing in reality as an incompressible fluid, this term is
applied where the change in density with pressure is so
small as to be considered negligible.
Compressibility = 1 /Bulk Modulus
Bulk Modulus = P / (V / V)
 Ideal fluid: No friction, i.e., viscosity is zero.
 Viscosity: It is a measure of fluid resistance to shear or
angular deformation.
Cont.…..
 Liquid: Viscosity decreases with temperature as
cohesion reduces.
 Gas: Viscosity increases with temperature, as molecular
interaction increase.
Coefficient of viscosity (dynamic visc./absolute visc.) = μ
μ==

A fluid for which the viscosity does not change with the
rate of deformation is said to be Newtonian fluid.

 Temperature: It is a measure of the energy contained


(not equal to) in the molecular motions of fluids.
Cont.…..
 Surface Tension: The attraction between molecules
forms an imaginary film capable of resisting tension at
the interface between two immiscible liquids or at the
interface between a liquid and a gas. The liquid property
that creates this capability is known as surface tension.
 Generally it is negligible in comparison to pressure force
and Gravity forces but predominates in narrow
passages like capillary tubes. Capillary implies rise or
depression of the level of liquid in capillary tube held
vertical.
 Phenomena of surface tension arises due to two kinds
of inter molecular forces.
 Cohesion: It enables the liquid to resist tensile
stress.
 Adhesion: It enables two different liquids to adhere
to each other or a liquid to adhere to a solid body or
Cont.…..
Cont.…..
 The volume of surface tension of water in contact with air
at 20oC is 0.073 N/m . It decreases slightly with
temperature.
 The pressure inside a drop of liquid can be calculated
using free body diagram

2 R  p R 2

2
 p  p1  p2 
R
Cont.…..
 Capillarity is due to both cohesion and adhesion.
 Capillary: Interplay of force of cohesion and
adhesion explain the phenomena of capillary.

Capillary rise Capillary Depression


Adhesion>Cohesion Adhesion<Cohesion
Liquid wets the surface Liquid stays away from the surface
Cont.…..
 Equating the vertical component of the surface
tension force to the weight gives:
 2
 d cos   d h. g
4
4 cos 
 h
g d
or
d

For tube diameter larger than 12 mm, capillary effects


are negligible.
Any system tries to attain the condition of stable
equilibrium with its potential energy as minimum. Thus
a quantity of liquid will adjust its shape unit its surface
area and consequently its free surface energy is a
minimum.
Cont.…..
 For pure water, capillary rise takes place with
 0
2
For cylindrical jet p 
d

4
For Air bubble or droplet p 
r
For hollow bubble like soap bubble 8
p 
r

Temperature: Surface tension decrease slightly


with increase in temperature.
Cont.…..
 Vapor Pressure: It is the pressure (partial) exerted by
molecules under equilibrium condition at which
molecules re-entering the liquid are equal to the rate at
which they are leaving.
 Newton & Non-Newtonian fluids: Gases and thin
liquid tend to be Newtonian fluids, while thick, long
chained hydrocarbons may be Non-Newtonian fluids.
 Ideal fluid: Inviscid as well as incompressible.
Cont.…..
 Viscosity: It is a measure of fluid resistance to
shear or angular deformation.
 d 
 f 
 dt 
 For Newtonian fluid
d
 
dt
y

u(y)

x
Cont.…..

 x1  u t
 x2   u   u   t

  tan  
 u   u   t  u t
  u.
t
y y
Cont.…..
Strain rate
  u du
 lim  lim 
t 0  t y 0  y dy

So strain rate,
d du
 
dt dy
For Newtonian fluid
du
 
dy
dy
 . (N.s/m2) or (kg/m.s) or (pa.s)
du dimensions ML-1T-1
Cont.…..
Kinematic viscosity:


v generally used for air or gases

Problem
• Determine the torque and power required to turn a
10cm long, 5cm diameter shaft at 500 revolutions per
minute in a 5.1cm diameter concentric bearing loaded
with a lubricating oil of viscosity 100 centipoise.
Solution
d = 2r = 0.05m

Peripheral speed of shaft  dN   0.05  500


u   1.309m / s
60 60

Since bearing housing at rest


 u  1.309  0  1.309m / s
5.1  5
y  0.05cm  0.0005m
2
du 1.309
  2618 / s
dy 0.0005

Viscosity, μ =100 centipoise=0.1 N.s/m2


Shearing stress,
du
   0.1 2618  261.8 N / m 2
dy
Cont.
Force due to shearing of fluid on elemental length:

0.05
dF   r .l  261.8   0.1  0.6545 
2

Torque:

0.05
T  r  F   0.6545   0.01636 
2
The torque required to turn the shaft:
2
T   dT   0.01636 d
0

  2  0.01636   0.1028
Cont.
The power required to turn the shaft = T.ω

1.31
 0.1028   5.39 W
0.025
Rheological classification of Fluids
 The study of the deformation of flowing fluids is called
rheology
 Fluid classified as:
 Newtonian Fluid: A fluid for which the viscosity does not
change with the rate of deformation is said to be Newtonian
fluid(follow Newton's law of viscosity).
 Ex.-Air, water and many other engg. fluids under normal
circumstances, kerosene, gasoline
du
 
dy
 Non-Newtonian Fluid: The fluid which do not follow
Newton's law of viscosity. Ostwald-de waele relationship.

du n 1
  or  du  du For n=1, m = μ
dy   m 
 dy  dy
Ex.: Slurries and colloidal suspensions, polymer solutions, blood, paste,
and cake batter
Cont.
The rheological behavior of various fluids

 Plastic fluids are those in which the shear thinning effect


is extreme.
Cont.
 Non-Newtonian Fluid:
 Time independent fluid
n
 du 
   
 dy 
 Pseudoplastic (Shear thinning fluids)
 n<1
 Ex. Fine particle suspension
 Dilatant (Shear thickening fluids)
 n>1
 Ultrafine irregular particle suspension
 Bingham Plastic
n
 du 
 0    
 dy 
 In some fluids a finite stress called the yield stress is required
before the fluid begins to flow at all; such fluids are called
Bingham plastic fluids.
 water suspension of clay and fly ash, acne cream and
toothpaste
Cont.
 Non-Newtonian Fluid:
 Time Dependent
 Thixotropic
n
 du 
      f (t ), f (t ) decrea sin g
 dy 
Ex. Crude oil, bentonitic drilling fluid

 Rheopectic
n
 du 
      f (t ), f (t ) increa sin g
 dy 

Ex. Rare liquid-solid suspensions


Cont.
 Non-Newtonian Fluid:
 Viscoelastic fluids: A fluid that returns (either fully or
partially) to its original shape after the applied stress is
released is called viscoelastic
n
 du 
      E
 dy 

 E is modulus of elasticity
 Ex. Liquid-solid combinations in pipe flow and
polymerised fluids with drag reduction features
 No slip condition of viscous fluid: Fluid elements adjacent
to surface attain the velocity of surface i.e., the relative
velocity between solid surface and fluid is zero.
Continuum Concept
 The mathematical idealization of continuous
distribution of matter. i.e., When the properties of the
matter are considered as continuous function of the
space variables, then the matter is called a
continuum.

m
  lim
V Vth V
Cont.
 Disregard the atomic nature of the fluid and view it as
continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
 A macroscopic point mass can be included in
continuum concept by integration and introducing
concept of centre of mass
 For continuum concept microscopic particles are
necessary but unimportant

  Mean free path 


Required:  1    Knudsen no. 
L  L Characteristic length 

so in rarefied gases

1 Continuum approach is not valid
L

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